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1

Padovano, Fabio. "Qualified Mayority Rules As a Necessary Condition for Stability and Growth of an Oligarchic Government*." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 10, no. 2 (October 1, 1992): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569298x15668907539509.

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Abstract Questo lavoro nasce come un tentativo di risposta a due problemi cui la letteratura sul modello del Leviatano non ha fornito soluzioni soddisfacenti: come sia possibile cioè che il Leviatano continui a perpetuare se stesso, anche in presenza di un’opinione diffusa circa la necessità di un suo ridimensionamento, e come gli individui possano effettivamente procedere in questo senso.L’autore elabora un modello di crescita del governo alia Peltzman attraverso il quale argomenta che l’imposizione di una maggioranza qualificata per emendare le regole che a loro volta determinano la dimensione del governo potrebbe ridurre la possibilità di ridimensionare il Leviatano, in quanto le minoranze che ottengono benefici redistributivi consistenti dalla sua crescita si opporranno ad ogni riforma della struttura fiscale stessa.
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2

Iandoli, Gerardo. "Berlusconi e Macron: figure per esplorare l’ipermoderno Un’analisi de Il Duca di Mantova di Franco Cordelli e Un personnage de roman di Philippe Besson." Altre Modernità, no. 26 (November 29, 2021): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2035-7680/16813.

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L’articolo analizza Il Duca di Mantova di Franco Cordelli e Un personnage de roman di Philippe Besson. In questi testi, gli autori si confrontano rispettivamente con la figura di Silvio Berlusconi ed Emmanuel Macron. Attraverso la categoria di ‘ipermoderno’, l’articolo intende studiare alcuni tratti del potere contemporaneo: in una prima parte, si analizzerà lo statuto ontologico dei testi e le modalità usate per mescolare elementi di finzione a dati reali; successivamente, si mostrerà quali immagini del potere emergono dai due politici rappresentati; in conclusione, andando oltre i testi, si cercherà di definire il concetto di ‘Leviatano-ologramma’, al fine di fornire nuovi strumenti concettuali per decostruire l’immaginario politico contemporaneo.
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3

Nicotra, Danilo. "Governance e globalizzazione oltre la actor-network theory." RIVISTA TRIMESTRALE DI SCIENZA DELL'AMMINISTRAZIONE, no. 2 (July 2012): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sa2012-002008.

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L'obiettivo di questo saggio č di fornire una sistematizzazione di tre concetti chiave o, meglio, tre coppie di concetti: neoliberalismo/neoliberismo, globalizzazione/governance e network economy/networked polity. Il nucleo delle tre coppie di concetti č il medesimo e si specifica sotto tre distinti profili: il rapporto tra economia e politica o, se si vuole, tra stato e mercato, big business e big government. Il saggio si propone di offrire alcune "istruzioni per l'uso" per "assemblare" di nuovo la macchina governativa. Oggi, infatti, ci troviamo paradossalmente di fronte all'esigenza di montare assieme le parti di un nuovo Leviatano che la actor-network theory, proposta da Latour e Callon, ha "smontato" solo tre decenni fa.
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4

Sangiacomo, Andrea. "I miracoli e la metamorfosi spinoziana del Leviatano: sulla costituzione del pensiero liberale." RIVISTA DI STORIA DELLA FILOSOFIA, no. 4 (December 2011): 633–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sf2011-004002.

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5

Fornari, Giuseppe. "Prospettive del potere. Anamorfosi del Leviatano in Hobbes e nel Libro di Giobbe." Annali di Scienze Religiose 11 (January 2018): 301–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.asr.5.116201.

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6

Boucher, David. "The Two Leviathans: R. G. Collingwood and Thomas Hobbes." Political Studies 35, no. 3 (September 1987): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1987.tb00199.x.

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In this article I draw upon the published and unpublished works of R. G. Collingwood in order to discern the relation between the Leviathan of Hobbes, and that of Collingwood. First, an attempt is made to explain why Hobbes became important for Collingwood, having had no special status in the writings of the latter prior to the composition of The New Leviathan. Secondly, two misconceptions of the ostensible relation between the two Leviathans will be exposed. Thirdly, the two Leviathans are compared at the level of general intent. It is argued that Collingwood never meant merely to update Leviathan in a piecemeal fashion, but instead formulated an entirely different criterion of conduct from that offered by Hobbes. Finally, some of the arguments of the two Leviathans are compared. Principally, Collingwood found Hobbes deficient in failing to provide an adequate account of the perpetual transition from the state of nature to civil life. One of the aims of Collingwood was to make good this deficiency.
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7

Matera, Rafał. "Using Acemoglu and Robinson’s Concept to Assess Leviathans in CEECs in the Long Term." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 25, no. 3 (September 14, 2022): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.25.22.

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The main objective of the paper is to use the following terms of Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson – Despotic, Real, Paper, Shackled Leviathans – to check and evaluate the state of democracy, governance and social power in Central and Eastern European Countries (CECCs). Six states were included in the study: Poland, Czechia, Slovakia (before 1993 Czechoslovakia), Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Based on a historical analysis, Leviathan types were identified in the interwar period, communism, and the transition time. In the most recent period (the twenty‑first century), eight democracy and freedom indices were presented, which take into account the quality of governance, the state of institutions and the potential of social capital in the six CEECs. The usefulness of these indices for assessing whether (and when) a country managed to shackle Leviathan were checked.
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8

BERETTA, MARCO. "STEVEN SHAPIN, SIMON SCHAFFER, Il Leviatano e la pompa ad aria. Hobbes, Boyle e la cultura dell'esperimento. Trad. it. di Roberto Brigati, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1994, XII + 531 pp., ill." Nuncius 11, no. 1 (1996): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539196x01492.

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9

BERETTA, MARCO. "STEVEN SHAPIN, SIMON SCHAFFER, Il Leviatano e la pompa ad aria. Hobbes, Boyle e la cultura dell'esperimento. Trad. it. di Roberto Brigati, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1994, XII + 531 pp., ill." Nuncius 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058796x01496.

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10

Plata Pineda, Oswaldo. "La interpretación de Sharon Ann Lloyd de la Teoría Política de Thomas Hobbes." Praxis Filosófica, no. 40 (June 2, 2015): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i40.3012.

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En Ideals as Interests in Hobbes’s Leviathan, Sharon Ann Lloyd desarrolla una novedosa interpretación del problema político de Hobbes y de la solución que él elabora en El Leviatán. Lloyd se aparta de las interpretaciones estándares sobre Hobbes al sostener que el hombre hobbesiano es capaz de defender intereses transcendentales (es decir, intereses que no encajan en el esquema del deseo de autoconservación) y que la contradicción entre estos intereses constituye la principal amenaza del orden social. En contra de la interpretación estándar, Lloyd afirma que el conflicto no se circunscribe al estado de naturaleza y que el problema fundamental de la teoría política de Hobbes concierne al establecimiento y el mantenimiento del orden social. De acuerdo con Lloyd, la solución del desorden social se lleva a cabo no sólo mediante estrategias realistas sino además mediante estrategias pedagógicas.
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11

Vieira, Mónica Brito. "Leviathan Contra Leviathan." Journal of the History of Ideas 76, no. 2 (2015): 271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2015.0008.

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12

Ari, Didem, and Sevilay Serenbay. "Approximation by a generalization of the Jakimovski-Leviatan operators." Filomat 33, no. 8 (2019): 2345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1908345a.

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In this paper, we introduce a Kantorovich type generalization of Jakimovski-Leviatan operators constructed by A. Jakimovski and D. Leviatan (1969) and the theorems on convergence and the degree of convergence are established. Furthermore, we study the convergence of these operators in a weighted space of functions on [0,1).
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13

Devos, Rafael Victorino. "LEVIATHAN." Ilha Revista de Antropologia 16, no. 1 (December 5, 2014): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8034.2014v16n1p251.

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14

Garrett, Aaron V. "Leviathan." Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 18, no. 1 (1995): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/gfpj199518114.

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15

Turner, Jonathan. "Leviathan." After Dinner Conversation 3, no. 8 (2022): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/adc20223875.

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Is Hobbes right, in that, life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short?” Will resource scarcity always revert us to our most animalistic nature? In this work of space travel ethical short story fiction, the space cruise liner the narrator is on is hit by a rock. It is severely damaged and some of the crew is injured. They are slowly moving to their destination via “dead reckoning” but the ship will run out of water long before they arrive. At first, the captain decides to do a first round of killing, both by volunteers and by lottery, to save resources. Riots break out as a second lottery happens and water is rationed to just one liter per person, per day. The narrator is a second-class passenger on the ship, but largely built, so he volunteers to serve as security detail. He ends up killing a passenger who fights back during the lottery. As the situation worsens, gangs form on the ship. The narrator is brought in by a gang, but is later kicked out for being sympathetic to others. All seems lost when the ship’s doctor realizes he can filter the blood of the dead and use it to supplement their water supplies.
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16

Ravinthiran, Vidyan. "Leviathan." Yale Review 107, no. 4 (2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2019.0155.

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17

O'Keitinn, Risteard. "Leviathan." Antioch Review 70, no. 3 (2012): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.7723/antioch.70.3.0489.

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Risteard O'Keitinn. "Leviathan." Antioch Review 70, no. 3 (2012): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.7723/antiochreview.70.3.0489.

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19

LaHood, Marvin J., and Paul Auster. "Leviathan." World Literature Today 67, no. 2 (1993): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40149188.

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20

Baumgold, D. "Leviathan." English Historical Review 128, no. 535 (November 27, 2013): 1417–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cet282.

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21

Martinich, AP. "Leviathan." British Journal for the History of Philosophy 13, no. 2 (May 2005): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09608780500093277.

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22

Burgess, Glenn. "Leviathan." History of European Ideas 14, no. 3 (May 1992): 454–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(92)90236-6.

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23

Hazelton, L. "Leviathan." Canadian Medical Association Journal 182, no. 13 (August 30, 2010): 1451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.101175.

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24

Schroder, P. "Leviathan." International Journal of Constitutional Law 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 1123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/mot064.

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25

Ravinthiran, Vidyan. "Leviathan." Yale Review 107, no. 4 (October 2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/yrev.13563.

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26

Roditi, E., and Francesc Vallverdú. "Leviatan i altres poemes." World Literature Today 59, no. 2 (1985): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40141521.

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27

Waligórska-Olejniczak, Beata. "Миф Левиафанa в творчестве Андрея Звягинцева (на материале фильмa „Левиафан”)." Studia Rossica Posnaniensia, no. 41 (June 20, 2018): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2016.41.22.

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The article focuses on an interpretation of Andrei Zvyagintsev’s film Leviathan in the context of the Leviathan myth. The film was inspired by the Book of Job and the philosophical treatise called Leviathan or The Matter, Form and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil written by Thomas Hobbes in 17th century. The article starts with an explanation of the possible meanings of the symbol of Leviathan in various cultural and historical traditions, including the Bible and Hobbes’s book. The background is then expanded further in the interpretation of selected shots from the film, which show that the artistic text of the Russian director can be perceived as a universal parable of human life.
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28

Koszela, Aleksandra. "The Leviathans in the Television Series ‟Supernatural”." Literatura i Kultura Popularna 22 (September 6, 2017): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0867-7441.22.7.

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The Leviathans in the Television Series ‟Supernatural”The paper is an attempt to describe leviathans appearing in “Supernatural” TV series in ref­erence to their archetype known from Judeo-Christian tradition. Originally they were portrayed as a fearsome sea monsters which had extraordinary strength. Leviathans known from “Supernatural” are seemingly showing only slight resemble to monsters known from holy scriptures or legends. They look like people and — if they want to — they can blend in and behave like a normal mortal. However, they have a lot in common with archaic image of this monsters: cruelty, brutality and arro­gance that leviathans manifest to the human kind make them the epitome of chaos and the example of original Evil.
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Desai, Uday, Robert Paehlke, and Douglas Torgerson. "Managing Leviathan." Public Administration Review 51, no. 6 (November 1991): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/976610.

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30

Bußjäger, Peter. "Reinventing Leviathan?" Zeitschrift für Politik 54, no. 1 (2007): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0044-3360-2007-1-5.

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31

Beehler, R. "Leviathan Caught?" Cogito 4, no. 2 (1990): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/cogito19904225.

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32

Cueva, Mateo. "Cyber-Leviathan." Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für Entwicklungspolitik, no. 22-2 (November 1, 2003): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/sjep.573.

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33

Falaschetti, Dino, and Gary Miller. "Constraining Leviathan." Journal of Theoretical Politics 13, no. 4 (October 2001): 389–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951692801013004003.

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34

HALL, STEVE, and SIMON WINLOW. "Rehabilitating Leviathan." Theoretical Criminology 7, no. 2 (May 2003): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480603007002415.

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35

Boettke, Peter J., and Liya Palagashvili. "Taming Leviathan." Supreme Court Economic Review 23, no. 1 (January 2015): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/686481.

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36

May, Larry. "Limiting Leviathan." Hobbes Studies 27, no. 2 (September 8, 2014): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750257-02702007.

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37

WALKER, DAVID. "Leviathan Lite." Political Quarterly 75, s1 (August 2004): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923x.2004.623_1.x.

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38

Wainwright, Joel, and Geoff Mann. "Climate Leviathan." Antipode 45, no. 1 (July 17, 2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01018.x.

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39

du Gay, Paul. "Leviathan calling." Journal of Sociology 48, no. 4 (November 5, 2012): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783312458073.

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40

Mueller, Dennis C. "Constraining Leviathan." Constitutional Political Economy 25, no. 1 (February 7, 2014): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10602-014-9154-2.

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41

OVERHOFF, JÜRGEN. "The Theology of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 51, no. 3 (July 2000): 527–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900005157.

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In his greatest piece of political philosophy, the Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes dedicated the astonishing mass of eighteen voluminous chapters solely to the discussion of religious matters. Although his earlier political treatises, The elements of law of 1640 and the De cive of 1642, discussed theological doctrines at some length, they never accorded so great a role to questions of religion and theology as did Leviathan. The two books of Leviathan in which Hobbes promulgated his theological doctrines are almost exactly equal in length to books I and II, and one of the chapters in book III (‘Of power ecclesiasticall’) is in some ways the longest chapter in the work. The kind of contentious eschatological doctrines which Hobbes had been careful to leave unchallenged in his early works, namely the question whether the soul had an independent existence after the death of the body, figured particularly high in Leviathan. Why was it that Hobbes's interest in theology increased so sharply between 1642 and 1651, and what was the particular point of the theology of Leviathan?
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42

Agrawal, P. N., and Pooja Gupta. "Durrmeyer variant of q-Favard-Szász operators based on Appell polynomials." Creative Mathematics and Informatics 26, no. 1 (2017): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/cmi.2017.01.02.

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Karaisa [Karaisa, A., Approximation by Durrmeyer type Jakimoski Leviatan operators, Math. Method. Appl. Sci., DOI: 10.1002/mma.3650 (2015)] introduced the Durrmeyer type variant of Jakimovski-Leviatan operators based on Appell polynomials and studied some approximation properties. The aim of the present paper is to define the q analogue of these operators and establish the rate of convergence for a Lipschitz type space and a Lipschitz type maximal function for the Durrmeyer type variant of these operators. Also, we study the degree of approximation of these operators in a weighted space of polynomial growth and by means of weighted modulus of continuity
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43

Prokhovnik, Raia. "Hobbes's Artifice as Social Construction." Hobbes Studies 18, no. 1 (2005): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502505x00052.

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AbstractThe paper argues that Leviathan can be interpreted as employing a constructionist approach in several important respects. It takes issue with commentators who think that, if for Hobbes man is not naturally social, then man must be naturally unsocial or naturally purely individual. First, Hobbes's key conceptions of the role of artifice and nature-artifice relations are identified, and uncontroversially constructionist elements outlined, most notably Hobbes's conceptualisation of the covenant. The significance of crucial distinctions in Leviathan, between the civil and the social, between science and philosophy, between mankind's nature and the human condition, is developed. A constructionist reading of the argument of Leviathan is then advanced. The interpretation focuses on the contribution of nature-artifice relations, and of Hobbes's notion of civil philosophy, in understanding the critical issues of the state of nature and individual subjectivity. This reconstruction of the meaning of the text highlights the necessarily social character of human life in Leviathan, expressed in the way that the social' gives meaning to the 'natural', as well as because for Hobbes we live in a mind-affected world of perception and ideas. Leviathan can be interpreted as, in particular, a political social construction, because both social and individual identity logically require the social order and arrangements that only a strong government can supply. The social world, in Leviathan, cannot exist prior to the generation of a political framework, in civil society, the commonwealth, and law.
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Mattos da Silva, Delmo. "Freedom, Power and Natural Nature in Leviathan." Problemata 6, no. 2 (October 15, 2015): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7443/problemata.v6i2.22559.

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45

Douglass, Robin. "Authorisation and Representation before Leviathan." Hobbes Studies 31, no. 1 (March 23, 2018): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750257-03101003.

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In this article, I show that Hobbes’s account of the generation of the commonwealth in both The Elements of Law and De Cive relies on ideas that he would come to theorise in terms of authorisation and representation in Leviathan. In this respect, I argue that the Leviathan account is better understood as filling in gaps and resolving equivocations in Hobbes’s theory, rather than marking a decisive break in his thinking. This argument is developed by substantiating two more specific theses. First, while Hobbes only explicitly distinguishes between the “alienation” and “authorisation” clauses of the covenant in Leviathan, the earlier versions of his theory rely on a two-clause account. Second, in the earlier versions of his theory, Hobbes equivocates between suggesting that the relation between the state and sovereign should be understood in terms of representation or identity; an equivocation that he would only resolve in Leviathan.
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Abdul Reda, Amir. "Political Culture in the Islamic World: The Socioeconomic Roots of the Islamic Leviathan." Comparative Sociology 17, no. 5 (August 30, 2018): 612–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341472.

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Abstract In this paper, the author explores how development affects public opinions on an Islamic Leviathan as an appropriate political system in the Middle East. He asks the following: In the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa), what influences political attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan? To answer this question, he looks at the influence of seven independent variables on attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan as a state system. The seven variables are (1) society’s overall development, (2) the socioeconomic class of respondents, (3) society’s corruption, (4) religiosity, (5) education, (6) gender, and (7) age. The author finds the observations needed to assess his theory in the Carnegie Middle East Governance and Islam Dataset 1988-2014 (CMEGID), which includes 15,194 relevant observations throughout the MENA region. His findings show that societies’ overall development has the most influence over Arab attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan as an appropriate state system.
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Silva, Jairo Rivaldo. "A crítica revisionista aos pressupostos da interpretação ortodoxa do Leviathan." Intuitio 11, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1983-4012.2018.2.31678.

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O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar a crítica recente da interpretação revisionista do Leviathan aos pressupostos da interpretação tradicional ou ortodoxa. Em um primeiro momento, serão apresentados os argumentos contrários aos seguintes pressupostos da interpretação ortodoxa do Leviathan: 1) o egoísmo predominante; 2) o estado de natureza como um dilema do prisioneiro da teoria dos jogos; 3) a obrigação política justificada pela razão prudencial; 4) a irrelevância da religião para a teoria moral e política de Hobbes. Em um segundo momento, serão apresentados os critérios de leitura da interpretação revisionista do Leviathan. Por fim, serão expostos os pressupostos da interpretação revisionista.
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48

Guedes Vaz, Sofia. "The Tragedy of the Commons and Leviathan." Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy 11, no. 22 (2003): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philosophica2003112212.

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The type of authority needed for a good environmental public policy is discussed. We looked at some authors who saw in Leviathan, a type of authority possibly compatible with a model for environmental policy and to some others who refuted it. The need for a Leviathan, what type of Leviathan and could Hobbes’s arguments be used in environmental policy is then discussed. The tragedy of the commons, a rich metaphor for environmental policy is used as the main drive. This small essay will, even though very modestly, contribute for an almost absent environmental political philosophy, where traditional concepts such as authority, sovereignty or state are being challenged and need discussion.
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49

Cardoso, André Cabral de Almeida. "On Whales and Giants: Images of Leviathan in New Model Army and The Unwritten." Gragoatá 22, no. 43 (August 30, 2017): 787–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.v22i43.33498.

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Fantastic and science-fictional narratives employ specific modes of representation. In both genres, figurative language can be used in a literal sense, so that symbols acquire a concrete representation in the text. The aim of this article is to examine how a specific image, the giant Leviathan as a metaphor for the aggregation of individuals in order to form the social body, is explored in two genre narratives. In the science fiction novel New Model Army, by Adam Roberts, the image of Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan is used to suggest the notion of a radical democracy in which all members of the community have an organic participation in the social body. In the graphic narrative The Unwritten, by Mike Carey, Peter Gross and Vince Locke, Hobbes’ Leviathan is explored in conjunction with Melville’s Moby-Dick in order to investigate the nature of symbolic representation and the relation between culture and objective reality. The appropriation of the metaphor of the Leviathan as a concrete symbol determines the way the two narratives develop their main themes and articulate their meanings. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n43a943.
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Gupta, Pooja, Ana Maria Acu, and Purshottam Narain Agrawal. "Jakimovski–Leviatan operators of Kantorovich type involving multiple Appell polynomials." Georgian Mathematical Journal 28, no. 1 (March 8, 2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gmj-2019-2013.

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Abstract The purpose of the present paper is to obtain the degree of approximation in terms of a Lipschitz type maximal function for the Kantorovich type modification of Jakimovski–Leviatan operators based on multiple Appell polynomials. Also, we study the rate of approximation of these operators in a weighted space of polynomial growth and for functions having a derivative of bounded variation. A Voronvskaja type theorem is obtained. Further, we illustrate the convergence of these operators for certain functions through tables and figures using the Maple algorithm and, by a numerical example, we show that our Kantorovich type operator involving multiple Appell polynomials yields a better rate of convergence than the Durrmeyer type Jakimovski Leviatan operators based on Appell polynomials introduced by Karaisa (2016).
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