Journal articles on the topic 'Lex loci'
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Christensen, Anna, and Mattias Malmstedt. "Lex Loci Laboris versus Lex Loci Domicilii – An Inquiry into the Normative Foundations of European Social Security Law." European Journal of Social Security 2, no. 1 (March 2000): 69–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010025908052.
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Clarkson, C. M. V. "Marriage in England: favouring the lex fori." Legal Studies 10, no. 1 (March 1990): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1990.tb00030.x.
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The orthodox rules on validity of marriage at common law are that formal validity of marriage is governed by the lex loci celebrationis and essential validity of marriage (or capacity to marry) is governed by the personal law, ie the law of domicile. Neither the lex loci celebrationis nor the lex fori ought to have any interest in such questions of essential validity.According to such orthodoxy there are two rules of English law that are suspect and in need of reconsideration. First, there is (arguably) the rule that the parties to a marriage do not need to have capacity to marry by the lex loci celebrationis when they marry abroad but do need such capacity when the marriage takes place in England. The second rule subject to attack is the notorious ‘exception’ based on Sottomayer v de Barros (No 2)2 which allows a foreign incapacity to be ignored when an English domiciliary marries in England, but not when the marriage takes place abroad.
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ТРОЩЕНКО, ІРИНА. "Колізійне регулювання недоговірних зобов’язань у міжнародному приватному праві України та шляхи його вдосконалення на підставі досвіду європейських країн." Право України, no. 2020/06 (2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33498/louu-2020-06-111.
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Колізійне регулювання недоговірних зобов’язань у міжнародному приватному праві України здійснюється відповідно до положень Закону України “Про міжнародне приватне право” (Закон про МПрП). Основними формулами прикріплення, що використовується згідно з Законом про МПрП, є прив’язка до місця вчинення дії, що призвела до виникнення зобов’язання або правопорушення – lex loci actus і lex loci delicti commissi. Незважаючи на те, що зазначені формули прикріплення є традиційними для недоговірних зобов’язань, уніфіковане колізійне право країн Європейського Союзу (ЄС) щодо недоговірних зобов’язань, втілене у Регламенті ЄС № 864/2007 щодо права, що підлягає застосуванню до недоговірних зобов’язань, відійшло від використання зазначених прив’язок на користь прив’язки до місця настання шкідливих наслідків – lex loci damni. Метою статті є аналіз колізійного механізму застосування до недоговірних зобов’язань, закріпленого у чинному законодавстві України з метою визначення наявних проблем його використання, зокрема й через аналіз судової практики застосування існуючих формул прикріплення і через аналіз чинного права ЄС щодо недоговірних зобов’язань, з метою визначення необхідності реформування чинного законодавства України та формулювання пропозицій щодо внесення змін до Закону про МПрП. У результаті проведеного дослідження було визначено, що основними формулами прикріплення, які використовуються для визначення права, яке підлягає застосуванню до недоговірних зобов’язань згідно з чинним законодавством України, є прив’язка до місця вчинення дії, що призвела до виникнення зобов’язання або правопорушення – lex loci actus і lex loci delicti commissi. Крім того, Законом про МПрП передбачено низку спеціальних прив’язок, зокрема: до права спільного доміцилію сторін та права найбільш тісного зв’язку. Також правом України передбачено спеціальні формули прикріплення зобов’язань, що виникають зі шкоди, завданої внаслідок недоліків товарів, робіт (послуг) та щодо зобов’язань із набуття, збере-ження майна без достатньої правової підстави. Регламент ЄС № 864/2007 щодо права, що підлягає застосуванню до недоговірних зобов’язань, закріплює як основне правило прикріплення – прив’язку до місця настання шкоди lex loci damni, якщо сторонами не було реалізовано вибір права відповідно до lex voluntatis, а також містить низку спеціальних колізійних прив’язок, згідно з якими визначається застосовне право у численних окремих видах правовідносин. Було сформульовано висновки щодо доцільності внесення змін до законо давства України, а саме Закону про МПрП, направлені на закріплення місця настання шкоди lex loci damni на рівні основної формули прикріплення та закріплення спеціальних колізійних прив’язок для окремих видів правовідносин, зокрема щодо зобов’язань, які виникають унаслідок завдання шкоди навколишньому середовищу та внаслідок страйків чи локауту й усунення інших прогалин законодавства.
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Goode, R. "The Role of the Lex Loci Arbitri in International Commercial Arbitration." Arbitration International 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1008973626914.
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Saefullah, Saefullah. "Choice of Law Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Perjanjian Internasional." Binamulia Hukum 11, no. 2 (December 4, 2022): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37893/jbh.v11i2.717.
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Kontrak perdata internasional merupakan salah satu hubungan hukum yang digunakan untuk mempermudah kerja sama antar negara, namun terkadang kemudahan dalam kerja sama tersebut seringkali mengalami hambatan apabila terjadi sengketa. Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi hal tersebut para pihak dapat membuat pilihan hukum, sehingga diharapkan dapat memperoleh putusan dalam penyelesaian sengketa yang timbul dalam kontrak perdata internasional, sehingga terciptanya kemanfaatan dan kepastian hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue approach). Selain itu penelitian mengkaji bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Selanjutnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif analitis. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa kontrak bisnis internasional yang tidak terdapat pilihan hukumnya, hukum yang seharusnya digunakan (lex cause) belum pasti karena masih harus dilakukan proses penentuannya dan tergantung hakim mendasarkan pada doktrin/teori yang mana untuk menentukan lex cause-nya. Ada beberapa teori dalam hukum perdata internasional yang dapat digunakan untuk menemukan hukum yang seharusnya berlaku (lex cause) bagi suatu hubungan pihak yang tidak ada pilihan hukumnya. Teori-teori itu adalah teori lex loci contractus, teori lex loci soluntionis, teori the proper law of contract, dan teori the most characteristic connection.
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Nicita, Antonio. "The Cost of Transnational Accidents: Lessons from Bhopal and Amoco." Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 4 (August 1, 2009): 683–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009028.
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This article deals with the economic effects generated by different conflict rules on incentives of economic agents. In particular, we ascertain the rules currently in force at the domestic level, and subsequently analyze each of them from an economic standpoint. Namely, we focus our analysis on the following rules: the so-called lex loci delicti, the lex loci laesionis, the forum shopping and the forum non conveniens, the optio legis principle, and the rule of victim’s freedom of choice. We exploit these rules to explain some famous cases, that is, the accident that occurred at the Bhopal plant in 1984 and the oil spill involving the supertanker Amoco Cadiz.
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Ortega Giménez, Alfonso. "Régimen de alegación y prueba del Derecho extranjero y Lex Loci Delicti Commissi. Comentario a la sentencia de la Audiencia Provincial de las Islas Baleares de 13 de diciembre de 2018 = Scheme of allegation and proof of Foreign Law and Lex Loci Delicti Commissi. Comment on the judgment of the Spanish Court of Appeal of the Balearic Islands of 13 December 2018." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.5014.
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Resumen: El Derecho extranjero debe alegarse y probarse en lo que a su existencia, vigencia y contenido se refiere, permitiendo al Tribunal valerse de los medios de averiguación que estime necesarios para su aplicación. Es a la parte que lo invoque a quien corresponde demostrar el contenido y su vigencia. Así se aprecia en la Sentencia de la Audiencia Provincial de las Islas Baleares de 13 de diciembre, de 2018, donde la parte demandada presenta dos informes sobre el Derecho extranjero; el Tribunal rechaza ambos informes señalando que en ellos no se aprecia ninguna especialidad del derecho extranjero sobre la titularidad del bien; respecto al informe sobre la legitimación pasiva conforme al derecho de Curazao y Holanda resultaba innecesario tratándose de una obligación no contractual, por lo que en virtud de la Lex Loci Delicti Commissi será de aplicación la Ley española, al haberse producido el daño en territorio nacional.Palabras clave: Derecho extranjero, Lex Loci Delicti Commissi, obligaciones extracontractuales.Abstract: The foreign Law must be alleged and proven as to its existence, validity and content, allowing the Court to use the means of inquiry it deems necessary for its application. It is the party that invokes it to whom it corresponds to demonstrate the content and its validity. This is seen in the Judgment of the Spanish Court of Appeal of the Balearic Islands of 13 December 2018, where the presents two reports on foreign law; the Court rejects both reports noting that they do not see any specialty of foreign law on the ownership of the property; Regarding the report on passive legitimation under the law of Curaçao and the Netherlands, it was unnecessary in the case of a non-contractual obligation, so under the Lex Loci Delicti Commissi the Spanish Law will apply, since the damage occurred in the national territory.Keywords: Foreign law, Lex Loci Delicti Commissi, non-contractual obligations.
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Прокофьев, Александр, Aleksandr Prokofiev, Валерия Смирнова, and Valeriya Smirnova. "Certain Issues Concerning Legal Regulation of Trade Mark License Contracts." Journal of Russian Law 3, no. 7 (June 25, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11743.
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The article examines current legal problems which arise in connection with trade mark license contracts. In the contemporary business environment a problem of liability for non-ensuring quality control under trade mark licensing law has become increasingly important. Restrictive business practices and regulation of parallel import is another concern. Authors analyze not only provisions of the substantive law but also legal regulation of the relevant issues concerning the conflict of laws rules. The article also tackles a major problem in the sphere of international private law: correlation of lex contractus and lex loci protectionis connecting factors. Lex contractus covers contractual aspects of the trade mark license such as contract interpretation, mutual obligations of the parties, their performance, discharge and consequences of breach thereof. And lex loci protectionis governs non-contractual aspects such as existence, validity and protection of the right to the trade mark itself. Sometimes it is difficult to label certain issues, like the licensee’s allowed continued use of the mark after the termination of the license, as contractual or non-contractual. The article offers comprehensive analysis of all these questions on the basis of the most recent legislation, court practice and doctrines, both Russian and foreign.
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Степан Олегович, Куц. "CORRELATION OF CONFLICT RULES OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION IN THE REGULATION OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS WITH A FOREIGN ELEMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE PROCEDURE FOR RESOLVING DISPUTES RELATED TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES)." NORTH CAUCASUS LEGAL VESTNIK 1, no. 3 (September 2022): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2022-1-3-115-122.
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Author in the article analyses unified conflict rules in international treaties of the Russian Federation in relation to the conflict rules’ mechanism of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in determining applicable law to contractual obligations. Based on international treaties which contained conflict rules for contractual obligations author concludes that exclusively in relations among state parties of the Commonwealth of Independent States is applied a conflict rule based on an archaic lex loci contractus. At the same time article 1211 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and unified conflict rules of international treaties with states other than CIS’s parties based on contemporary and effective characteristic performance theory. The preservation of the lex loci contractus rule seems to be a conscious course of the post-Soviet states.
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Rodger, Barry J. "Ascertaining the Statutory Lex Loci Delicti: Certain Difficulties Under the Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 1 (January 1998): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300061625.
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The Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995 introduced major reform to the common law choice of rule in delict/tort under Scots/English law respectively. To all intents and purposes, and in the face of sustained and strong criticism, the Act abandoned the common law rules based on double actionability with exceptions. The primary rule under the statute would appear to state that the applicable law is to be based on the general concept of the lex loci delicti. It is of some significance for the analysis here that the statute does not in fact utilise that Latin expression as it is indeed unclear that the expression has any technical meaning. Indeed, the provisions of the Act seek, but in the end fail, to achieve a greater degree of certainty than that rather nebulous though “right-minded” concept. Significantly, a principal objective of the reforms was to ensure that the lex fori no longer played a primary role in choice of law for delictual/tortious claims in private international law. Of course, doubts remain as to the likelihood of direct resort to the lex fori via potential escape devices provided for in the Act The two most likely stages for this arise during characterisation and later when the lex fori may be applied qua public policy.
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Reese, Willis L. M., and Th M. de Boer. "Beyond Lex Loci Delicti: Conflicts Methodology and Multistate Torts in American Case Law." American Journal of Comparative Law 36, no. 3 (1988): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/840351.
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Carrasco Medina, Janny. "Derecho de autor e Internet: la muerte del principio de lex loci protections." Revista Científica UISRAEL 6, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35290/rcui.v6n2.2019.55.
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Con la presencia de internet, el acceso a la cultura, la diversidad cultural y el derecho de autor se han visto afectados en el plano internacional privado. La realidad jurídica existente provoca una fragmentación jurídica transnacional en materia de derecho de autor que limita la circulación de decisiones judiciales en el contexto extraterritorial de internet. Cuestiones como el principio de lex loci protections, elección de foro, jurisdicción competente y ley aplicable están quedando inaplicables en la dinámica del derecho de autor en internet. El derecho internacional privado necesita reformular las cuestiones de litigios transnacionales en materia de derecho de autor en internet.
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Moskalenko, I. A. "Registration of works as a tool to protect copyright in cross-border relations (Internet)." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 3 (May 4, 2019): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.100.3.142-150.
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The paper analyzes copyright registration systems in the Russian Federation and abroad. The fact of creation of a work gives rise to the author a number of rights and obligations without performing any formalities, including registration of the work. There are three systems in which registration of a work creates for the copyright holder additional protection of the rights of the author, does not create negative consequences for non-compliance with the registration procedure or is provided by law only for specific copyright objects. Deposit is considered as an element of the procedure for registration of works, including as an indirect confirmation of the fact of the creation of a digital work for the lex loci originis collision binding states (the law of the state of origin of the work), and for the lex loci protectionis targeting states (the law of the state where protection is claimed), the deposit does not confirm the fact of the creation of the work, but helps to preserve the copyright object.
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Pazdan, Jadwiga. "FORMA CZYNNOŚCI PRAWNEJ W PRAWIE PRYWATNYM MIĘDZYNARODOWYM." Zeszyty Prawnicze 5, no. 2 (June 14, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2005.5.2.03.
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Form of Legal Act in Private International LawSummaryThe form of a legal act in private international law is usually governed by particular conflict rules. Such provisions define the scope of their application. The aim of conflict rules is to indicate territorial application of different legal systems. That function fixes the approach while determining the way of understanding the notion of a „form” in private international law. The appropriate approach is the autonomic qualification. That is why I admit that the form in private international law is nothing else that the way of submission and incorporation of the declaration of will, being a component of a legal act.According to art. 12 of Polish Act on private international law from 1965 (1965 Act), the form of a legal act is governed by the law proper for that act (the first rule), however, it is sufficient to fulfill the conditions of the law of the country where the legal act is undertaken (the second rule).Lex causa, relevant to the form of a legal act (art. 12 section 1 of 1965 Act), may be indicated not only by means of conflict rules based on objective factors of alien, but also by the choice-of-law clause (if a choice of law is not forbidden). Nevertheless, a choice of law regarding solely the form of a legal act is not acceptable. The choice of law for the form of a legal act cannot be justified by the permissibility of a partial choice of law, which is supposed to be a choice relative to that part of legis causae, which is taken into consideration while determining the conditions required for the form of a particular legal act, on the base of art. 12 section 1 1965 Act. Although, there is no fragment of the legis causae applied in the scope of the form, there is complete lex causae or divided into segments (in the case of a complex or simple choice of law). The form cannot constitute such a segment. It has its own status.The second rule is subsidiary to the first one.The mutual relation of these two rules has subsequent consequences: 1 lex loci actus may be applied only when the conditions of lex causae were not fulfilled;2 the answer to the question if the legis loci actus constitutes the proper law for the form of a legal act is dependent on the fact whether during the performance of the legal act the requirements resulting from that law were fulfilled;3 when the conditions regulated by both lex causae as well as lex loci actus were not fulfilled, it is to lex causae to decide about the consequences (sanctions) of non-fulfillment of the requirements relating to the form;4 lex loci actus cannot be replaced by the Polish law by the virtue of art. 7 of 1965 Act, when the content of the law binding on the territory where the legal action was undertaken cannot be determined;5 the transmission and remission, based on the conflict rules binding in that country where the legal act was undertaken, is not allowed;6 the requirements of legis loci actus are also fulfilled when there are no special requirements relating to the form. The legal act will be valid in such a situation although the requirements relating to the form, resulting of lex causae, were not fulfilled.The place where the legal act is performed understood as the factor of alien in art. 12 section 2 of 1965 Act must be interpreted in the light of autonomic qualification. The decisive role should be granted to the place where an event which brought (or should have brought) to the performance of a legal act had happened while the contractual relation has been formed.De lege ferenda, I am opting for the maintenance of both rules in Polish law, however, their position should be equal. In case of discrepancy of the effects the preference should be granted to those more favorable for the legal act (the solution in favorem negotii).
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Cheniaux, Rafael. "A incriminação do branqueamento em Portugal à luz do direito comunitário a questão das vantagens licitamente adquiridas no estrangeiro." ULP Law Review 15, no. 1 (October 25, 2021): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46294/ulplr-rdulp.v15i1.7939.
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O presente texto centra-se no branqueamento de capitais no direito penal português e europeu. Em relação à reciclagem de bens derivados de delitos qualificados cometidos no estrangeiro que não constituam actividade ilegal à luz da lex loci, o Código Penal português parece apresentar uma solução incompatível com as imposições da Directiva (UE) 2018/1673. Este estudo irá discutir as discrepâncias entre os dois sistemas jurídicos na matéria, dando particular atenção à recente transposição da directiva mencionada pelo Parlamento português, e concluirá que Portugal não está a violar a lei da União Europeia.
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Melianus T, Giovanni, I. Nyoman Budiana, and Sheanny Scolastika. "JURIDICAL ANALYSIS ON THE LEGAL CHOICE CLAUSE AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE FRANCHISE AGREEMENT." Journal Equity of Law and Governance 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/elg.1.1.3243.37-47.
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Collaboration in the trade sector both at the national and international levels in the form of a franchise looks simple, but behind it, there are various problems that require attention from both the public or parties as well as from the Indonesian government. This is because the franchise agreement conducted by the parties often involves foreign parties who have a different legal system from Indonesia. This situation has the potential to create a conflict of law. Therefore, this study aims to provide legal solutions to disputes that may occur between the franchisor and the franchisee so that neither parties is burdened because of the lack of laws covering it. Normative legal research is used to analysis the problem of this research. The data source of this research uses primary legal materials and secondary legal materials related to clauses in the franchise agreement. Likewise, for the settlement of disputes on an agreement that has not yet determined the choice of law, several theories in international civil law can be used, such as the lex loci contractus theory, the lex loci solutionis, the proper law of contract, and the theory of the most characteristic connection to find laws that should apply (lex cause) For the settlement of legal disputes (conflict of law), especially in franchise agreements, the settlement of disputes does not have to go through litigation or court but can be resolved through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) including arbitration institutions, which have the advantage of solving them, namely efficiency ( cost and time).
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Fallon, Marc. "Proposition pour une convention européenne sur la loi applicable aux obligations non contractuelles." European Review of Private Law 7, Issue 1 (March 1, 1999): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/233266.
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In the document the text of which is set out below, the European Group of Private International Lawyers makes a proposal for legislation complementing the Rome Convention of 19 June 1980 on the law applicable to contractual obligations, by covering non-contractual obligations which arise from a harmful event or a quasi-contract. In matters of quasi-delict, even though from the comparative point of view the dominant conflict of laws rule is the application of the lex loci delicti, it is well known that this rule is subject to many slight variations from one country to another, in particular when the act which causes the damage and the damage itself occur in different states. The proposal draws as much inspiration as possible from the Rome Convention. While leaving scope for the application of the lex loci delicti, it is based on the application of the law of the country with which the situation has the closest connection, and it establishes various presumptions in order to maximise the foreseeability of the applicable law. A general presumption gives priority to the fact that the parties are habitually resident in the same country. Special presumptions try to take account of substantive law policies, by giving priority to the place where the damage arose.
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Wahab, Mohamed S. Abdel. "The Deemed Internationalisation of Arbitration under Egyptian Arbitration Law No. 27 of 1994 Considerations Beyond Hope and Fear." BCDR International Arbitration Review 3, Issue 1 (September 1, 2016): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bcdr2016005.
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This article tackles a highly debated topic in Egyptian arbitration circles – the “deemed internationalisation of institutional arbitration.” The article provides a succinct theoretical overview of the notion of “internationalisation” in a comparative context and offers an in-depth analysis and critique of the “actual” vs. “deemed” internationalisation under Egyptian Arbitration Law No. 27 of 1994. It also explains the relevant criteria under Article 3 of the Egyptian Arbitration Law and discusses the ramifications of characterising an arbitration as “international” as opposed to “domestic” in cases where the Egyptian Arbitration Law is the lex loci arbitri.
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Akhtar, Zia. "Conflict of Laws, Choice of the Forum Court in the us, and the Due Process in Family Law Disputes." International and Comparative Law Review 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 184–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0007.
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Summary In the United States (US) the family law litigant will have to consider the implications of laws that are federally recognised and those which the state embodies in its own family law statutes. The function of the equal protection clause and due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution protects the parties in family disputes that reach the court. The operation of the Full Faith and Credit Clause is an important consideration and is central to the question if the court can apply the law of the forum court (lex fori) or that of the state where the dispute emanated. The federal constitution allows the state courts to apply marriage laws of another state. If the issue is procedural, then the law of the state will be applied where the dispute that gave rise to the litigation (lex loci). This paper examines the interstate in family law by considering marriages, child custody, and adoption rules and it enquires whether the courts have been sufficiently consistent in interpreting family law of the state in accordance with Article IV, Section 1. There is also a section that compares the law in the US with the application of the lex fori rules in family cases in the Scottish jurisdiction and how that influences parties in family law disputes.
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Krupko, Svetlana I. "Modifcations and interpretation of connecting factors based on the lex loci protectionis confict-of-law rule: comparative legal analysis." Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS 15, no. 5 (December 30, 2020): 74–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-5-krupko.
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Purwanto, Adi. "Analisis Hukum Atas Pembagian Harta Bersama Dalam Perkawinan Campuran Pada Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1400 K/Pdt/2017." Recital Review 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/rr.v4i1.14766.
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A mixed marriage is a marriage between two persons in Indonesia submitting to different laws due to different citizenships in which one of them is an Indonesian. When such marriage is held abroad, it has to be registered in Indonesia after the husband and wife return to Indonesia within a year. This is a normative juridical research. It makes descriptive analysis which describes, explains, and analyzes the research problems in order to find the right answers as solutions to the problems.The results demonstrate that the legal regulations concerning mixed marriages held abroad are stipulated hi Article 56 paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, Article 57, and Article 60 paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 of the Law No. 1/1974 on Marriages, which define a mixed marriage as a marriage between two persons with different sexes submitting to two different laws. country where they are held, which is in line with the principle of lex loci celebretionis. The dispute over marital property from dissolation of the marriage settled by civil law is that its' procedures Abstrak Perkawinan campur adalah perkawinan antara dua orang di Indonesia yang tunduk pada hukum yang berbeda karena perbedaan kewarganegaraan yang salah satunya adalah orang Indonesia. Perkawinan yang dilangsungkan di luar negeri harus didaftarkan di Indonesia setelah suami istri kembali ke Indonesia dalam waktu satu tahun. Ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif. Membuat analisis deskriptif yang mendeskripsikan, menjelaskan, dan menganalisis permasalahan penelitian guna menemukan jawaban yang tepat sebagai solusi atas permasalahan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai perkawinan campuran di luar negeri diatur dalam Pasal 56 ayat 1 dan ayat 2, Pasal 57, dan Pasal 60 ayat 1 dan ayat 2 UU No. 1/1974 tentang Perkawinan, yang mendefinisikan perkawinan campur sebagai perkawinan antara dua orang yang berbeda jenis kelamin yang tunduk pada dua undang-undang yang berbeda. negara tempat mereka ditahan, yang sejalan dengan prinsip lex loci celebretionis. Perselisihan tentang properti perkawinan dari pembubaran perkawinan diselesaikan oleh prosedur hukum perdata.
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Mennie, Alastair. "T.M. de Boer, Beyond Lex Loci Delicti: Conflicts Methodology and Multistate Torts in American Case Law, Kluwer, Deventer 1987, xv + 578 pp." Netherlands International Law Review 37, no. 01 (May 1990): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00002758.
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KIRSCH, STEFAN. "Two Kinds of Wrong: On the Context Element of Crimes against Humanity." Leiden Journal of International Law 22, no. 3 (September 2009): 525–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156509990070.
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AbstractIt can be shown that – as with the tie between crimes against humanity and the perpetration of other international crimes in the Charter of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg – the context element of the crimes against humanity as set out in the Rome Statute is based on the international law principle of non-interference in the affairs of a foreign country, and only serves to justify ‘international’ jurisdiction in respect of crimes which are typically already punishable pursuant to the lex loci commissii. As a consequence, the feature of a ‘widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population’ is not an aggravating circumstance in respect of the material facts of the case that define the wrong of the act (Unrecht) or the offender's blameworthiness (Schuld), but a jurisdictional element which is a mere precondition for prosecution only.
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Bradshaw, David. "Capacity to Marry and the Relevance of the Lex Loci Celebrationis in Commonwealth Law: A Conundrum Worthy of a Dr. John Morris Seminar." Anglo-American Law Review 15, no. 2 (April 1986): 112–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147377958601500203.
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Pilipson, Edvard. "Connecting factor lex loci coindentiae testatoris et heredes hereditarium commodum as a basis for persons’ testamentary interests securing in regard to contractual succession." SHS Web of Conferences 51 (2018): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185101012.
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Obligation law unstable nature under contractual succession discrete situations forces to find appropriate connecting factor which secures involved persons testamentary interests. Because of this, the aim of this work is to summarize connecting factors, using in testamentary and obligation law and to prove the necessity of a new connecting factor for contractual succession.
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Morse, C. G. J. "Beyond Lex Loci Delicti: Conflicts Methodology and Multistate Torts in American Case Law. By Th. M. de Boer. [Deventer: Kluwer. 1987. xv + 578 PP.]." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 37, no. 4 (October 1988): 1023–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/37.4.1023.
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Kaeb, Caroline, and David Scheffer. "The Paradox of Kiobel in Europe." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 4 (October 2013): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.4.0852.
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One of the most striking features of Chief Justice John Roberts’s majority opinion in the U.S. Supreme Court’s judgment in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. is how it pays homage to foreign governments’ opposition to the extraterritorial application of the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), as voiced most prominently from European foreign ministries. “[F]oreign policy concerns” and the overarching goal to avoid diplomatic tensions with foreign sovereigns are themes heavily informing the Roberts opinion. The majority found the presumption against extraterritoriality applicable to the ATS in large part due to fear of “unwarranted judicial interference in the conduct of [U.S.] foreign policy” if the Court allowed the ATS to “reach conduct occurring in the territory of a foreign sovereign.” In that light, the Kiobel judgment can be understood primarily as a decision prohibiting the overreach of U.S. law and protecting jurisdictional prerogatives of lex loci delicti and state of incorporation alike.
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Olbourne, Ben. "INTERNATIONAL TORTS AND CHOICE OF LAW IN AUSTRALIA." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 3 (December 11, 2002): 499–544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302361701.
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InJohn Pfeiffer Pty. Ltd. v. Rogerson (2000) 201 C.L.R. 552, the High Court of Australia had reconsidered the choice of law rules for “intra-national torts”, i.e. torts involving elements occurring in more than one Australian state. There, the Court rejected the rule of double actionability derived from Phillips v. Eyre (1870) L.R. 6 Q.B. 1 in preference for the rule that all questions of substance should be governed by the lex loci delicti. In Régie National des Usines Renault v. Zhang (2002) 187 A.L.R. 1, the High Court was asked to extend this preference to international torts as well. It did so emphatically. Except as regards a limited number of specific torts, for which the Court expressly reserved its consideration, the Australian common law rule is now that the substantive elements of tort actions are to be determined in accordance with the law of the place of the act or omission giving rise to the action.
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Hamilton, Tomas, and Göran Sluiter. "Principles of Reparations at the International Criminal Court: Assessing Alternative Approaches." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 25, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 272–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413_02501018.
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While the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court requires the judges of the Court to establish principles of reparations, the existing case law is developing on shaky doctrinal foundations, failing to take into account legal sources, particularly from national civil torts systems, that offer vital law and practice that could inform the Court’s reparations orders. This article evaluates the legal basis of the existing reparations case law of the Court, arguing that undue prominence has been given to soft law human rights instruments while a lack of reference to the framework methodology in Article 21 of the Rome Statute has left the reparations principles weakly articulated. There are alternatives that the Court could consider in future, notably an increased role for and coordination with national justice systems, the potential for drawing on reparation rules from national torts systems, and the relevance of the lex loci damni principle. The article assesses these alternatives and proposes routes forward for the Court’s reparations practice based on the Rome Statute’s legal mandate.
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Bahri, Syamsul, and Elimartati ,. "Dinamika Hukum Perkawinan Beda Agama dan Campuran di Dunia Islam dan Implementasinya di Indonesia." Syaksia : Jurnal Hukum Perdata Islam 23, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37035/syakhsia.v23i1.6473.
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Terminologi perkawinan campuran telah dikenal di Indonesia semenjak zaman kolonial Belanda melalui kitab undang-undang perdata HGR yang mengatur perkawinan antar ras dan etnis. Dalam perkembangannya, aturan ini diakomodir dalam UU No.1 Tahun 1974 dengan mendefenisikan perkawinan campuran dengan perkawinan antar pasangan yang berbeda kewarganegaraan. Akan halnya perkawinan campuran karena beda agama tidak diakomodir dan dinyatakan tidak sah. Namun kehadiran UU Nomor 23 tahun 2006 membuka celah hukum terjadinya pernikahan beda agama melalui putusan pengadilan. Penelitian ini secara kualitatif mendeskripsikan dinamika perkembangan hukum perkawinan beda agama dan campuran di dunia Islam dan menganalisis penerapannya di Indonesia. Dalam penerapannya, terjadi reformasi hukum yang sangat dinamis melalui unifikasi dan kodifikasi hukum perkawinan untuk mengayomi masyarakat Islam sebagai mayoritas. Penolakan pernikahan beda agama di Indonesia dimaknai dengan upaya menjaga kemaslahatan masyarakat banyak. Untuk kepentingan Sebagian kecil masyarakat maka dengan prinsip lex loci actus, perkawinan yang tidak tunduk pada ketentuan agama hanya bisa dilakukan di luar wilayah hukum Indonesia. Sementara pencatatannya diatur sesuai dengan tatacara agama yang digunakan untuk pengesahan perkawinan tersebut.
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Лукань, М. О. "Сутність принципів конфлікту законів у сфері інтелектуальної власності." Актуальні проблеми держави і права, no. 86 (September 23, 2020): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/apdp.v0i86.2422.
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У статті автор розкриває структуру та зміст «Принципів конфлікту законів у сфері інтелектуальної власності» (Принципи CLIP), їх значення в регулюванні конфліктних відносин інтелектуальної власності в Європейському Союзі.
Ці принципи є набором альтернативних доктринальних правил регулювання конфліктів інтелектуальної власності в Європейському Союзі, які мають на меті уніфікувати колізію законів, що стосуються конкретних відносин інтелектуальної власності, з метою усунення регуляторних прогалин та неефективних підходів у реґламентах Європейського Союзу в цій галузі.
Правила реґламентів Європейського Союзу, які містять колізійні норми у спорах щодо інтелектуальної власності в наукових колах, піддаються критиці. Підстави для цієї критики в узагальненому розумінні зводяться до неефективності та непрактичності підходів, визначених реґламентами щодо вибору закону, який застосовуватиметься, та встановлення юрисдикції у спорах щодо інтелектуальної власності, зважаючи на особливий статус, специфіку інтелектуальної власності; відсутність законодавчих норм для вирішення зазначених спорів щодо Інтернету.
Зокрема, положення «Принципів конфлікту законів у сфері інтелектуальної власності» передбачають можливість відхилення від необхідності та доцільності залежно від обставин справи, відхилення від суворого дотримання принципу "lex loci protectionis", застосування принципу "lex voluntatis" навіть у позадоговірних зобов'язаннях щодо інтелектуальної власності, також регулювались питання щодо численних відповідачів та певних правил юрисдикції у спорах щодо інтелектуальної власності, пов'язаних з Інтернетом та засобами масової інформації.
«Принципи конфлікту законів у сфері інтелектуальної власності», як передбачається, мають високі шанси вплинути на майбутній розвиток міжнародного європейського приватного права, що змінить наявну правову базу Європейського Союзу.
Ми вважаємо, що «Принципи конфлікту законів у сфері інтелектуальної власності» можна розглядати як джерело для створення нового необхідного законодавства на рівні Європейського Союзу про колізійне регулювання відносин інтелектуальної власності.
Оскільки «Принципи конфлікту законів у сфері інтелектуальної власності» містять важливі положення, які усувають прогалини в законодавстві Європейського Союзу в цій галузі, наприклад, щодо безлічі відповідачів у спорах щодо інтелектуальної власності, уперше намагаються забезпечити юридичне врегулювання конфліктів щодо спорів, пов'язаних з інтелектуальною власністю в Інтернеті.
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Romli, Muhammad, Thohir Luth, Rachmi Sulistyarini, and Siti Hamidah. "Legal Status of Overseas Marriage Registration in the Perspective of Indonesian Marriage Law." Technium Social Sciences Journal 14 (November 25, 2020): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v14i1.2077.
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This study aims to analyze the legal status of overseas marriage registration from the perspective of Indonesian marriage law. Law Number 16 of 2019, amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, states that marriages conducted by Indonesian citizens outside Indonesia are legal if carried out according to law. which applies in the country where the marriage is taking place and for Indonesian citizens does not violate the provisions of the Marriage Law. Furthermore, within 1 (one) year after the husband and wife return to the territory of Indonesia, proof of their marriage must be registered at the marriage registration office where they live. There is still a problematic status of the registration law, whether it makes the validity of the marriage or is it only limited to the administrative order. This research uses a conceptual approach, a statutory approach, a historical approach and a philosophical approach. Legal materials used in this study consist of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials which are normative in nature by searching, collecting and studying literature and documents, both conventionally and via the internet. The results of this study are the legal status of marriage registration abroad in the perspective of Indonesian marriage law, precisely in Article 56 of Law no. 16 of 2019 amendments to Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, it can be concluded in general that the legal status of overseas marriage registration still does not provide legal certainty regarding the validity of marriage except for the extent of an administrative order. And there are three legal principles in Article 56 of the Marriage Law, namely: the lex patriae principle, the lex loci celebration principle and the principle of public order.
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Лазарева, Татьяна, and Tatyana Lazaryeva. "Conflict of Laws Regulation of Compensation for Harm Caused by the Defects in Goods, Work, or Services." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 11 (October 31, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21988.
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The article deals with the conflict of laws regulation of compensation for damage caused by a product (works or services) in terms of amendments to Part III of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by the Federal Law No. 260-FZ of September 30, 2013. It is noted that the effect of the basic principle (lex loci delicti) for non-contractual obligations in the field of products liability (works, services) is limited by the establishment of special forms of attachment due to the specifics of these relations that require a differentiated approach. On the basis of comparison of the legislation of certain countries, as well as Article 5 “Product liability” of the Regulation (EC) No. 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) tendencies of conflicts regulation in this area are identified based on the “cascade” system of norms, which allows to take into account various cases of causing of harm. It was concluded that despite some differences the Russian legal rules in general meet requirements of modern conflict of laws rules on product liability in most European countries.
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Svendsen, Kristoffer. "The Impact of Choice-of-Law Rules in Cross-Border Pollution Damage Caused by Petroleum Spills from Offshore Rigs and Installations: The Case of the Barents Sea." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 8, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_008010010.
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The article examines the impact of choice-of-law rules in cross-border pollution damage caused by petroleum spills from offshore rigs and installations in the Barents Sea. Norway and Russia share the Barents Sea, and the ocean currents go from West to East. Therefore, the article examines the impact of an oil spill from a Norwegian licensee on the Norwegian side of the Barents Sea on a Russian party harmed by the spill on the Russian side of the Barents Sea. The article shows the procedural hurdles a Russian harmed party would need to jump in order to access Norwegian courts. The question of venue is clear. Lex loci damni is the principle enacted in the Norwegian Petroleum Act. It contains a unilateral extension of protection in delict law to Norwegian interests harmed in Russia, which is not extended to injured Russian parties harmed within the Russian jurisdiction, for situations where the source of harm is located on the Norwegian side of the Barents Sea. An injured Russian party forced to pursue a legal claim against a Norwegian licensee without assets in Russia may receive no compensation because no agreement exists between Norway and Russia regarding recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments.
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Obiri-Korang, Prince. "A re-examination of the conflict rules governing the validity of international contracts." Journal of Comparative Law in Africa 7, no. 2 (2020): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/jcla/v7/i2a2.
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Generally, under choice of law, the issue of uncertainty associated with the determination of the governing law of international contracts is quite clear. The level of this uncertainty, however, increases when dealing with questions about which law governs the validity of such contracts. Like other areas of private international law, matters concerning validity present several unique challenges both in theory and in practice, making it the most complicated topic in private international law literature. In fact, the uncertainty in this area has led to a situation where different rules are applied by different states, without taking into consideration the link that should exist between the state whose law becomes applicable and the function that the law is expected to serve – determining the validity of a contract. This article attempts to contribute to existing literature on choice of law questions regarding the validity of international contracts and also provides solutions, based on the underlying principles of private international law of contract that effectively address the uncertainty in this area of law. The article submits that the law that governs the validity of an international contract must, at all times, be one that has a legitimate interest in matters concerning the legality or otherwise of such contracts. In this regard, the article strongly opposes the theory that the parties’ intention determines the law that governs the validity of their contract. After a careful examination of literature and landmark judicial decisions in both civil law and common law jurisdictions, the article concludes that the lex loci solutionis is the appropriate law to determine matters relating to the validity of international contracts.
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Костюченко, Я. "Міжнародно-правові аспекти охорони інтелектуальності власності: досвід, правове регулювання, перспективи для національної практики." Юридичний вісник, no. 6 (February 17, 2021): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/yuv.v0i6.2052.
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У статті досліджено міжнародно-правові аспекти охорони інтелектуальної власності. Зазначено, що з розвитком інформаційних правовідносин та інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій правова охорона інтелектуальної власності значно модернізувалась, адже змінилась концепція юридичної відповідальності, виникли нові правовідносини, нові об'єкти правової охорони тощо. Як одну з актуальних проблем у зазначеному контексті виокремлено конкуренцію міжнародно-правових норм охорони інтелектуальної власності.
Серед оптимальних варіантів урегулювання проблеми конкуренції норм міжнародного права у сфері охорони інтелектуальної власності у статті запропоновано колізійний підхід до вирішення проблеми множинності застосовного права; за неможливості прив'язати правопорушення, учинене в Інтернеті, до конкретного місця його здійснення застосування правила lex loci delicti; гармонізація міжнародного законодавства, зокрема на рівні великих субрегіонів (США, ЄС, Тихоокеанський регіон тощо).
У статті досліджено досвід окремих країн із правової охорони інтелектуальної власності. Зроблено висновок, що у країнах романо-гер-манської правової сім'ї концепція правової охорони інтелектуальної власності відрізняється від підходу, прийнятого у країнах англо-амери-канської правової системи. Однак для отримання даних про правову охорону інтелектуальної власності в конкретній країні мало знати, до якої правової сім'ї вона належить. У законодавстві країн, що входять до однієї правової системи, спостерігаються істотні відмінності в механізмах правової охорони інтелектуальних прав. Така гармонізація може відбуватися на рівні директив, які роз'яснила б і за необхідності осучаснила Директива 2001/29/ЄС Європейського парламенту та Ради Європейського Союзу «Про гармонізацію деяких аспектів авторського права і суміжних прав в інформаційному суспільстві» 2001 р.
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Dunaj, Katarzyna. "Exercise of Polish Citizen’s Right to Enter into Marriage with a Foreigner Abroad." Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego III, no. III (December 29, 2022): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1828.
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The freedom to marry a foreigner abroad is derived from the principle of a voluntary entry into marriage, which is manifested in the freedom to choose the spouse. The article analyses those provisions of the Polish law that apply to a marriage between a Polish citizen and a foreigner abroad. Issues such as the form of contracting marriage, obtaining a certificate of legal capacity to contract marriage in accordance with the Polish law and the possibility of contracting marriage before a consul have been discussed. The results of the analysis show that the law of Poland fully recognizes the lex loci celebrationis matrimonii principle as long as its implementation does not contradict the fundamental principles of the legal order of the Republic of Poland. Thanks to the institution of the certificate of legal capacity to contract marriage issued by the head of the registry office, the capacity of a Polish citizen to marry abroad is assessed in accordance with the Polish law. It also provides the grounds for the recognition of the marriage contracted abroad in the domestic legal order. However, certain forms of marriage, such as same-sex or polygamous marriage, cannot be recognized since Article 18 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, according to which marriage is a union of a woman and a man, stands against this possibility.
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Sant, Cynitiya Scandi. "PENERAPAN ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS SEBAGAI LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN DIAJUKANNYA SENGKETA KE PENGADILAN ASING DALAM ARBITRASE INTERNASIONAL." BELLI AC PACIS 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/belli.v8i1.68763.
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Penelitian ini menganalisis permasalahan penerapan anti-suit injunctions sebagai langkah pencegahan diajukannya sengketa ke pengadilan asing dalam arbitrase internasional yang berdasarkan dengan prinsip hukum umum, New York Convention, dan UNCITRAL Model Law. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang bersumber pada bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier, serta menggunakan metode pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach), pendekatan komparatif (comparative approach), dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data studi kepustakaan (library research) dengan teknik analisis data logika deduktif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, permohonan anti-suit injunctions dipengaruhi oleh seat of arbitration (lex loci arbitri) dan exclusive jurisdiction dari perjanjian arbitrase antar-para pihak, disertai dengan pendapat para ahli hukum dari kasus terdahulu. Penerapan anti-suit injunctions juga dipengaruhi oleh bagaimana hukum suatu negara yang mengatur perjanjian antar-para pihak. Sehingga, setiap yurisdiksi negara memiliki pertimbangan dan putusan yang berbeda dalam memberikan permohonan anti-suit injunctions. Penelitian ini menganalisis permohonan anti-suit injunctions melalui studi kasus yang dibandingkan dari empat yurisdiksi yang berbeda di bawah sistem hukum common law dan civil law yaitu yurisdiksi Inggris berdasarkan kasus UAU v. HVB; yurisdiksi Amerika Serikat berdasarkan kasus CitiBank, N.A. v. Mazza; yurisdiksi Rusia berdasarkan kasus UralTransMash v. Pojazdy Szynowe PESA Bydgoszcz SA; dan yurisdiksi Republik Rakyat Cina berdasarkan kasus Xiaomi v. Inter Digital, Inc.<div id="highlighter--hover-tools" style="display: none;"> </div>
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Novovic, Miloš. "Fighting European Copyright Tourism: Lessons from Defamation Laws." European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 5 (October 1, 2019): 949–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019052.
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In the recent cases of Pinckney and Hejduk, the ECJ revised European rules on jurisdiction over online copyright infringement disputes – making it possible for claimants to bring their lawsuits in virtually any European country. Due to the application of lex loci protectionis, this choice of venue also affects the law applicable to disputes. This article shows that this results in a substantial forum shopping risk, despite safety mechanisms built into the ECJ judgments. It explains that forum shopping is not inherently bad, but that it creates major problems for copyright laws, given its potential to shift the balance between the authors and exploiters of the work. In an attempt to identify a possible solution, this article turns to the substantive implementation of de minimis principle in Principles on Conflict of Laws in Intellectual Property (CLIP) Principles. The success of this approach is illustrated through the field of media law, and specifically, the way in which United Kingdom solved the problem of libel tourism. Examining the substantive requirement of ‘serious harm’ found in the UK Defamation Act of 2013, the article proposes amending national copyright laws as to state that absent showing of the intention to target a certain Member State by the online infringing activity or, alternatively, a ‘serious harm’ suffered on its territory, no copyright infringement is to be found. This way, forum shopping in online copyright infringement cases may be stopped in its tracks, before it becomes a rampant practice in Europe.
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Wedenig, Stefan-Michael. "Air-Rail Alliances in the Context of Liability and Environmental Protection." McGill GLSA Research Series 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/glsars.v2i1.182.
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Since the deregulation of airlines in the 1970s and 80s the aviation industry has constantly tried to find new ways to engage with the increasingly competitive aviation market by expanding their outreach through strategic partnerships and global alliances. Over the past 10 years airlines have strengthened their partnerships with railway companies to offer more convenient connections for passengers to their hubs and link remote areas to their route network. These Air-Rail Alliances have helped airlines to stay competitive in the modern aviation market. This short paper will briefly examine two legal issues pertaining to Air-Rail Alliance namely whether an airline can be held liable in case of an accident during the train leg of the journey and how Air-Rail Alliances help airlines to meet their carbon emission reduction goals under the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the ICAO Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, Air-Rail Alliances proved to be a good vehicle for airlines to replace specific flights in their network. The paper will first explain basic terminology relating to the airline’s business before explaining the structure of Air-Rail Alliances in more detail. Afterwards, it will address the question as to whether an airline can be held liable in the case of an accident during the train leg of the journey. The paper will answer this question by arguing that airlines cannot be held liable under international aviation law but rather the train operator under the lex loci of the state in which the accident occurred. Finally, the paper will discuss the structure of both the EU ETS and CORSIA and argue that Air-Rail Alliances are a valuable tool for airlines to meet their CO2 reduction goals. It will be highlighted that both regimes are flexible and adaptive enough to take the unprecedented consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic into account and underline how the law can be adaptive in such a changing environment.
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Kremer, Andrzej. "ZAWARCIE ZWIĄZKU MAŁŻEŃSKIEGO PRZED KONSULEM (WYBRANE ZAGADNIENIA)." Zeszyty Prawnicze 7, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2007.7.1.10.
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Contracting A Marriage before a Consul (Some Legal Aspects)SummaryThe possibility of being married before a consul has been created both by the regulations of international public law, particularly by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, as well as by the Polish law, including especially art 26 of the Act of the 13th Feb. 1984 on the Functions of a Consul of the Republic of Poland and art 1 § 4 of the Family and Guardianship Code as well as art. 60 of The Law on the Certificates of a Civil Status. These regulations entitle Polish citizens staying abroad to get married before a Polish consul. Nevertheless, they do not impose such a form of contracting a marriage.A man and a woman, who are Polish citizens staying abroad, can get married before a Polish consul or the other person designated to perform the functions of a consul. Such an opinion can be confirmed on the basis of current legal regulations. N obody doubted that art. 2 of the Family and Guardianship Code in its previous form confirmed that Polish citizens staying abroad could get married in accordance with lex loci celebrationis matrimonii being valid in the state of stay or before a Polish consul.It is always possible to choose between contracting a marriage according to the regulations of the state of stay before a local civil officer or before a consul. The only im portant condition for contracting a marriage before a consul is that it is not contrary to the laws of the state of stay of the people getting married.
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Lukianov, Dmytro, Inesa Shumilo, and Mariia Lukan. "Conflict of Law Regulation in Cross-Border Copyright Inheritance." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (June 27, 2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.27(2).2020.49-63.
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Inheritance is one of the legal means that ensure the effective implementation of copyright, therefore the protection of the interests of testators and their successors in cross-border matters is an important task of international private law. Modern national systems of inheritance and copyright operate independently. Due to the influence of economic, political and socio-cultural factors, the unification of substantive law of these industries is unlikely, so the conflict of law method of regulation remains dominant in this area. The paper highlights the main problems of conflict of law regulation of cross-border copyright inheritance and offers approaches to overcoming them. The authors address such issues as forms of manifestation of a foreign element in the relations of copyright inheritance; problems of distinguishing between intellectual and inheritance statutes; features of the application of the point of contact lex loci protectionis; the principle of territoriality, etc. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the subordination of key issues of copyright inheritance to the conflict rules of the intellectual statute extends the principle of territoriality to these relations and necessitates multinational protection of these relations. The paper supports the opinion of scholars who criticise the concept of territoriality in matters of copyright protection, proving its ineffectiveness. Ultimately, the authors suggest that the tools of private international law allow for flexible approaches and do not equate copyright, which is more related to personal status, and industrial property rights, aimed at achieving commercial interests. It is proposed to achieve greater flexibility by detailing the scope of the conflict of law rules and establishing a system of conflict bindings, which will allow to choose the law that is more related to the circumstances of the case.
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Dikovska, Iryna. "Modern Approaches to Private International Law and Conflicting Provisions on Legal Aid in Civil Cases." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 27, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.27(1).2020.177-188.
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Part of the legal aid treaties between Ukraine and other states contains rules concerning conflict of laws. Where those that determine the law applicable to contractual obligations, family, and hereditary relations are not in line with current approaches to determining the law applicable to the specified groups of relations. The purpose of the paper is to uncover the differences between the regulation of conflict of laws in private relations in the legal aid treaties between Ukraine and some EU countries and the modern approaches to the regulation of conflict of laws in such relations, contained in other sources of private international law; an explanation of how to solve conflicts between legal aid treaties and other international treaties; outlining the main areas of improvement of rules concerning conflict of laws in legal aid treaties. The methods of the study were comparative, dialectical, and Aristotelian, which allowed to identify the problems of regulation of conflict of law in legal aid treaties and to draw conclusions for their elimination. Application of these methods allowed to find out that lex loci contractus is most often used to regulate contractual obligations in the absence of an agreement of the parties on the choice of applicable law. The agreement between Ukraine and Romania does not provide for the choice of the law for contractual obligations. Legal aid treaties imperatively determine the law applicable to the property relations of the spouses. They apply a dualistic approach to determining the right to inherit. It has been established that competition between the rules of this Convention and the rules of legal aid treaties between Ukraine and Poland and Ukraine and Estonia should be decided in favour of the Hague Convention. It is proposed to amend the legal aid treaties concluded between Ukraine and the EU Member States: the rules concerning conflict of laws, which define the law applicable to contractual, family, and hereditary relations should be revised using the relevant EU regulations as a model.
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Tonolo, Sara. "Adoption v. Surrogacy: New Perspectives on the Parental Projects of Same-Sex Couples." Italian Review of International and Comparative Law 1, no. 1 (October 15, 2021): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725650-01010007.
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Abstract In Italy all forms of surrogacy are forbidden, whether it be traditional or gestational, commercial or altruistic. Act n. 40 of 19/2/2004, entitled “Rules about medically-assisted reproduction”, introduces a prohibition on employing gametes from donors, and specifically incriminates not only intermediary agencies and clinics practising surrogacy, but also the intended parents and the surrogate mother too. Other penal consequences are provided by the Criminal Code about the registration of a birth certificate where parents are the intended ones, as provided by the lex loci actus (art. 567 of the Italian Criminal Code, concerning the false representation or concealment of status). Apart from the mentioned criminal problems, several aspects of private international law are involved. In the cases where national rules forbid the transcription of birth certificates for public policy reasons, specifically the prohibition of surrogacy, Italian Judges often seek solutions to enforce the status filiationis. In this case, the Italian Supreme Court intervenes in the debate, allowing the recognition of a foreign adoption order related to a procedure of surrogate motherhood in favour of a same-sex couple. Focusing on the recent evolution of the notion of international public policy the Supreme Court affirms that the inherent adoptive parental status acquired by a homogenitorial couple is not contrary to international public policy, when the effects of the act from which this status derives are not incompatible with the limits that cannot be exceeded constituted by the founding principles of the relational choices between intended parents and child (Article 2 of the Constitution, Article 8 ECHR), by the Best interest of the child as codified in the Italian Law 219/2012, by the principle of non-discrimination, by the principle of solidarity that is the basis of social parenting. Splitting the problem of the surrogacy, underlying the adoption order to recognize in this case, and narrowing the public policy exception, is highly evident the risk to suggest to same-sex couples to realize their parental projects putting in place the surrogacy within the legal systems where contemporary it is possible to carry out the adoption of the child born as a result of this procedure.
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Mellersh, C., N. Holmes, M. Binns, and J. Sampson. "Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at four canine loci (LEI 003, LEI 007, LEI 008 and LEI 015)." Animal Genetics 25, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00098.x.
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Bendiek, Annegret, and Magnus Römer. "Externalizing Europe: the global effects of European data protection." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 21, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-07-2018-0038.
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Purpose This paper aims to explain how the EU projects its own data protection regime to third states and the US in particular. Digital services have become a central element in the transatlantic economy. A substantial part of that trade is associated with the transfer of data, most of it personal, requiring many of the new products and services emerging to adhere to data protection standards. Yet different conceptions of data protection exist across the Atlantic, with the EU putting a particular focus on protecting the fundamental right to privacy. Design/methodology/approach Using the distinction between positive and negative forms of market integration as a starting point (Scharpf, 1997), this paper examines the question of how the EU is projecting its own data protection regime to third states. The so-called California effect (Vogel, 1997) and the utilization of trade agreements in the EU’s foreign policy and external relations are well researched. With decreasing effectiveness and limited territorial reach of its enlargement policy, the EU found trade agreements to be particularly effective to set standards on a global level (Lavenex and Schimmelfennig, 2009). The existence of the single market makes the Union not only an important locus of regulation but also a strong economic actor with the global ambition of digital assertiveness. In the past, establishing standards for the EU’s vast consumer market has proven effective in compelling non-European market participants to join. Findings As the globe’s largest consumer market, Europe aims to project its own data protection laws through the market place principle (lex loci solutionis), requiring any data processor to follow its laws whenever European customers’ data are processed. This paper argues that European data protection law creates a “California Effect”, whereby the EU exerts pressure on extra-territorial markets by unilateral standard setting. Originality/value With its GDPR, the EU may have defused the problem of European citizens’ data being stored and evaluated according to the US law. However, it has also set a precedent of extra-territorial applicability of its legislation – despite having previously criticized the USA for such practices. By now, international companies increasingly store data of European customers in Europe to prevent conflicts with EU law. With this decision, the EU will apply its own law on others’ sovereign territory. Conflicts created through the extra-territorial effects of national law may contradict the principle of due diligence obligations but are nevertheless not illegitimate. They may, however, have further unintended effects: Other major economies are likely to be less reluctant in the future about passing legal provisions with extra-territorial effect.
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Wotton, Karl R., Frida K. Weierud, Susanne Dietrich, and Katharine E. Lewis. "Comparative genomics of Lbx loci reveals conservation of identical Lbx ohnologs in bony vertebrates." BMC Evolutionary Biology 8, no. 1 (2008): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-171.
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Ellinghaus, E., M. Stanulla, G. Richter, D. Ellinghaus, G. te Kronnie, G. Cario, G. Cazzaniga, et al. "Identification of germline susceptibility loci in ETV6-RUNX1-rearranged childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Leukemia 26, no. 5 (November 11, 2011): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/leu.2011.302.
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Fernandez-Vina, Marcelo, John Klein, Michael D. Haagenson, Stephen R. Spellman, Stephanie J. Lee, Claudio Anasetti, Lee Ann Baxter-Lowe, et al. "The Clinical Significance of Matching for Alleles at the Low Expression HLA Loci DP, DQ and DRB3/4/5 in Unrelated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.561.561.
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Abstract Single or multiple mismatches at HLA-A, B, C, and DRB1 have a detrimental effect on outcome of bone marrow transplantation using unrelated donors. Most of these loci encode for products that are expressed with high density on the surface of many cell types. In contrast, HLA-DRB3, DRB4, DRB5, DQ, DP encode for class II products that are expressed at low levels (LEL); some investigations suggest that mismatches in some of these loci have a minimal impact on outcome. We hypothesized that the influence of the LEL is weak and cumulative and only demonstrable in combination with mismatches (MM) in other loci. National Marrow Donor Program data from 3853 US transplants performed from 1988–2003 were analyzed to investigate this hypothesis. Patients had AML, ALL, CML or MDS and received myeloablative conditioning regimens. Most patients received calcineurin-based GvHD prophylaxis with T-replete grafts (79%). Nearly all received marrow grafts (94%). Median follow-up was 6 years. HLA loci were typed retrospectively by high resolution methods. MM was defined as the difference in the antigen recognition site of the HLA molecule of the patient and donor and computed in GvH and HvG vector, the highest vector mismatch was assigned as overall mismatch for a locus. Because multiple comparisons were made, only p-values <0.01 were considered significant. All analyses were adjusted for patient and transplant characteristics. Transplants were stratified according to match grade in the high expression loci (HEL) as 8/8, 7/8 and <7/8; the MM in LEL were computed as 0, 1, 2 and 3 or more MM. A greater degree of mismatch in the HEL was associated with a greater degree of MM in the LEL (p<0.0001); 3 or more MM in the LEL were found in 6, 11 and 21 percent of the patients receiving transplants matched in 8/8, 7/8 and <7/8 HEL groups, respectively. In the 7/8 group, multiple mismatches in the LEL loci were significantly more common in the patients presenting a mismatch in HLA-DRB1 than in the HLA class I loci (p <0.0001); 3 or more MM in the LEL loci were found in 33 percent of the patients presenting one mismatch in HLA-DRB1 while only 8 percent of the patients with one mismatch in either HLA-A, B or C loci presented 3 or more MM in the LEL loci. RESULTS: In the 8/8 HEL group, mismatches in LEL did not significantly associate with mortality. In the 7/8 HEL group, patients with 3 or more MM in LEL in the GvH vector had a significantly higher risk for mortality and treatment related mortality than the subgroups with 0MM (RR=1.44; 95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.07–1.94; p=0.015; and RR=1.63; CI:1.17–2.28; p=0.004) and 1MM (RR=1.46; CI:1.12–1.90; p=0.005; and RR=1.50; CI:1.12–2.01; p=0.006) in LEL, and a similar but not significant trend was observed when compared to the 2MM subgroup. No single LEL appeared to have a more pronounced effect on clinical outcome, when mismatched, versus the other LEL. CONCLUSION: The presence of 3 or more mismatches at LEL may adversely affect clinical outcome after 7/8 matched transplantation. Mismatches at HLA-DRB1 were associated with the occurrence of additional LEL mismatches. Prospective evaluation of matching for HLA-DRB3, 4, 5, DQ and DP loci may be warranted to reduce post-transplant risks in donor recipient pairs matched for 7/8 HEL.
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Panigrahi, Jogeswar, Anjana Patnaik, Phullara Kole, and Chitta ranjan Kole. "Addition of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers to the Genetic Linkage Map of Brassica rapa L. (syn. campestris)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 64, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2009): 882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2009-11-1221.
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Genetic linkage analysis of 151 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci, that included eight new loci, detected by the six probes in the present study, and four trait loci including seed colour, leaf pubescence, resistance to white rust caused by Albugo candida race-2 (AC-2) and race-7 (AC-7) employing the MAPMAKER/EXP 3.0 programme led to the development of 10 linkage groups (LGs) spanning over 44.4 centiMorgan (cM) to 130.4 cM containing 9 to 22 loci and two short LGs with two or three marker loci in Brassica rapa. The enriched map covers 993.1 cM of B. rapa genome with an average marker interval of 6.41. Eight new RFLP loci occupied new map positions on five linkage groups, LG 2, 3, 6, 8 and 9. Addition of these RFLP loci led to appreciable changes in the corresponding linkage groups and resulted in an increase of the total map length by 102.8 cM and of the marker interval by 0.35 cM. Interval mapping by using the computer programme MAPMAKER/ QTL 1.1 for scanning the genetic map led to the detection of one major quantitative trait locus (QTL) in LG 4 and one minor QTL in LG 8 governing resistance to AC-7. Both QTLs contributed 7.89 to the interaction phenotype (IP) score with 96.3% genetic variation. The multi-locus model suggested additive gene action with 96.8% genetic variation.