Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lexical variables

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Lexical variables'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Lexical variables"

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Chee, Qian Wen, Keng Ji Chow, Winston D. Goh, and Melvin J. Yap. "LexiCAL: A calculator for lexical variables." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): e0250891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250891.

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While a number of tools have been developed for researchers to compute the lexical characteristics of words, extant resources are limited in their useability and functionality. Specifically, some tools require users to have some prior knowledge of some aspects of the applications, and not all tools allow users to specify their own corpora. Additionally, current tools are also limited in terms of the range of metrics that they can compute. To address these methodological gaps, this article introduces LexiCAL, a fast, simple, and intuitive calculator for lexical variables. Specifically, LexiCAL is a standalone executable that provides options for users to calculate a range of theoretically influential surface, orthographic, phonological, and phonographic metrics for any alphabetic language, using any user-specified input, corpus file, and phonetic system. LexiCAL also comes with a set of well-documented Python scripts for each metric, that can be reproduced and/or modified for other research purposes.
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Jackendoff, Ray, and Jenny Audring. "Morphological schemas." New Questions for the Next Decade 11, no. 3 (December 16, 2016): 467–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.3.06jac.

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We propose a theory of the lexicon in which rules of grammar, encoded as declarative schemas, are lexical items containing variables. We develop a notation to encode precise relations among lexical items and show how this differs from the standard notion of inheritance. We also show how schemas can play both a generative role, acting as productive rules, and also a relational role, where they codify nonproductive but nevertheless prolific patterns within the lexicon. We then show how this theory of lexical relations can be embedded directly into a theory of lexical access and lexical processing, such that it can make direct contact with experimental findings.
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Vonk, Jet M. J., Roel Jonkers, H. Isabel Hubbard, Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini, Adam M. Brickman, and Loraine K. Obler. "Semantic and lexical features of words dissimilarly affected by non-fluent, logopenic, and semantic primary progressive aphasia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 25, no. 10 (September 12, 2019): 1011–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617719000948.

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AbstractObjective:To determine the effect of three psycholinguistic variables—lexical frequency, age of acquisition (AoA), and neighborhood density (ND)—on lexical-semantic processing in individuals with non-fluent (nfvPPA), logopenic (lvPPA), and semantic primary progressive aphasia (svPPA). Identifying the scope and independence of these features can provide valuable information about the organization of words in our mind and brain.Method:We administered a lexical decision task—with words carefully selected to permit distinguishing lexical frequency, AoA, and orthographic ND effects—to 41 individuals with PPA (13 nfvPPA, 14 lvPPA, 14 svPPA) and 25 controls.Results:Of the psycholinguistic variables studied, lexical frequency had the largest influence on lexical-semantic processing, but AoA and ND also played an independent role. The results reflect a brain-language relationship with different proportional effects of frequency, AoA, and ND in the PPA variants, in a pattern that is consistent with the organization of the mental lexicon. Individuals with nfvPPA and lvPPA experienced an ND effect consistent with the role of inferior frontal and temporoparietal regions in lexical analysis and word form processing. By contrast, individuals with svPPA experienced an AoA effect consistent with the role of the anterior temporal lobe in semantic processing.Conclusions:The findings are in line with a hierarchical mental lexicon structure with a conceptual (semantic) and a lexeme (word-form) level, such that a selective deficit at one of these levels of the mental lexicon manifests differently in lexical-semantic processing performance, consistent with the affected language-specific brain region in each PPA variant.
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Storkel, Holly L., and Michele L. Morrisette. "The Lexicon and Phonology." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 33, no. 1 (January 2002): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2002/003).

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The purpose of this paper is to underscore the importance of the link between lexical and phonological acquisition by considering learning by children beyond the 50-word stage and by applying cognitive models of spoken word processing to development. Lexical and phonological variables that have been shown to influence perception and production across the lifespan are considered relative to their potential role in learning by preschool children. The effect of these lexical and phonological variables on perception, production, and learning are discussed in the context of a two-representation connectionist model of spoken word processing. The model appears to offer insights into the complex interaction between the lexicon and phonology and may be useful for clinical diagnosis and treatment of children with language delays.
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Parkin, Alan J. "The influence of lexical and structural variables on lexical decision and syllable judgment tasks." Journal of Research in Reading 8, no. 2 (September 1985): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.1985.tb00312.x.

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Berman, Ruth A., Ronit Nayditz, and Dorit Ravid. "Linguistic diagnostics of written texts in two school-age populations." Written Language and Literacy 14, no. 2 (September 8, 2011): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.14.2.01ber.

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The paper considers the writing abilities of Hebrew-speaking grade school and middle school students from mid-high compared with low SES backgrounds, as reflected in stories and compositions they wrote on the topic of friendship. A range of linguistic means of expression were employed as diagnostic of school-age written text construction, focusing on the lexicon and including both devices applicable in different languages (overall text length in words and clauses, syntactic clause density, and lexical diversity and density as reflected in proportions of content words) as well as Hebrew-specific features (verb-pattern morphology and construct-state noun compounds). Analyses showed these features to differentiate across the independent variables of the study-age-schooling level, and SES background, and text genre (narrative vs. expository). In terms of genre, expository-type essays usually had denser and more lexically diverse texture than stories. In developmental perspective, lexical diagnostics improved in the texts produced by 13–14 year-olds in comparison with those of 9–10 year-olds. Finally, texts produced by middle-class children attending well-established schools were in general of better lexical quality than those produced by children from disadvantaged backgrounds attending low-achieving schools. Keywords:linguistic usage; school-age language development; SES background; discourse genre; clause length; text length, lexical quality; Hebrew
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Ruette, Tom, Katharina Ehret, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. "A lectometric analysis of aggregated lexical variation in written Standard English with Semantic Vector Space models." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 48–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.21.1.03rue.

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Lectometry is a corpus-based methodology that explores how multiple language-external dimensions shape language usage in an aggregate perspective. The paper combines this methodology with Semantic Vector Space modeling to investigate lexical variability in written Standard English, as sampled in the original Brown family of corpora (Brown, LOB, Frown and F-LOB). Based on a joint analysis of 303 lexical variables, which are semi-automatically extracted by means of a SVS, we find that lexical variation in the Brown family is systematically related to three lectal dimensions: discourse type (informative versus imaginative), standard variety (British English versus American English), and time period (1960s versus 1990s). It turns out that most lexical variables are sensitive to at least one of these three language-external dimensions, yet not every dimension has dedicated lexical variables: in particular, distinctive lexical variables for the real time dimension fail to emerge.
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Johnson, Ellen. "The relationship between lexical variation and lexical change." Language Variation and Change 5, no. 3 (October 1993): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001514.

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ABSTRACTMuch has been written about the relationship between the usage of particular social groups and language change. This article reports on a longitudinal study of lexical variables that analyzed comparable data from the 1930s and 1990. Nearly 1,000 words were tested to determine differences in usage related to age, sex, race, education, region, and rurality. Another set of tests compared the terms used at each point in time. Yielding a list of words that exhibited both change and a pattern of social or regional variation, the results indicated that males, whites, older speakers, and speakers from rural areas use more older terms. The most educated speakers use more newer terms. These findings were reinforced by an analysis of “No Response” answers, especially on questions about obsolete or agricultural referents, which were more common among females, blacks, and urban dwellers. Most of the linguistic change was not accompanied by significant social variation.
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Mairal-Usón, Ricardo, and Pamela Faber. "Lexical templates within a functional cognitive theory of meaning." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 5 (November 29, 2007): 137–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.5.07mai.

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Within the context of the Lexical Constructional Model, which provides a comprehensive account of the relationship between syntax and all facets on meaning construction, this paper is concerned with one of the major representational modules of the model, viz. a lexical template. It is claimed that a lexical template consists of a semantic specification plus a logical structure. The logical structure formalism is constructed on the basis of Aktionsart distinctions proposed in Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997; Van Valin, 2005). Aktionsart regularities are captured by the external variables of the template, specified in Roman characters, and by a set of high-level elements of structure that function as semantic primitives. Lexical templates also contain internal variables, marked with Arabic numerals, and formally expressed in terms of a catalogue of lexical functions. These variables capture world-knowledge elements that relate in a way specific to the predicate defined by the lexical template. In order to test the viability of lexical templates, a detailed analysis of a set of verbs within the lexical domain of cognition is included.
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Guérard, Katherine, and Jean Saint-Aubin. "Assessing the effect of lexical variables in backward recall." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 38, no. 2 (2012): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025481.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lexical variables"

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Al-Amadidhi, D. G. H. Y. "Lexical and sociolinguistic variation in Qatari Arabic." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356390.

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Volk, Rebecca Brender. "The Influence of Lexical and Sublexical Factors on Acquired Alexia and Agraphia: An Item-Analysis." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193413.

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This study used an item-based approach to explore the full range of lexical-semantic (word frequency and imageability) and sublexical characteristics (regularity and consistency) of stimulus items. Oral reading and spelling-to-dictation data from 72 adults with acquired alexia/agraphia due to stroke or progressive aphasia were analyzed to determine unique influences of lexical-semantic and sublexical variables on performance. Multiple regression analyses were performed for each etiology and lesion group (i.e., perisylvian stoke, extrasylvian stroke, perisylvian atrophy, and extrasylvian atrophy). As expected, word frequency had a significant influence on reading and spelling performance in almost all contexts. Of particular interest was the consistent finding that written language performance associated with left perisylvian damage was moderated primarily by lexical-semantic features of stimuli (frequency and imageability), whereas performance by those with left extrasylvian damage was strongly influenced by sublexical features of sound-spelling regularity and, to a lesser extent, consistency.
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Tang, Chung-yan Joyce. "Relationships between some maternal variables and lexical diversity in three-year-old Cantonese-speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2007. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B42005966.

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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2007.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-27). Also available in print.
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VERONELLI, LAURA. "Spatial and linguistic encoding of orthographic material. Evidence from neglect patients in line bisection tasks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/43292.

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In line bisection tasks, right-brain damaged patients with unilateral spatial neglect (USN) exhibit a rightward deviation with respect to the objective midpoint of the stimulus, while in neurologically unimpaired participants a reversed bias (“pseudoneglect”) has been consistently reported. In a study with healthy subjects, Arduino et al. (2010) suggested the existence of partially independent mechanisms involved in word and line bisection, not only linguistic but also visuo-perceptual. Furthermore, both lexical and syntactic factors are shown to modulate the reading performance in patients with neglect dyslexia (Rusconi et al., 2004; Cubelli & Beschin, 2005; Friedmann et al., 2011). A series of studies involving USN patients were conducted in order to investigate the spatial and linguistic encoding of orthographic material through a bisection task. In Study I, right-brain damaged patients with USN, right-brain damaged patients without USN, and matched controls were asked to manually bisect words (5-10-13 letters) and lines of comparable length (Exp. 1), and words with final sequences differing on the prediction made concerning how the word should have been read (stressed on the penultimate or antepenultimate syllable; Exp. 2). Study II required the bisection of words and lines of different lengths, radially oriented. In Study III, patients were asked to bisect affirmative and interrogative sentences varying on the syntactic structure, compared to letter strings and lines (Exp. 1), and sentences in which lexical and syntactic alterations were introduced (Exp.2). Data from Study I demonstrated that most USN patients show a rightward deviation similar for words and lines, with the bias increasing with stimulus length. However, in individual patients USN can affect the bisection of lines and orthographic material with various degrees of severity, demonstrating that at least partially independent mechanisms interact during bisection (Arduino et al., 2010). Furthermore, the ortho-phonological information contained in the final part of a word could act as a cue, modulating the bisection error in patients and healthy subjects. In Study II, radial words are re-oriented during bisection, reaching their canonical orientation. Finally, the linguistic nature of the stimulus induces facilitation in USN patients, who show a reduced error deviation in case of sentences with respect to letter strings and lines (Study III), even when lexical and syntactic alterations were introduced. In conclusion, visuo-perceptual and linguistic information (both lexical and possibly syntactic) modulates the allocation of attention in word and sentence bisection.
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Ян, В., and V. Yan. "Слова с корнем добр- в словаре и речи : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/94998.

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Магистерская диссертация посвящена описанию группы слов с корнем добр- в словаре и речи. В работе выявляются теоретические основания интерпретации категории «добро» в гуманитарных исследованиях; описываются системно-языковые (парадигматические, синтагматические и эпидигматические) связи слов с корнем добр- в опоре на различные словари русского языка; на материале содержащих в своем составе слов с корнем добр- пословиц и поговорок, а также высказываний из Национального корпуса русского языка показана специфика функционирования и культурная значимость этих слов для носителей национально-культурного сообщества. Полученные результаты позволили выявить сегменты русской языковой картины мира, остающиеся константными, несмотря на социальные изменения в обществе, и сегменты, подвергающиеся трансформации.
Magister dissertation devoted to the description of a group of words with a root of good in the dictionary and speech. The work reveals the theoretical foundations of the theoretical interpretation jf the category of “good” in humanitarian studies; describes the system-linguistic (paradigmatic, syntagmatic and epigmatic) connections of words with a root of good based of varios dictionaries of the Russian language; based on the material, containing words with a root of good – proverbs and saying as well as statements of the National Corpus of the Russian language, the specific of functioning and cultural significance of these words for the speakers of national-cultural community are shown. The results obtained made it possible to identify segments of the Russian linguistic picture of the world, that remained constant, despite social changes in society and segments that are undergoing transformation.
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Talanki, Nisha Priyanka. "Analyzing the Effect of Image Variability and Variable Lexical Representation on the Instruction of Biological Vocabulary." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/322075.

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Keshabyan, Ivanova Irina. "A Contrastive Structural and Lexical Study of Shakespeare's Hamlet and Sumarokov's Gamlet: A Corpus-Based Approach to Literature. Estudio contrastivo de la estructura y del léxico en Hamlet de Shakespeare versus Gamlet de Sumarokov: una aproximación a la literatura desde la perspectiva basada en corpus." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10820.

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La presente Tesis Doctoral se encuadra dentro la línea de investigación del lenguaje mediante los métodos basados en corpus, es decir, mediante análisis computacional y cuantitativo. El esencial objetivo ha sido llevar a cabo una comparación y análisis cuantitativo estructural y del léxico de dos textos específicos del género dramático: la cuarta edición en el infolio de Hamlet (1685) de Shakespeare, y la traducción al inglés de Gamlet (1787) [1748], del dramaturgo ruso Aleksandr Sumarokov, traducida del ruso por Richard Fortune en 1970. El análisis, comparación e interpretación de los resultados de los patrones estructurales y temáticos se ha dispuesto por actos, tanto en aquello que se refiere a la intra-obra (en Hamlet y Gamlet, separado), como inter-obras (entre Hamlet y Gamlet) a lo largo de los Capítulos 3º, 4º, 5º y 6º. Para desvelar los propósitos reales de Shakespeare y Sumarokov, especialmente en lo referido a las configuraciones sociales y organizativas estructurales de Hamlet y Gamlet, se utilizaron diversas aplicaciones informáticas e estadísticas. Para ello se administró el análisis cuantitativo de la distribución de los patrones de la presencia, intervención e interacción de todos los personajes, tanto los principales, como los secundarios. Para analizar y comparar las alteraciones temáticas, es decir, las diferencias cualitativas, no simplemente cuantitativas, con respecto a la conceptualización sociopolítica, religiosa, moral, familiar, filosófica y artística, entre Shakespeare y Sumarokov, se aplicaron los métodos cuantitativos y analíticos basados en la lingüística del corpus. A tal fin, se implantó la investigación de los patrones de distribución de las palabras de contenido (open-class ítems), es decir, las palabras con significado léxico, tales como sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos y adverbios, más frecuentes entre ambas obras. Los principales resultados obtenidos revelan importantes disimilitudes entre las estructuras de las obras por actos, es decir, percepciones marcadamente distintas de todos los personajes, de su relevancia en las obras y de complejidad de las relaciones sociales entre ellos. Los resultados de los patrones temáticos señalan las divergencias significativas en los contenidos básicos de ambos textos en relación con los temas más prominentes. Así pues, los resultados confirman diferencias sustanciales en los patrones estructurales y temáticos entre versión original de Hamlet y Gamlet. Resumen:
The main area of research of this PhD dissertation is the study of language by means of corpus-based techniques -in other words, by means of a computational and quantitative analysis. The aim was to carry out quantitative and qualitative structural and lexical analysis and comparison of two specific texts in the genre of drama -The Fourth Folio Edition of The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark (1685) by Shakespeare and the English translation of Gamlet (1787) [1748] by the Russian playwright Sumarokov, translated from Russian by Richard Fortune in 1970. The analysis, comparison and interpretation of data related to the structural and thematic patterns were carried out per act: intra-play (in each play, separately) and inter-plays (between Hamlet and Gamlet). Accordingly, various computational tools were applied to reveal the differences in the social and organisational structures of the plays through quantitative and qualitative analysis of the distribution patterns of the presence, intervention and interaction variables of all the characters, both main and secondary. Quantitative and analytical corpus-based methodologies were used to analyse and compare thematic alterations between the two plays -in other words, the (dis)similarities in the authors' religious, socio-political, family, moral, philosophical and artistic conceptions- identified on the basis of the most frequent content words (open-class items), particularly nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The key findings indicate important differences between the structures of the plays per acts, that is, significant divergences in the authors' perceptions of the characters and the complexity of their relationships. Another essential finding suggests obvious distinctions between both texts' basic contents per act: intra-play and inter-plays. In general, the findings uncover wide-ranging dissimilarities in the structural and thematic patterns in Hamlet versus Gamlet.
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Rosen, Eric Robert. "Phonological processes interacting with lexicon, variable and non-regular effects in Japanese phonology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61167.pdf.

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Ruiz-Sánchez, Carmen. "The variable behavior of /r/ in syllable-final and word-final position in the Spanish variety of Alcala de Guadaira (Seville) the role of lexical frequency /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3297076.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Spanish and Portuguese, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0593. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 24, 2008). Adviser: Manuel Diaz-Campos.
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Chedid, Georges. "L'impact des variables sémantiques sur le traitement des mots." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23482.

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Au cours de la dernière décennie, plusieurs études ont montré que le traitement des mots est influencé par leurs caractéristiques orthographiques, lexicales et sémantiques. Les valeurs élevées des variables sémantiques, telles que la familiarité conceptuelle, l’imageabilité, la concrétude et l’expérience sensorielle, sont généralement associées à un traitement plus rapide et plus précis des mots lors d’une tâche de décision lexicale sur présentation écrite. Cependant, les normes relatives à l’une des variables sémantiques cruciales, comme la familiarité conceptuelle, et à une autre nouvelle variable, celle de la force perceptuelle d’une modalité spécifique, ne sont pas disponibles pour une large base de données francophones. Cette thèse présente des normes de familiarité conceptuelle, de force perceptuelle visuelle et auditive pour 3 596 mots en français. Ces normes ont été collectées auprès de 313 participants franco-canadiens, âgés entre 18 et 35 ans. Des statistiques descriptives et des analyses corrélationnelles ont été conduites sur ces normes et sur d’autres variables subjectives déjà publiées (âge d’acquisition, imageabilité, concrétude) et objectives (nombre de lettres, fréquence objective). Les analyses de corrélation ont révélé la nature sémantique de nos variables. Plus spécifiquement, les estimations de la force perceptuelle visuelle et auditive ont montré une relation forte avec les variables sémantiques, d’où l’importance du rôle de l’expérience perceptuelle dans la représentation conceptuelle des mots. Nous avons ensuite démontré l'utilité de ces nouvelles normes, de familiarité conceptuelle et de force perceptuelle, en évaluant leur contribution aux temps de réponse dans une tâche de décision lexicale. En utilisant des analyses de régression par étapes, nous avons démontré l’apport indépendant de la familiarité conceptuelle et de la force perceptuelle au-delà d’autres variables psycholinguistiques bien connues, telles que la longueur des mots, la fréquence, l’imageabilité, l’âge d’acquisition et la concrétude. Nos résultats procurent des données probantes en français sur la connaissance des caractéristiques psycholinguistiques et leurs impacts dans le traitement des mots. Les banques de données développées dans ces études constituent un apport significatif sur les études futures qui éclaireront davantage l'interaction entre les systèmes linguistique, sémantique et perceptuel. Ces études aideront les chercheurs à sélectionner des stimuli en français avec des caractéristiques psycholinguistiques spécifiques pour des expériences dans lesquelles la familiarité conceptuelle et la force perceptuelle doivent être prises en compte. Ces normes auront également un large domaine d’utilisation, comme la recherche sur les sciences humaines de la santé et la création de matériel didactique et des tests d’évaluation du langage.
Over the past decade, research has shown that word processing is influenced by the orthographic, lexical, and semantic features of words. High values of semantic variables, such as conceptual familiarity, imageability, concreteness and sensory experience, are usually associated with faster and more accurate word processing as, for instance, measured with a written lexical decision task. However, norms for crucial semantic variables, such as conceptual familiarity, and another new variable of modality specific perceptual strength, are not available for a large set of French words. This thesis presents norms for conceptual familiarity, visual and auditory perceptual strength for 3,596 French words. We collected these norms from approximately 300 healthy participants, all French-Canadian native speakers, between 18 and 35 years of age. Descriptive statistics and correlational analyses were conducted on these norms and on other known subjective variables (age of acquisition, imageability, concreteness) and objective variables (number of letters, objective frequency). Correlation analyzes revealed the semantic nature of our variables. More specifically, values of visual and auditory perceptual strength have shown a strong relationship with semantic variables. This highlights the importance of the role of perceptual experience in the conceptual representation of words. We then demonstrated the usefulness of these new norms of conceptual familiarity and perceptual strength by evaluating their impact on latencies in a written lexical decision task. Using stepwise regression models, conceptual familiarity and perceptual strength demonstrated independent contribution to latencies, beyond the contribution of other well-known psycholinguistic variables, such as word length, frequency, imageability, age of acquisition and concreteness. The databases developed in these studies are a meaningful contribution to future studies that will shed further light on the interaction between the linguistic, semantic and perceptual systems. These studies will help researchers to select French stimuli with specific psycholinguistic characteristics for experiments in which conceptual familiarity and perceptual strength must be taken into account. These norms will also have a broad area of use, such as research in human health sciences and the creation of teaching materials and language assessment tests.
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Books on the topic "Lexical variables"

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Ngom, Fallou. Lexical borrowings as sociolinguistic variables in Saint-Louis, Senegal. Muenchen: LINCOM EUROPA, 2006.

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Danckaert, Lieven. Multiple object positions and how to diagnose them. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.003.0003.

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This chapter addresses the question of which syntactic environment constitutes the most reliable source of information on variable object placement in Latin. The relevance of this question is illustrated by showing that very different results are obtained when one compares the rate of VO in two different syntactic contexts, namely clauses with a single synthetic verb and clauses with a modal verb and a dependent infinitive. It is argued that the OV/VO alternation is best studied to clauses with more than one verb, as in such clauses, more object positions can be unambiguously identified. The final part of the chapter is devoted to the phrase structure analysis of clauses with the modals possum ‘be able’ and debeo ‘have to’. These structures are argued to constitute monoclausal domains, in which the modals are raising predicates that originate in functional heads in the extended projection of lexical verbs.
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Pajunen, Anneli, and Mari Honko. Suomen kielen hallinta ja sen kehitys. Peruskoululaiset ja nuoret aikuiset. SKS Finnish Literature Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/skst.1472.

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The topic of the book is the incremental growth of linguistic knowledge from lexical to structural-cum-textual during the so-called later language development. Language mastery does not presuppose any acquaintance with prescriptive grammar but, instead, concerns the core of language which the so-called consensus principle applies to: the most frequent words and structures are mastered with certainty by everybody, but uncertainty increases as less frequent and more variable phenomena are taken into consideration. It is the goal of the study to make explicit the knowledge that is common to school children of different age groups, and to show how it develops both in its core and in its fringe areas. The mastery of less common aspects exhibits considerable statistical variation. The research embodies methodological pluralism insofar as it has been carried out by means both of the corpus method and the experimental method. Here experimental subsumes writing tasks, paper-and-pencil tests, and behavior under experimental conditions. The amount of participants native in Finnish varies from 300–2000. The book has a bipartite structure: mastery of meanings (Part I), and mastery of forms (Part II).
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Argaud, Evelyne, Joël Bellassen, and Frine Beba Favaloro, eds. Distance entre langues, distance entre cultures. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.9782813003638.

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Apprendre une langue étrangère, c’est se confronter inévitablement à une distance à la fois culturelle et linguistique, inégale selon les langues ; c’est cette distance elle-même qui, parce qu’elle fascine autant qu’elle déroute, constitue très souvent une source forte de motivation. Si la didactique des langues et cultures étrangères sait qu’elle peut s’appuyer sur cette motivation, elle n’ignore pas non plus les questions soulevées par l’éloignement, de même que par son antonyme, la proximité. Quel contenu donner à cette notion de distance et quelles formes prend-elle ? Sur quel plan se situe-t-elle ? graphique ? lexical ? grammatical ? phonétique ? géographique ? culturel ? Une langue-culture distante est-elle plus facile ou difficile à apprendre/enseigner qu’une langue-culture proche ou voisine ? La proximité ne contient-elle pas des pièges qui présentent leurs propres difficultés et que l’illusion de la facilité empêcherait de saisir à leur juste mesure ? Et comment réduire la distance de manière à faciliter l’apprentissage ? Par ailleurs, la didactique des langues et cultures étrangères ne peut pas faire l’économie d’une interrogation sur les styles cognitifs des apprenants ; la variété de ces profils introduit une variable qui interfère dans l’appréhension de ce qui est plus ou moins distant, plus ou moins facile/difficile. Il en va de même pour les catégories épistémologiques sollicitées par la didactique dans le traitement de la distance ; leur utilisation, leur transfert d’un contexte éducatif à un autre doivent là aussi faire l’objet d’un questionnement. C’est l’ensemble de ces questions qu’examine le présent ouvrage, qui réunit une sélection de communications présentées au cours d’une journée d’étude : « Distance entre langues, Distance entre cultures. Quelles incidences didactiques ? », organisée par l’unité de recherche PLIDAM EA 4514, à l’Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, le 24 novembre 2017, à Paris. Evelyne Argaud, professeur agrégé, docteur en didactique des langues et cultures Joël Bellassen, ancien professeur des universités en chinois à l’Inalco Frine Beba Favaloro, professeur de lycée, docteur en sciences du langage
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Book chapters on the topic "Lexical variables"

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Grzega, Joachim. "Lexical-Semantic Variables." In The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics, 271–92. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118257227.ch15.

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Kerstens, Johan. "Lexical Specification with Variables." In Lexical Specification and Insertion, 195. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.197.10ker.

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Cantaluppi, Gabriele, and Marco Passarotti. "Clustering the Corpus of Seneca: A Lexical-Based Approach." In Advances in Latent Variables, 13–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10104_2014_6.

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Lee, Chia-Lin, and Kara D. Federmeier. "In a Word: ERPs Reveal Important Lexical Variables for Visual Word Processing." In The Handbook of the Neuropsychology of Language, 184–208. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118432501.ch10.

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Ashby, William J., and Paola Bentivoglio. "Preferred Argument Structure in spoken French and Spanish." In On Spoken French, 371–88. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.226.c27.

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This article uses the quantitative methodology of GoldVarb to examine the variable distribution of lexical noun phrases representing core arguments of the verb in a corpus of spoken French and a corpus of spoken Spanish. It is shown that this distribution is not random, but instead conforms to a grammatically and pragmatically motivated pattern known as Preferred Argument Structure.
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Komlósi, László, and Elisabeth Knipf. "A contrastive analysis of entrenchment and collocational force in variable-sized lexical units." In The Dynamics of Language Use, 243–68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.140.17kom.

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Porfiri, Francesca. "The Time Variable in the Communication of Memory: New Models to Portray the Former GIL Building Designed by Luigi Moretti." In Digital Modernism Heritage Lexicon, 1345–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76239-1_59.

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"Lexical Variables." In Sociolinguistic Variation in Children's Language, 81–95. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316779248.005.

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"Lexical-Phonological Variables." In Sociolinguistic Variation in Children's Language, 96–111. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316779248.006.

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"Chapter 2. Variables Affecting Lexical Production." In Lexical Errors and Accuracy in Foreign Language Writing, 21–39. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847694188-005.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lexical variables"

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Luo, Ling, Xiang Ao, Yan Song, Jinyao Li, Xiaopeng Yang, Qing He, and Dong Yu. "Unsupervised Neural Aspect Extraction with Sememes." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/712.

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Aspect extraction relies on identifying aspects by discovering coherence among words, which is challenging when word meanings are diversified and processing on short texts. To enhance the performance on aspect extraction, leveraging lexical semantic resources is a possible solution to such challenge. In this paper, we present an unsupervised neural framework that leverages sememes to enhance lexical semantics. The overall framework is analogous to an autoenoder which reconstructs sentence representations and learns aspects by latent variables. Two models that form sentence representations are proposed by exploiting sememes via (1) a hierarchical attention; (2) a context-enhanced attention. Experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of our models, which significantly outperforms existing baselines.
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Dimitrov, Dimitar, and Ivaylo Penev. "DESIGN OF A TRAINING COMPILER FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF LANGUAGE PROCESSORS LEARNING." In eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-077.

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The paper presents the design of a training compiler which is developed for the purposes of education in compilers and language processors in computer science courses. The presented compiler has the following main advantages compared to known training compilers used in various universities - a simplified modular structure and the building of an explicit abstract syntactic tree of the input program. The modules in the compiler structure are lexical analyzer, syntactic analyzer, semantic analyzer and code generator. This separation allows students to effectively study the main stages of compilation - lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis and code generation. Building and visualizing an explicit abstract syntax tree helps students to understand the translation of the program into the compiler's front-end and make the transition to the compiler's back-end. The compiler translates a program written in a high-level language into virtual machine code. An interpreter to execute the generated virtual machine code is also presented. The presented design is compared to other known training compilers used in various university courses. The input language is procedurally oriented and is a subset of the C and Java languages, which makes it easier for students to use it. Language has enough resources to solve many practical problems. The input program for the compiler is a sequence of definitions of variables and functions. The language of the training compiler is strongly typed. Variables, constants and expressions are related to a specific type. Input-output operations require a certain type of arguments, arithmetic-logical operations are defined for specific types of arguments and type of returned result. At the end of the paper are presented the results of the work of the training compiler in translating a sample input program to code for a virtual machine. The results demonstrate the output of each compiler module - a token stream, an abstract syntax tree, and a set of virtual machine instructions. The structure of the presented training compiler can be used for different input languages in training on compilers and language processors.
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Trinh, Cam Lan. "Urbanization and Language Change in Vietnam: Evidence from a Rural Community in Hanoi." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.15-1.

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Language change and contact in Vietnam has recently intensified among some demographic groups. As such, certain sociolinguistic patterns help to describe these changes in language and society. This study is aimed at observing and measuring dialect change in Vietnam influenced by urbanization, with evidence from a rural community in Hanoi, a speech community in Xuan Canh commune, Dong Anh district. The study investigates the ways in which dialect change in this region has developed according to specific social and cultural factors. The Xuan Canh speech community evidences a narrowing usage of local variants. For its method, the study employs fieldwork, and subsequent quantitative methods to aid in the analysis. The data set includes 34 informants, randomly selected, which were categorized into certain social variables. The study also released 34 questionnaires, 11 recorded files of natural speech, from which emerged two sets of 34 recorded files of word lists and a text. The results indicate a gradual reduction in the frequency of use of local variants, a decrease in the number of lexical forms with rural characteristics, and an increase in certain types of urban variants. This trend can be seen by observing changing social variables sensitive to urbanization, such as youths, officials, students, and hence people who have out-community communication scope. Here, the quantitative correlations prove statistically significant. The state of dialect change in this community thus signifies a phenomenon common to Vietnamese rural communities under the effect of the urbanization; that is, a tendency following language urbanization in Vietnam.
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Botnari, Liliana. "Lexical Variation from the Perspective of Diachronic and Diatopic Dimensions in the Language of the Periodical Press from the Moldavian SSR." In Conferință științifică internațională "Filologia modernă: realizări şi perspective în context european". “Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu” Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/filomod.2022.16.11.

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In this article, we research the state of the language from Bessarabia of the post-annexation period, analyzing the lexical variation of some texts from the Soviet daily papers „Moldova Socialistă” and „Tineretul Moldovei”, in order to identify the diachronic and diatopic variation features. We identify a specific language, polarized, most of the time, around some ideological axes, a vocabulary characterized by clichéd lexical units and structures, by certain stylistic marks, which are variable according to extralinguistic factors, by archaisms and obsolete forms of some words, as well as borrowings from Russian. All these terms disappeared along with the realities they represented or were substituted with the corresponding Romanian equivalents.
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Kallmeyer, Laura, Behrang QasemiZadeh, and Jackie Chi Kit Cheung. "Coarse Lexical Frame Acquisition at the Syntax–Semantics Interface Using a Latent-Variable PCFG Model." In Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/s18-2016.

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Dou, Zi-Yi, Zhi-Hao Zhou, and Shujian Huang. "Unsupervised Bilingual Lexicon Induction via Latent Variable Models." In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1062.

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Shoemark, Philippa, James Kirby, and Sharon Goldwater. "Inducing a lexicon of sociolinguistic variables from code-mixed text." In Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop W-NUT: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-6101.

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Ruder, Sebastian, Ryan Cotterell, Yova Kementchedjhieva, and Anders Søgaard. "A Discriminative Latent-Variable Model for Bilingual Lexicon Induction." In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1042.

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Aotani, Noriko, and Shin’ya Takahashi. "EFFECTS OF INVOLVEMENT LOAD IN EXTENSIVE READING ON LEXICAL RELATIONS AMONG ALREADY KNOWN L2 WORDS." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end116.

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"The effects of task-induced involvement load, evaluation and need in particular, in extensive reading on a change of the lexical relations that EFL learners perceive were investigated. Fifty-two Japanese university students were assigned to one of three groups. All groups were given the same reading material (an English passage of 319 words including 12 target words) but with different tasks. MCQ group answered multiple-choice questions about the contents of the passage. MCQ+FB group answered fill-in-the-blank questions in the passage as well as the MCQ. MCQ+Com group did a composition task using the target words as well as the MCQ. In addition, all participants judged the degree of relationship between target words three times, a week before the task, immediately after the task, and a month after the task. The mean of relationship score was calculated for each participant each time, and was used as a dependent variable that indicates the degree of deepening of the lexical network. Participants also answered questions asking about their intrinsic motivation for the task. The results showed, contrary to our hypothesis, that evaluation manipulated by the tasks nor need compared by the degree of participant’s intrinsic motivation did not affect the dependent variable. Next, we analyzed the data by using AMISESCAL (Asymmetric von Mises Scaling), a statistical model that visualizes asymmetric relations among elements on a two-dimensional map, and found that the relations among target words largely depend on the main target word (keyword of the passage). Although the present findings were generally negative in terms of the Involvement Load Hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijn, 2001), it was suggested that carefully choosing appropriate reading material with target words is important for the future studies."
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Schwarz, Julia, Mirjana Bozic, and Brechtje Post. "Individual differences in processing pseudo-inflected nonwords." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0044/000459.

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While the role of word stems has received much attention in morphological processing, the effects of inflectional suffixes on lexical access remain unclear. We address this gap as well as the contribution of individual differences on morphological segmentation with a visual priming experiment. Inflected and uninflected nonwords were preceded by a non-linguistic baseline string or the target’s suffix/word-final letters (e.g. XXXXing  SMOYING). The results indicate that the suffix length is crucial for morphological effects to surface in visual priming and that morphological processing may be modulated by the individual’s reading profile and vocabulary size. We interpret this as evidence for variable morphemic activation: morphological cues can facilitate visual access when rapid whole-word processing is unavailable. The theoretical implications are discussed.
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