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Journal articles on the topic 'Lexicographic definition'
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Molodychuk, Olha. "DICTIONARY DEFINITION AS A WAY OF OBJECTIVATION OF ETHNOS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TOOLS." Philological Review, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.1.2021.232672.
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This article analyzes the peculiarities of objectification of ethnos knowledge about tools on the material of definitions of lexicographical works of different years. It has been proved that there is a seal of their creation time on dictionary interpretations. The main tools in their constructions remain as they were many years ago, but their once important details for the consciousness of a native speaker have lost their significance, so in modern definitions they are absent, because there is no need for a more detailed interpretation of these historicisms nowadays. A comparison of interpretations of tools gives grounds to talk about how their perceptions have changed during the historical development of society.
The analysis of practical material proves that there is an inversely proportional relationship between the structure of knowledge presentation and its lexicographic definition. Comparison of dictionary articles presented in lexicographical works of the middle of the 19th – early 20th enturies and late 20th – early 21st centuries proves «tool» progress of the society, where the usual for Ukrainians of the previous time period tool was interpreted in one word, because everything was clear without further explanation, while lexicographic works representing the second time period testify presentation of a detailed description of a tool in the definition, because they are actually used today by representatives of mostly older (sometimes) middle generation of Ukrainians.
The research proves that metaphorical processes are seldom recorded in lexicographical works as objectification of steps up in the semantic structure of the lexical item caused by people’s knowledge about tools and their functioning. This requires of lexicographers to create electronic versions of dictionaries to respond quickly to new meanings.
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Igor Mel’čuk and Alain Polguère. "Theory and Practice of Lexicographic Definition." Journal of Cognitive Science 19, no. 4 (December 2018): 417–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17791/jcs.2018.19.4.417.
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Pálfi, Loránd-Levente, Karin Wolgast, and Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen. "Findes der skønhed i leksikografi?" Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 57 (September 1, 2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v57i0.118773.
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Loránd-Levente Pálfi, Karin Wolgast & Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen: Towards an aesthetics of lexicography
In this paper, we examine a subject which has apparently never before been the object of research or published intellectual reasoning. The question is if such a thing as a beautiful dictionary or encyclopedia exists, i.e. if we can address lexicographic beauty conceived of as the sum of various inner qualities of lexicographic reference works while stripping our concept of the external properties of books such as bindings, cover, the quality of paper and print, layout, user-interface, etc. After investigating aesthetic qualities as established in other academic fields, of which mathematics and literature have been selected as representative for the purpose of developing a complementary paradigm, the article undertakes a tentative definition of lexicographic beauty.
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Chen, Wenge. "Lexicography, discourse and power." Pragmatics and Society 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 601–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.4.06che.
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Abstract This paper conceptualizes dictionary bilingualization as a recontextualizing practice and explores how ideology and power play out in the recontextualization of lexicographic discourse across languages and cultures to result in the transformation of meaning. It first proposes viewing the (bilingualized) dictionary as discourse and emphasizes bilingual lexicography as a site of an asymmetrical linguistic and cultural power dynamics. The paper then argues that a synergy of critical discourse analysis and postcolonial studies can reveal the inter-cultural ideological struggle implicit in the bilingualizing lexicographic practice. The body of the study is devoted to the analysis of those shifts taking place in the entries, definition, illustrative examples and pragmatic labels in a bilingualized English-Chinese dictionary, which, when viewed cumulatively, significantly reshape the ideological positioning of the dictionary. The paper discusses the implications for critical lexicographic studies and for research into the interplay between power and resistance between dominating and dominated cultures. It concludes that Periphery English dictionary compilers are able to negotiate the different subjectivities and ideologies inherent in dictionary making and to adopt a subject position favorable to their empowerment in the international English lexicography, although such resistance is far from capable of restructuring the order of lexicography.
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Nelson, Kyra. "Informing Lexicographic Choices Through Corpus and Perceptual Data." International Journal of Lexicography 33, no. 3 (November 23, 2019): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecz030.
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Abstract Lexicographers make many choices when compiling dictionary entries. Data-driven approaches can better inform such decisions. This paper proposes integration of two such sources, corpus data and perceptual survey data. A survey was distributed to 100 native speakers of English. Participants were asked to provide a definition and example sentence for 18 polysemous English words. After providing definitions, participants were presented with five definitions and asked to rank them by importance. Patterns in the rankings were analyzed to see what factors predicted higher ratings. Frequency was found to predict rankings, while concreteness was also shown to be moderate a predictor and have a potentially strong effect on certain words. Part of speech was not found to be a significant predictor of rank. Results suggest that crowdsourcing may be useful for certain linguistic tasks and that both corpus and perceptual data can be useful in making lexicographic choices.
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Blagova, A. R. "Definition as a Logical and Linguistic Category." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-1-13-72-83.
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Definition is a logical and linguistic category that for a long time has been the subject of logicians’ and philosophers’ research. Today we understand a definition as a logical method that allows us to discover a word’s content, i.e. what it means in everyday use or what a speaker intends it to mean for this speaker’s own specific purposes. A definition consists of two parts: definiendum (that what is defined) and definiens (that which defines). The definiendum refers to the exact object, action, state etc., that is to be defined. The definiens contains the information necessary to define this object, action, state etc. This information is obtained during the process of definition. In the language, a definition can mean both the process of developing a sentence and the result of this process, i.e. the sentence itself. When composing an explanation of a word’s lexical meaning, we should draw on the vast experience of Russian lexicography. Practical lexicography gave us a wide range of kinds of word definitions which are now being extensively researched as theoretical generalizations and conclusions. This article explores methods of explanation of word meanings in the context of different possible logical relations between definiendum and definiens: inclusion, overlap, complementarity, adjacency. The existing word definitions (hyponymic, identifying, enumerative, synonymic, antonymic) can be distributed between those kinds of logical relations. Descriptive explanations are regarded as a specific kind of definition. Theoretical generalizations and conclusions are backed by examples from the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.The conclusion is drawn that parts of a word definition can enter into different kinds of logical relations. Exploration of those relations is highly important for educational purposes as methodological basis for correct definitions of word meanings as well as for the composition of lexicographic explanations. At the same time, we shouldn’t forget that there are various ways to define a word’s lexical meaning. One and the same word can be defined in a number of ways, so the lexicographers’ main task is still to choose the best way or combination of ways that can fully and accurately discover the meaning of the word being defined.
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Mackenzie, Ian, and Igor Mel'čuk. "Crossroads of Obstetrics and Lexicography: A Case Study (The Lexicographic Definition of the English Adjective PREGNANT)." International Journal of Lexicography 1, no. 2 (1988): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/1.2.71.
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Grigorieva, Ekaterina M., and Galina E. Kalacheva. "Stages of formation and development of Scottish lexicography." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, no. 25 (2021): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-164-169.
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It is well known that lexicography, this fertile ground for scientific research, owes a lot to English researchers. This is confirmed by a historical reference pointing to a specific time period (sixteenth century) when the first reference books started to appear in England, which was ahead of the rest of Europe in this aspect. In spite of this, English lexicography has become pivotal in this matter, it is clear that it has not developed the science of lexicography autonomously. For instance, Scottish lexicographers have introduced authentic and separate dictionary directions, such as glossaries of difficult and obscure Scottish words. The collective monograph Scottish in Definition. A History of Scottish Dictionaries. published in Edinburgh in 2012 and edited by I. McLeod and J. Derrick McClure was an inspiration to correct the situation. The preconditions for the emergence and continued existence of variant national lexicographies have been considered by science for many centuries. During the course of this continuous work a great number of patterns and tendencies have been described accompanying the birth of the lexicography of a particular state, and there is no doubt that all these cases were made possible only by the release of a comprehensive explanatory dictionary, responsible for the description of one particular language. Scottish lexicography plays a prominent role in recent research, as the issue of national identity is particularly relevant at present. The objective of this paper is to address the problems of authenticity of Scottish lexicography within the language system using methods of classifying the evolution stages of Scottish lexicography along with lexicographic analysis of modern Scottish dictionaries. The undertaken research shows that Scottish lexicography is a real phenomenon in British lexicography.
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Generalova, Elena V. "Lexical-Grammatical Status and Lexicographic Presentation of Two-Component Stable Prepositional Combinations." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 19 (2021): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/19/2.
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The aim of the article is to review the ways of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations and the factors essential for their lexical-grammatical status and the type of optimal lexicographic description. The object of the study is twocomponent prepositional combinations with stable meanings and the “preposition+noun” structure. The material of the article is data of different dictionaries of Russian presenting stable prepositional combinations. In the course of the study, the following questions were answered: why the definition and interpretation of the lexical-grammatical nature of stable prepositional combinations are so difficult and ambiguous; what lexicographic interpretation these units have in dictionaries of different types; what the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of dictionary interpretation of such language material are. The following methods were used: introspective (observation, generalization, classification), systematic lexicographic description according to dictionary parameters, dictionary definition analysis. The summary table of the lexicographic presentation of stable combinations allows seeing both the unresolved question of dictionary interpretation of such units and the patterns of their interpretation depending on the type of a dictionary. As a result of the analysis the following conclusions were drawn. 1) In modern Russian there is a rather large (about 2,000 units) class of language units (prepositional combinations), the lexical-grammatical status of which is not defined, and there is no term for their definition; this class is historically formed and continues to replenish. 2) The type of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations is determined by the dictionary concept, grammatical and syntactic properties, presence of figurative meaning and possibility of component variation of such combinations. 3) The unresolved theoretical issues have as a result the lexicographic discrepancy in the presentation of these language units. Extreme lexicographic solutions are a separate dictionary entry for each combination and the presentation of such units only as stable combinations in the entry of a noun (presented in academic explanatory dictionaries). 4) Taking into account only the factor of presence/absence of a gap seems to formalize the dictionary presentation of adverbs with both conjoined and split spelling, really existing in Russian, and the position of recognition of these units with independent words and their isolate presentation is not impeccable for dictionary users. 5) In the author’s opinion, the presentation of stable prepositional combinations exclusively as independent vocabules is inferior to the traditional lexicographic approach because the isolated presentation of this material breaks the semantic connections of these complex lexical units; the most complex issue is the differentiation of adverbs with split spelling and stable combinations.
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Zemicheva, Svetlana S. "From “Abarmo” to “Yashchichishko”: Creating the Lexicographic Component of the Tomsk Dialect Corpus." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 18 (2020): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/18/5.
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One of the most important trends in modern dialectological science is creating new electronic resources. The article gives an overview of Russian resources of this kind. Among them dialectal corpora hold a special place. The author of the article focuses on the Tomsk Dialect Corpus, which today includes more than 1,700,000 tokens. This resource is unparalleled in Russian scientific practice. It is designed as a universal information retrieval system which includes three modules: 1) textual, 2) grammatical, 3) lexicographic. The aim of the lexicographic component is to provide definitions of dialect lexemes. To do this, it is proposed to use the Dictionary of Russian Old-Timers’ Dialects of the Middle Part of the River Ob Basin (1964–1967) edited by V.V. Palagina and two supplements to it (1975, 1983–1986). The phases of the implementation of the lexicographic module into the Tomsk Dialect Corpus are described. The first phase was the automatic recognition of the above-mentioned paper dictionary. The second stage is editing the dictionary. The principles of editing the source material are determined by the fact that the lexicographic component is considered as part of a universal electronic system. Two basic editing principles are: the possibility to process a word automatically and the autonomous functioning of each dictionary entry. In accordance with them, the vocabulary and the structure of the dictionary entry were formed. At the stage of forming the vocabulary, some dictionary entries (for example, two-word ones) were discarded. The structure of the dictionary entry contains the main areas: headword, definition and contexts. One of the main editing tasks is to combine dictionary entries from different volumes of the dictionary into one. These words are marked either as homonyms, or as the meanings of one word. Examples of dictionary entries before and after editing are presented in the article. By now, about a half of the original vocabulary has been processed (letters from A to M, 12,450 entries). The final version of the electronic dictionary as part of the Tomsk Dialect Corpus is planned to be presented on the website of the Laboratory of General and Siberian Lexicography (http://losl.tsu.ru/) by June 2021. The prospects of the project include, firstly, the expansion of the vocabulary, and secondly, the implementation of search by dictionary labels (diminutives, augmentative, etc.) into the corpus. The presented solutions can be used in the development of other dialect corpora.
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Utami, Adisti Dwi, Tri Indri Hardini, and Yuliarti Mutiarsih. "LEKSIKOGRAFI KAMUS DWIBAHASA PRANCIS-INDONESIA KHUSUS BIDANG BISNIS." Linguistik Indonesia 37, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v37i1.86.
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This research aims to describe lexicography in a French-Indonesian bilingual business dictionary that has been created and is available on dictionnaire-desaffaires.online. This research applies a descriptive qualitative method. The data collecting technique used in this research are questionnaire and lexicographic stages. The questionnaire is filled by Departement of French Language’s students of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia who learn French Business course (Français des Affaires). It aims to find out their needs for business dictionary. The result shows that they need a business dictionary in French-Indonesian and they prioritize content and information structure. Moreover, the researcher will describe lexicography in this dictionary, namely the stages of its preparation and the content of the dictionary, which is macrostructure and microstructure. The macrostructure is arranged alphabetically, while the microstructure consists of definition and grammatical information. The grammatical information contained in this dictionary is four major word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. It can be concluded that the needs of students for business-specific dictionary can be fulfilled by compiling a dictionary using lexicography.
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Timponi Torrent, Tiago, Maria Margarida Martins Salomão, Ely Edison da Silva Matos, Maucha Andrade Gamonal, Júlia Gonçalves, Bruno Pereira de Souza, Daniela Simões Gomes, and Simone Rodrigues Peron-Corrêa. "Multilingual lexicographic annotation for domain-specific electronic dictionaries." Constructions and Frames 6, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.6.1.05tor.
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This paper reports on the development of a domain-specific multilingual electronic dictionary covering the domains of soccer, tourism and the World Cup: the Copa 2014 FrameNet Brasil project. Specifically, we discuss three points: (i) the definition of the tourism frames and their deployment as interlingual representations; (ii) the implementation of the trilingual annotation software used for populating the Copa 2014 database; and (iii) the creation of the Translation relation, a computational solution for the deployment of frames as interlingual representations.
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Nielsen, Sandro. "Kritisk oversigt over engelske og danske juridiske ordbøger." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v1i2.21354.
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Ideally, special-purpose dictionaries should have complex macro- and micro-structures compiled according to strictly defined lexicographic principles. A surprisingly large number of the English and Danish law dictionaries examined leave much to be desired from a lexicographic point of view, and in some cases improvements and changes are proposed. Different types of definition, the presentation of lemma signs and equivalents, and meaning discrimination as well as their value to the user are discussed. It is suggested that the optimal special-purpose dictionary for learners should include both encyclopaedic and linguistic information whether it be a monolingual or bilingual dictionary.
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Abdelzaher, Esra’ Moustafa. "Compiling a cognition-based thematic monolingual lexicon." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00007.abd.
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Abstract This study falls within the scope of cognitive lexicography which uses cognitive linguistic theories in lexicographic practice. The main objective of the study is to create a cognition-based monolingual thematic lexicon. The lexicon tests the validity of using cognitive linguistics, which uses language to reveal the human perception of a concept, in defining controversial multidisciplinary concepts. To that end, violence is selected as a case study and FrameNet is recruited as a cognitive linguistic resource. Cambridge Smart Thesaurus and WordNet are used as secondary resources to FrameNet. English TenTen corpus is employed to authenticate the findings before placing them in the lexicon. A twelve-frame lexicon is the result of the study. The constructed lexicon linguistically includes more than 250 violence-expressing word senses, defined and placed within their violence-associated frames. Some frames are cited from FrameNet without modification, while others are conceptually and linguistically modified. More important, some violence-specific frames are newly-reported. Evidently, studying how physical violence is linguistically expressed displays how the concept is structured in the human cognition. Thus, an empirical cognition-based definition of violence is suggested. This meets the challenge of the multiple sociological, psychological, political and criminological definitions. Moreover, a comprehensive definition of violence is recommended to include both its associated frames and expressing words.
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Ristic, Stana, Ivana Lazic-Konjik, and Nenad Ivanovic. "The metalanguage of a lexicographic definition in the descriptive dictionary (based on the dictionaries of the Serbian language)." Juznoslovenski filolog 74, no. 1 (2018): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1801081r.
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In this paper we present the continuous hierarchical ordering of the first part of the definition of lexemes from the thematic group ?buildings? by analyzing the vertical organization of superordination of concepts in the lexicographical definition. We demonstrate that the vertical sequence mounts from a higher level of conceptual categorization, ?localizer,? in the form of complex and simple primitives (PLACE > SPACE [WHERE], SPACE > EXPANSE [SOMETHING THAT IS (BOUNDLESSLY) SPREADING IN EVERY DIRECTION]) and descends toward a lower hyperonimic level of ?buildings?. The suggested model links meanings systematically, on a micro-level of meaning within the polysemic structure, and on a macrolevel of meanings of lexemes belonging to a thematic group/class, which is significant for the descriptive lexicography and for the modeling of semantic description in the electronic dictionary of the contemporary Serbian language. Such description could facilitate the cross-referencing of lexemes and advanced search, which is essential both for linguists and dictionary users.
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Snukiškienė, Irena. "Conceptualisation of truth in lexicographic resources. Systemic data analysis." Lietuvių kalba, no. 13 (December 20, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2019.22490.
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The article presents Lithuanian linguistic cultural image of Truth (Tiesa) reconstructed from lexicographic data. The analysis of the lexicographic definitions of this lexeme in Lithuanian dictionaries (The Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, the dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms and Lithuanian etymological sources) distinguishes two main aspects of its meaning: (1) archaic, associated with jurisdiction, when Truth also meant law, justice and court, and (2) contemporary, used in modern Lithuanian, when Truth is explained though its classical correspondence definition: truth is what corresponds to the reality. Therefore, two semantic levels are distinguished: synchronic and diachronic. The diachronic level analysis shows the semantic development of the word, the specification of its meaning (the loss of the primary judicial meaning), and the synchronic analysis shows that truth in Lithuanian language is a very complex and contradictory concept, containing numerous connotative meanings and semantic shades. The analysis of lexicographic data presents the following linguistic cultural image of Lithuanian Truth: it is a value which is honourable and sacred, unconcealable; on the one hand it possesses many positive aspects, such as courage and the ability to save the world, on the other hand, it is hardly distinguished from lie, very obscure and unfair, may not be integral and is often unpleasant. It is social and religious honesty, directness, avoiding intentional and unintentional deviation. Truth cannot be contrived or human-created.
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E Lin. "Synonymic rows with loanwords in the Russian language." Neophilology 4, no. 15 (2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2018-4-15-17-24.
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Synonymic rows with loanwords are investigated. The study found that the change in the conceptual and linguistic worldview of modern man is largely due to the process of the emergence of new synonymic series in the Russian language. Synonymic relations between words are established on the basis of the dictionary synonymic definition of the already known word or phrase in the Russian language, with the help of already established in the Russian language borrowed nominations in the context of descriptive construction, illustrative material, which expands, presents the synonymic sphere of lexicographic definition. Human consciousness structures conceptual real reality anthropocentrically, so the semantic range of names of persons in the study material is quite wide. Examples of loanwords that characterize activities are presented. Based on the synonymic definition of terms in lexicographic sources, which reveals the meaning of a new loanword through the identical meaning of loanwords, it is assumed that in the understanding of the surrounding reality, a person uses words correlated with one concept or reality, and in this case there are synonymic series in which members of the opposition are loanwords and demonstrate the full identity.
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Puspita, Dewi, and Hermina Sutami. "PENDEFINISIAN OBJEK DAN PELENGKAP DALAM KAMUS BESAR BAHASA INDONESIA SEBAGAI PENUNJANG LITERASI." Linguistik Indonesia 38, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v38i2.157.
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Literacy cannot be separated from language skills. The most basic language skills are the ability to compose meaningful utterances. For that purpose, a proper understanding of the sentence-forming elements and their functions is needed. Unfortunately, the definitions of the two sentence element functions, namely objects and complements, in KBBI still overlap. The overlapping definition can confuse language users. This paper aims to clarify the differences between object and complement and to correct the inaccuracies in the definition of these two words. Thus, the definition of each of the two functions becomes more appropriate and easily understood by Indonesian language learners. This research was conducted with a functionalism approach through the analysis of syntactic and semantic functions, by paying attention to lexicographic principles. The analysis was carried out on six naturally occurring sentences. The sentences are taken from the Indonesian web corpus. The results of the data analysis in this study indicate that objects and complements are indeed different. From these differences clear and non-overlapping boundaries are obtained.
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Ergashova, Ra`no. "DESCRIPTION OF AVIATION TERMS IN THE EXPLANATORY DICTIONARIES OF UZBEK LANGUAGE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 5, no. 3 (May 30, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-5-7.
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In interpreting the meaning of aviation terms, it is expedient to make effective use of lexicographic traditions in Uzbek linguistics, which reached one of its highest peaks in the twentieth century. This article discusses the definition of terms in the field of aviation in the explanatory dictionaries of Uzbek language, and offers suggestions for the interpretationof the meanings of words inUzbek dictionary in different types of dictionaries.
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Stijovic, Rada, Ivana Lazic-Konjik, and Marina Spasojevic. "Interjections in the contemporary Serbian language: Classification and lexicographic treatment." Juznoslovenski filolog 75, no. 1 (2019): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1901037s.
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This paper analyzes interjections based on the material from the SASA Dictionary, as well as from the six-volume and one-volume Serbian dictionaries of Matica Srpska. Moreover, we looked into their grammatical description and classification in Serbian literature. Based on the voluminous excerpted material (over 1000 interjections and words functioning as interjections), we refined the classification by adding new types of interjections. The said addition is founded upon the concept of language functions by Roman Jakobson. In our classification, apart from the expressive, imperative and onomatopoeic interjections, they can also be communicative (singled out of the imperative ones) (e.g. ej, alo, oj), poetic-folk (e.g. op, opa, salaj; asa, kasa) and metalinguistic (e.g. bla-bla, su-su). All of these types are further categorized into subtypes. Expressive interjections now include a subgroup of gradual/intensifying interjections (e.g. ihaj, uha), and communicative ones contain a subtype used in communication with children - when putting them to sleep, using baby talk, etc. (e.g. nina-nana, nuna). In the paper we recommend the following models of defining interjections: for expressive interjections: (interj./interjection) ?for expressing / declaring / emphasizing? + N in gen. (denoting a feeling, affective state, mood, emotional or sensory reaction to the outside world, attitude, etc.); for communicative interjections: (interj./ interjection) ?for + verbal N in acc.? (calling somebody and responding to the call, addressing, maintaining communication, baby talk); for imperative interjections: (interj./ interjection) ?used + V? (to lure, urge, drive, spur, call (mostly animals)) or: (interj./ interjection) ?for + verbal N in acc.? (driving, luring, spurring (mostly animals)); for onomatopoeic interjections: (interj./interjection) ?for imitating (more rarely mimicking) + N in gen.? or ?used for imitating? + N in nom.? (used for naming the auditive phenomenon that is imitated); for metalinguistic interjections, the models of definitions recommended for onomatopoeias can be applied; for poetic-folk interjections a descriptive definition is used: ?without specific meaning (in song refrains, often for metrical purposes; in games, chants, riddles, incantations, curses, etc.)?.
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Opalko, A. I., and O. A. Opalko. "Lexical problems of genetic and breeding terminology in agricultural science and education." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 25 (August 30, 2019): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v25.1192.
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Aim. The need to improve the genetic and breeding terminology, in particular its lexicographic components as well as the necessity to more precise definition of certain indirect terminological borrowing were causes our research. Methods. In the process of preparation of materials of terminological dictionaries, textbooks and manuals, as well as scientific works on general genetics and plant breeding published in various years were analyzed and colligated. The peculiarities of the certain terms use were investigated by methods of theoretical analysis, comparison and generalization of scientific literature, in consideration of the methodical aspects of component analysis. Results. The phenomenon of different terms using for the definition of the same concepts, confuse definitions and spelling errors of a number of terms and incorrect synonymy, Russism and other common mistakes occur found in Ukrainian scientific, methodological and educational publications are analyzed. The negative consequences of an incorrect translation of thesis summaries and scientific articles abstracts into English are noted. Conclusions. The linguistic and terminological expertise must be carried out in order to unify of the genetic and breeding terminology and more precise definition of certain indirect terminological borrowing. The efforts of geneticists, breeders and linguists should combine for preparing modern Academy explaining dictionary.
Keywords: backcross, dihaploid, nutrient medium, reciprocal crosses, inbreeding, progeny.
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Chen, Wenge. "Towards a Discourse Approach to Critical Lexicography." International Journal of Lexicography 32, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 362–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecz003.
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Abstract Ideology and power, the vital concerns of critical lexicography, are aspects of a dictionary that a lexicographer and a discerning dictionary user have to encounter in any serious lexicographical enterprise (Kachru 1995); however, critical lexicography as a theme did not receive much attention until Kachru and Kahane (1995). This term later appeared in Hornscheidt (2011) and Moon (2014). However, to date there has not been any systematic theoretical exemplification of what critical lexicography is and how critical lexicographical research is done. Additionally, the scope and function of critical lexicography is relatively limited when we consider the global context, since it fails to take into account theoretical and methodological inspirations from other disciplines such as Critical Discourse Studies and/or Postcolonial Studies, which would make it more theoretically robust and analytically explanatory. With this gap in mind, this paper proposes a discourse approach to Critical Lexicography, termed Critical Lexicographical Discourse Studies (CLDS), as a response to the call for lexicographers’ ‘social accountability’. Specifically, the article puts forward a definition of CLDS and its key concepts, denotes its ontological, epistemological and methodological orientations, delineates its principles, proposes a tentative analytic framework and demonstrates a simplified case study. The article argues that a discourse approach to critical lexicography opens up space to understand different meaning-making practices and contestation in lexicography. In doing so, this article contributes to the development of international (English) lexicography and the language(s) it represents.
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Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A. "Designing Online Dictionaries of Economics: Two Opposing Views." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 27, no. 52 (January 6, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v27i52.25133.
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This paper supports the argument that a dictionary of Economics in the broad sense of the word is any information tool that contains structured data - e.g. dictionary articles, outer texts, hyperlinks, etc. – which can be used for retrieving information on economic concepts, economic language, economic instructions, and/or economic operations. Some of these are on the Internet and are accessed by individuals for concrete consultation in one or more situations. This definition is based on the tenets of the Function Theory of Lexicography, the theoretical construction initiated at the Aarhus School of Business in the 1990s which has since worked on the theory and practice of dictionaries (Bergenholtz/Tarp 2002, 2003, 2004; Tarp 2008; Fuertes-Olivera/Tarp 2014). This has resulted in a specific approach to dictionary making, which is identifi ed in this chapter as a lexicography-based approach. On the other hand, some scholars espouse a different view, which is basically rooted in the theories and methods of (Applied) Linguistics (Rundell 2012a) and identified here as a linguistics-based approach. Both views are discussed and illustrated in relation to three specific issues: (a) the concept of a dictionary of Economics; (b) the sources of lexicographic data used in different dictionaries of Economics; (c) access to data and data presentation in several online dictionaries of Economics.
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Kolegaeva, Irina, Lesia Strochenko, Yuliia Tomchakovska, and Oleksandr Tomchakovskyi. "The Poly Code Character of the English Learners’ Dictionaries." Arab World English Journal, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/elt3.21.
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The paper deals with one of the most relevant questions of semiosis in English lexicography. The article studies the mechanism of double encoding a message (verbally and pictographically) to optimize the perception, processing, and storage of information by the user of the dictionary. The aim of the given research is to determine the features of an English poly code dictionary entry as a communicative phenomenon of educational lexicography. The study is based on five lexicographic sources, traditionally called the big five. The research material includes 1640 poly code entries. The article suggests a new interpretation of a poly code entry as a threefold unity of a lemma (the headword), a verbal definition, and a picture. These three constituents jointly name, interpret, and visualize the meaning of a dictionary entry. The article also analyzes the configuration of a poly code entry informational potential in terms of increasing/decreasing of the information presented by the iconic constituent in comparison with the verbal one. The research proves that the whole set of poly code dictionary entries reflects a particular view of the world characterized by absolute anthropocentricity and specific Anglo-Saxon bias. The results of the performed research are significant for English language teaching and learning as they prove that pictographic illustrations that accompany verbal explanations are not purely ornamental. They optimize the readers’ activity of searching, understanding, and memorizing the necessary information
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Bobrova, Maria V., and Elena V. Kolos’ko. "Problems of Lexicographic Description of Dialect and Common Parlance Vocabulary (On the Example of the Word Chyo)." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 18 (2020): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/18/1.
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The problems of describing dialect and common parlance lexemes in a dialect dictionary are raised in the article. These problems are illustrated by the example of the word chyo. The aim of the study was to reflect the issues caused by the use of such words (and the word chyo too) in dialect speech in content, formal and functionalcommunicative aspects, in connection with general issues of lexicographic theory. The material for the study was the card file for the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, data from regional dictionaries. The identified problems form two main groups: 1) related to general methodological guidelines (justification for including the dialect and common parlance words in a dialect dictionary) and 2) related to the principles of describing such lexemes in a dictionary entry. Within the first group, particular questions are highlighted: 1) about the correctness of including dialect and common parlance words in a differential dialect dictionary due to their functional and stylistic attribution, 2) about the differentiation of speech variants of dialect and common parlance words. Within the second group, particular questions are highlighted: 1) on the spelling of dialect and common parlance words: a) on the spelling of header words, b) on the spelling of dialect and common parlance words in illustrative material, 2) on the lexico-grammatical attribution of dialect and common parlance words, 3) on the definition of semantics of dialect and common parlance words: a) on the definition of semantics of dialect and common parlance words in a specific context, b) on the definition of semantics of polysemantic dialect and common parlance words, 4) on the determination of the status and description of the combinations of dialect and common parlance words with other words, 5) on the reflection of the functional and communicative status of dialect and common parlance words in a dictionary. It is concluded that the raised problems determine approaches to the lexicographic description of dialect and common parlance vocabulary in dialect dictionaries. Dialect lexicographers should work taking into account active processes in live spoken speech and language, and rely on the modern theory of discourse. The problems lexicographers face require special training in virtually all areas of modern linguistic and lexicographic theory. Lexicographers have a high responsibility in making a decision that can lead to the overcoming of problems that have arisen when writing a dictionary entry, as well as to the emergence of new ones.
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Wiegand, Herbert Ernst. "Gedruckte Gebrauchsgegenstände mit lexikographischen Formeigenschaften." Lexicographica 29, no. 1 (November 2013): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi-2013-0014.
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AbstractAs an introduction the typological position of printed utility tools with formal properties of a lexicographic nature (hereafter abbreviated as GlexFE) is determined within a typology of utility tools. This follows an extensional and intensional definition of GlexFE. Using examples a number of concepts are then informally introduced and it is shown that why and when the action-theoretically based theory of dictionary use can also be employed for a theory-based description of the use of GlexFE. The central part of this paper gives a detailed and critical examination of a regional telephone directory with special reference to its text compound constituents, its arrangement structures, its cross-reference culture, its telephone directory functions and its textual architecture. It is shown that the theory of dictionary structures allows detailed examinations and that it is so robust that it functions well and renders informative results without changing its basic concepts when expanding its application domain to include GlexFE. The analysis clearly shows that the compilation of a good telephone directory also needs lexicographic-theoretical knowledge.
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Lemeshchenko-Lagoda, V. "NATIONALLY MARKED VOCABULARY: THE PROBLEM OF DEFINITION AND SPECIFICITY OF LEXICOGRAPHIC FIXATION IN SCOTS-ENGLISH DICTIONARIES." International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology 1, no. 48 (2021): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2021.48-1.30.
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Petrova, Tetiana. "THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL VALUE OF THE REVIEWS ON UKRAINIAN TERMINOLOGY DICTIONARIES OF THE LATE XXth AND THE EARLY XXIst CENTURIES." Problems of General and Slavic Linguistics, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/251913.
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The aim of the research is to determine the theoretical and practical significance of the reviews on natural sciences terminology dictionaries. The object of the research is a system of parametric measurements of terminology dictionaries, the subject is critical remarks on the structural parameters representation of terminology dictionaries. The research material is the texts of the reviews published during the late XXth and the early XXIst centuries. Тhe following methods were used: lexicographic analysis of the dictionary parameters, the quantitative analysis and the comparative one. As a result of the research, it is determined that throughout the analyzed period the experts focus on definition and translation dictionaries as well as reference dictionaries. Most remarks are made to the dictionaries of the early XXIst century. The potential importance of practical application of the results is to improve the theoretical and methodological principles and means of terminology dictionaries creation, as well as their use to develop new (combined) type that comprehensively represent the vocabulary of a particular branch of science. Conclusions: 1) the critical comments on professional definition dictionaries relate to such of their parameters as: ‘introduction / preface’, ‘encyclopedia information’, ‘dictionary register’, ‘definition’, ‘list of references’; 2) translation definition dictionaries have quantitative drawbacks regarding the representation of such structural parameters: ‘dictionary register’, ‘translation area’, ‘definition’; 3) to the parameters of reference dictionaries the following critical comments are made: to replace the title loan term by the normative term; to add the ‘accent characteristic’ parameter; to match the title terms with their definitions etc. Theoretical and practical significance of the reviews on terminology dictionaries gives the possibility to systematize the drawbacks revealed by critics in the representation of structural parameters of such publications, for the purpose to improve the fundamental theoretical and methodological foundations of metaterminography and the practical realization of high-quality works.
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Töpel, Antje. "Methoden zur Erstellung von Bedeutungsparaphrasenangaben." Lexicographica 30, no. 1 (October 10, 2014): 291–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi-2014-0011.
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AbstractOnce a new word or a new meaning is added to a monolingual dictionary, the lexicographer is to provide a definition of this item. This paper focuses on the methodological challenges in writing such definitions. After a short discussion of the central terminology (method and definition), the article describes factors which inform this process: linguistic theories, linguistic and lexicographical methods, and types of definitions. Using the example of elexiko, a dictionary project of the Institute for the German language (IDS) in Mannheim, Germany, the paper finally showcases the compilation of definitions in a monolingual online dictionary of contemporary German.
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Aksarina, Natalja A., and Larisa V. Basova. "On the Lexicographic Description of the Preposition Putyom in Modern Discourse." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 19 (2021): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/19/1.
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This article analyzes the system of meanings of the preposition putyom in modern discourse, describes the features of the semantic composition in each meaning, traces semantic links of the selected meanings with the productive name and provides their lexicographic description. The analyzed material included 609 documents of the main corpus of the Russian National Corpus for 2009–2019. The search was performed on a user subcorpus of 6,555 documents which amounted to 13,596,479 words. The complex study of 330 usage samples of the preposition putyom by means of contextual and component analyses has revealed that 167 of them were substantive, 13 adverbial and 150 prepositional ones. The lexicographic identifiers used were as follows: 1) recurrent links with the context, determining the lexico-semantic valence of the preposition putyom; 2) grammatical valence, implemented in specific syntactic links; 3) the possibility of lexical and grammatical replacement of constructions with the preposition putyom by an adverbial participle and a noun in the instrumental case; 4) possible partial synonymy relations; 5) data from lexicographic sources. The range of partial synonyms was established in accordance with the definitions in explanatory dictionaries. The analysis has shown seven meanings of the preposition putyom,grammarticalized in varying degrees, with differentiable semantic and compatibility features. Characteristic valences as well as semantic functions have been determined for each meaning and a dictionary entry proposed. It has been established that the “left” component of the preposition putyom in any implementation is a verb form or a verbal noun with procedural or productive semantics, while the “right” one is a verbal noun with procedural or effective semantics. The polysemy of the preposition putyom is predetermined by a change in hierarchy when contextual conditions change. All the meanings of the preposition putyom have a common motivating base, i.e. the 6th meaning of the noun put’ (way). The polysemy of the preposition putyom is caused by the initial semantic potential of the motivating meaning. The preposition putyom is motivated by both explicit and implicit semes of the meaning-generating noun put’ and in implication inherits the semes of its primary meaning. In all the meanings it retains this “mode of action” inherited from the motivating meaning of the noun put’. In six of seven meanings, it enters into a partial synonymy only with derivative prepositions of the genitive and dative cases and is semantically identified in these relations. The partial nature of synonymy indicates the insufficiency of a synonymous definition and requires a descriptive component inclusion.
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Shkuran, Oksana Vladimirovna. "LANGUAGE UNITS WITH SACRED SEMANTICS: LINGUOCULTUROLOGICAL AND LEXICOGRAPHIC ASPECTS." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 336–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-2-336-352.
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Proverbs are precedent language units that relate to the field of speech elements. The presence of sacred components in the composition of these units, reinterpreted in according to the speech situation, indicates a high motivation of the internal form of the communicative microstructure. In our article we call them linguistic units with sacred semantics and give the definition as a complexly structured moralizing statement with holistic and generalized ideas about the positive attitude of folk culture to traditional religion. The studied proverbs have parallel components arranged in a linear sequence. An important feature for the paremiological semantics is “weak thoughts”, i.e. which are difficult to be understood without knowing the situation that they fully characterize. For proverbs, a discursive intention is important, which illustrates cognitive content with moral, and in our case, traditionally confessional function. Modern social, ideological, moral, ethical and everyday problems are correlated and commensurate with the existence of the sacred world in order to give current problems both universal and temporary features giving an assessment from the point of view of the tenets of traditional religion. The article on the diachronic socio-historical and cultural background illustrates the ethno-labeling markers grief, trouble, strength, mind as part of stable language units with sacred semantics gore - ne beda; sila yest - uma ne nado ; the main periods of common usage named components in lexicographical sources are presented and the sacralization of these meanings in russian orthodox culture is represented. However, in the process of civilizational changes, we state the profane of sacred meanings to ironic level. These proverbs - linguistics with sacred semantics - at the same time both phrase combination and aphoristic statement, and micro-text with deep linguistic and culturological content, reflecting different historical, ideological, political eras. The defiling process of the language units with sacred semantics can be explained by the open form of the proverbs themselves, involving various forms of transformations. Due to the active people abuse they develop special principles of attitude to the world, to god, to a man, use it in their native language and in many ways with the help of language that opens up opportunities for us to study new linguistic subparadigms.
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Gordiyenko, Olena. "Nomenklature in the system of English medical terminography." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 12, no. 21 (2019): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2019-12-21-117-123.
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The article is devoted to the issues of LSP (language for specific purposes) lexicography in the field of medicine. Medical nomenclatures (MN), created in the framework of English medical terminography (EMT), are in the focus of the study as one of the first original reference works of EMT. The methodology of the study is comprehensive and includes the following methods: an analytical review of the literature, a bibliographic method for compiling a list of medical nomenclatures; a descriptive method of lexicographic analysis to characterize the parameters and structure of MN; the method of typological analysis was used to develop the principles of MN classification; the comparative analysis to summarize and conclude the results of the investigation. The use of historical and typological approach enabled to conduct a detailed analysis of extralinguistic and linguistic characteristics of the MN. A brief historical background on the formation and development of English medical reference works is given. Such MN as anatomical (Terminologia Anatomica), dental (Dental Terminology), embryological (Terminologia Embryologica) and histological (Terminologia Histologica) nomenclatures were under the study. A typological classification of MN is made by considering methods and approaches for the representation and explication of medical term. The following parameters as field of terms, method of term representing, type of definition, number of languages were studied. The main functions of the MN were identified and described, namely, the collection, the standardization, the systematization of medical terms and medical knowledge transfer. The results of the lexicographic analysis show that MN are factual reference works and perform almost all the basic functions of terminographic dictionary guides, with the exception of explicatory one, with a description of grammatical and orthoepic characteristics, codification of the polysemy of medical term and an illustration of its use in medical discourse. The comparative analysis of histological, dental and embryological nomenclatures revealed that they do not have significant differences at the level of mega- and microstructures in comparison with the anatomical ones. The studied nomenclatures were created using termographic tools and principles which were first applied for anatomical nomenclatures. The place and the role of MN, as a factual reference work, in the system of English medical terminography is determined. Perspective directions of the further research are outlined in the frame of the comprehensive study of terminological lexicography as a factor of the global scientific and technical space formation in the field of medicine.
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Halas Popović, Ana. "HOMONYMY IN ENGLISH MONOLINGUAL GENERAL-PURPOSE DICTIONARIES." Nasledje Kragujevac 18, no. 48 (2021): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/naskg2148.037hp.
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The focus of this paper is the treatment of homonymy in selected monolingual general-purpose dictionaries of English. The aim of the analysis presented in this paper is to reveal the perception of homonymy and its lexicographic significance in the analyzed dictionaries, which involves the answer to the question whether these dictionaries mark homonymy at all, and then, if yes, the determination of the criterion used for the identification of homonymy, as well as the definition of the overall lexicographic strategy adopted by the given dictionaries in their treatment of homonymy. The results of the analysis have shown that the analyzed dictionaries do use homonymy as an organizational principle in their macrostructure. Furthermore, all these dictionaries use the semantic criterion based on mutual relatedness of senses in their identification of homonymy. However, the application of this criterion does not always produce the same outcome in the given dictionaries due to the gradient nature of semantic relatedness and various interpretations it is subject to. It has also been observed that the analyzed dictionaries do not consistently mark semantic homonymy at any cost since their gen- eral strategy in the treatment of homonymy can be defined as balancing between adequate language description and user-friendliness.
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Zhdanova, E. A. "SEMANTICS OF THE VERBALITY ЖИТЬ IN RUSSIAN DIALECTS OF UDMURTIA." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 31, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2021-31-2-230-235.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of semantic features that are noted in the verb жить in Russian dialects of Udmurtia. As the analysis of the material of the corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia showed, this verb is found in contexts indicating values different from those known in the literary language. In connection with the need to clarify the layout of the corpus and create a dictionary of Russian dialects in Udmurtia, a definition of the semantics of this verb is required. The semantic features of a dialect word can be established both by linguistic factors: the syntactic role and lexical compatibility, as well as extralinguistic factors: the range of specific uses of the verb, historical information about the settlement of this territory, religious and ideological features of dialect speakers. For analysis, material from various lexicographic sources, as well as etymological information, was used. As a result of the study, an idea about the possibility of double interpretation of the semantics of the analyzed dialect word was formed: on the one hand, from the point of view of its implementation in dialect, as a syncretic unit, on the other hand, from the point of view of its lexicographic representation, as a set of lexical-semantic variants.
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Adami, C. "ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE: MODERN CONCEPT." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, no. 207 (2019): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2019/207-6/2.
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In the last half-century, the economic relations between countries have become more difficult to manage. Economic intelligence is a new complex and multidisciplinary concept introduced to help countries to interact in the new more complex scenario. The intelligence involves researching and finding informative asymmetries between two actors to use the obtained information for economic purposes. This study makes use of a new scientific theoretical approach to explore the economic intelligence concept represented by different contributions in academic literature. As a result, a lexicographic definition of the economic intelligence concept is proposed as a specialized elucidation that involves a theoretical approach to form information set for developing strategies of international economic relations between countries.
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Rapisheva, Zh, and Z. Ismadiyar. "Modern lexicography: trends and directions of development." Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 81, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2021-1/10-17.
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The article examines the state and directions of development of modern Kazakh lexicography. The goals, objectives and possibilities of modern branches of lexicography are determined; the scientific-theoretical and practical foundations of compiling dictionaries are described. The development of the theory and practice of lexicography is due to such needs as the recognition of lexicography as a separate area of linguistics, the development of a theoretical basis for the creation of dictionaries, a general typology of dictionaries, the definition of the macro - and microstructure of dictionaries. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to summarize the experience of Kazakh lexicography, to identify its general theoretical problems, directions of development, to show its place in linguistic science. The study used a descriptive method, analysis and synthesis methods. A brief overview of scientific works is made, which study general theoretical and practical problems of Kazakh lexicography, research on the history of Kazakh lexicography, as well as works that consider the experience and scientific foundations of compiling dictionaries. The authors note the importance of the theory of lexicography in creating dictionaries, improving their quality, choosing the basic principles when sorting vocabulary units in a dictionary, the peculiarities of their functioning, the quantitative and qualitative composition of linguistic units to be included in the corresponding type of dictionary according to the subject of research, denote the theoretical and practical problems of Kazakh lexicography, scientific and theoretical foundations for creating dictionaries of the Kazakh language, determine the scientific, theoretical and practically applied aspects of modern lexicography as a science of language. Pointing to the importance of studying the scientific foundations of compiling dictionaries, their composition and structural features, both from a purely scientific point of view, and from the point of view of the implementation of state programs aimed at the development of the Kazakh language, the authors of the article conclude that the patterns and quality of compiling dictionaries directly depend on the basic functions of the language in modern society. The state of affairs in modern lexicography makes it possible to talk about the allocation of general lexicography, which studies the properties inherent in any dictionary, and particular sections of lexicography (educational, terminological, onomastic, etc.). General lexicography should establish common (or statistically dominant) features of all dictionaries using typology, as well as explore the general patterns of functioning and use of dictionaries. Private lexicography should contain sections that study the internal structure of this type of dictionary and methods for its creation; history of this type of dictionary; purpose and addressee of this type of dictionary. Therefore, experts in the field of lexicography believe that the prospects for the further development of lexicography are seen in the improvement of existing and creation of new types of dictionaries, the emergence of complex dictionaries and the computerization of lexicographic activities.
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Balsgart, Karin. "Fag, faglighed og fagordbøger." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 6, no. 10 (July 29, 2015): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v6i10.21521.
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This paper argues that one of the reasons that existing bilingual (Danish -> English) LSP dictionaries are unsatisfactory is that insufficient emphasis is attached to the question of defining and delimiting the subject-matter covered, in respect of both the overall selection of entries and the choice and application of field labels. More detailed grammatical considerations are of no real importance in remedying this situation because there is no such thing as a special LSP grammar. An interdisciplinary approach, on the other hand, would seem to offer good prospects, always providing that the linguistic insight is not confined to lexicographic theory and principles but extends to intimate knowledge of both languages. A relatively narrow definition of potential users and uses would also seem beneficial. A number of so-called "business", "technical" and "specialised" dictionaries are reviewed in substantiation of this argument.
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Vulpe, Ana. "Achiziții lexicale „ultrarecente” pentru vocabularul limbii române." Limba, literatura, folclor, no. 1 (August 2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/llf.2021.1.01.
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In certain periods, the language renewals occur unimaginably fast. The avalanche of new words and meanings attested in the press of recent years (and especially in the previous year, marked globally negative by the COVID-19 pandemic) constituted an additional pretext for us to deal insistently specially with this segment of language. Thus, in the present study we tried, following a careful analysis of the mass media language (including online), an update of the lexical system dynamics, inventorying and defining phrases, words and meanings recently entered in the use of Romanian speakers (the so-called ultra-recent lexical acquisitions), unregistered in dictionaries. It is, for the time being, a primary fixation of them, a semantization and a definition that, possibly, allows interpretations by specialists in the field, in one word, without claiming that the lexicographic material presented already has an absolutely normative character.
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Bobrik, Marina A. "The Meaning of the Old Russian Plurale Tantum PAMIATI." Slovene 4, no. 1 (2015): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.3.
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The paper deals with the meaning of the Old Russian plurale tantum pamiati, hitherto attested only in a 17th-century list of food served at banquets that is published in Ivan Zabelin’s Domashnii byt russkikh tsarei. The tentative meaning ‘brain (of crane)’ proposed in the Slovarʹ russkogo iazyka 11–17 vv. does not reflect actual practice. Other 17th- and 18th-century written sources, primarily food lists but also lexicographic sources and Russian dialect data, allow for the definition ‘breastbone and meat (of poultry).’ In this meaning, as well as in other meanings of the Russian dialectal word pamiati, the plural and the singular forms are synonyms. In the newly found context of the 17th-century Skazka o molodtse, kone i sable, the word pamiati refers to the breastbone of a horse, so the meaning can now be more precisely defined as ‘breastbone and meat (of poultry and cattle).’ The definition of pamiati proposed in the Slovarʹ russkogo iazyka 11–17 vv. seems to reflect the “mental” notion of memory as being positioned in the head, whereas the meaning ‘breastbone and meat (of poultry and cattle),’ discussed here, relates rather to the ancient idea of memory as being placed in the breast.
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Kuprianov, Ye. "System Relationships, Concealed in the Text of Explanatory Spanish Language Dictionary." Studia Linguistica, no. 12 (2018): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2018.12.50-63.
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The article is devoted to the theoretical issues of developing methodology for studying systemic relations presented implicitly in the text of the explanatory dictionary of the Spanish language «Diccionario de la lengua española», 23ª edición. The methodology of the research and the formal representation of these relations are based on the theory of lexicographic systems and the theory of semantic states by NAS Academician Dr. Volodymyr Shyrokov. Based on the results of the study, the formal models are constructed for system relations such as hyperchains / hypercycles, quasi-semantics and synonymy. Characteristics and types of systemic relations are given. Hyperchains are the chains of words related to each other by the relationship “hyperоnym-hyponym”, “part-whole”, “process-result”, etc. Quasi-semantics is a property of a word to adopt its meaning from the other one from which it was derived. Quasisemantics combines both the meaning of the main word and its affix. There were twenty five definition patterns revealed in the dictionary for quasisemantic words. Synonymy is a language phenomenon, the essence of which is that the two or more lexical units, being in a certain semantic state, are able to replace each other in certain contexts. The synonyms registered in the dictionary represent not only semantic, but also pragmatic characteristics (style, domain, geographic area). In particular, synonymic couples are the following: special-purpose word / general-purpose word, general-purpose word / special-purpose word, special-purpose word / special-purpose word, colloquial word / literary word, ethnolect / common word. The research results are proposed to be used for creating various linguistic software: text processing systems, semantic analyzers, virtual lexicographic laboratories, etc.
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Оvchinnikova, Galina V. "SEMANTIC SHIFTS IN THE COVIDETERMINOLOGICAL FIELD OF THE FRENCH MEDICAL TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 22, no. 3 (2020): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2020-3-22-118-122.
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The article first defines the concept of «co-terminological field» and establishes its place and function in the medical terminological system. The factual material based on special medical literature, media texts and lexicographic sources allows us to fill in the gap in the conceptual apparatus in the French medical discourse and clarify the definition of the medical term. Word-formation analysis and word-formation synthesis in combination with component decomposition of the seminal composition formed the basis of the methodology for studying the structure and semantics of Covid terms in modern French. The allocation of the central and peripheral axes of the lexical-semantic field contributes to the codification and semantic variability of Covid terminology. Borrowed words from the English language occupy a special place in the term group under consideration, which are more easily assimilated in the French word-production system as letter abbreviations, but are replaced by French equivalents at the lexical level.
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Włodarczyk-Stachurska, Anna. "Dictionaries and ideologies: some remarks of the EFL lexicography." Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20151.26.39.
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The term ideology itself has recently gained a lot of attention in anthropology, sociolinguistics and cultural studies. As a starting point it seems crucial to form an area of inquiry, that is the sense of language ideology. Here Alan Rumsay’s (1990, p. 346) definition is a useful starting point: „[…] linguistic ideologies are shared bodies of commonsense notions about the nature of language in the world”. The article aims to look at the way EFL dictionaries cope with the task to present the standardization of certain words and usages. In other words, we will attempt to find out if/how lexicographers cope with the job of being legislators, if their products advise about the proper usage as well as meanings of the words available in the standard forms of English. In order to achieve this goal, the number of issues of paramount importance will be investigated:
The term of linguistic ideology,
The concept of standardization
The dictionaries and ideology of standard – the state of the art
Our method is making comparisons between different lexicographic sources (dictionaries) in relation to selected entries, and generalising from the way the latter are presented (in the sense of formal and semantic values).
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Petit, Gerard. "Un hybride sémiotique." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 23, no. 1 (December 31, 2000): 161–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.23.1.06pet.
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A lexical approach of the trademark names integrates to the scope of lexicology a type of sequence which usually is disregarded. The formal structure of the items is bound to restraints which are imposed to the signifier by the juridical statute of the name (capital letter, absence of plural mark, question of graphic variant...). It results, on semiotic plan, an ambiguous functionning coming under terminology and proper noun. A lot of graphemics transgressions effect, for the items, a categorial transfer towards common vocabulary. This instability presents an original feature because it doesn’t cancel the efficience of the juridical rule whiche defines the use of the word, and because it sets the (illegal) conditions to a stabilization and normalization of the linguistical statute of the items (the inclining to lexeme releases them from the ambiguity term vs proper noun). On semantic plan, the interpretation of this type of names infers the presence of a notion or of an individual concept. However, the transfer of category which comes with the spreading of the items inside of the common vocabulary produces the emergence of a signified. Then is set the question of an possible polysemization of the name, and particularly the question of the definitions criterions which make the nomination possible. The lexicographic definitions have, for a large part of them, the structure of a metalinguistical text refering at the statute of trademark name of the définite item. Under such circumstances, far from appearing as a proper noun, a lexeme or a term, the trademark name reveals its partially sui-referential, intrinsically deictic and quasi-unamenable to a categorial definition nature.
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Agerbo, Heidi. "A Re-Examination of the Lemma through Digital and Functional Lenses." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 59, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v59i1.117040.
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The lemma is one of the core terms in lexicography. It is the lexicographical item that users of paper dictionaries normally utilise to look for the dictionary article that can help them satisfy their information need, and lexicographers consider the lemma an essential and indispensable part of a lexicographical tool. However, as new technologies are continuously being developed and many dictionaries (or lexicographical data) are incorporated into other kinds of digital tools, e.g. writing software and e-readers, it is necessary to re-examine the notion of lemma because these changes have consequences for the definition of this term. Furthermore, research into the operative function – one of the main functions in the lexicographical function theory – has shown that the lemma should not only be associated with words, but also other types of needs than those related to linguistic signs, something which e-dictionaries more easily are able to accommodate compared to paper-based dictionaries. This contribution, therefore, re-examines the lemma and investigates its role in e-dictionaries, and it suggests a provisional definition of this core lexicographical term that is applicable in e-dictionaries and in digital tools based on lexicographical data.
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Faleyeva, Anastasiya. "EXPERIENCE OF THE INVESTIGATION OF ENGLISH COLLOQUIAL SYSTEM." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/1/13.
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Introduction. The term and the definition of the boundaries of colloquialism confuses scientists and generates different opinions. Some scientists define colloquialism in a narrower sense, referring it to a stylistically reduced vocabulary, which is the opposite of the literary norm. Thus, colloquialisms include mostly substandard vocabulary, which is used mainly in limited speech by individual representatives of the population. Another group of specialists understand the term colloquialism on a wider scale, dividing it into several groups depending on the proximity or remoteness to the literary norm. Research methods. Currently, the study of colloquial speech is becoming one of the most important problems of modern linguistics. The study of colloquial speech at various linguistic levels is becoming increasingly important for a number of reasons. It becomes possible to collect and analyze material on the problems of colloquial words and expressions through the use of such methods of analysis as descriptive, systemic and structural, nominative-derivational, comparative-typological, statistical. Results and discussions. It is important to timely identify the features of the formation of colloquialisms and analyze new trends in terms of the lexical and semantic nature of colloquialisms in modern electronic and printed lexicographic sources, scientific works of foreign authors.
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Sandakova, Marina. "The Class of Adjective and Adverbial Intensifiers in the Russian Language and Mechanisms of its Expansion." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 51 (September 30, 2020): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-51-3-90-106.
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The purpose of the article is to study the development of lexical intensifiers in modern Rus-sian. Using the methods of semantic analysis, the author examines lexicographical data and materials from the Russian National Corpus. Lexical intensifiers continue to inspire scholars’ interest in lexicological, lexicographic, and normative aspects, and this study makes a new theoretical contribution to the study of the functional and semantic category of intensity as well as to the conceptualization of active processes in the vocabulary and lexical collocations of modern Russian. The results of the study can be used in the work of compiling definition dictionaries of the Russian language, namely coinage dictionaries. The class of lexical intensifiers includes primarily adjectives and adverbs. The most well-developed part of the intensifying scale is its right extreme: there are more units that express meaning of the high and absolute degree than those that express the middle and low degree of intensity. New intensifiers that appear in the language are also concentrated in this area of the scale. Intensifiers present an open and constantly widening class of words, new additions typically being semantic derivations of adjectives and adverbs. In the late 20th and early 21st century, the Russian language acquired new intensifiers that can be categorized as semantic neologisms (исполнение распоряжения нереально — нереально вкусное мороженое). The authors singles out the following mechanisms of expanding the class of intensifiers: 1. Syntagmatic widening: going beyond the typical collocation circle, determined by the rules of lexical collocations and fixed in the dictionaries. Here syntagmatic changes involve not only units with the semantically motivated collocation (запредельный, космический), but also those phraseologically connected (кромешный, закадычный); 2. Stylistic changes, manifested in determinologization of words and their “escape” from the bookish style, which widens the possibilities of using them in new and non-typical contexts (астрономические цены, клиническая дура); 3. Grammatical widening, when an adjective intensifier acquires its adverb “pair,” i. e., its syntactic derivative (космический — космически, закадычный — закадычно).
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Fazlyeva, Zulfiia Khanifovna. "The role of youth jargon within the system of Russian language." Litera, no. 4 (April 2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.4.30799.
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Despite the fact that youth jargon in a certain way reflects the worldview of young people, the Russian linguistics did not dedicated due attention to this question. At some point, significant contribution to the research of this problematic was made by the experts in linguistics such as A. M. Selischev, E. D. Polivanov, M. A. Grachev, V. M. Mokienko, etc. However, there are still gaps and multiple controversial issues in studying this phenomenon. One of them pertains to terminological definition of this concept, since there is no evident characteristics and properties that allow to clearly differentiate it from other linguistic phenomena, such as argot, slang, dialect, sociolect. There is also no unified system of dictionary noted for lexicographic fixation of jargon units, as well as systematized description for youth jargon in various Russian regions. Youth jargon represents rich material for linguistic analysis, since it has diverse lexical composition – alongside multiple neologisms and foreign borrowings, it contains a significant portion of archaic lexicon. Examination of jargon reveals certain mechanism of word formation, uncommon for the standard lexicon. Knowledge and application of such lexicon is essential for better understanding of the modern fiction literature and periodicals, modern colloquial, translation activity, as well as social differentiation of national language.
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Tymbolova, A., and A. Aidarkyzy. "THE LINGUISTIC NATURE OF PUN." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 75, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-7804.28.
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The article analyzes various concepts that occur in the paradigm of modern scientific approaches to pun. Currently, there is no clear opinion among researchers regarding the definition of the essence of this stylistic approach. Therefore, in linguistics, scientists interpret such a stylistic approach as a pun from different sides. A pun is also called a sharp word or a language game. It is described in the form of a stylistic turn or miniatures based on the play of words, their sound similarities in different meanings, a concept that gives a comic tone to speech. Despite the ambiguity of the origin of the word pun, modern lexicographic publications recognize it as a word that unwittingly gives ambiguity, is prone to humor, and is similar in sound, caused by homonymy. Indeed, the language game of pun is based on homonyms that sound the same but have different meanings. By its very nature, wordplay is a kind of short-form pun. Pun is one of the ways to enrich the language and word formation, which is an effective means of learning the capabilities of the language. Therefore, it is proved that a pun is one of the ways to create a new image by transforming the formed language material.
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Christiansen, Bethany. "Scytel: A New Old English Word for ‘Penis’." Anglia 136, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 581–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2018-0060.
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Abstract In this paper, I examine the Old English word scytel, which appears in the Old English Medicina de quadrupedibus. I argue that, contrary to definitions offered in current Old English lexical aids, scytel does not mean ‘dung’, but rather ‘penis’. In the Medicina de quadrupedibus, OE scytel translates Lat. moium (from Greek μοιóν) ‘penis’. I begin by tracing the development of the definition/s of scytel in the lexicographic tradition (Sections 1.1 and 1.2) and in editions of the Medicina de quadrupedibus (Section 1.3). Starting with Bosworth-Toller (1882–1898), scytel (1) was defined as ‘dung’, apparently on the misperception of an etymological relationship between scytel (1) and Old English scitta, n. ‘shit’. Section 2 offers a discussion of the manuscripts containing the Old English Medicina de quadrupedibus and its Latin source text, and Section 3 contains a discussion of the two relevant recipes that contain OE scytel (1). In Section 4.1 I show that, in fact, scytel (1) cannot be etymologically related to any scit‑/scīt‑ ‘shit’ words in Old English, as the two derive from separate Germanic (Gmc.) and Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots. In Section 4.2, I argue that the scribe of the manuscripts containing scytel could not have written a non-etymological <y> for /i/, which eliminates the possibility that scytel is connected to scit‑/scīt‑ ‘shit’. It becomes clear, as demonstrated in Section 4.3, that scytel (1) ‘penis’ and scytel (2) ‘dart’ can be reconciled as a single dictionary entry, with ‘penis’ as a metaphorical extension of ‘dart’. I demonstrate in Section 4.4 that, from a cross-linguistic perspective, ‘dart’ > ‘penis’ is a well-attested semantic shift. Ultimately, it is clear that the Old English translator/s of the Medicina de quadrupedibus correctly translated the rare Latin word for ‘penis’ they encountered in the source text.
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Kļavinska, Antra. "NAMES OF THE ETHNOGRAPHIC GROUPS IN THE DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LATVIAN LANGUAGE." Via Latgalica, no. 8 (March 2, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2016.8.2234.
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Determination of the ethnonymic lexical semantics can be considered as one of the aspects of ethnic studies in linguistics. Who are the Latgalians, Latgals, Suits, Selonians and other ethnographic groups, according to the modern concepts? The answer to this question can be found in the Dictionary of Contemporary Latvian Language (MLVV), which is fully available on the Internet since 2014.The aim of the paper is to analyse the names of Latvian ethnographic groups and the principles of defining meanings in MLVV, especially focusing on issues related to names of Latgalian Latvians. Lexicographic data analysis and contextual approach are applied in this research with the help of which extralinguistic factors (linguistic and situative context) are revealed.One of the most important tasks in lexicographic work is the inventory of the material, in other words, selection of word entries, illustrative texts, collection and classification of information from preceding dictionaries. In the present paper, the electronic version of the eight-volume Dictionary of the Literary Latvian Language (1972–1996) has been used for comparison. The Balanced Corpus of Modern Latvian, consisting of ~4.5 million word use cases, is applied to determine the contextual semantics and the usage frequency of the names of ethnographic groups.MLVV materials show that there is a lack of consequence in the designation of ethnographic groups and definition of their meaning. The names of ethnographic groups (as well as other ethnonyms) as entries are mostly provided in the plural, for instance, latgalieši, suiti, zemgalieši (Latgalians, Suits, inhabitants of Zemgale), etc., some of them in singular forms: kurzemnieks, vidzemnieks (inhabitant of Kurzeme, inhabitant of Vidzeme). In the previously published Dictionary of the Literary Latvian Language, the names are provided in the plural, and the data of the modern Latvian language corpus show that all the analysed lexemes are used in plural form more often.The definitions of the meanings are lacking consistency. Firstly, the scope of definitions is broad: the territorial belonging to a certain Latvian ethnographic region is taken as a basis for all the explanations of the meaning; some definitions have references to linguistic and cultural peculiarity. Secondly, none of definitions has a reference that it is an ethnographic group of Latvians; only in one case, the designation of ethnic origin latvieši (Latvians) is provided. The explanation ‘inhabitants’ (of the region) is applied most often, which indicates the belonging of the lexeme to katoikonyms, not ethnonyms; also, the explanation ‘indigenous inhabitants’ (of the region) indicates indirectly that they might be Latvians.The novelty of the dictionary is that there are two meanings for the lexemes latgaļi (Latgalians) and sēļi (Selonians): the first one characterizes the Baltic tribes, the second – inhabitants/ natives of the cultural historical region (more precisely – ethnographic group of the Latvian nation). At the same time, it is not considered that lexemes latgalieši, kurzemnieki, vidzemnieki, zemgalieši (Latgalians, inhabitants of Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Zemgale) in contemporary Latvian also have at least two meanings: the meaning of ‘ethnographic group of the nation’ in modern texts, especially in the media, is complemented by a more general meaning of ‘inhabitant of the region’, in other words, the ethnonym becomes a katoikonym.The advantage of the electronic dictionary of contemporary Latvian is the possibility to edit it constantly; therefore, it is worth to pay attention to separate lexical semantic groups when developing the dictionary. In that way, it will be possible to avoid inconsistency in definitions of meanings. In order to separate ethnonyms from katoikonyms, in the definitions of the ethnonyms analysed in the paper, the designation of ethnic community ‘ethnographic group of Latvian nation’ can be applied as the main component, supplemented by semes indicating the connection with a certain territory, and possibly, the characterization of cultural, religious and linguistic peculiarity.