Academic literature on the topic 'Lexical predictability'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lexical predictability"
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Çöltekin, Çağrı. "Using Predictability for Lexical Segmentation." Cognitive Science 41, no. 7 (November 17, 2016): 1988–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12454.
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Vainio, Seppo, Jukka Hyönä, and Anneli Pajunen. "Lexical Predictability Exerts Robust Effects on Fixation Duration, but not on Initial Landing Position During Reading." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 1 (January 2009): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.1.66.
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An eye movement experiment was conducted to examine effects of local lexical predictability on fixation durations and fixation locations during sentence reading. In the high-predictability condition, a verb strongly constrained the lexical identity of the following word, while in the low-predictability condition the target word could not be predicted on the basis of the verb. The results showed that first fixation and gaze duration on the target noun were reliably shorter in the high-predictability than in the low-predictability condition. However, initial fixation location was not affected by lexical predictability. As regards eye guidance in reading, the present study indicates that local lexical predictability influences when decisions but not where the initial fixation lands in a word.
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Lopukhina, Anastasiya, Konstantin Lopukhin, and Anna Laurinavichyute. "Morphosyntactic but not lexical corpus-based probabilities can substitute for cloze probabilities in reading experiments." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): e0246133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246133.
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During reading or listening, people can generate predictions about the lexical and morphosyntactic properties of upcoming input based on available context. Psycholinguistic experiments that study predictability or control for it conventionally rely on a human-based approach and estimate predictability via the cloze task. Our study investigated an alternative corpus-based approach for estimating predictability via language predictability models. We obtained cloze and corpus-based probabilities for all words in 144 Russian sentences, correlated the two measures, and found a strong correlation between them. Importantly, we estimated how much variance in eye movements registered while reading the same sentences was explained by each of the two probabilities and whether the two probabilities explain the same variance. Along with lexical predictability (the activation of a particular word form), we analyzed morphosyntactic predictability (the activation of morphological features of words) and its effect on reading times over and above lexical predictability. We found that for predicting reading times, cloze and corpus-based measures of both lexical and morphosyntactic predictability explained the same amount of variance. However, cloze and corpus-based lexical probabilities both independently contributed to a better model fit, whereas for morphosyntactic probabilities, the contributions of cloze and corpus-based measures were interchangeable. Therefore, morphosyntactic but not lexical corpus-based probabilities can substitute for cloze probabilities in reading experiments. Our results also indicate that in languages with rich inflectional morphology, such as Russian, when people engage in prediction, they are much more successful in predicting isolated morphosyntactic features than predicting the particular lexeme and its full morphosyntactic markup.
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Rück, Franziska, Carolin Dudschig, Ian G. Mackenzie, Anne Vogt, Hartmut Leuthold, and Barbara Kaup. "The Role of Predictability During Negation Processing in Truth-Value Judgment Tasks." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 50, no. 6 (October 21, 2021): 1437–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09804-0.
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AbstractIn experiments investigating the processing of true and false negative sentences, it is often reported that polarity interacts with truth-value, in the sense that true sentences lead to faster reaction times than false sentences in affirmative conditions whereas the same does not hold for negative sentences. Various reasons for this difference between affirmative and negative sentences have been discussed in the literature (e.g., lexical associations, predictability, ease of comparing sentence and world). In the present study, we excluded lexical associations as a potential influencing factor. Participants saw artificial visual worlds (e.g., a white square and a black circle) and corresponding sentences (i.e., “The square/circle is (not) white”). The results showed a clear effect of truth-value for affirmative sentences (true faster than false) but not for negative sentences. This result implies that the well-known truth-value-by-polarity interaction cannot solely be due to long-term lexical associations. Additional predictability manipulations allowed us to also rule out an explanatory account that attributes the missing truth-value effect for negative sentences to low predictability. We also discuss the viability of an informativeness account.
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Milberg, William, Sheila E. Blumstein, Donald Katz, Fellcia Gershberg, and Todd Brown. "Semantic Facilitation in Aphasia: Effects of Time and Expectancy." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (January 1995): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.33.
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Two auditory lexical decision semantic priming experiments were conducted to examine the extent to which the automaticcontrolled processing dichotomy can characterize lexical access deficits in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. In Experiment 1, prime-target predictability was varied while the interval between prime and target (ISI) was held constant. In Experiment 2, ISI was varied while prime-target predictability was held constant. The pattern of semantic facilitation and inhibition results for Experiment 1 showed that Broca's aphasics were influenced by prime-target predictability, whereas Wernicke's aphasics were not. In contrast in hperiment 2, manipulations of ISI at 150 and 2000 msec did not affect patterns of semantic facilitation for either Broca's or Wernicke's aphasics. Taken together, the results of these two experiments suggest that Broca's aphasics use heuristic strategies more so than old and young normal subjects. In addition, they seem to have an automatic processing deficit affecting the level of activation of lexical entries, with a spared time course of activation. Wernicke's aphasics show a pattern of results consistent with the view that automatic processing is unimpaired in these patients, while they fail to use heuristic strategies in these tasks.
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Calvo, Manuel G., and Enrique Meseguer. "Eye Movements and Processing Stages in Reading: Relative Contribution of Visual, Lexical, and Contextual Factors." Spanish Journal of Psychology 5, no. 1 (May 2002): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005849.
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The independent and the combined influence of word length, word frequency, and contextual predictability on eye movements in reading was examined across processing stages under two priming-context conditions. Length, frequency, and predictability were used as predictors in multiple regression analyses, with parafoveal, early, late, and spillover eye movement measures as the dependent variables. There were specific effects of: (a) length, both on where to look (how likely a word was fixated and in which location) and how long to fixate, across all processing stages; (b) frequency, on how long to fixate a word, but not on where to look, at an early processing stage; and (c) predictability, both on how likely a word was fixated and for how long, in late processing stages. The source of influence for predictability was related to global rather than to local contextual priming. The contribution of word length was independent of contextual source. These results are relevant to determine both the time course of the influence of visual, lexical, and contextual factors on eye movements in reading, and which main component of eye movements, that is, location or duration, is affected.
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Stone, Kate, Titus von der Malsburg, and Shravan Vasishth. "The effect of decay and lexical uncertainty on processing long-distance dependencies in reading." PeerJ 8 (December 17, 2020): e10438. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10438.
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To make sense of a sentence, a reader must keep track of dependent relationships between words, such as between a verb and its particle (e.g. turn the music down). In languages such as German, verb-particle dependencies often span long distances, with the particle only appearing at the end of the clause. This means that it may be necessary to process a large amount of intervening sentence material before the full verb of the sentence is known. To facilitate processing, previous studies have shown that readers can preactivate the lexical information of neighbouring upcoming words, but less is known about whether such preactivation can be sustained over longer distances. We asked the question, do readers preactivate lexical information about long-distance verb particles? In one self-paced reading and one eye tracking experiment, we delayed the appearance of an obligatory verb particle that varied only in the predictability of its lexical identity. We additionally manipulated the length of the delay in order to test two contrasting accounts of dependency processing: that increased distance between dependent elements may sharpen expectation of the distant word and facilitate its processing (an antilocality effect), or that it may slow processing via temporal activation decay (a locality effect). We isolated decay by delaying the particle with a neutral noun modifier containing no information about the identity of the upcoming particle, and no known sources of interference or working memory load. Under the assumption that readers would preactivate the lexical representations of plausible verb particles, we hypothesised that a smaller number of plausible particles would lead to stronger preactivation of each particle, and thus higher predictability of the target. This in turn should have made predictable target particles more resistant to the effects of decay than less predictable target particles. The eye tracking experiment provided evidence that higher predictability did facilitate reading times, but found evidence against any effect of decay or its interaction with predictability. The self-paced reading study provided evidence against any effect of predictability or temporal decay, or their interaction. In sum, we provide evidence from eye movements that readers preactivate long-distance lexical content and that adding neutral sentence information does not induce detectable decay of this activation. The findings are consistent with accounts suggesting that delaying dependency resolution may only affect processing if the intervening information either confirms expectations or adds to working memory load, and that temporal activation decay alone may not be a major predictor of processing time.
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Jurko, Primož. "Slovene-English Contrastive Phraseology: Lexical Collocations." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 7, no. 2 (May 28, 2010): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.7.2.57-73.
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Phraseology is seen as one of the key elements and arguably the most productive part of any language. %e paper is focused on collocations and separates them from other phraseological units, such as idioms or compounds. Highlighting the difference between a monolingual and a bilingual (i.e. contrastive) approach to collocation, the article presents two distinct classes of collocations: grammatical and lexical. %e latter, treated contrastively, represent the focal point of the paper, since they are an unending source of translation errors to both students of translation and professional translators. %e author introduces a methodology of systematic classification of lexical collocations applied on the Slovene-English language pair and based on structural (lexical congruence) and semantic (translational predictability) criteria.
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Sereno, Sara C., Christopher J. Hand, Aisha Shahid, Bo Yao, and Patrick J. O’Donnell. "Testing the limits of contextual constraint: Interactions with word frequency and parafoveal preview during fluent reading." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 2018): 302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1327981.
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Contextual constraint is a key factor affecting a word’s fixation duration and its likelihood of being fixated during reading. Previous research has generally demonstrated additive effects of predictability and frequency in fixation times. Studies examining the role of parafoveal preview have shown that greater preview benefit is obtained from more predictable and higher frequency words versus less predictable and lower frequency words. In two experiments, we investigated effects of target word predictability, frequency and parafoveal preview. A 3 (Predictability: low, medium, high) × 2 (Frequency: low, high) design was used with Preview (valid, invalid) manipulated between experiments. With valid previews, we found main effects of Predictability and Frequency in both fixation time and fixation probability measures, including an interaction in early fixation measures. With invalid preview, we again found main effects of Predictability and Frequency in fixation times, but no evidence of an interaction. Fixation probability showed a weak Predictability effect and Predictability–Frequency interaction. Predictability interacted with Preview in early fixation time and fixation probability measures. Our findings suggest that high levels of contextual constraint exert an early influence during lexical processing in reading. Results are discussed in terms of models of language processing and eye movement control.
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Staub, Adrian. "The effect of lexical predictability on distributions of eye fixation durations." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 18, no. 2 (December 17, 2010): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-010-0046-9.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Lexical predictability"
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Shahid, Aisha. "Using word frequency and parafoveal preview to determine the locus of contextual predictability and imageability effects : evidence from eye movements during reading and lexical decision." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5242/.
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The present thesis examines the time course of two semantic variables, contextual predictability and word imageability. Both variables can be said to reflect semantic aspects of meaning. For example the contextual predictability of a given target indicates the semantic context within which the target word occurs. The imageability of a given word reflects the meaning aspects of the word itself (Whaley, 1978). The word frequency effect (the faster response to commonly used high frequency words compared to low frequency words which occur less often) was taken to index the moment of lexical access (Balota, 1990; Pollatsek & Rayner, 1990; Sereno & Rayner, 2003) and by applying the logic of additive factors method (Sternberg, 1969a, 1969b), we determined whether the combined effect of each respective semantic variable was additive or interactive. This allowed us to examine whether there are semantic influences on lexical access. Previous research has been undecided and the question remains as to whether semantic variables operate during the lexical access processing stage, or alternatively after lexical access, for example in the post-lexical stage (e.g., Hand, Miellet, Sereno & O’Donnell, 2010; Sereno, O’Donnell & Rayner, 2006). Another aim of the thesis was to address the issue concerning the information presented to participants in the condition of ‘invalid parafoveal preview of a target’ (e.g., Sereno & Rayner, 2000). Several criteria were identified as being important in order to make the assumption that parafoveal processing was successfully inhibited on the pre-target fixation. Another aim of the thesis was to investigate whether word frequency and contextual predictability of the parafoveal word affected parafoveal preview benefit. Preview benefit was calculated by subtracting fixation durations in a condition of ‘valid’ preview of the target with an ‘invalid’ preview of the target. Experiment 1 utilised a lexical decision task to investigate the relationship between word frequency and the imageability of the word. Experiment 2 investigated whether the orthogonal manipulation of word frequency and contextual predictability led to an additive or interactive relationship between these two variables. Two pre-tests, the rating and Cloze tasks, were used to determine the predictability of the target. Experiment 3 and a further cross comparison of Experiments 2 and 3 replicated and extended Experiment 2 by additionally using an eye movement-contingent boundary change paradigm (Rayner, 1975). Experiment 4 examined the joint and combined effects of frequency, predictability and preview in a within-subjects design. A separate pre-test Cloze task was used to determine predictability of targets in their low and high predictable contexts. This experiment used a larger set of materials than in the previous experiments to examine these variables. Finally Chapter 6 was an overall discussion of the thesis. It was concluded that display screen presentations in our eye tracking experiments led to very fast reading times (as well as more skipping) compared to past studies which have used dot-matrix display presentations. It is possible that faster fixation durations led to floor effects in conditions where reading times are already fast because of preferential circumstances of high frequency targets, high predictable contexts and being given a parafoveal preview of the target. Possible ways to counteract this floor effect as well as alternative experimental methods of investigation were discussed.
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Burnsky, Jon. "The Effects of Predictability and Stimulus Quality on Lexical Processing: Evidence from the Coregistration of Eye Movements and EEG." 2021. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/1007.
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A word’s predictability has been shown to influence its processing. Two methodologies have demonstrated this time and again: eye tracking while reading and Event Related Potentials (ERPs). In eye tracking while reading, words that are made predictable by their contexts (as operationalized by the cloze task; Taylor, 1953) receive shorter first fixation times (Staub, 2015, for a review) as well as shorter gaze duration and increased skipping rate. In ERPs, the N400 component’s amplitude has also been shown to inversely correlate with a word’s predictability (Kutas and Federmeier, 2011, for a review). Despite the similarities, there is much reason to suspect that these two measures are reflections of different underlying cognitive processes, both modulated by a word’s predictability. We utilized the simultaneous collection of EEG and eye tracking data to investigate the differential effects of lexical predictability and stimulus quality on these measures. We found that these two manipulations had additive effects in the eye movement record, but yet only the manipulation of predictability influenced the N400 Fixation Related Potential (FRP) amplitude, with stimulus quality influencing neither the amplitude nor the latency of the N400. These findings provide no evidence for there being a role for predictability in early visual processing, and thus call into question the relative ordering of lexical processing effects laid out in Staub and Goddard (2019). Our findings also suggest that the N400’s underlying process is strictly temporally fixed and indexes the lexical processing difficulty left after there has already been a convergence of evidence towards the identity of the observed stimulus.
Books on the topic "Lexical predictability"
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Maiden, Martin. Origins, substance, and persistence of Romance morphomic patterns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0012.
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This chapter reviews the evidence for the origins of morphomic patterns in the effects of defunct sound changes or extinct functional motivations and reflects on their substance and on the types of alternation involved, concluding that morphomic patterns exist independently of their phonological substance and that it is possible that any kind of formal difference (suppletion, defectiveness, heteroclisis, periphrastic structure, internal allomorphy) is liable to morphomic distribution. The chapter reasserts the crucial role of lexical identity in explaining morphomic structures in the face of formal difference. It invokes the principle of synonymy avoidance to explain speakers’ exploitation of morphomic patterns in the distribution of such differences. Finally, it considers the role of intraparadigmatic predictability in morphomic structure. Contrary to some current views, it argues that predictability is not an inherent property of morphomic patterns but an acquired property that favours the diachronic survival of morphomic patterns.
Book chapters on the topic "Lexical predictability"
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Kaiser, Elsi, David Cheng-Huan Li, and Edward Holsinger. "Exploring the Lexical and Acoustic Consequences of Referential Predictability." In Anaphora Processing and Applications, 171–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25917-3_15.
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Quinn, Conor McDonough. "Productivity vs predictability." In Gender and Noun Classification, 249–65. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828105.003.0012.
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The nominal gender distinction in Algonquian languages known as Animate versus Inanimate has long been observed to correlate closely with semantic animacy, even as superficially ‘unpredictable’ Animates at first suggest an ultimately formal and rote-lexicalized character. In Chapter 12, drawing on data from four Northeastern-area Eastern Algonquian languages, the author shows that Animate assignment is neither purely formal-lexicalized, nor based on a single elusive shared semantic feature, but instead is an emergent phenomenon: a mutable, ongoing lexicon-structuring process that builds up a set of lexical-semantic ‘families’ to which AN status is assigned. This is seen most strikingly in Passamaquoddy-Maliseet and Mi’kmaw speakers’ robust knowledge of the gender assignment of novel items and foreign words, with similar patterns seen in Penobscot and Western Abenaki corpora. Language-internally, the phenomena of ‘dual animacy’ and ‘variable animacy’ also support this view, as does the observation that Animate assignment appears to change diachronically across Algonquian by semantic cluster, i.e. by ‘family’, rather than by individual lexeme. Establishing that the phenomenon is dynamically synchronically productive (and far more predictable than not), the author aims to encourage further research in this heretofore neglected area, and so also presents preliminary questions about the falsifiability of the model and what adequate semantic and syntactic accounts would require, and finally observes how this new line of investigation might substantially help Algonquian language reclamation/revitalization efforts.
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van der Hulst, Harry. "Predictability and preference." In Principles of Radical CV Phonology, 283–323. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474454667.003.0009.
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In this chapter I will discuss how RcvP relates to some recurrent concepts in phonological theory. This discussion will be framed by the following issues and questions: Predictability of elements: can some C/V choices be predicted from the syllable structure specification of segments or other elements within the segmental structure? Preference of occurrence (lexical or token frequency): how does RcvP predict preference of occurrence of segment types, with reference to position in the syllable (or larger units)? Preferred segmental systems (system typology, type frequency): how does RcvP predict the shape of preferred phoneme systems? Throughout the preceding chapters, I have occasionally indicated how RcvP addresses these questions, but in this chapter I will offer a systematic account.
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"Why It Is Easier to Wreak Havoc than Unleash Havoc: The Role of Lexical Co- occurrence, Predictability, and Reading Proficiency in Sentence." In Reading - From Words to Multiple Texts, 86–105. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203131268-9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Lexical predictability"
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Delmonte, Rodolfo, and Nicolò Busetto. "Word Predictability is Based on Context - and/or Frequency." In 8th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (AI 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121818.
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In this paper we present an experiment carried out with BERT on a small number of Italian sentences taken from two domains: newspapers and poetry domain. They represent two levels of increasing difficulty in the possibility to predict the masked word that we intended to test. The experiment is organized on the hypothesis of increasing difficulty in predictability at the three levels of linguistic complexity that we intend to monitor: lexical, syntactic and semantic level. To test this hypothesis we alternate canonical and non-canonical versions of the same sentence before processing them with the same DL model. The result shows that DL models are highly sensitive to presence of non-canonical structures and to local non-literal meaning compositional effect. However, DL are also very sensitive to word frequency by predicting preferentially function vs content words, collocates vs infrequent word phrases. To measure differences in performance we created a linguistically based “predictability parameter” which is highly correlated with a cosine based classification but produces better distinctions between classes.