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Miller, George, Christiane Fellbaum, Judy Kegl, and Katherine Miller. "WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Reference System Based on Theories of Lexical Memory." Revue québécoise de linguistique 17, no. 2 (May 20, 2009): 181–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602632ar.
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Abstract This paper describes WordNet, an on-line lexical reference system whose design is based on psycholinguistic theories of human lexical organization and memory. English nouns, verbs, and adjectives are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexical concept. Synonym sets are then related via three principal conceptual relations: hyponymy, meronymy, and antonymy. Verbs are additionally specified for presupposition relations that hold among them, and for their most common semantic/syntactic frames. By attempting to mirror the organization of the mental lexicon, WordNet strives to serve the linguistically unsophisticated user.
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Tivyaeva, Irina, and Olga Syomina. "English Mnemonic Lexicon: Constituent Structure and Verbalization Potential." English Studies at NBU 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 29–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/esnbu.20.1.2.
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This paper presents a study of the system of lexical devices used by English speakers to verbalize their personal memory experiences. The approach presented in the paper presupposes inclusion of non-narrative structures into the spectrum of language forms conveying mnemonic meanings and extends the latter so as to encompass the meanings of encoding, storage, retrieval and loss. The research is based on the hypothesis that lexical units expressing memory-related meanings in English constitute a specifically organized system. A variety of communicative contexts representing mnemonic situations are analyzed as to develop a typology of memory verbalizers in English, estimate their functional potential and role in objectifying personal memory experiences on the lexical level. The results confirm the original hypothesis and suggest that mnemonic lexicon as a linguistic reflection of the mnemonic faculty is an important and largely understudied element of the language – memory system.
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Martínez-Adrián, María, and Francisco Gallardo-del-Puerto. "The effects of language typology on L2 lexical availability and spelling accuracy." International Journal of English Studies 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2017/2/256411.
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<p>This paper explores whether language typology plays any role in lexical availability and spelling accuracy in L2 English. Two groups of adult speakers were compared: a group of native speakers of a language typologically distant from English with a logographic writing system (Chinese; n=13) vs. a group of native speakers of a language typologically closer to English with an alphabetic system (Spanish; n=14). All participants performed a lexical availability task (Carcedo González, 1998a) which was later on analyzed in terms of the ‘total number of words’ and the ‘total number of words containing spelling mistakes’ per each of the 15 semantic categories included. Spanish speakers displayed larger available lexica and fewer spelling mistakes than Chinese speakers, an outcome which would confirm the positive influence of L1-L2 proximity on L2 lexical availability and the deleterious effect of having a non-alphabetic L1 writing system on L2 spelling accuracy. </p>
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O.I., Yehorova, and Kozlova Yu.V. "SYSTEM-FUNCTIONAL PECULIARITIES OF THE ENGLISH PANDEMIC LEXICAL CLUSTER." South archive (philological sciences), no. 85 (April 12, 2021): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-13.
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The article aims at analyzing the topical English pandemic (coronavirus) vocabulary from the perspective of system-functional approach. This envisages performing following tasks: 1) to identify the pandemic (coronavirus) lexical cluster, 2) to describe the word-building peculiarities of the English coronavirus vocabulary and 3) to interpret the functioning of this vocabulary within the political, every day, and Internet discourses.Methods. The methodological framework used in the study features: 1) generalization for establishing basic theoretical principles of the research; 2) structure-semantic analysis for studying the word-building specifics of the pandemic vocabulary; 3) statistical method for defining calculate the frequency and the productivity of certain word-building models within the pandemic lexical cluster; 4) the elements of discourse analysis to highlight the functional peculiarities of coronavirus vocabulary.Results. Coronacrisis, that we have experienced till the present, has become a crucial factor catalyzing nomination processes of the novel concepts, thus influencing the lexical system of the English language. We consider pandemic lexicon (coronavirus vocabulary) the novelist group of neologisms in the English language since it comprises innovative words and phrases which have been coined since the start of COVID-19 pandemic and relate to its impact on the modern life. Among the most common for coronavirus vocabulary word-building models are derivation, compounding, shortening, loan and substitution; alongside, the statistical analysis has proved blending to be the most productive word-building model. The study of functional peculiarities of the pandemic lexicon within various types of discourses shows that its biggest part has entered the usus. The use of pandemic vocabulary within the Internet discourse is marked by the development of a number of thematic groups of language units referring to: 1) routine activities and events; 2) changes in learn and work modes; 3) excess weight; 4) alcohol and 5) verbal aggressiveness.Conclusions. The study enabled categorizing the units of the English pandemic (coronavirus) vocabulary as a separate lexical cluster, which has predominantly developed with the help of the already existing language resources. The units of this innovative cluster perform nominative function by naming new concepts and realia of life, reflect social moods, for instance, the feelings of worry, fear, anguish, and hopelessness, or facilitate the humorous effect in communication. Prospects for future research lie within the expansion of discursive analysis of pandemic innovations for revealing functional of some neological units on different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as conducting a comparative study of pandemic innovations in distant languages.Key words: word-building, lexical innovation, pandemic vocabulary, discourse. Метою пропонованого дослідження є висвітлення актуального пандемійного (коронавірусного) вокабуляру англійської мови з позицій системно-функціонального підходу. Досягненню мети сприяє виконання таких завдань: 1) ідентифікувати пандемійний (коронавірусний) лексичний кластер; 2) охарактеризувати словотвірні особливості коронавокабуляра англійської мови та 3) проінтерпретувати особливості функціонування коронавокабуляра в політичному, повсякденному та інтернет-дискурсах.Методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети застосовувалися: 1) метод узагальнення для ідентифікації базових теоретич-них положень; 2) метод структурно-семантичного аналізу для вивчення особливостей словотвору пандемійного вокабуляра; 3) статистичний метод для вирахування частотності та продуктивності словотворення пандемійного лексичного кластера за конкретними моделями; 4) елементи дискурс-аналізу для вивчення функціональних особливостей короновокабуляра.Результати. Коронакриза, що триває нині, є центральним фактором впливу на лексикографічну систему англійської мови, оскільки актуалізувала проблему номінації нових реалій. Найактуальнішою неологічною групою англійської мови нині є пандемійна лексика (коронавірусний вокабуляр), до складу якого, зокрема, входять інноваційні слова та вирази, що виникли з початку пандемії COVID-19 та пов’язані з її впливом на сучасне життя. Елементи коронавокабуляра утворюються за низкою дериваційних моделей, до числа яких відносимо деривацію, основоскладання, скорочення, запозичення, субституцію, проте найпродуктивнішою моделлю за результатами статистичного аналізу є телескопія. Дослідження особливостей функціонуван-ня коронавірусного вокабуляра в різних типах дискурсу дає змогу констатувати превалювання узуальної лексики та тісні між-дискурсивні зв’язки, зокрема між політичним дискурсом та дискурсом повсякденності. Використання пандемійної лексики на просторах інтернет-дискурсу відзначається формуванням низки лексико-семантичних груп на позначення: 1) рутинних занять та подій; 2) змін у звичному розпорядку навчальної та робочої діяльності; 3) зайвої ваги; 4) алкоголю та 5) мовної агресії.Висновки. Проведене дослідження уможливило виокремлення англомовного пандемійного (коронавірусного) вокабуляра як окремого лексичного кластера, основу якого становить загальновживана лексика. Одиниці цього інноваційного кластера виконують номінативну функцію через іменування нових реалій та концептів життя, а також рефлектують настрої суспільства, зокрема відчуття занепокоєння, остраху, туги та безнадійності, або ж сприяють реалізації гумористичного ефекту комунікації.Ключові слова: словотворення, лексична інновація, пандемійний вокабуляр, дискурс.
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Sukhachova, N. S. "Neologisms of the English economic terminological system: linguopragmatic aspect." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 7 (345) (2021): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-7(345)-153-160.
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The article is devoted to the study of peculiarities of formation and translation of neologisms in modern English economic terminology, as well as to the problem of pragmatic adaptation as an integral part of translation process. Terminological systems of the modern English language are rapidly replenishing with neologisms which require adequate translation, taking into account pragmatic and socio-cultural adaptation. It has been revealed that a large number of innovations of the English economic terminological system are formed by means of new prepositive and postpositive elements functioning as affixes, the source of which is telescoping and shortening. The affixalization of lexical units is one of the productive ways of replenishing modern English economic terminology. Composition, as well as the processes of terminologization and transterminologization, contribute to the formation of neologisms functioning in English economic terminology. It has been determined that conversion is not a productive way of term-formation in modern English economic terminology. To translate English neologims of economic sphere into Ukrainian, translation by means of lexical equivalent, calque, transcription, transliteration, explication are used; descriptive translation usually dominates. As a result of the study, it has been established that translators of terminological texts should know not only productive methods of term-formation, but also have to apply lexical, lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical translation transformations taking into account the context of the new units, the information background of the source and target audience in order to reproduce pragmatic potential of the original text and ensure the most accurate translation of terminological information.
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Abbasi, Abdul Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Channa, Innayatullah Kakepoto, Rida Ali, and Misbeh Mehmood. "A Perceptual Study of Phonological Variations in Pakistani English." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 2 (December 23, 2017): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n2p92.
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The present study examines the perceptual judgments of English lexical items and English lexical stress by Urdu ESL (Note 1) (English as Second Language) learners. The analysis discusses the different sound systems of both languages and their syllabification system coupled with the stress patterns. The stimuli of 50 high frequency English words were designed as data collection tool for counting the number of syllables and for marking lexical stress as follows: 9 monosyllabic, 11 disyllabic, 10 tri-syllabic, 10 four-syllabic and 10 five-syllabic words. All participating subjects were 40 under graduate students from the department of computer sciences, Sindh Madressatul Islam University (SMIU) Karachi. The findings of the study show English lexical items were syllabified with different numbers and primary stressed syllables were also marked with different places of the lexical items, however, data also show the correct syllabification and the right placement of lexical stress which is a strong evidence manifesting as Urdu-accented English perceived and produced by Urdu ESL learners.
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ANDERSON, JOHN. "Old English i-umlaut (for the umpteenth time)." English Language and Linguistics 9, no. 2 (October 31, 2005): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674305001620.
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This article offers an account of i-umlaut in Old English based on lexical minimality: the elimination of redundancies from, in this case, the phonological subentries in the lexicon. And the notation is that of Anderson & Ewen (1987), which is based, crucially for the present formulation, on simplex features which may combine in varying proportions. These assumptions combine to favour system-dependent underspecification. In accord with lexical minimality, the approach taken here is also polysystemic: thus, for instance, Old English vowels, even Old English accented vowels, do not enter into only one system of contrasts. The phonology is a system of systems sharing some but not all contrasts. The article attempts to show that on this basis some of the many apparent anomalies that the evidence has been thought to suggest can be resolved in terms of a simple coherent formulation. Concerning the interpretation of this evidence, it is the intention of the article to minimize appeals to phonetic features and phonetic processes not warranted by textual and comparative testimony. It is suggested that lack of attention to polysystemicity and a pervasive indulgence on the part of historical phonologists in phonetic fantasies undermine the conclusions reached by generations of scholars concerning the development of phonological systems, both in general and in particular.
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Masrai, Ahmed, and James Milton. "The Impact of L1 Lexical Organisation on L2 Vocabulary Acquisition." Language in Focus 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lifijsal-2015-0002.
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AbstractThis paper presents an empirical study investigating the relationship between first language (L1) lexical organisation and second language (L2) vocabulary development. The participants consisted of 191 native Arabic learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) within higher secondary education in Saudi Arabia. To conduct the study, two receptive vocabulary size tests (L1 Arabic-Lex and L2 English X-Lex) were used with an L1 lexical organisation test (ALOT) which was designed for the purpose of the study. Learners' L1 lexical organisation scores were found to be associated with their L1 and L2 receptive vocabulary scores. However, the strong correlation found between lexical organisation and the size of the lexicon in learners’ L1 might well suggest that lexical networks and the size of the lexicon are one unified system. Nevertheless, to find any potential interaction between L1 lexical organisation and size on L2 vocabulary acquisition, ‘moderation’ analyses were performed. Moderation results revealed three levels of interaction; low, average and high. The low level shows that a low level of lexical organisation leads to low levels of L1 and L2 vocabulary size. The same relationship trend was logged for average and high levels. These results thus emphasise the importance of a well-structured L1 mental lexicon on L2 vocabulary acquisition
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Holovatska, Nataliia. "LEXICAL-SEMANTIC SUBSYSTEM OF SENSORY VERBS IN THE MODERN ENGLISH VERB SYSTEM." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 831-832 (2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.831-832.35-48.
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The article focuses on the study of the lexical-semantic subsystem of sensory verbs in the Modern English verb system. The objectives of the study are to analyse sensory verbs’ semantic features, establish macro- and micro integral connections between them, and to determine their groups and synonymic sets by differential trait and denotative sema. Definitional, componential, comparative, proportional and quantitative analysis, English explanatory dictionaries and thesauri were used in the study. Sensory verbs of five lexical-semantic fields have approximately the same proportion of lexemes that form the core, main part and periphery of each corresponding lexical-semantic field, with a slightly larger number of verbs in the main part. Old English sensory verbs make up a third of the modern perception process subsystem, almost a half of the borrowed lexemes from French and Latin, a tenth of sensory verbs borrowed from the West Germanic group and a small percentage is formed by borrowings from other languages, unknown or imitative origin. The study analysed the share of sensory verbs according to the periods of English language development. Sensory verbs of the Middle English and New English periods make up more than a half of the sensory vocabulary of the modern perception process subsystem. It is established that sensory verbs are combined into groups and synonymic sets by seven differential traits. The results of the study of connections between sensory verbs show that they are not isolated in their lexical-semantic fields and in general in the sensory subsystem of the sensory perception process, i.e. they migrate between sensory lexical-semantic fields. All the lexemes of the sensory subsystem are hierarchical, belong to the hierarchy of lexical-semantic formations and implicitly have all the features of the higher levels of the hierarchy. Thus, lexical-semantic fields of sensory verbs are open systems.
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Khamitova, Shaizat Amantayevna, and Almagul Sovetovna Adilova. "Language Adaptation of Turkisms in English." Engineering and Educational Technologies 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/2307-9770.2020.08.03.02.
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One of the most important indicators of the adaptation of Turkic borrowing in English is their allocation in different dictionaries of English (explanatory, etymological, phraselogical), as well as their use in different works of fiction. Linguistic contacts manifest themselves in the interaction of linguistic, cultural and historical factors and represent an essential process in intercultural communication. Turkic lexical elements, actively used in various languages as a language mechanism, require special attention. A comparison of different languages shows that borrowing is a universal fact of language, the linguistic essence of which allows to determine the absolute or relative chronology of their entry into the system of different languages. Turkisms closely related to the lexico-semantic system of the recipient language expands the body of language units of English and other languages, indicating the paths of penetration and the degree of adaptation. This takes into account the patterns of lexical and phonetic potential of the language. Turkic borrowing includes not only Turkic words, but also lexical elements of Arabic and Mongolian, Persian, Tatar, Uzbek, Kazakh origin, which have penetrated English through many Turkic languages and have been reflected in English lexicographic sources. Turkism thus refers to words included in English from Turkic languages or through Turkic languages regardless of the source of the mutual relationship, i.e. words having a Turkic stage in their history.
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Thao, Tran Quoc. "Non-English majors’ employment of autonomous English lexical learning strategies." SOCIAL SCIENCES 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.soci.en.10.1.540.2020.
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The lexicon is one of the most core elements in a language system, so acquiring/learning it is a must-do job for ESL/EFL learners. Nevertheless, whether ESL/EFL learners can employ English lexical learning strategies (LLS) autonomously or not has concerned researchers and educators in different contexts. This study, therefore, endeavors to explore the use of autonomous English LLS by non-English majors at a technical Ho Chi Minh City-based university in Vietnam. It involved 200 students in answering a closed-ended questionnaire and ten students in semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that research participants sometimes utilized LLS autonomously in English language learning. Among five groups of autonomous English LLS, participants sometimes tended to use more determination strategies than other groups of social, cognitive, and metacognitive strategies and memory strategies. Additionally, the results showed that females utilized English LLS more autonomously than males. The findings imply that technical students, especially male students, seemed not to focus much on English LLS.
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Bozic, Mirjana, Lorraine K. Tyler, Li Su, Cai Wingfield, and William D. Marslen-Wilson. "Neurobiological Systems for Lexical Representation and Analysis in English." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 10 (October 2013): 1678–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00420.
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Current research suggests that language comprehension engages two joint but functionally distinguishable neurobiological processes: a distributed bilateral system, which supports general perceptual and interpretative processes underpinning speech comprehension, and a left hemisphere (LH) frontotemporal system, selectively tuned to the processing of combinatorial grammatical sequences, such as regularly inflected verbs in English [Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Tyler, L. K. Morphology, language and the brain: The decompositional substrate for language comprehension. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, 362, 823–836, 2007]. Here we investigated how English derivationally complex words engage these systems, asking whether they selectively activate the LH system in the same way as inflections or whether they primarily engage the bilateral system that support nondecompositional access. In an fMRI study, we saw no evidence for selective activation of the LH frontotemporal system, even for highly transparent forms like bravely. Instead, a combination of univariate and multivariate analyses revealed the engagement of a distributed bilateral system, modulated by factors of perceptual complexity and semantic transparency. We discuss the implications for theories of the processing and representation of English derivational morphology and highlight the importance of neurobiological constraints in understanding these processes.
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Yevchenko, V. "CORRELATION OF NORTH AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH DIVERGENCIES IN LEXIS." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 2(88) (September 5, 2018): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.2(88).2018.10-15.
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The article focuses on the description of a special type of relationship that arises between lexical units within the corpus of English words in the framework of the sociolinguistic approach. Various ways of correlation between North American and British usages emerge in present-day English due to the action of two processes of the language development favoured by a set of historical, linguistic and sociolinguistic factors: divergence and convergence.
The paper describes the most frequent forms of lexical correlation between North American English usage and British English usage. The research states that the semantic structure of the lexical unit or its register of usage can undergo changes under influences of the other variety. The lexemes, common to both national varieties with partial coincidence of the semantic structure and, sometimes, with shifts in the register of usage, are more affected by the process of convergence. The part of the English lexis less affected by convergent processes comprises common lexemes with the split in the semantic structure, the components of which are different or antonymic. The part of the present-day English lexis likely to be involved in the process of internal borrowing mostly includes lexemes specific to US English or British English with, or without lexical equivalents in the other variety.
A special kind of correlation between lexical units of common origin can bring about usages functionally confined only to one variety. The functional predominance can contribute to the formation of different chains of synonyms actualized in each of the varieties. When lexemes have lexical equivalents specific to one of the national varieties of English, the so-called ''pseudo-synonymous relations” within the English lexical system can arise
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Hu, J. Edward, Rachel Rudinger, Matt Post, and Benjamin Van Durme. "PARABANK: Monolingual Bitext Generation and Sentential Paraphrasing via Lexically-Constrained Neural Machine Translation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016521.
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We present PARABANK, a large-scale English paraphrase dataset that surpasses prior work in both quantity and quality. Following the approach of PARANMT (Wieting and Gimpel, 2018), we train a Czech-English neural machine translation (NMT) system to generate novel paraphrases of English reference sentences. By adding lexical constraints to the NMT decoding procedure, however, we are able to produce multiple high-quality sentential paraphrases per source sentence, yielding an English paraphrase resource with more than 4 billion generated tokens and exhibiting greater lexical diversity. Using human judgments, we also demonstrate that PARABANK’s paraphrases improve over PARANMT on both semantic similarity and fluency. Finally, we use PARABANK to train a monolingual NMT model with the same support for lexically-constrained decoding for sentence rewriting tasks.
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SAG, IVAN A., RUI P. CHAVES, ANNE ABEILLÉ, BRUNO ESTIGARRIBIA, DAN FLICKINGER, PAUL KAY, LAURA A. MICHAELIS, et al. "Lessons from the English auxiliary system." Journal of Linguistics 56, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 87–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671800052x.
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The English auxiliary system exhibits many lexical exceptions and subregularities, and considerable dialectal variation, all of which are frequently omitted from generative analyses and discussions. This paper presents a detailed, movement-free account of the English Auxiliary System within Sign-Based Construction Grammar (Sag 2010, Michaelis 2011, Boas & Sag 2012) that utilizes techniques of lexicalist and construction-based analysis. The resulting conception of linguistic knowledge involves constraints that license hierarchical structures directly (as in context-free grammar), rather than by appeal to mappings over such structures. This allows English auxiliaries to be modeled as a class of verbs whose behavior is governed by general and class-specific constraints. Central to this account is a novel use of the featureaux, which is set both constructionally and lexically, allowing for a complex interplay between various grammatical constraints that captures a wide range of exceptional patterns, most notably the vexing distribution of unstresseddo, and the fact that Ellipsis can interact with other aspects of the analysis to produce the feeding and blocking relations that are needed to generate the complex facts of EAS. The present approach, superior both descriptively and theoretically to existing transformational approaches, also serves to undermine views of the biology of language and acquisition such as Berwick et al. (2011), which are centered on mappings that manipulate hierarchical phrase structures in a structure-dependent fashion.
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Sheverun, Nadiia, and Alina Dzhurylo. "PHRASAL VERBS IN THE SYSTEM OF LEXICAL UNITS OF MODERN ENGLISH AND THEIR CLASSIFICATON." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 11(79) (September 29, 2021): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-11(79)-148-152.
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The article is devoted to the investigation of phrasal verbs in the system of lexical units of modern English and their classification. Focusing on the consideration of phrasal verbs as combinations of two full words and thus limiting the study to a combination of verb and adverb, it turns out that the semantic center of such combination is shifted under the influence of the adverb towards its meaning. Different classifications of phrasal verbs depending on the features that distinguish them from simple verbs are outlined. It is found out, that the ability of the etymologically original unit of the postpositive to functionally reorient and become part of a phrasal verb is influenced by the frequency of use and the semantic volume of the adverb or preposition. It is distinguished, that phrasal verbs in English are very diverse both in their coherence or compatibility, and in the additional meanings they have in the text. A phrasal verb is the only semantic unit, that has its own specific features. As a result of the research it was revealed that phrasal verbs have been found to help express thoughts more clearly and accurately than ordinary verbs and to convey those aspects of meaning that a simple verb is unable to convey. Phrasal verbs are necessary for free and correct understanding of English texts.
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Kameneva, Nataliia Alexandrovna. "Formation of the English-language neologisms as a result of lexical and semantic nominations." Филология: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.3.34854.
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This article is dedicated to the formation of English-language neologisms as a result of lexical and semantic nomination. The object of this research is the changes in the lexical system of modern English language based on the analysis of media and online publications. The subject of this research is the methods of formation of neologisms in the late XX and early XXI centuries. The author determines the most common methods of the formation neologisms in digital periodicals, online news websites, forums and blogs. Analysis is conducted on such methods of word formation as affixation, conversion, formation of complex words, shortening and hybridization, abbreviation, etc. It is noted that the majority of neologisms result from lexical nomination. The goal of this article lies in analysis of the formation of neologisms used in the English lexicon for a long period of time, and thus have acquired a certain official standing. Such lexical innovations have been included or are in the process of being included into the official English language. An attempt is made to reveal the key features of methods of formation of neologisms, which are of primary importance for the communicative and social activity in their broadest sense. Majority of neologisms in the language, which is over 70%, result from the lexical methods of word formation; while the share of neologisms formed via semantic derivation is only a few percent of the total number of lexical innovations.
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Rakisheva, Zhanagul, Aelita Sagiyeva, Assel Utegenova, and Bibigul Vasic. "Units of a person’s mental lexicon and the nature of connections between them." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (October 4, 2021): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v8i3.6405.
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In the modern world, the interest of the scientific world on the interdisciplinary basis of speech perception on the part of psychology and Philology has increased significantly. It should be noted that, despite the increasing role of the English language in Kazakhstan at the present time, this problem is probably the least developed. The purpose of the article is to describe the results of scientific research on the process of entering a foreign word into the system of internal lexicon of a student at the level of professional training. Methodology used: experimental (identification of the threshold of the "educational" lexical minimum) and comparative (comparison of associative fields of English words of the profile for students of the direction, in general 1500 lexical units) were used. From the results the data obtained allow us to identify the specifics of the entry of a foreign language word into the system of the student's internal lexicon at the professional level. Keywords: psycholinguistics, mental lexicon, internal dictionary, foreign language, connections
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Utkina, L. N., and D. S. Kovalevich. "Concept “time” in English proverbs and sayings." Язык и текст 5, no. 2 (2018): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2018050214.
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The article examines lexical means verbalizing the concept “time” in English proverbs and sayings. The nature of time phenomenon and the role of the concept “time” in the language system are also briefly described. The groups of lexical units that verbalize temporality in the English language are analyzed, as well as the results of the analysis of proverbs and sayings containing these lexical items. As the result of the study, thematic groups which define common features of the concept “time” in phraseological world image of the speakers of English are presented.
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Dilay, Iryna. "HYPONYMY OF ENGLISH COGNITIVE VERBS." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-107-110.
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The paper provides the analysis of the hyponymic relations in terms of the onomasiological approach to the lexico-semantic fields and endocentric series. Lexicometric properties of the hyponymic relations of English cognitive verbs are studied based on WordNet Vocabulary Helper heuristic resource. It enables conducting the analysis in the direction from a hyperonym to its hyponyms, which echoes with the reconstruction of the conceptual structure. In this respect, further application and elaboration of the suggested methodology appears topical. Hyponymy of verbs is scarcely studied in linguistics. It has been observed that the nature of verbal hyponymy proves to be different from the nominal one, as verbal hyponymy, or troponymy after C. Fellbaum and G. Miller, is based on the manner of action relation between the lexemes. Thus, it requires special attention and novel methods and sources apart from traditional dictionaries. WordNet as a conceptual thesaurus and a large lexical database has been designed to assist multiple applications involving vocabulary as a system and is well applicable to the study of paradigmatic lexical relations. Among the advantages of the methodology based on WordNet is taking into consideration vast polysemy of the lexical items. It enables tracing narrowing of the categorial cognitive verbal meaning without getting sidetracked. As a result of this study, the ways of endocentric series modelling are suggested, the peculiarities of the verbal hyponymy are defined, the quotient of the hyponymy of English cognitive verbs is calculated, the cases of autohyponymy are identified, as well as the future prospects are delineated.
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McMillen, Stephanie, Linda Jarmulowicz, Michael M. Mackay, and D. Kimbrough Oller. "Rapid shift in naming efficiency on a rapid automatic naming task by young Spanish-speaking English language learners." Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 4 (July 2020): 847–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716420000260.
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AbstractThe present study analyzed lexical processing efficiency in Spanish-speaking English language learners (ELLs) and their monolingual English-speaking peers from kindergarten through second grade. Specifically, changes in the patterns of speed and accuracy on a rapid object-naming task were evaluated across languages for the ELL children and across the groups of children. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that ELL children have a rapid shift in language processing efficiency from Spanish to English by the end of kindergarten. Results also showed that by the end of kindergarten ELL children were slightly faster and more accurate in English compared with their monolingual peers. This work provides perspective on how lexical processing is impacted by the development of a dual lexical system. We discuss how lexical density, strength of lexical connections, and environmental constraints may influence this rapid shift in lexical processing efficiency for young Spanish-speaking ELL children.
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Sampson, Geoffrey. "From phonemic spelling to distinctive spelling." Written Language and Literacy 21, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00008.sam.
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Abstract Whether spelling is phonemic is only one factor in whether a writing system is suitable for a given language; another consideration is "lexical distinctiveness" of spelling, in two separate senses, and the importance of lexical distinctiveness grows as a writing system matures. Seen in this light, the increasing irregularity of English spelling, over the period when English has been a written language, has been a desirable response to the changing needs of the English-speaking world.
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김동성, Hee Rahk Chae, and 김상철. "An English Essay Scoring System Based on Grammaticality and Lexical Cohesion." Korean Journal of Cognitive Science 19, no. 3 (September 2008): 223–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19066/cogsci.2008.19.3.001.
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Popik, I. P. "STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES OF THE ENGLISH LEXICAL SEMANTIC FIELD “GESTICULATION”." Writings in Romance-Germanic Philology, no. 2(47) (January 15, 2022): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4604.2021.2(47).245942.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the structure of the lexical semantic field “gesticulation” in the explanatory dictionaries of the English language. The article deals with semiotic aspect of correlation of verbal and paraverbal codes in human communication. Verbalization of a kineme has been studied. In modern linguistics, one of the most common approaches to the study of vocabulary is the method of field modeling. Field theory indicates the systematic organization of the entire lexical system. The lexical-semantic field is characterized by a number of systemic features both in the synchronous aspect (the semantic correlation of lexemes, the presence of hyponyms and hyperonyms), and in the diachronic aspect (a certain set of repeatedly implemented motivational models, repeatability of word-formation models, repeatability of producing etymological nests generating field vocabulary). The research material was a selection of 5 dictionaries of modern English. All components of the specified field are in hypo-hyperonymic relationships with the key unit of the field, namely with the nomination gesture. Kineme is treated as a proto-sign, which semantic structure comprises three obligatory semantic knots, i. e. “what is moving”, “how it is moving”, “what for it is moving”. Lexicographically registered verbal kinemes constitute language lexico-semantic field “gesticulation”. The first two knots reflect the formal component of the protosign (gesture kinetics), and the third knot reflects the semantic component of the kineme (meaning of the gesture). Nuclear-peripheral structure of the field in the language subordinates to the semantic principle of hyper-hyponymical relations among its constituents. The prospect of further research is the analysis of the functioning of this lexical semantic field in the artistic discourse.
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Bakker-Marshall, Iske, Atsuko Takashima, Carla B. Fernandez, Gabriele Janzen, James M. McQueen, and Janet G. Van Hell. "Overlapping and distinct neural networks supporting novel word learning in bilinguals and monolinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24, no. 3 (January 14, 2021): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728920000589.
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AbstractThis study investigated how bilingual experience alters neural mechanisms supporting novel word learning. We hypothesised that novel words elicit increased semantic activation in the larger bilingual lexicon, potentially stimulating stronger memory integration than in monolinguals. English monolinguals and Spanish–English bilinguals were trained on two sets of written Swahili–English word pairs, one set on each of two consecutive days, and performed a recognition task in the MRI-scanner. Lexical integration was measured through visual primed lexical decision. Surprisingly, no group difference emerged in explicit word memory, and priming occurred only in the monolingual group. This difference in lexical integration may indicate an increased need for slow neocortical interleaving of old and new information in the denser bilingual lexicon. The fMRI data were consistent with increased use of cognitive control networks in monolinguals and of articulatory motor processes in bilinguals, providing further evidence for experience-induced neural changes: monolinguals and bilinguals reached largely comparable behavioural performance levels in novel word learning, but did so by recruiting partially overlapping but non-identical neural systems to acquire novel words.
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Balygina, E. A., and T. V. Ermolova. "The issue of translating English psychological terms into." Современная зарубежная психология 7, no. 1 (2018): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2018070110.
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The psychological terminological system of the Russian language is rapidly developing, being constantly enriched with new lexical units due to borrowing from other languages. In these conditions, the issue of accurate translation of terms representing new scientific concepts acquires particular urgency. However, the translational aspect of the interaction between the English and Russian psychological terminology systems has not received adequate coverage in the scientific literature. This article is devoted to the study of the methods used in contemporary psychological literature to translate lexical units with terminological meaning. The purpose of the study is to identify, on the bases of examples from psychological texts, the problems associated with the translation of English terms into Russian, and propose effective strategies for overcoming them
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RITT, NIKOLAUS, and KAMIL KAZMIERSKI. "How rarities likegoldcame to exist: on co-evolutionary interactions between morphology and lexical phonotactics." English Language and Linguistics 20, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000040.
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We address the question of when, how and why highly marked rhymes of the structure VVCC (as ingold, falseorbind) came to be established in the lexical phonotactics of English. Specifically, we discuss two hypotheses. The first is that lexical VVCC clusters owe their existence to the fact that similar rhyme structures are produced routinely in verbal past tenses and third-person singular present tense forms (fails, fined), and in nominal plurals (goals, signs), The other is based on the insight emerging in morphonotactic research (Dressler & Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2006) that languages tend to avoid homophonies between lexical and morphotactically produced structures. We hold both hypotheses against a body ofOEDand corpus data, reconstruct the phases in which the lexical VVCC rhymes that are still attested in Present-day English emerged, and relate them to the phases in which productive inflectional rules came to produce rhymes of the same type. We show that the emergence of morphotactic models is indeed likely to have played a role in establishing VVCC rhymes in the English lexicon, since VVCC rhymes of the types VV[sonorant]/d|z/ began to establish themselves in lexical phonotactics at the same period in which they also started to be produced in inflection, and clearly before similar types that had no inflectionally produced analogues (i.e. VV[sonorant]/t|s/ as infault, dance). At the same time, we show that this does not necessarily contradict the hypothesis that homophonies between lexical and morphotactic rhymes are dispreferred. We argue that under the specific historical circumstances that obtained in English, natural ways of eliminating the resulting ambiguities failed to be available. Finally, we show that, once the phonotactically and semiotically dispreferred VV[sonorant]/d|z/ rhymes had been established, the emergence of morphotactically unambiguous rhymes of the types VV[sonorant]/t|s/ was to be expected, since they filled what was an accidental rather than natural gap in the phonotactic system of English (see Hayes & White 2013).
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Myhalets, Oksana Ivanivna. "Semantic Peculiarities of the Verbs with the Highest Degree of Polysemy Denoting Conflict Actions." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 3 (May 10, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0038.
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The purpose of thе article is to conduct a lexico-semantic analysis of the language units denoting conflict actions in modern English. Our task is to find out the semantic peculiarities of the polysemantic verbs in the language under study, which form the group of words denoting conflict actions with the highest degree of polysemy. The research has been carried out with the help of the system and structural approach, based on a combination of the formalized analysis of lexical semantics with linguistic methods of research. Such a combination is necessary for revealing the system and structural organization of lexical units denoting conflict actions and their inner mechanisms of functioning in modern English. As a result, the degree of the semantic relativity of the language units denoting conflict actions as well as the character of the semes’ functionality have been revealed. In addition, both common and distinctive features, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the verbs’ semantics in the language under study have been disclosed. Complex lexico-semantic analysis of the language units denoting conflict actions in English gave the opportunity to treat them as phenomena of person’s everyday life and activities as well as to find out different ways and means of their language expressions by means of the matrix.
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Faleyeva, Anastasiya. "EXPERIENCE OF THE INVESTIGATION OF ENGLISH COLLOQUIAL SYSTEM." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/1/13.
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Introduction. The term and the definition of the boundaries of colloquialism confuses scientists and generates different opinions. Some scientists define colloquialism in a narrower sense, referring it to a stylistically reduced vocabulary, which is the opposite of the literary norm. Thus, colloquialisms include mostly substandard vocabulary, which is used mainly in limited speech by individual representatives of the population. Another group of specialists understand the term colloquialism on a wider scale, dividing it into several groups depending on the proximity or remoteness to the literary norm. Research methods. Currently, the study of colloquial speech is becoming one of the most important problems of modern linguistics. The study of colloquial speech at various linguistic levels is becoming increasingly important for a number of reasons. It becomes possible to collect and analyze material on the problems of colloquial words and expressions through the use of such methods of analysis as descriptive, systemic and structural, nominative-derivational, comparative-typological, statistical. Results and discussions. It is important to timely identify the features of the formation of colloquialisms and analyze new trends in terms of the lexical and semantic nature of colloquialisms in modern electronic and printed lexicographic sources, scientific works of foreign authors.
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Nasibullaeva, Elina Rasimovna. "The specificity of political lexicon in the English language." Филология: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.2.29333.
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The subject of this research is the political lexicon in the English language. The article examines the criteria fir determination of political lexicon, provides definitions of this term to various scholars, frames the definition of political lexicon, and highlights its peculiarities in the English language. The author also explores the question on the relationship between political lexicon and political (sociopolitical) terminology; defines the concept of “political term”; describes the main means and methods of enriching political lexicon in the English language. The following methods were applies in the course of study: general scientific method for collection of the existing literature on the topic; systematization and generalization for formulation of fundamental concepts of research; random sampling for selecting the examples; contextual analysis for determining the peculiarities of functionality of phrases within the system of English political lexicon and mass media; as well as translational analysis. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this article allows establishing the status of political theme within the lexical system of English language, since for the current stage of development of linguistic a promising trend is the determination of morphogenetic linguistic phenomena. The author also describes the main means of enriching the lexicon on the example of research material, which allows reflecting the development trends of political lexicon in the modern English language.
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Dudok, Roman. "Interlingual Processes of Interference in English Terminological System." Terminological Bulletin, no. 4 (2017): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2017-4-129-135.
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The article is concerned with an extensive research into the issue of structural, semantic and functional features of English social and political terminology. Social and political term is defined as a word or word combination that expresses political notion and belongs to science and political terminology as informative, meaningful and mono semantic unit. The aim of the research is to give an analysis of lexical-semantic peculiarities of the terminology researched in both statics and dynamics. We investigate different term formation means in order to reveal the most productive ones. Metaphor is the most efficient in semantic term formation, as such terms are motivated and establish relations with the other ones.
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Wang, Na. "Simulation of English Linguistic Phonetic and Lexical Variation Based on Sociology Perspective." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 4752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.2.40.
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Objectives: From the perspective of sociology, the speech and vocabulary variation simulation of English linguistics is discussed in depth. Firstly, the background of the research object and the significance of the research are elaborated, and then the research theory related to the English phonetic and lexical variation simulation is analyzed. Methods: Through the design of the English phonetic intonation network teaching system, the design ideas that conform to the development of each function of the platform are proposed. Results: Furthermore, the English linguistic speech and lexical variation simulation model algorithm based on sociological perspective is used to design and verify the function of the teaching system, and the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by empirical analysis. Conclusion: The final results of the experiment show that by using the Internet of Things (IoT) technology to develop a system tool that conforms to the teaching method and put it into specific teaching work can improve students’ English linguistics pronunciation and vocabulary learning ability.
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Habibullaevna, Dalieva Madina. "Modern Strategies And Innovative Technologies In Teaching English Vocabulary." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue12-13.
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The article deals with the issues based on implementation of modern strategies and innovative technologies in teaching vocabulary in English classes. The development of lexical skills for their subsequent inclusion in students' speech activity is the main task in mastering vocabulary. The use of computer technology in the formation of lexical skills significantly enhances the effectiveness of this process. Vocabulary in the system of linguistic means is the most important component of speech activity: listening and speaking, reading and writing.
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Teneneva, Irina, Natalya Teneneva, and Svetlana Sheveleva. "Lexical Features of the Modern English Discourse of the Law Enforcement System." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 2 (June 2015): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2015.2.6.
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Kechedzhi, O. "Phrasal adaptation of borrowed lexical units to the system of modern English." International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology 41, no. 2 (2019): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2019.41.2.8.
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Bo, Jingyi, Yubin Wang, and Kun Han. "An English Learning Method Based on Computer-assisted System." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 12, no. 02 (February 28, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i02.6045.
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Computer terminology is studied by unit, professional computer knowledge and lexical features, etc. in this paper. An effective game-based learning pattern is generated combined with the characteristics of computer English terms. The computer-assisted English learning system is studied to help students memorize terminology. This learning system could also examine the learning effect after study. The relevant question bank is available to users for game-based examination. The examination result and the statistic score could be kept in the question bank for analysis of the learning effect.
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ZHIMING, BAO. "The aspectual system of Singapore English and the systemic substratist explanation." Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 2 (June 28, 2005): 237–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226705003269.
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Singapore English is a contact language with a constant linguistic substratum and superstratum. It lends itself to an interesting case study on how linguistic neologisms emerge out of a pool of competing features from the typologically distinct languages active in the contact ecology. This paper investigates the aspectual system of Singapore English and that of Chinese, the main substrate language, and of English, the lexical-source language. Despite the presence of competing aspectual categories from the two languages, the aspectual system of Singapore English is essentially the Chinese system filtered through the morphosyntax of English. Substrate influence is systemic, and the competing grammatical subsystems do not mix.
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Lacková, Marta. "Corpus-based Analysis of Lexicosemantic Behaviour of Nervous System Diseases Names." Arab World English Journal 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no4.4.
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Terminology represents a significant factor in healthcare communication between specialists and patients. The present paper deals with the lexicosemantic characteristics of multi-word lexical units multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epidural abscess, Huntington’s chorea, and carpal tunnel syndrome. The research questions focus on collocations, word combinations, and concordances in which they regularly appear; the first lemma to the left and the first lemma to the right from the studied lexeme demonstrate the principal positions of our interest. Simultaneously, the researcher considers their semantic restrictions, semantic prosody, and grammatical relations that influence their lexical features. The whole linguistic material is investigated in the framework of the text corpus English Web 2015 (enTenTen15) with the help of the search tool Sketch Engine. To begin the research, the frequencies of these lexical units are elaborated. The researcher also looks into the morphological classification of the studied words as these two factors affect them from the lexicological perspective. The research outcomes confirm that the nervous disease names appear in a wide range of structures, and they considerably contribute to successful communication in the medical surroundings. Moreover, the results indicate that the lexicosemantic behaviour of the terms reflects extralinguistic factors (psychological, social) of individual communication acts. The phenomenon is to be further examined and interpreted within the corpus analyses of other chosen lexical units, not only from the field of medicine. Eventually, the researcher outlines possible pedagogical implications of the research results in the process of teaching English.
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Ukam, Edadi Ilem. "Acoustic Manifestation of English Lexical Stress Pattern by Native Erei Speakers." English Linguistics Research 6, no. 4 (December 5, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n4p38.
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Lexical stress is the combination of intensity, fundamental frequency and vowel quality acoustically. Like many other non-segmental features of English, it is very vital for intelligibility, foreign accentedness and comprehensibility since wrong placement of primary and/or secondary stress in English words might lead to different interpretations. The feature is not observable in Erei, which is a tonal language, where all the syllables or vowels in a word are given strong form. Erei language is different from free variable stress system of English, and the difference between the two languages may likely result in the transfer of Erei tonal system in the articulation of English lexical stress by native Erei speakers. The study examined the deployment of English lexical stress in the speech outputs of Erei-English bilingual speakers in Biase Local Government Area of Cross River State Nigeria. Eight subjects were selected from four secondary schools. Eight words, selected from Cruttenden’s Gimson’s pronunciation of English, were used for the analysis. The metrical theory, developed by Lieberman (1975), was adopted as the framework for the analysis. Findings indicated that Erei-English bilinguals place stress on the wrong syllables as shown in the native British speaker’s output, and therefore, do not observe English rhythmic alternation rules. All the syllables in a word are almost given equal prominence, a rehash of the tonal nature of Erei, affecting the intelligibility of their spoken English. Based on the findings, the study suggested the availability of well-equipped language laboratories, provision of sophisticated audio-visual aids and computerised speech equipment in Nigeria as well as language teachers in L2 situations should focus instruction on non-segmental features before the individual segments to promote international intelligibility in the speech outputs of L2 users.
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Materynska, O. V. "STRUCTURE AND SEMANTICS OF THE NAMES DENOTING PARTS OF PROCESSES IN GERMAN AND ENGLISH." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 65 (1) (2019): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2019.1.13.
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This paper deals with the research of the structure and semantics of the names denoting parts of processes in German and English, which are parts of the meronymy system (names denoting parts of the whole). The lexical units under analysis belong to the vocabulary of the standard language, but are also observed in different terminological systems, thus their meaning for the inter-branch terminology is evidently huge. The analysed thematic group of meronyms is a joint link between semantics of verb and noun (concrete and abstract). They combine the meaning of process, temporality and locativity with partitive meaning. The research highlights the special status of meronymic relations different from other types of semantic relations in the lexical system of language: hyper-hyponymic and possesiv.
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Bozsahin, Cem. "The Combinatory Morphemic Lexicon." Computational Linguistics 28, no. 2 (June 2002): 145–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120102760173634.
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Grammars that expect words from the lexicon may be at odds with the transparent projection of syntactic and semantic scope relations of smaller units. We propose a morphosyntactic framework based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar that provides flexible constituency, flexible category consistency, and lexical projection of morphosyntactic properties and attachment to grammar in order to establish a morphemic grammar-lexicon. These mechanisms provide enough expressive power in the lexicon to formulate semantically transparent specifications without the necessity to confine structure forming to words and phrases. For instance, bound morphemes as lexical items can have phrasal scope or word scope, independent of their attachment characteristics but consistent with their semantics. The controls can be attuned in the lexicon to language-particular properties. The result is a transparent interface of inflectional morphology, syntax, and semantics. We present a computational system and show the application of the framework to English and Turkish.
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Kysliuk, Larysa. "Adaptation of Anglicisms in Ukrainian Internet Communication." Terminological Bulletin, no. 4 (2017): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2017-4-245-252.
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The article reveals the features of word-formative development of new English lexical units in online communication. As is known, syntheticity is typological feature of Ukrainian word-formation. Contact of two typologically different languages – English with Ukrainian is leading to increased of the class of indeclinable nouns in the Modern Ukrainian. Indeclinable nouns are bases in compound words in Ukrainian. Indeclinable nouns and adjectives create problems in the creation of compound words. Differentiation bases indeclinable adjective from the noun is impossible without context. Also, the accumulation of vowels (медіа–аналіз) or consonants (бізнес–структура) is a violation of typological features of the Ukrainian language. Proved that incomplete adaptation of new English borrowing in the grammatical system of Ukrainian is cause of problems writing new compound words. To solve the problem of spelling compound words, words should be properly qualified as composites (should be write together) or yukstapozytes (should be write with a hyphen). Composites also formed without binders interfiks so-called half composite (арт–школа, медіа–арт). English are influenced on such qualitative changes in the structure of compound words. An important practical recommendation is the need to adapt the new English borrowing in Ukrainian grammatical system. It is necessary to adapt the lexical units of analytical language according to the requirements of the Ukrainian: provide the category of gender, number, case. Also not recommended to expand the class of indeclinable nouns and adjectives. These phenomena reflect the trends of the modern Ukrainian lexicon updating.
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Mulík, Stanislav, Haydee Carrasco-Ortiz, and Mark Amengual. "Phonological activation of first language (Spanish) and second language (English) when learning third language (Slovak) novel words." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 5 (June 12, 2018): 1024–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918781061.
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Objectives/Research Questions: This study investigates whether bilinguals activate lexical knowledge from both their dominant first language (L1; Spanish) and their less-dominant second language (L2; English) during novel third language (L3; Slovak) word learning. Moreover, it examines the extent to which L2 activation in L3 lexical learning depends on the level of L2 proficiency. Methodology: Stimuli included 120 auditory Slovak words with substantial phonological overlap with either English or Spanish (homophones) or with neither language (control words), and their written Spanish translations. Two groups of participants (with high and low-proficiency in L2 English) completed paired-associate learning, correct/incorrect translation recognition and backward translation tasks on Slovak–Spanish translation equivalents to examine the facilitation effect of homophones with either Spanish or English. Data and Analysis: Response times, accuracy scores and correct translation counts were collected from 35 Spanish–English bilinguals and analyzed by means of repeated measures analyses of variance. Findings/Conclusions: The phonological similarity of novel L3 words with participants’ L2 words showed similar facilitation effects as phonological similarity with L1 words. This implies an involuntary activation of bilinguals’ less-dominant L2, even when not overtly present in the L3 lexical learning task. Moreover, the low-proficiency group experienced a higher facilitation for L1 than for L2 homophones, but overall lower facilitation in L3 lexical learning than the high-proficiency group. These findings suggest that bilinguals can activate lexical knowledge from both of their languages during novel L3 word learning, but the activation of the less-dominant L2 depends on participants’ L2 proficiency. Originality: We investigated how Spanish–English bilinguals incorporate vocabulary from an understudied language (i.e. Slovak) into their lexical system to test the language non-selective hypothesis in a multilingual lexical context. Significance: Our research contributes to the study of the degree of language dominance and its implications for L3 lexical learning and parallel activation of multilinguals’ languages.
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Cook, Paul, and Suzanne Stevenson. "Automatically Identifying the Source Words of Lexical Blends in English." Computational Linguistics 36, no. 1 (March 2010): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36104.
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Newly coined words pose problems for natural language processing systems because they are not in a system's lexicon, and therefore no lexical information is available for such words. A common way to form new words is lexical blending, as in cosmeceutical, a blend of cosmetic and pharmaceutical. We propose a statistical model for inferring a blend's source words drawing on observed linguistic properties of blends; these properties are largely based on the recognizability of the source words in a blend. We annotate a set of 1,186 recently coined expressions which includes 515 blends, and evaluate our methods on a 324-item subset. In this first study of novel blends we achieve an accuracy of 40% on the task of inferring a blend's source words, which corresponds to a reduction in error rate of 39% over an informed baseline. We also give preliminary results showing that our features for source word identification can be used to distinguish blends from other kinds of novel words.
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Tsymbal, Yulia. "WORD-FORMATING AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS ENGLISH METHODOLOGICAL VOCABULARY." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 48, no. 5 (January 17, 2022): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4811.
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In this article the morphological term creation is analyzed: affixation, conversion, general vocabulary processes and lexical-semantic relations in the English term system of education are also analyzed. The English-speaking terminology system of education is characterized as complex, stable and dynamic. Its elements are units of autochthonous language and borrowing from other languages, and the structure is isomorphic to the structure of logical connections between the concepts of the field of education. This term system is an open set, which draws from the whole variety of language tools new opportunities for expressing the values arising in the process of further development of educational activity. Semantic terminology has always been one of the main ways to replenish terminology. As a result of the semantic method of terminology, the terminological meaning is exhausted on the rights of the lexical-semantic variant, which develops on the basis of the adjacency of the signs of what is already indicated in the previous meaning of the word and the new one, which is denoted.
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Solovyova, N. N., and Zh V. Lihacheva. "NEOLOGISM AS A SIGNIFICANT AND NECESSARY PHENOMENON OF THE MODERN ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Review of Omsk State Pedagogical University. Humanitarian research, no. 31 (2021): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36809/2309-9380-2021-31-136-140.
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The present article focuses on neologisms as a part of modern English vocabulary. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the modern period is characterized by the intensive development of various spheres of human life. They are accompanied by changes in the English language. The article also discusses the classification of neologisms based on the method of their formation, each type is characterized, and examples are given. The object of the research is the lexical system of the modern English language, presented in the media discourse. The aim of the work is to study neologisms in the lexical system of modern English, to identify trends in the formation of new words. The research resulted in the formation of neologisms in the context of technology development. Changes in the language being a result of the formation of neologisms are considered.
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Ohala, John J., and Jeri J. Jaeger. "On the acquisition of abstract representations for English vowels." Phonology Yearbook 3 (May 1986): 71–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000580.
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ABSTRACT A basic assumption of generative and lexical phonology is that lexical entries of morphemes contain abstract phonological representations (APRs), and that surface pronunciations are derived from them by rules. Whether and how such a system can be acquired is problematic. This paper looks at the acquisition of APRs for English vowels and the Vowel Shift Rule (VSR), and tries to ascertain (1) whether VSR has any psychological reality, (2) at what age this psychological reality begins to be manifested, and (3) what the source of any psychological reality of VSR is. It finds that (1) pre-literate children show no signs of knowing VSR, (2) literate children and adults show marginal knowledge of only those VSR relations represented by the English vowel letters, and (3) the source of this knowledge can be demonstrated to be the learning of spelling conventions. It is concluded that theories which posit more concrete lexical representations are supported by this evidence.
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Gholaminejad, Razieh. "A Critical Review of the Word Classification System." July/December 27, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19183/how.27.2.554.
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In this reflective paper, we review the currently-used word classification system proposed by linguist Paul Nation (2013, 2015) and the position of the academic vocabulary in this system. Different lexical layers in this system are explained as well as the underlying assumptions. Then, taking a critical position, we raise a number of criticisms against three different aspects of Nation’s classification. The first criticism involves the fact that the system has sacrificed function for form in developing the lexical layers. The second focuses on the problem of equating ‘academic words’ with Coxhead’s (2000) Academic Word List (AWL) and ‘high-frequency words’ with West’s (1953) General Service List (GSL). Finally, the system is criticized for the lack of an independent lexical layer for discipline-specific academic vocabulary by ignoring disciplinary variation at the level of academic words. The critical points raised in the paper can be useful for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) materials developers, teachers, test developers, and syllabus/curriculum designers.
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Zhang, Jian, and Michael Daller. "Lexical richness of Chinese candidates in the graded oral English examinations." Applied Linguistics Review 11, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 511–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2018-0004.
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AbstractThe main purpose of this study is to explore the lexical richness of Chinese candidates of different proficiency levels in a graded examination in spoken English (GESE), which is an exam developed by Trinity College, London and administered in Beijing, China by trained local examiners. We compared 5 lexical indices and the mean length of utterances (MLU) of the GEGE candidates of three proficiency levels. The quantitative results first indicate that lexical richness plays an important role in these oral interviews and there are significant correlations between the lexical indices, the MLU and the proficiency level of the candidates. Furthermore, candidates who pass the oral exams have significantly higher scores for lexical richness. There are significant differences between the lexical richness scores at the Initial level (GESE Grade 2) and at the Elementary level (Grade 5). But only some measures show significant differences between the Elementary level (Grade 5) and the Intermediate level (Grade 7), which casts some doubt on the validity of the classification system. One reason for this result might be the fact that a Grade 7 certificate leads to higher chances in the admissions process for prestigious secondary schools and there is a strong interest by candidates and by private preparatory schools to get a certificate at this level. Some candidates might have enrolled on this level without meeting the criteria fully. Overall, our results show that measures of lexical richness and MLU are good predictors for success in oral interviews, but that factors other than proficiency play a role when it comes to the placement of students in Grade 7. The unique contribution of the present study resides in the fact that we use a large sample drawn randomly from a huge corpus of oral interviews. On this basis, we can gain further insights in the role that vocabulary knowledge plays in oral interviews.
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Vokic, Gabriela. "When alphabets collide: Alphabetic first-language speakers’ approach to speech production in an alphabetic second language." Second Language Research 27, no. 3 (May 31, 2011): 391–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310396627.
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This study analysed the extent to which literate native speakers of a language with a phonemic alphabetic orthography rely on their first language (L1) orthography during second language (L2) speech production of a language that has a morphophonemic alphabetic orthography. The production of the English flapping rule by 15 adult native speakers of Spanish (NSS) was analysed. Flap production should not be problematic for NSS learning English as L2, since the flap [ ] exists in the Spanish phonemic inventory and it has similar acoustic, articluatory, and distributional properties in English and Spanish. However, this study hypothesizes that access to the flap is blocked by NSS participants’ lack of phonological awareness in English, which is brought about by the participants’ reliance on the Spanish orthographic system, since the graphs used to represent the English flap intervocalically have either different surface realizations in Spanish (such as <t> and <d>) or have no equivalents in the Spanish orthographic system (such as <tt> and <dd>). It was found that NSS relied on the Spanish orthographic system at a statistically significant level, despite both languages having alphabetic orthographies and sharing the same visual code. Less reliance on L1 orthography was observed in frequent L2 lexical items, demonstrating that negative effects of L1 orthography are inversely correlated to familiarity with L2 lexical items and that frequent lexical items promote L2 phonological awareness.