Journal articles: 'Lexical access'

1

Vannest, Jennifer, and Julie E. Boland. "Lexical Morphology and Lexical Access." Brain and Language 68, no. 1-2 (June 1999): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1999.2114.

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Feldman, Laurie Beth, Dominiek Sandra, and Marcus Taft. "Morphological Structure, Lexical Representation and Lexical Access." American Journal of Psychology 111, no. 3 (1998): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423450.

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Cook, Svetlana V., and Kira Gor. "Lexical access in L2." Mental Lexicon 10, no. 2 (September 11, 2015): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.10.2.04coo.

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Previous research on phonological priming in a Lexical Decision Task (LDT) has demonstrated that second language (L2) learners do not show inhibition typical for native (L1) speakers that results from lexical competition, but rather a reversed effect – facilitation (Gor, Cook, & Jackson, 2010). The present study investigates the source of the reversed priming effect and addresses two possible causes: a deficit in lexical representations and a processing constraint. Twenty-three advanced learners of Russian participated in two experiments. The monolingual Russian LDT task with priming addressed the processing constraint by manipulating the interstimulus interval (ISI, 350 ms and 500 ms). The translation task evaluated the robustness of lexical representations at both the phonolexical level (whole-word phonological representation) and the level of form-to-meaning mapping, thereby addressing the lexical deficit. L2 learners did not benefit from an increased ISI, indicating lack of support for the processing constraint. However, the study, found evidence for the representational deficit: when L2 familiarity with the words is controlled and L2 representations are robust, L2 learners demonstrate native-like processing accompanied by inhibition; however, when the words have fragmented (or fuzzy) representations, L2 lexical access is unfaithful and is accompanied by reduced lexical competition leading to facilitation effects.

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Newman, Rochelle S. "Lexical access across talkers." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31, no. 6 (April 25, 2016): 709–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2015.1136745.

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Aparicio, Xavier, and Jean-Marc Lavaur. "Lexical access in trilinguals." Translation, Cognition & Behavior 1, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 42–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00003.apa.

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Abstract An original double-masked translation priming study investigates how trilingual translation trainees process their non-dominant languages (L2 and L3) and how these languages influence one another. We recruited 24 French (L1)- English (L2)- Spanish (L3) unbalanced trilinguals to perform lexical decision tasks in their L2 and L3. Target words were preceded by two primes, which were either the same word (repetition), a translation in one language, translations in two languages or unrelated words (in one or two languages). The results highlighted strong translation priming effects, with a repetition effect in both target languages. In addition, when the translation primes belonged to the other non-dominant language, reaction times (RTs) were slower in comparison to semantically unrelated primes in the same priming language. When two different languages were presented as a prime, L1 primes were more efficient when presented as first prime. These results are in line with previous experiments on masked translation priming studies in trilinguals and suggest that the multilingual lexicon is mediated by the L1.

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Small, Larry H., Stephen D. Simon, and Jill S. Goldberg. "Lexical stress and lexical access: Homographs versus nonhomographs." Perception & Psychophysics 44, no. 3 (May 1988): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206295.

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Darcy, Isabelle, Danielle Daidone, and Chisato Kojima. "Asymmetric lexical access and fuzzy lexical representations in second language learners." Phonological and Phonetic considerations of Lexical Processing 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 372–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.3.06dar.

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For L2-learners, confusable phonemic categories lead to ambiguous lexical representations. Yet, learners can establish separate lexical representations for confusable categories, as shown by asymmetric patterns of lexical access, but the source of this asymmetry is not clear (Cutler et al., 2006). Two hypotheses compete, situating its source either at the lexical coding level or at the phonetic categorization level. The lexical coding hypothesis suggests that learners’ encoding of an unfamiliar category is not target-like but makes reference to a familiar L1 category (encoded as a poor exemplar of that L1 category). Four experiments examined how learners lexically encode confusable phonemic categories. American English learners of Japanese and of German were tested on phonetic categorization and lexical decision for geminate/singleton contrasts and front/back rounded vowel contrasts. Results showed the same asymmetrical patterns as Cutler et al.’s (2006), indicating that learners encode a lexical distinction between difficult categories. Results also clarify that the source of the asymmetry is located at the lexical coding level and does not emerge during input categorization: the distinction is not target-like, and makes reference to L1 categories. We further provide new evidence that asymmetries can be resolved over time: advanced learners are establishing more native-like lexical representations.

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McNellis, Mark G., and Sheila E. Blumstein. "Self-Organizing Dynamics of Lexical Access in Normals and Aphasics." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901564216.

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The goal of this article is to illustrate the application of self-organizing dynamics in the design of a model of lexical access. We focus particularly on the mapping of sound structure on to the lexicon and the influence of that structure on lexical access. The approach is tested in a series of two sets of simulations that explicate how lexical access might occur in normal subjects and aphasic patients. Both sets of simulations address the behavioral effects of both phonological and phonetic variability of prime stimuli on the magnitude of semantic priming. Results show that the model can successfully account for the behavioral effects associated with several kinds of acoustic manipulation, competitor presence, and the unfolding of those effects over time—primarily because it balances three important control parameters: resting lexical activation, positive feedback, and negative feedback. These simulations are offered as support (in the form of an existence proof) that deficits in the degree of lexical activation can account for the lexical processing impairments shown by Broca's aphasics who have reduced lexical activation, and Wernicke's aphasics who have increased lexical activation. Overall, results suggest that the present approach promises to offer a coherent theoretical framework within which to link empirical evidence in language processing and cognitive neuroscience in terms of possible underlying mechanisms.

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SCHMID, MONIKA S., and SCOTT JARVIS. "Lexical access and lexical diversity in first language attrition." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, no. 4 (January 16, 2014): 729–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000771.

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This paper presents an investigation of lexical first language (L1) attrition, asking how a decrease in lexical accessibility manifests itself in long-term residents in a second language (L2) environment. We question the measures typically used in attrition studies (formal tasks and type–token ratios) and argue for an in-depth analysis of free spoken data, including factors such as lexical frequency and distributional measures. The study is based on controlled, elicited and free data from two populations of attriters of L1 German (L2 Dutch and English) and a control population (n = 53 in each group). Group comparisons and a Discriminant Analysis show that lexical diversity, sophistication and the distribution of items across the text in free speech are better predictors of group membership than formal tasks or elicited narratives. Extralinguistic factors, such as frequency of exposure and use or length of residence, have no predictive power for our results.

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Andrews, Sally. "Morphological influences on lexical access: Lexical or nonlexical effects?" Journal of Memory and Language 25, no. 6 (December 1986): 726–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-596x(86)90046-x.

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Bhattarai, Biraj, and Abhishek Budiguppe Panchakshari. "Lexical access in brain-damaged individuals: Evidence from anomic aphasia." Neuroscience Research Notes 5, no. 3 (August 15, 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i3.150.

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Facilitation and inhibition are the two mechanisms of lexical activation. If one word in the lexical facilitates the activation of the other word, it is termed facilitation. On the other hand, if one word/lexical item impedes the activation of the other word in the lexicon, it is called inhibition. Many experimental tasks like naming and priming tasks can be used to tap these two mechanisms of lexical activation. The current study aimed to test these two patterns of lexical activation in persons with anomic aphasia. Ten persons with anomic aphasia and ten neurologically healthy individuals designated as group 1 and group 2 served as participants. The blocked naming task was administered to the participants. The semantically related blocks comprised pictures belonging to the same lexical category, while semantically unrelated blocks comprised pictures belonging to different lexical categories. For group 1, vocal reaction time and accuracy scores were better for unrelated blocks than related ones. For group 2, there was no evident difference between the vocal reaction time and accuracy scores for related and unrelated blocks. The difference between the vocal reaction time for semantically related and unrelated blocks was significant statistically only for group 1, indicating that the mechanism of lexical activation was different for the two groups. Better vocal reaction time for unrelated blocks indicated inhibition in persons with anomic aphasia.

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Kazanina, Nina, Jeffrey S. Bowers, and William Idsardi. "Phonemes: Lexical access and beyond." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 25, no. 2 (September 5, 2017): 560–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1362-0.

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Gordon, Peter C. "Lexical Access in Speech Production." Language and Speech 37, no. 4 (October 1994): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002383099403700408.

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Wu, Junru, Yiya Chen, Vincent J. van Heuven, and Niels O. Schiller. "Tonal variability in lexical access." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 29, no. 10 (May 6, 2014): 1317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2014.915977.

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Newman, Rochelle S. "Lexical access across different voices." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (April 2009): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784176.

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Caramazza, Alfonso, Alessandro Laudanna, and Cristina Romani. "Lexical access and inflectional morphology." Cognition 28, no. 3 (April 1988): 297–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(88)90017-0.

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Hirose, Takehiko. "Recognition of Japanese Kana Words in Priming Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 3 (December 1992): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3.907.

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The processes of lexical access in two types of Kana (Japanese syllabic scripts), Hiragana and Katakana, were studied by means of lexical decision and naming experiments. Each target word was preceded by a word that was either related or unrelated semantically. The semantic priming of target words facilitated performance in both lexical decision and naming for Katakana words that were conventionally written in Katakana (e.g., foreign loanwords are normally written in Katakana). In contrast, semantic priming facilitated only lexical decision for these words written in Hiragana. These results suggest that (1) for foreign loanwords written in Katakana, lexical decision and naming are influenced by the internal lexicon and (2) for foreign loanwords written in Hiragana, naming is not strongly influenced by the internal lexicon. This supports the notion that lexical access of some Kana (phonologically shallow orthography) words can be achieved without phonological recoding.

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Wang, Chunlei, and Na Li. "Bilingual Lexical Representation and Its Access." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 4 (October 18, 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i4.39.

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The purpose of this paper is to explore the terminology, concepts and access to bilingual lexical representation. The core problem of linguistic cognitive structure is linguistic representation which is the reflection of individual psychology on linguistic knowledge. In terms of linguistic representation, the research and experiments on the evidence of lexical representation in modern psycholinguistic period are reviewed. Psycholinguistic studies attempt to apply elucidate language theories and model systems to operate and interpret representational data. We recognize that the use of the concept of lexical representation may contribute to the search for "psychological grammar" .Moreover, we present the original intention of studying bilingual representation and three approaches of the bilingual lexical representation: lexical meaning, direct representation of reality, functional representations. Our focuses are models of lexical access, variables that influence lexical access and appraising models of lexical access. Then we represent models of lexical access, which are influenced by variety of factors, including the frequency of a word, its phonological structure, its syntactic category, its morphological structure, the presence of semantically related words, and the existence of alternative meaning of the word. It is concluded that bilingual lexical representation access is influenced by a variety of factors.

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Magnini, Bernardo. "Use of a lexical knowledge base for information access systems." Terminology 5, no. 2 (December 31, 1998): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.5.2.08mag.

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The role of generic lexical resources as well as specialized terminology is crucial in the design of complex dialogue systems, where a human interacts with the computer using Natural Language. Lexicon and terminology are supposed to store information for several purposes, including the discrimination of semantic-ally inconsistent interpretations, the use of lexical variations, the compositional construction of a semantic representation for a complex sentence and the ability to access equivalencies across different languages. For these purposes it is necessary to rely on representational tools that are both theoretically motivated and operationally well defined. In this paper we propose a solution to lexical and terminology representation which is based on the combination of a linguistically motivated upper model and a multilingual WordNet. The upper model accounts for the linguistic analysis at the sentence level, while the multilingual WordNet accounts for lexical and conceptual relations at the word level.

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Lev-Ari, Shiri, and Zeshu Shao. "How social network heterogeneity facilitates lexical access and lexical prediction." Memory & Cognition 45, no. 3 (November 28, 2016): 528–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0675-y.

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Cutler, Anne. "Forbearis a Homophone: Lexical Prosody Does Not Constrain Lexical Access." Language and Speech 29, no. 3 (July 1986): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002383098602900302.

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Brennan, Jonathan, Constantine Lignos, David Embick, and Timothy P. L. Roberts. "Spectro-temporal correlates of lexical access during auditory lexical decision." Brain and Language 133 (June 2014): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.03.006.

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Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A., and Kathleen Baynes. "Modes of Lexical Access in the Callosotomized Brain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4, no. 2 (April 1992): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1992.4.2.155.

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Left hemisphere processing is typically characterized as analytic and serial whereas the right hemisphere is characterized as wholistic and parallel. Word recognition may be an exception to this dichotomy if the letter-by-letter alexia produced by left hemisphere damage reflects the reading abilities of the right hemisphere. We investigated this possibility by studying prelexical and lexical processes in the separated hemispheres of callosotomy patient J. W. A word superiority effect demonstrated in each visual field suggests that both hemispheres have access to a visual lexicon. Error patterns, letter recognition thresholds, and lexical decision performance as a function of word length suggest that the left hemisphere tends to utilize a parallel access mode, whereas the right hemisphere mode is less efficient and may be serial. Furthermore, only J. W.'s left hemisphere showed letter priming, an outcome consistent with observations in letter-by-letter alexia. These findings suggest that the right hemisphere may have an independent visual lexicon and may provide an alternative although less efficient route to reading. We suggest that a serial encoding strategy results because the global processing mode for which the right hemisphere is specialized is largely ineffective for word reading.

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Jackendoff, Ray, and Jenny Audring. "Morphological schemas." New Questions for the Next Decade 11, no. 3 (December 16, 2016): 467–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.3.06jac.

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We propose a theory of the lexicon in which rules of grammar, encoded as declarative schemas, are lexical items containing variables. We develop a notation to encode precise relations among lexical items and show how this differs from the standard notion of inheritance. We also show how schemas can play both a generative role, acting as productive rules, and also a relational role, where they codify nonproductive but nevertheless prolific patterns within the lexicon. We then show how this theory of lexical relations can be embedded directly into a theory of lexical access and lexical processing, such that it can make direct contact with experimental findings.

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Brown, Colin, and Peter Hagoort. "The Processing Nature of the N400: Evidence from Masked Priming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 1 (January 1993): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.1.34.

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The N400 is an endogenous event-related brain potential (ERP) that is sensitive to semantic processes during language comprehension. The general question we address in this paper is which aspects of the comprehension process are manifest in the N400. The focus is on the sensitivity of the N400 to the automatic process of lexical access, or to the controlled process of lexical integration. The former process is the reflex-like and effortless behavior of computing a form representation of the linguistic signal, and of mapping this representation onto corresponding entries in the mental lexicon. The latter process concerns the integration of a spoken or written word into a higher-order meaning representation of the context within which it occurs. ERPs and reaction times (RTs) were acquired to target words preceded by semantically related and unrelated prime words. The semantic relationship between a prime and its target has been shown to modulate the amplitude of the N400 to the target. This modulation can arise from lexical access processes, reflecting the automatic spread of activation between words related in meaning in the mental lexicon. Alternatively, the N400 effect can arise from lexical integration processes, reflecting the relative ease of meaning integration between the prime and the target. To assess the impact of automatic lexical access processes on the N400, we compared the effect of masked and unmasked presentations of a prime on the N400 to a following target. Masking prevents perceptual identification, and as such it is claimed to rule out effects from controlled processes. It therefore enables a stringent test of the possible impact of automatic lexical access processes on the N400. The RT study showed a significant semantic priming effect under both unmasked and masked presentations of the prime. The result for masked priming reflects the effect of automatic spreading of activation during the lexical access process. The ERP study showed a significant N400 effect for the unmasked presentation condition, but no such effect for the masked presentation condition. This indicates that the N400 is not a manifestation of lexical access processes, but reflects aspects of semantic integration processes.

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Liu, Yu. "Relating Lexical Access and Second Language Speaking Performance." Languages 5, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5020013.

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Vocabulary plays a key role in speech production, affecting multiple stages of language processing. This pilot study investigates the relationships between second language (L2) learners’ lexical access and their speaking fluency, speaking accuracy, and speaking complexity. Fifteen L2 learners of Chinese participated in the experiment. A task-specific, native-referenced vocabulary test was used to measure learners’ vocabulary size and lexical retrieval speed. Learners’ speaking performance was measured by thirteen variables. The results showed that lexical access was significantly correlated with learners’ speech rate, lexical accuracy, syntactic accuracy, and lexical complexity. Vocabulary size and lexical retrieval speed were significant predictors of speech rate. However, vocabulary size and lexical retrieval speed each affected learners’ speaking performance differently. Learners’ speaking fluency, accuracy, and complexity were all affected by vocabulary size. No significant correlation was found between lexical retrieval speed and syntactic complexity. Findings in this study support the Model of Bilingual Speech Production, revealing the significant role lexical access plays in L2 speech production.

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Taler, Vanessa, Shanna Kousaie, and Christine Sheppard. "Lexical access in mild cognitive impairment." Mental Lexicon 10, no. 2 (September 11, 2015): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.10.2.05tal.

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We examined the use of sentence context in lexical processing in aging and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Younger and older adults and participants with MCI completed a lexical decision task in which target words were primed by sentences biasing a related or unrelated word (e.g., prime: “The baby put the spoon in his ______”, biased word: “mouth”, related target: “KISS”, unrelated target: “LEASH”). Biased items were of high or low frequency. All participants responded more quickly when the biased word was of high than low frequency, regardless of whether the target and biased word were related. Frequency effects were stronger in related than unrelated stimuli, and MCI participants – but not controls – responded more slowly when the target was related to a low-frequency word than when it was unrelated. We hypothesize that this effect results from slowed lexical activation in MCI: low frequency expected words are not completely activated when the target word is presented, leading to increased competition between the expected and target items, and resultant slowing in lexical decision on the target. These results indicate that MCI participants can use contextual information to make predictions about upcoming lexical items, and that information about lexical associations remains available in MCI.

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Bates, Elizabeth, Antonella Devescovi, Luigi Pizzamiglio, Simona D’amico, and Arturo Hernandez. "Gender and lexical access in Italian." Perception & Psychophysics 57, no. 6 (January 1995): 847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206800.

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Navracsics, Judit. "Bilingual semantic representation and lexical access." Acta Linguistica Hungarica 49, no. 2 (June 2002): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aling.49.2002.2.3.

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Whalen, D. H. "Subcategorical phonetic mismatches and lexical access." Perception & Psychophysics 50, no. 4 (July 1991): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03212227.

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Andonova, Elena, Simona D’Amico, Antonella Devescovi, and Elizabeth Bates. "Gender and lexical access in Bulgarian." Perception & Psychophysics 66, no. 3 (April 2004): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03194896.

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Zelaznik, Howard N. "A Lexical Access Theory of Stuttering." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 35, no. 6 (June 1990): 602–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/028727.

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Posner, Michael I., and Bruce D. McCandliss. "Converging Methods for Investigating Lexical Access." Psychological Science 4, no. 5 (September 1993): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00569.x.

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In our discussion of the articles in this Special Section, we ask how well the various methods employed in these investigations can be made to converge on a common issue. We review how current evidence from positron emission tomography, studies of event-related potentials, cognitive methods, lesion studies, and network models relates to the mental processing of an ambiguous word. While many puzzles remain, we are impressed by the promising possibility of bringing these different methods together to deal with an issue central to cognition.

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Gerrig, Richard J. "Process and products of lexical access." Language and Cognitive Processes 1, no. 3 (July 1986): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690968608407060.

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Shport, Irina A., Dorian Dorado, and María Gabriela Puscama. "Lexical access in English-Spanish bilinguals." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8, no. 3 (February 20, 2018): 372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17039.shp.

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Abstract Does early onset age of language learning in an informal setting always have a long-term advantage? We compared lexical access in adult heritage speakers of Spanish and late learners of Spanish in two word-production tasks, while also considering the speakers’ oral proficiency in their non-dominant language. In all speakers, word recall in the picture-naming task was less accurate and slower than in the translation task. Heritage speakers and late learners of high Spanish proficiency level were different only in the translation task, where learners were faster than heritage speakers, which may be explained by their experience with translation of visual input. These findings suggest that for a non-dominant language, an early onset of learning does not provide an advantage, at least when high-proficiency bilinguals, high-frequency words, and behavioral measures are concerned. Oral proficiency matters most, as it correlates with frequency of language use.

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Vo, M., and J. Wolfe. "Scene syntactic priming boosts lexical access." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.867.

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Fink, Angela, Gary M. Oppenheim, and Matthew Goldrick. "Interactions between lexical access and articulation." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 33, no. 1 (July 6, 2017): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2017.1348529.

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Pulvermüller, Friedemann. "Lexical access as a brain mechanism." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 1 (February 1999): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99371776.

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COSTA, ALBERT, WIDO LA HEIJ, and EDUARDO NAVARRETE. "The dynamics of bilingual lexical access." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 9, no. 2 (June 22, 2006): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728906002495.

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In this article we discuss different views about how information flows through the lexical system in bilingual speech production. In the first part, we focus on some of the experimental evidence often quoted in favor of the parallel activation of the bilinguals' two languages from the semantic system in the course of language production. We argue that such evidence does not require us to embrace the existence of parallel activation of the two languages of a bilingual. In the second part of the article, we discuss the possibility that the language-not-in-use (or the non-response language) is activated via feedback from the sublexical representations and we devise some experimental procedures to assess the validity of such an assumption.

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Feyereisen, Pierre. "How could gesture facilitate lexical access?" Advances in Speech Language Pathology 8, no. 2 (January 2006): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14417040600667293.

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Tagliapietra, Lara, R. Fanari, S. Collina, and P. Tabossi. "Syllabic Effects in Italian Lexical Access." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 38, no. 6 (April 28, 2009): 511–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-009-9116-4.

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Neumann, Yael, Loraine K. Obler, Valerie Shafer, and Hilary Gomes. "Electrophysiological evidence of lexical access disruptions." Brain and Language 103, no. 1-2 (October 2007): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2007.07.085.

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Huntsman, Laree A., and Susan D. Lima. "Orthographic neighborhood structure and lexical access." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 25, no. 3 (May 1996): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01727000.

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van Helden-Lankhaar, Marja. "A connection in lexical development." Annual Review of Language Acquisition 1 (October 19, 2001): 157–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arla.1.05hel.

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The relationship is examined between two different domains of lexical development: innovative compounding and access to abstract lexical relations. The creation of novel compounds as appropriate labels for novel concepts requires the accessibility of relatively abstract relations between word meanings in the mental lexicon. In a picture naming task in which novel concepts have to be labeled (e.g., a vehicle that can both sail and drive) children’s production of appropriate novel compounds (e.g., car-boat) increases with age. This compound production is, independently of age, related to children’s ability to access coordinate lexical relations (such as between cat and dog) in a contrastive word association task (‘a cat is not a...?’). It is proposed that this connection between innovative compounding and access to coordinate relations is cognitive in nature and involves a common ability for lexical comparisons. Innovative compounding reflects comparison ‘on the spot’ between the novel concept and available related word meaning knowledge, and contrastive coordinate production reflects the results of developmentally earlier comparison processes evoked by adult contrastive input.

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Binder, J. R., K. A. McKiernan, M. E. Parsons, C. F. Westbury, E. T. Possing, J. N. Kaufman, and L. Buchanan. "Neural Correlates of Lexical Access during Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2003): 372–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903321593108.

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People can discriminate real words from nonwords even when the latter are orthographically and phonologically word-like, presumably because words activate specific lexical and/or semantic information. We investigated the neural correlates of this identification process using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants performed a visual lexical decision task under conditions that encouraged specific word identification: Nonwords were matched to words on orthographic and phonologic characteristics, and accuracy was emphasized over speed. To identify neural responses associated with activation of nonsemantic lexical information, processing of words and nonwords with many lexical neighbors was contrasted with processing of items with no neighbors. The fMRI data showed robust differences in activation by words and word-like nonwords, with stronger word activation occurring in a distributed, left hemisphere network previously associated with semantic processing, and stronger nonword activation occurring in a posterior inferior frontal area previously associated with grapheme-to-phoneme mapping. Contrary to lexicon-based models of word recognition, there were no brain areas in which activation increased with neighborhood size. For words, activation in the left prefrontal, angular gyrus, and ventrolateral temporal areas was stronger for items without neighbors, probably because accurate responses to these items were more dependent on activation of semantic information. The results show neural correlates of access to specific word information. The absence of facilitatory lexical neighborhood effects on activation in these brain regions argues for an interpretation in terms of semantic access. Because subjects performed the same task throughout, the results are unlikely to be due to task-specific attentional, strategic, or expectancy effects.

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Gnitiev, Sergei, and Szilvia Bátyi. "Lexical access, lexical diversity and speech fluency in first language attrition." Strani jezici 51, no. 2 (2022): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22210/strjez/51-2/1.

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Schröter, Pauline, and Sascha Schroeder. "Exploring early language detection in balanced bilingual children: The impact of language-specificity on cross-linguistic nonword recognition." International Journal of Bilingualism 22, no. 3 (October 1, 2016): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916672751.

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Aims and objectives: Recent findings on the mechanisms of lexical access suggest that bilinguals are sensitive to the orthographic structure of their languages. Several studies have demonstrated that if presented with language-specific sub-lexical information, bilingual adults use this information to speed up word recognition, which provides evidence for language-selective lexical access. In the present study, we investigated the presence of such an early language detection mechanism in children. Methodology: Forty-six balanced bilingual third-graders performed two seemingly monolingual lexical decision tasks, one in English and one in German, including nonwords with different degrees of word-likeness in each language. Data and analysis: Accuracy scores and reaction times were analyzed for nonwords using mixed-effects models with the statistical software R. Findings: Results show no impact of language-specific sub-lexical information on children’s performance in either task. We argue that bilingual lexical access is initially language-nonselective, and that sensitivity to language-specific orthographic structures first emerges over time. In contrast to bilingual adults, language detection in bilingual children is exclusively based on lexical information. Originality: The present study provides first data on the detection mechanism for language membership at the early stages of bilingual reading development. We are the first to demonstrate an important difference in the architecture of the bilingual lexicon between children and adults. Implications: Findings contribute to knowledge on the development of lexical access in bilinguals and pose limitations to the generalizability of the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+) extended model.

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Stong, Margaret. "Lexical Overgeneration in Icelandic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 2 (December 1987): 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001657.

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Bound neuter i-stems in Modern Icelandic, which occur as heads of compounds in for examplesalanguryroi‘slang word’, support an overgenerating model of the lexicon. Bound stems are shown to be generated as constituents at level 1 of the lexicon and combined to form compounds at level 2. Bound stems are blocked from becoming inputs to the syntax by the Avoid Synonymy principle (Kiparsky 1983), revised as a constraint on the output of the lexicon as a whole. Because Avoid Synonymy operates in lexical Logical Form, it has access to word-internal structure at each lexical level. The revised version of Avoid Synonymy is given additional support from Icelandic and English.

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Rodd, Jennifer M. "Settling Into Semantic Space: An Ambiguity-Focused Account of Word-Meaning Access." Perspectives on Psychological Science 15, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691619885860.

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Most words are ambiguous: Individual word forms (e.g., run) can map onto multiple different interpretations depending on their sentence context (e.g., the athlete/politician/river runs). Models of word-meaning access must therefore explain how listeners and readers can rapidly settle on a single, contextually appropriate meaning for each word that they encounter. I present a new account of word-meaning access that places semantic disambiguation at its core and integrates evidence from a wide variety of experimental approaches to explain this key aspect of language comprehension. The model has three key characteristics. (a) Lexical-semantic knowledge is viewed as a high-dimensional space; familiar word meanings correspond to stable states within this lexical-semantic space. (b) Multiple linguistic and paralinguistic cues can influence the settling process by which the system resolves on one of these familiar meanings. (c) Learning mechanisms play a vital role in facilitating rapid word-meaning access by shaping and maintaining high-quality lexical-semantic knowledge throughout the life span. In contrast to earlier models of word-meaning access, I highlight individual differences in lexical-semantic knowledge: Each person’s lexicon is uniquely structured by specific, idiosyncratic linguistic experiences.

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Lemmenmeier-Batinić, Dolores. "Lexical Explorer: extending access to the Database for Spoken German for user-specific purposes." Corpora 15, no. 1 (April 2020): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2020.0185.

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This paper presents Lexical Explorer, 2 a tool that allows interactive browsing and filtering of quantitative corpus information. It further describes how this tool can be used to support linguistic work on corpora of spoken German. By using Lexical Explorer, users can analyse quantitative corpus data by interacting with frequency tables and obtaining customised word profiles of word distribution across word form variation, co-occurrences and metadata. Interaction with corpus examples of particular corpus counts is also enabled. Lexical Explorer was developed as a prototype for user-specific corpus access and is aimed at researchers of German lexicon in spoken interaction. Although Lexical Explorer was developed on the basis of two small speech corpora of the German language, the underlying principle of this tool can be easily adapted to other corpora and other user groups. Moreover, the tool can be used to gain insights into the corpus structure as well as to study and verify corpus content in a transparent and user-friendly way.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lexical access'

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