Academic literature on the topic 'Level intersections'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Level intersections.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Level intersections"
1
Meng, Yu, and Debbie A. Niemeier. "Project Level Carbon Monoxide Hot-Spot Analysis for Level of Service D Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1641, no. 1 (January 1998): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1641-09.
Full textAbstract:
Hot-spot [localized carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM10) violations] analysis is often required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine project level air quality conformity of transportation projects in accordance with state implementation plans. EPA uses intersection level of service (LOS) as one of its major criteria for identifying potential CO hot spots. EPA’s 1992 Guideline for Modeling CO from Roadway Intersections states that hot-spot analysis is not required for those intersections operating at LOS A, B, or C (i.e., these intersections are automatically eliminated as potential CO hot spots), whereas intersections operating at LOS D or worse must undergo detailed CO concentration analysis. Of all possible LOS D intersections, clearly only a few will actually require detailed modeling of CO concentrations. A new screening methodology that introduces the concept of meteorological situation-orientated reference charts is presented. Variations on the basic reference charts can incorporate such effects as signal type (e.g., pretimed versus actuated) and future fleet characteristics. Once the desired reference charts have been developed, to use them the analyst needs only to identify the applicable reference chart on the basis of the location of the project at hand and an approximate background concentration. The proposed screening methodology should save both effort and money often wasted on the redesign of intersections that are predicted to be hot spots at the time of air quality conformity analysis and when detailed air quality analysis of LOS D intersections is undertaken for intersections that are unlikely to be CO hot spots.
2
Wang, Lili, Wanle Wang, Fang Wei, and Yakun Hu. "Research on the Classification of Air Route Intersections in the Airspace of China." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 2 (February 2019): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118825452.
Full textAbstract:
As the intersecting points of crossing traffic flows, air route intersections are the major bottlenecks in the world’s airspace due to restricted airspace and rapid growth of air traffic. In order to reduce controller workload and maintain traffic safety, air traffic operation units in China devised the idea of “overpasses” at busy intersections. The basic idea is to strategically separate flows of aircraft on intersecting routes vertically by allocating distinct flight levels to them. In practice, aircraft are required to maintain an agreed flight level en route long before they cross the intersection. With more and more “overpasses” being established, the available airspace is becoming more restricted, the result of which is a drop in the overall airspace efficiency. Therefore, the air traffic management community would benefit from a quantification indicator to determine whether an overpass should be established at a particular intersection. In this paper, such an indicator—a classification index—is proposed for air route intersections based on the calculated intersection complexity and collision risk. Additionally, according to the calculation results of the classification index for typical intersections in Chinese airspace, an intersection classification system is presented, which can serve as guidance for the establishment of overpasses in the future. A case study is provided to demonstrate the working of the system. The proposed intersection classification method should help decision makers better understand the operation characteristics of intersections in Chinese airspace and make informed decisions to balance workload and efficiency.
3
Bian, Yang, Lu Jian, and Lin Zhao. "Method to Determine Pedestrians Level of Service for Unsignalized Intersections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 1936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.1936.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims at developing a Level of Service (LOS) model for unsignalized intersection crosswalks for pedestrians from the perspective of the pedestrian’s perception of comfort and safety in unsignalized intersection environment. Firstly, the potential primary factors influencing pedestrian LOS at crosswalk were summarized from three respects: traffic conflicts, crossing facilities and delay. Secondly, data for the model were collected, including 459 participants’ real-time sense of comfort and safety when they crossing the 11 selected intersection crosswalks and the design and operational characteristics of the selected intersections. The selected crosswalks were typical of those prevalent in the urban areas of China, and the participants of questionnaire survey covered a broad cross section of Chinese population of pedestrians. Based on the survey data, Pearson Correlation analysis and step-wise regression analysis were carried out to develop pedestrian LOS model for unsignalized intersections. A reliable, statistically calibrated pedestrian LOS model for unsignalized intersections was developed, suitable for application in the vast majority of Chinese urban areas. The study revealed that the factors significantly influencing pedestrian LOS at unsignalized intersections included: left turning bicycles from side streets, through bicycles from side streets, right turning bicycles from side streets, left turning bicycles approaching from the street parallel to the crosswalk, through bicycles from the approach opposite to the crosswalk, right turning bicycles from the street parallel to the crosswalk, through bicycles from the approach opposite to the crosswalk and the presence of the median.
4
Petritsch, Theodore A., Bruce W. Landis, Peyton S. McLeod, Herman F. Huang, Srikalyan Challa, and Martin Guttenplan. "Level-of-Service Model for Pedestrians at Signalized Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1939, no. 1 (January 2005): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193900107.
Full textAbstract:
This paper documents a study performed to develop a level-of-service (LOS) model that accurately represents pedestrians’ perceptions of crossings at signalized intersections. This model incorporates perceived safety and comfort (i.e., perceived exposure and conflicts) and operations (i.e., delay and signalization). Data for the model were obtained from an innovative Walk for Science field data collection event and video simulations. The data consist of ( a) participants’ perceptions of safety, comfort, and operations as they walk through selected signalized intersections and ( b) the design and operational characteristics of these intersections. The resulting model provides a measure of the pedestrian's perspective on how well an intersection's geometric and operational characteristics meets his or her needs. The pedestrian LOS model for intersections described in this paper is based on Pearson correlation analyses and stepwise regression modeling of approximately 800 combined real-time perceptions (observations) from pedestrians walking a course through signalized intersections in a typical U.S. metropolitan area. The resulting general model for the pedestrian LOS at intersections is highly reliable, has a high correlation coefficient ( R2 = .73) with the average observations, and is transferable to the majority of metropolitan areas in the United States. Primary factors in the pedestrian LOS model for intersections include right-turn-on-red volumes for the street being crossed, permissive left turns from the street parallel to the crosswalk motor vehicle volume on the street being crossed, midblock 85th percentile speed of the vehicles on the street being crossed, number of lanes being crossed, pedestrian's delay, and presence or absence of right-turn channelization islands.
5
Cheng, Wei, Man Rong Yuan, and Jun Jun Zhao. "Study on Extenics Evaluation of the Safety for Urban Road Intersections." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.724.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of the theory and method of extenics and to evaluate the safety level of urban road intersections quantitatively, those are selected that infrastructure, signal lamp, conflict rate in all 3 categories of 9 indicators, meanwhile, the matter element model of safety evaluation for urban road intersections is put forward based on extenics, and the objective assessment with multiobjects for urban road intersections safety level is transformed into the single objective decision which is convenient to be estimated and compared. Then by calculating the comprehensive correlative degree it is analyzed that each index factor has influence on intersection safety. The results of numerical analysis shows that the extension method can much better evaluate intersection safety level for improving intersection safety to provide efficient and valued basis for traffic management department to make decision.
6
Yu, Jing Fei, and Li Wang. "Study on Urban Road Intersection Evaluation Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Cluster Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1398.
Full textAbstract:
This paper choices eleven evaluation index to establish fuzzy hierarchy evaluation index system of urban road intersection based on basic facilities, operation conditions and environment level of intersection. Comprehensive evaluation modal of urban road intersection is established by calculating relative weight of every layer through applying to triangular fuzzy function. Ten intersections obtain comprehensive evaluation based on the modal established. These intersections have been clustered three clusters by K-Means Cluster method finally. It is help to manage and control the similar intersections according to cluster result.
7
Shin, Eon Kyo, Jang Hee Lee, Ju Hyun Kim, Jung Sik Kim, and Yong Woo Jeong. "Two-Level Signalized Intersection." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2060, no. 1 (January 2008): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2060-07.
Full textAbstract:
Severe traffic congestion often occurs at intersections of high-volume traffic arteries. To reduce this congestion, innovative intersection designs such as the single-point urban interchange (SPUI), center-turn overpass (CTO), and echelon interchange (EI) have been implemented. This paper introduces a new type of intersection, the two-level signalized intersection (TLSI), which improves the efficiency of intersection operations under a wide variety of traffic conditions. The paper compares the TLSI with other innovative intersection types. Unlike the SPUI, CTO, or EI, the TLSI provides for complete separation of east–west and north–south traffic. The TLSI also enables the use of directional separation and leading, lagging, or overlapping lefts on both upper and lower levels. Simulation results indicate that, compared with these other innovative intersection types, the TLSI has the shortest delay times in most evaluation scenarios as well as the least sensitivity to variations in traffic volume. However, the TLSI shows significant delay when traffic volumes on the major and minor roads are vastly different.
8
Ištoka Otković, Irena, and Ivan Dadić. "Comparison of Delays at Signal-controlled Intersection and Roundabout." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 21, no. 3 (March 2, 2012): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v21i3.221.
Full textAbstract:
Delays belong to standard parameters used for the evaluation of any type of intersection and they are taken in the evaluation of the level of service of an intersection. Intersections with shorter delays bring about economical benefits both for the users and the community, and enable greater efficiency of a traffic system, which is becoming a significant criterion with the increasing motorization. The case studies carried out in Europe and worldwide reveal that roundabouts bring delay savings if compared with other intersections of the same operational level and nearly the same traffic volume. The paper shows the results of the comparison analysis of the roundabout and the signal-controlled intersection in the city of Osijek, Croatia. The statistical indicators have given the basis for the evaluation of delays at the observed intersections, offering at the same time the possibility to compare the analysis conclusions on the local level with the conclusions of the case studies carried out throughout Europe and worldwide. KEYWORDS: delays, roundabout, signal-controlled intersection
9
Gutiérrez-Moreno, Rodrigo, Rafael Barea, Elena López-Guillén, Javier Araluce, and Luis M. Bergasa. "Reinforcement Learning-Based Autonomous Driving at Intersections in CARLA Simulator." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 8373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218373.
Full textAbstract:
Intersections are considered one of the most complex scenarios in a self-driving framework due to the uncertainty in the behaviors of surrounding vehicles and the different types of scenarios that can be found. To deal with this problem, we provide a Deep Reinforcement Learning approach for intersection handling, which is combined with Curriculum Learning to improve the training process. The state space is defined by two vectors, containing adversaries and ego vehicle information. We define a features extractor module and an actor–critic approach combined with Curriculum Learning techniques, adding complexity to the environment by increasing the number of vehicles. In order to address a complete autonomous driving system, a hybrid architecture is proposed. The operative level generates the driving commands, the strategy level defines the trajectory and the tactical level executes the high-level decisions. This high-level decision system is the main goal of this research. To address realistic experiments, we set up three scenarios: intersections with traffic lights, intersections with traffic signs and uncontrolled intersections. The results of this paper show that a Proximal Policy Optimization algorithm can infer ego vehicle-desired behavior for different intersection scenarios based only on the behavior of adversarial vehicles.
10
Kyte, Michael, Wayne Kittelson, Tian Zong Zhong, Bruce Robinson, and Mark Vandehey. "Analysis of Traffic Operations at All-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections by Simulation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1555, no. 1 (January 1996): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155500109.
Full textAbstract:
All-way stop-controlled (AWSC) intersections are one of the common intersection types in the United States. Although significant research has been completed on signalized intersections and two-way stop-controlled intersections, a limited number of studies have been made of traffic operations at AWSC intersections. In addition, although a general analytical procedure now exists for AWSC intersections, it is not capable of handling the wide variety of conditions typically faced by the practicing traffic engineer. Further, it may not be computationally possible for an analytical model to handle the large number of vehicle interaction combinations that exist at AWSC intersections. This study presents a new AWSC simulation model and some of the results from that simulation. The model was tested against the field data collected during NCHRP Project 3-46, Capacity and Level of Service at Unsignalized Intersections. The model can be used to predict vehicle delay, queue length, and saturation headways, which have shown good correlation with the field data. The simulation model predicted the same level of service for about 66 percent of the cases tested, and for 100 percent of the cases the model predicted level of service within one level difference.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Level intersections"
1
Rencelj, Marco. "The methodology for predicting the expected level of traffic safety in the different types of level intersections." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3154.
Full textAbstract:
2007/2008Traffic accidents cause high material and human losses, what is reflected in society. The logical result is the need for efficient road safety in designing a new and the existing road system. Slovenia is, like other new EU Member States, aware of its tasks for improving traffic safety. In accordance with very clear demands of European transport policy about road safety – that is an EU recommendation of halving the number of road accident victims in the European Union by 2010 – Slovenia has also put into its national program a decision to halve the number of dead casualties on Slovenian roads. Unfortunately, the current situation in the field of road safety in Slovenia is - despite the highly ambitious plans - still not satisfactory. It has to be admitted that traffic safety in Slovenia has been improved during the last years but we still have not achieved the objectives of reducing road accidents, injured participants or dead casualties. One of the "steps" to achieved desired level is also to improve existent road infrastructure. Road infrastructure improvement supposed to be applied to "black spots" first. For safety management it is well known, that we have three main motives for safety management: economic effectiveness, professional and institutional responsibility, and fairness. Survey among 25 EU states about estimating the most effective short, medium, and long term measures - both at national level and at EU level - shown, that measures related to infrastructure safety management (such as high-risk site management - black spot management), road safety audit and road safety inspection, are generally recognized as a high priority. While high-risk site management is a short-term measure, other infrastructure safety management measures make their impact in the medium to long term. One of the possible approaches to identification of "safety problems" (safety deficiencies: accident frequency, accident rate, accident severity) is also use of accident prediction models (APM). With those models and use of various criteria we can detect not only "black spots" but also "larger targets". A large number of "statistical predictive safety models" are described in the literature. Many attempts were done to use those models to establish a relationship between various traffic parameters and the number of accidents at road sections or road intersections. For statistical safety prediction models it is often suggested that accident occurrences are discrete, sporadic and random in nature. Thereby it is suggested to use Poisson regression models. The variation in accident occurrence is also considered to be due in part to the systematic variation in identified traffic measures such is traffic flow rates, measures of speed and intersection design parameters. Discrete, Poisson or negative binomial distributions are usefully applied to estimate the number of accidents that occur at road sections / intersections over a particular period of time. For accident prediction modeling the "generalized linear modeling" approach has been found to be particularly useful. This approach accounts for the fact that the dependent variable (e.g. number of accidents) does not need to be normally distributed (as is often the approach to describe the relationship between accident frequency and traffic flows on major and minor roads at intersections). For the purpose of this work I collect different types of data for 60 level intersections on state road network in Slovenia. I divide those intersections into four different groups: 3-leg without left turn lanes on major road, 3-leg with left turn lanes on major road, 4-leg without left turn lanes on major road and 4-leg with left turn lanes on major road. All intersections were in rural area - outside urban area - with limited influence (or no influence at all) of pedestrians or / and cyclists. For observed intersections I collect different types of needed data: data about traffic accident for last 5 years (from 2002 - 2006), data about traffic (AADT on major and minor road), data about geometrical elements of the intersections, alignment of legs and other needed data (lane / shoulder width, speed limit, lighting, present of left / right turn lanes, type of terrain etc.) After study of relevant literature I consider two different types of APM, which seemed to be correct and useful for my research work. I evaluate those different types of APM and made calculation for data which I obtained. At the end I made the correlation between those models with use of an empirical Bayesin method for calculating adjusted accident frequency.
XXI Ciclo
1973
2
Zhang, Zheshuo. "Dynamics of road vehicles crossing rail-road intersections." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/132688/2/Zheshuo%20Zhang%20Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This project was a step forward in redesigning level crossing for improved safety of level crossing infrastructure. A vehicle-tire-obstacle model capable of predicting the vehicle dynamic behaviour as well as the tire-obstacle contact forces was developed from basic equations of motion. The thesis investigated the profile of redesigned level crossing from the perspective of road vehicle dynamics including the safety risk to the occupant and the dislodgement risk of the freights in the road vehicles. It was shown that the redesigned level crossings can save lives and avoid damages to trains, road vehicles and the related infrastructure.
3
Gamble, Stephanie Nicole. "Conical Intersections and Avoided Crossings of Electronic Energy Levels." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101899.
Full textAbstract:
We study the unique phenomena which occur in certain systems characterized by the crossing or avoided crossing of two electronic eigenvalues. First, an example problem will be investigated for a given Hamiltonian resulting in a codimension 1 crossing by implementing results by Hagedorn from 1994. Then we perturb the Hamiltonian to study the system for the corresponding avoided crossing by implementing results by Hagedorn and Joye from 1998. The results from these demonstrate the behavior which occurs at a codimension 1 crossing and avoided crossing and illustrates the differences. These solutions may also be used in further studies with Herman-Kluk propagation and more.
Secondly, we study codimension 2 crossings by considering a more general type of wave packet. We focus on the case of Schrödinger equation but our methods are general enough to be adapted to other systems with the geometric conditions therein. The motivation comes from the construction of surface hopping algorithms giving an approximation of the solution of a system of Schrödinger equations coupled by a potential admitting a conical intersection, in the spirit of Herman-Kluk approximation (in close relation with frozen/thawed approximations). Our main Theorem gives explicit transition formulas for the profiles when passing through a conical crossing point, including precise computation of the transformation of the phase and its proof is based on a normal form approach.Doctor of Philosophy
We study energies of molecular systems in which special circumstances occur. In particular, when these energies intersect, or come close to intersecting. These phenomena give rise to unique physics which allows special reactions to occur and are thus of interest to study. We study one example of a more specific type of energy level crossing and avoided crossing, and then consider another type of crossing in a more general setting. We find solutions for these systems to draw our results from.
4
Johnston, Nathan R. "Development of a Bicycle Level of Service Methodology for Two-Way Stop-Controlled (TWSC) Intersections." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1168.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis fills a missing piece in research on multimodal performance measures for traffic on streets and highways. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) published by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) provides Level of Service (LOS) methodologies which enable engineers and planners to evaluate the overall performance of roadways and highways based on the physical characteristics of facilities. This allows for the evaluation of those facilities and offers a means for recognizing issues and planning, designing, implementing, and ultimately assessing improvements. Originally, level of service was developed for automotive traffic only, but with recent developments as part of the complete streets movement, the performance of infrastructure for alternative transportation modes have also started being assessed in this fashion. There are methodologies in HCM 2010 for bicycle traffic at signalized intersections, all-way stop-controlled intersections, roadway and highway segments, but as of yet, no bicycle level of service methodology exists for two-way stop-controlled intersections. This work attempts to fill this gap. The methodology utilized for this report includes video collection of sample two-way stop-controlled intersections throughout California, collection of survey responses from viewers of video, and linear regression of collected survey responses with physical attributes of each sample intersection as the explanatory variables. Data was analyzed from both combined and individual street movements to determine the final equation set. The final methodology involves two separate procedures for major and minor streets at TWSC intersections. Final factors deemed significant in bicycle level of service analysis include sight distances, speed limits, presence of bus stops, presence and type of bicycle infrastructure, street widths and types of lanes present, pavement quality, and traffic flows.
5
Almonte, Valdivia Ana Maria. "Level-of-service and traffic safety relationship an exploratory analysis of signalized intersections and multilane high-speed arterial corridors /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002615.
Full text
6
Almonte-Valdivia, Ana. "Level-of-Service and Traffic Safety Relationship: An Exploratory Analysis of Signalized Intersections and Multiland High-Speed Arterial Corridors." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3372.
Full textAbstract:
Since its inception in 1965, the Level-of-Service (LOS) has proved to be an important and practical "quality of service" indicator for transportation facilities around the world, widely used in the transportation and planning fields. The LOS rates these facilities' traffic operating conditions through the following delay-based indicators (ordered from best to worst conditions): A, B, C, D, E and F. This LOS rating has its foundation on quantifiable measures of effectiveness (MOEs) and on road users' perceptions; altogether, these measures define a LOS based on acceptable traffic operating conditions for the road user, implying that traffic safety is inherent to this definition. However, since 1994 safety has been excluded from the LOS definition since it cannot be quantified nor explicitly defined. The latter has been the motivation for research based on the LOS-Safety relationship, conducted at the University of Central Florida (UCF). Using data from two of the most studied transportation facility types within the field of traffic safety, signalized intersections and multilane high-speed arterial corridors, the research conducted has the following main objectives: to incorporate the LOS as a parameter in several traffic safety models, to extend the methodology adopted in previous studies to the subject matter, and to provide a platform for future transportation-related research on the LOS-Safety relationship. A meticulous data collection and preparation process was performed for the two LOS-Safety studies comprising this research. Apart from signalized intersections' and multilane-high speed arterial corridors' data, the other required types of information corresponded to crashes and road features, both obtained from FDOT's respective databases. In addition, the Highway Capacity Software (HCS) and the ArcGIS software package were extensively used for the data preparation. The result was a representative and robust dataset for each LOS-Safety study, to be later tested and analyzed with appropriate statistical methods. Regarding the LOS-Safety study for signalized intersections, two statistical techniques were used. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs), the first technique, was used for the analyses considering all periods of a regular weekday (i.e. Monday through Friday): Early Morning, A.M. Peak, Midday, P.M. Peak and Late Evening; the second technique considered was the Negative Binomial, which was used for performing an individual analysis per period of the day. On the other hand, the LOS-Safety study for multilane high-speed arterial corridors made exclusive use of the Negative Binomial technique. An appropriate variable selection process was required for the respective model building and calibration procedures; the resulting models were built upon the six following response variables: total crashes, severe crashes, as well as rear-end, sideswipe, head-on and angle plus left-turn crashes. The final results proved to be meaningful for the understanding of traffic congestion effects on road safety, and on how they could be useful within the transportation planning scope. Overall, it was found that the risk for crash occurrence at signalized intersections and multilane high-speed arterial corridors is quite high between stable and unacceptable operating conditions; it was also found that this risk increases as it becomes later in the day. Among the significant factors within the signalized intersection-related models were LOS for the intersection as a whole, cycle length, lighting conditions, land use, traffic volume (major and minor roads), left-turn traffic volume (major road only), posted speed limit (major and minor roads), total number of through lanes (major and minor roads), overall total and total number of left-turn lanes (major road only), as well as county and period of the day (dummy variables). For multilane-high speed arterial corridors, the final models included LOS for the road section, average daily traffic (ADT), total number of through lanes in a single direction, total length of the road section, pavement surface type, as well as median and inside shoulder widths. A summary of the overall results per study, model implications and each LOS indicator is presented. Some of the final recommendations are to develop models for other crash types, to perform a LOS-Safety analysis at the approach-level for signalized intersections, as well as one that incorporates intersections within the arterial corridors' framework.M.S.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering MS
7
Kumar, Manjunathan. "A Preliminary Examination of Data Envelopment Analysis for Prioritizing Improvements of a Set of Independent Four Way Signalized Intersections in a Region." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30852.
Full textAbstract:
Evaluation of critical transportation infrastructure and their operation is vital for continuous evolution to meet the growing needs of the society with time. The current practice of evaluating signalized intersections has two steps. The first is to determine the level of service at which the intersection is performing. Level of Service (LOS) is based on the average delay per vehicle that gets past the particular intersection under consideration. The second step is to do a capacity analysis. This considers the number of lanes and other infrastructure related factors and also includes the influence of the control strategies.
The above-described procedure evaluates any one intersection at a time. It is necessary to compare and rank a given set of intersections for planning purposes such as choosing the sites for improvements.
The research work presented in this thesis demonstrates how Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) can be used as a tool to achieve the purpose of comparing and ranking a given set of comparable intersections. This study elaborates on various ways of representing different characteristics of an intersection. The demonstration has been restricted to four way signalized intersections.
The intersections that were used for demonstration as part of this research were created in a controlled random fashion by simulation.Master of Science
8
Ortolani, Giseli Aparecida. "Comparação do desempenho de dispositivos de interseções rodoviárias em nível utilizando o simulador Integration." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-20062017-102938/.
Full textAbstract:
O trabalho contém uma avaliação do desempenho operacional do tráfego de veículos em três tipos de dispositivos rodoviários em nível, utilizando como critério a capacidade para os diversos níveis de serviço, incluindo uma análise comparativa do entre eles. A avaliação do desempenho é feita com base nos resultados fornecidos pelo simulador INTEGRATION. Os três dispositivos analisados, são: semi-rotatória com prioridade para os veículos da via principal, rotatória com prioridade para os veículos da via principal e rotatória com prioridade para os veículos da via circular. No trabalho também é realizada uma análise de alguns aspectos relevantes da lógica utilizada pelo INTEGRATION e de resultados fornecidos pelo simulador em alguns casos particulares simples, através da comparação de valores obtidos variando-se para alguns parâmetros, bem como da comparação com resultados fornecidos por outros modelos de avaliação de desempenho de interseções com sinal de parada obrigatória ou dê a preferência.The work contains a performance evaluation of the traffic vehicles in the three types of Road intersections at grade used in Brazil, using as criteria the capacity relatively to the level of service. A comparative analysis of the performance of these intersections is also presented. The performance evaluation is made based on the supplied results by the INTEGRATION simulator. The three analyzed intersections, are: semi roundabout with priority for the vehicles of the main road, roundabout with priority for the vehicles the main road and roundabout with priority for the vehicles in the circular road (modern roundabout).In this research an analysis is also accomplished about some important aspects of the INTEGRATION logic and of the supplied results by the simulator in some specific cases, through the comparison of obtained values being varied some parameters, as well as the comparison with results supplied by other evaluation models of intersections performance with STOP SIGN and GIVE WAY traffic signs.
9
Braun, Kelsey. "Intersectional Sexual Minority Stress and Recognition of Macro-Level Dynamics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2021/presentations/56.
Full textAbstract:
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals, also known as sexual minorities, endure unique and excess stressors due to their stigmatized sexual minority identity. Commonly referred to as minority stress, these stressors may potentially lead to poorer mental health outcomes among sexual minority individuals as compared to their heterosexual counterparts. The manifestation and extent of these stressors depend on the complex relationships between one’s simultaneous intersecting identities (e.g., race, gender, and sexual orientation) and macro-level inequality reinforcement (e.g., structural barriers, societal representation, politics). Inequality at the macro-level creates power and oppression on a larger scale by emphasizing dominant societal norms and belief systems, which, in turn, could have consequences on interpersonal and individual levels. Previous minority stress literature neglects macro-level impact and tends to view sexual minorities as a homogenous group. In an effort to highlight within-group variability of minority stressors and their impact on sexual minorities at the intersection of race and gender, an intersectional lens was applied to assess existing minority stress literature that corresponded with three types of intersectionality (i.e., structural intersectionality, representational intersectionality, political intersectionality). Sexual minority stress research, with emphasis on external stressors aligning with macro-level forces, was selected for review. After organizing the literature by race, gender, and specific sexual minority identity, an intersectional lens was applied to explain the variation of experience based on converging identity intersections of sexual minority individuals. The variation of mental health outcomes was also identified. Findings revealed that literature primarily lined-up with structural intersectionality, followed by representational intersectionality, and, finally, political intersectionality. Ideally, this review would have equally distributed information on all within-group identity combinations, but this review further highlights group underrepresentation in the literature. Consistencies emerged for bisexuals and sexual minorities of color (SMOC) across the structural, representational, and political intersectionality categorizations. Overall, bisexuals and SMOC appear to be at a more significant macro-level disadvantage than gay or lesbian individuals and White sexual minorities. A recognizable pattern occurred based on gender across race/ethnicity in relation to structural and representational intersectionality. The stressors for women and gender minorities occurred in the context of societal power, assumed heterosexuality, and healthcare. By contrast, stressors for men concerned geographic location, employment, workplace, and appearance. While very little minority stress literature corresponded with political intersectionality, this review highlighted a large gap in previous research and what to explore in the future. The findings highlight the similarities and differences encountered by sexual minorities related to experiences, stress, and mental health regarding macro-level impacts. Additionally, gaps in the minority stress literature were also revealed, such as underrepresented identities and political influence. In the future, incorporation of intersectionality that should be applied prior to conducting minority stress research for a more comprehensive understanding.
10
Burkhart, Craig. "Approval Voting Theory with Multiple Levels of Approval." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/26.
Full textAbstract:
Approval voting is an election method in which voters may cast votes for as many candidates as they desire. This can be modeled mathematically by associating to each voter an approval region: a set of potential candidates they approve. In this thesis we add another level of approval somewhere in between complete approval and complete disapproval. More than one level of approval may be a better model for a real-life voter's complex decision making. We provide a new definition for intersection that supports multiple levels of approval. The case of pairwise intersection is studied, and the level of agreement among voters is studied under restrictions on the relative size of each voter's preferences. We derive upper and lower bounds for the percentage of agreement based on the percentage of intersection.
Books on the topic "Level intersections"
1
R, Lakkundi Vijayendra, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Virginia. Dept. of Transportation., and United States. Federal Highway Administration., eds. Development of left-turn lane guidelines for signalized and unsignalized intersections. Charlottesville, Va: Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2004.
Find full text
2
International Symposium on Highway Capacity (1991 Karlsruhe, Germany). Highway capacity and level of service: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Highway Capacity, Karlsruhe/24-27 July 1991. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1991.
Find full text
3
Dubourg, Ninon. Disabled Clerics in the Late Middle Ages. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463721561.
Full textAbstract:
The petitions received and the letters sent by the Papal Chancery during the Late Middle Ages attest to the recognition of disability at the highest levels of the medieval Church. These documents acknowledge the existence of physical and/or mental impairments, with the papacy issuing dispensations allowing some supplicants to adapt their clerical missions according to their abilities. A disease, impairment, or old age could prevent both secular and regular clerics from fulfilling the duties of their divine office. Such conditions can, thus, be understood as forms of disability. In these cases, the Papal Chancery bore the responsibility for determining if disabled people were suitable to serve as clerics, with all the rights and duties of divine services. Whilst some petitioners were allowed to enter the clergy, or – in the case of currently serving churchmen – to stay more or less active in their work, others were compelled to resign their position and leave the clergy entirely. Petitions and papal letters lie at intersection of authorized, institutional policy and practical sources chronicling the lived experiences of disabled people in the Middle Ages. As such, they constitute an excellent analytical laboratory in which to study medieval disability in its relation to the papacy as an institution, alongside the impact of official ecclesiastical judgments on disabled lives.
4
Brigham, John, Sarah Marusek, and Patrícia Branco. Street-Level Sovereignty: The Intersection of Space and Law. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2017.
Find full text
5
Panchuk, Michelle, and Michael Rea, eds. Voices from the Edge. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848844.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past several decades, scholars working in biblical, theological, and religious studies have increasingly attended to the substantive ways that our experiences and understanding of God and God’s relation to the world are structured by our experiences and concepts of race, gender, disability, and sexuality. These personal and social identities and their intersections serve as a hermeneutical lens for our interpretations of God, self, the other, and our religious texts and traditions. However, they have not received nearly the same level of attention from analytic theologians and philosophers of religion, and so a wide range of important issues remain ripe for analytic treatment. The papers in this volume address the various ways in which the aforementioned social identities intersect with, shape, and might be shaped by the questions with which analytic theology and philosophy of religion have typically been concerned, as well as what new questions they suggest to the discipline. We focus on three central areas of analytic theology: methodological principles, the intersection of social identities with religious epistemology, and the connections among eschatology, ante-mortem suffering, and ante-mortem social perceptions of bodies.
6
Durch, William, Joris Larik, and Richard Ponzio. The Intersection of Security and Justice in Global Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805373.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Security and justice are both essential elements in humanity’s quest not only to survive but to thrive with dignity; neither is sustainable alone. Security is merely the appearance of order in a framework of structural violence unless tempered or leavened by concepts of justice that include human rights, human dignity, and other normative limits on the use of power. The pursuit of justice, whether at the personal, community, national, or international level can be crippled if not matched, in turn, by means to sustain security at each level. This complementarity of security and justice—despite their inherent tensions—is the core conceptual framework of the book. Achieving “just security,” we argue, is essential to the success of any global governance enterprise or architecture.
7
Alconini, Sonia, and Alan Covey. Conclusions: Appropriating the Inca. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.59.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter addresses the key concepts discussed in Part 8, which focused on the persistence of Inca identity and associated politics of performance, indigeneity, and “Incanism.” The ruptures of natural disasters and political upheaval have allowed Cuzco to be rebuilt in new cycles that invoke Inca identity in distinct ways, the most recent of these as a center of world heritage. At a broader level, the colonial-era broadening of Inca identity helped to sustain indigenous rebellions against Spanish colonial rule, and this persisted after independence, as the Incas became a national Peruvian symbol. The globalization of Inca heritage sites has occurred alongside Inca-inspired representations of indigenous identity elsewhere, making the Incas the aspirational ancestors for different scales of identity-building. Inca sites like Machu Picchu serve as rich places for the intersections of different performances of what it means to be Inca.
8
Frierson-Campbell, Carol, Clare Hall, Sean Robert Powell, and Guillermo Rosabal-Coto, eds. Sociological Thinking in Music Education. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197600962.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Sociological Thinking in Music Education: International Intersections presents sociological thinking about music teaching and learning as important social, political, economic, ecological, and cultural ways of being. At the book’s heart is the intersection between theory and practice where readers gain glimpses of intriguing social phenomena as lived through music learning and teaching. The vital roles played by music and music education from various societies around the world are illustrated through pivotal intersections between music education and sociology: community, schooling, and issues of decolonization. In this book, emerging as well as established authors mobilize the links between applied sociology, music, education, and music education in ways that intersect the scholarly and the personal. These interdisciplinary vantage points fulfill the book’s overarching aim to move beyond mere descriptions of what is by analyzing how social inequalities and inequities, conflict and control, and power can be understood in and through music teaching and learning at both individual and collective levels. The result is not only encountering new things regarding the social construction of music education practices in specific places but also seeing and hearing familiar things in fresh ways. Digital assets enable readers to meet the authors and the points of their inquiry via various audiovisual media including videos, a documentary music film, and multilingual video précis for each chapter in English and in each author’s language of origin.
9
Denison, Craig. Teaching and Conducting Diverse Populations. Edited by Frank Abrahams and Paul D. Head. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199373369.013.23.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines how social delineations of boys’ singing inform the boychoir conductor’s choices for vocal technique, programming, and rehearsal procedure. The introduction identifies structural elements that delineate a boychoir from other types of choirs, especially in the United States, with its traditions of multistage maturity level singers across different vocal registers. Once established, the chapter examines signature programming, rehearsal, and performance norms, with attention to the intersection of traditional and contemporary practices. Following a consideration of the boychoir community and its relationship to the community-at-large, the chapter closes with the concluding assertion of a boychoir pedagogy that synergizes the handling of different levels of boychoir development (especially voice changes) and adult and boy meanings of boys’ singing.
10
1961-, Hoffman Andrew J., ed. Global climate change: A senior-level debate at the intersection of economics, strategy, technology, science, politics, and international negotiation. San Francisco: New Lexington Press, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Level intersections"
1
Ni, Daiheng. "Level of Service of Signalized Intersections." In Signalized Intersections, 157–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38549-1_7.
Full text
2
Tarko, Andrzej, and Stanislaw Gaca. "Pedestrians at signalized intersections." In Highway Capacity and Level of Service, 367–76. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203751916-38.
Full text
3
Fambro, Daniel B., and C. J. Messer. "Estimating delay at coordinated signalized intersections." In Highway Capacity and Level of Service, 127–43. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203751916-13.
Full text
4
Brilon, Werner, and Michael Großmann. "The new German guideline for capacity of unsignalized intersections." In Highway Capacity and Level of Service, 63–74. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203751916-6.
Full text
5
Yagar, Sam, and M. A. P. Jacques. "Representing the effects of transit stops at signalized intersections." In Highway Capacity and Level of Service, 485–92. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203751916-49.
Full text
6
Lall, B. Kent, Kostaman Thayib, and Michael Kyte. "Critical gap acceptance at two-way stop controlled intersections." In Highway Capacity and Level of Service, 225–31. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203751916-23.
Full text
7
Rajab, Noor A., Hamid A. Awad, and Firas Alrawi. "Evaluation the Level of Service of Signalized Intersection: Al-Amreia Intersection as a Case Study." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 18–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOne of the main element in the network is the intersection which consider as the critical points because there are many conflict in this element. The capability and quality of operation of an intersection was assessed to provide a better understanding of the network's traffic efficiency. In Baghdad city, the capital of/Iraq the majority of the intersections are operated under the congestion status and with level of service F, therefore theses intersection are consider as high spot point of delay in the network of Baghdad city. In this study we selected Al-Ameria signalized intersection as a case study to represent the delay problem in the intersections in Baghdad. The intersection is located in the west of Bagdad city, this intersection realizes a huge traffic, and there are a lot of tourist attractions near to the study area. The aim of this research is to enhance traffic operations, improve the level of service and decrease the delay in Al-Ameria signalized intersection by examine four suggested alternative. Special teams with a special tools are collected traffic and geometric data for the intersection. HCS 2010 program are used in this study to measure the delay and evaluate the level of service in each approach and for the hall of the intersection. The result of this study show that the intersection is operated under the breakdown condition with level of service F for all approaches. The results highlighted that the fourth alternative is the best suitable suggestion to enhance the level of service for the intersection. The fourth alternative recommended to construct a flyover from the North bound towards the South bound the level of service improve from F to C for the base year and for the target year.
8
Li, Hanwei. "The Role of the Migration Industry in Chinese Student Migration to Finland: Towards a New Meso-level Approach." In Nordic-Chinese Intersections within Education, 21–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28588-3_2.
Full text
9
Tracz, Marian, and Andrzej Tarko. "Polish calibration of saturation flows and level of service criteria for signalized intersections." In Highway Capacity and Level of Service, 399–406. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203751916-41.
Full text
10
Hsu, Tien-Pen. "The problem of performance evaluation at signalized intersections with various traffic control strategies." In Highway Capacity and Level of Service, 173–80. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203751916-17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Level intersections"
1
Yang, Zi, and Xin Pei. "Screening Dangerous Intersections at City Level." In 21st COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483565.150.
Full text
2
Zajc, William A. "The E859 level II trigger system." In Intersections between particle and nuclear physics. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.41466.
Full text
3
Nedevska, Ivona, Riste Ristov, Zlatko Zafirovski, Slobodan Ognjenovic, and Vasko Gacevski. "Analysis of the capacity and level of service for urban intersection." In 7th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2022.1435.
Full textAbstract:
The augmentation of motorization level leads us to the need for mobility and demands better infrastructure, in urban and suburban areas. The complexity of this problem is especially notable in urban areas where the space delimitations, functional characteristics and different transportation must be considered. The intersection between Partizanska street and Boris Krajger street, in Shtip, has been analysed with the methodology for capacity and level of service, according to international software and manuals. Both streets are with one lane per direction, and lately it is very frequent intersections in Shtip. Number of vehicles is determined by measuring the traffic, and those inputs are used to analyse three solutions: the current solution (unsignalized intersection), four legged intersection and roundabout both with boulevard profile for the main corridor and two way street for the secondary corridor. Calculations are based on custom measurements within a week.
4
Pan, Fuquan, Jian Lu, Qiaojun Xiang, and Guoqiang Zhang. "Safety Level of Service at Highway Signalized Intersections." In First International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40932(246)246.
Full text
5
Covarelli, R., and Marvin L. Marshak. "The CMS High-Level Trigger." In 10TH CONFERENCE ON THE INTERSECTIONS OF PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3293780.
Full text
6
Huber, Jeffrey E. "Salty Urbanism: Toward an Adaptive Coastal Design Framework to Address Rising Seas and Climate Change." In AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.20.6.
Full textAbstract:
Over the next 100 years, nothing will radically change thecoastal built environment more than climate change and sea level rise. The coastal zone is home to some of our country’s most valuable ecological and socio-economic assets. Many of these locations are being demonstrably transformed dueto large-scale human and biophysical processes. The result is a potential loss of myriad ecosystem services such as storm protection, wildlife habitat, recreation and aesthetics, among others. Policy and design solutions are not truly consideringthe necessary transformation that will be required to live and work within a saturated coastal environment. The old paradigm of flood management and control will need tochange from prevention to acceptance and population will decline as businesses and individuals decide the costs are too high. The need for developing a long-term urban design and planning framework that adapts to these effects is critical. More specifically, there is a need for a “systems” approach that utilizes urban design and takes into consideration infrastructure impacts, future investments, and insurability of risk as long-term objectives to address potential impacts from both coastal flooding and rising sea levels, while at the same time guiding communities’ future land use and investment plans.
7
Marcus, Adam. "Buoyant Ecologies: Research, Collaboration, and Resilience at the Edge." In AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.17.3.
Full textAbstract:
Buoyant Ecologies is a collaborative research platform that brings together architects, marine ecologists, and fabricators to address the implications of sea level rise through innovative approaches to designing and constructing resilient waterfront structures. This paper describes how the project’s unique collaborative structure incorporates expertise from ecological researchers and industry manufacturers to promote recursive, interdisciplinary feedback loops between speculative thinking and pragmatic knowledge.
8
Lv, Zhao-Yuan, Yi-Fei Zhao, Fei-Quan Li, and Cheng Liu. "Optimization Design of Intersections Based on Adaptability of Service Level." In 20th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483053.120.
Full text
9
Sanjeewa, Hakmana, Xiaochun He, and Christopher Cleven. "Measurement of Ground Level Muon Charge Ratio Using ECRS Simulation." In INTERSECTIONS OF PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS: 9th Conference CIPAN2006. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2402616.
Full text
10
Hong, Zaneta. "Ecologies of Consumption: Food, Materials & Climate." In AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.20.7.
Full textAbstract:
Our ways of living are endangered and on the verge of catastrophic change. Though we may experience the effects of climate change at a macro level, changes are rhizomatic, cascading through scales and networks interconnected by materials and energies, biologies and chemistries, economies and cultures; each of these connections affecting the very ingredients of our everyday life in diverse and unpredictable ways. No other system of matter and exchange offers such a thorough lens through which to examine these effects as does our contemporary food systems. This lecture presents a perspective on how degrees of interconnectivity and the precarity of decision-making for food, materials and construction can impact the future of built environments.
Reports on the topic "Level intersections"
1
Reddy-Best, Kelly L., and Laura Kane. A Feminist Visual Content Analysis of College-Level Textile and Apparel Textbooks 1970s-2010: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Size. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-141.
Full text
2
Bhagavathula, Rajaram, Ronald Gibbons, and Andrew Kassing. Roadway Lighting’s Effect on Pedestrian Safety at Intersection and Midblock Crosswalks. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-028.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluates the visual performance of four intersection lighting designs and five midblock crosswalk lighting designs along with two pedestrian safety countermeasures (rectangular rapid flashing beacons and flashing signs) at three light levels. The study involved a pedestrian detection task, which was completed at night on a realistic roadway intersection and a midblock crosswalk. The results from the study showed that driver nighttime visual performance at intersection and midblock crosswalks was influenced by the lighting design and light level. Intersections should be illuminated to an average horizontal illuminance of 14 lux (1.3 fc). This light level ensures optimal visibility of pedestrians regardless of the lighting design (or luminaire layout) of the intersection. The average horizontal illuminance of 14 lux (1.3 fc) also increases the visibility of pedestrians when glare from oncoming vehicles is present. The 14 lux (1.3 fc) average horizontal illuminance is valid for all lighting designs evaluated except the lighting design that illuminated the exits of the intersection. When the exits of the intersection are illuminated, an average horizontal illuminance of 24 lux (2.2 fc) is needed to offset the disability glare from opposing vehicles. Midblock crosswalks should be illuminated to an average vertical illuminance of 10 lux (0.9 fc) to ensure optimal pedestrian visibility. Where overhead lighting is available, midblock crosswalk lighting designs that render the pedestrian in positive contrast are recommended. Where overhead lighting is not available, crosswalk illuminators can be used to illuminate midblock crosswalks. At night, pedestrian crossing treatments such as rectangular rapid flashing beacons and flashing signs should not be used for pedestrian visibility at midblock crosswalks. Pedestrians crossing treatments should be used in conjunction with overhead lighting or crosswalk illuminators at the established vertical illuminance to ensure optimal pedestrian visibility at midblock crosswalks.
3
Gajera, Hardik, Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, and Sonu Mathew. Influence of Level 1 and Level 2 Automated Vehicles on Fatal Crashes and Fatal Crash Occurrence. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2034.
Full textAbstract:
Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are expected to improve safety by gradually reducing human decisions while driving. However, there are still questions on their effectiveness as we transition from almost 0% CAVs to 100% CAVs with different levels of vehicle autonomy. This research focuses on synthesizing literature and identifying risk factors influencing fatal crashes involving level 1 and level 2 CAVs in the United States. Fatal crashes involving level 0 vehicles—ones that are not connected and automated—were compared to minimize unobserved heterogeneity and randomness associated with the influencing risk factors. The research team used the fatal crash data for the years 2016 to 2019 for the analysis. A partial proportionality odds model is developed using crash, road, and vehicle characteristics as the independent variables and the fatal crash involving a vehicle with a specific level of automation as the dependent variable. The results of this research indicate that level 1 and level 2 CAVs are less likely to be involved in a fatal crash at four-way intersections, on two-way routes with wide medians, at nighttime, and in poor lighting conditions when compared to level 0 vehicles. However, they are more likely than level 0 vehicles to be involved in a fatal crash with pedestrians and bicyclists. Comparative analysis between vehicles with smart features and other vehicles indicated that pedestrian automatic emergency braking (PAEB) and lane-keeping assistance (LKA) improve the safety by reducing possible collision with a pedestrian and roadside departure, respectively. Contrarily, vehicles with other smart features are still highly likely to be involved in fatal crashes. This research adds to the growing body of literature that will identify potential areas for improvement in the safety of vehicular technologies and road geometry.
4
Ahmad, Noshin S., Raul Pineda-Mendez, Fahad Alqahtani, Mario Romero, Jose Thomaz, and Andrew P. Tarko. Effective Design and Operation of Pedestrian Crossings. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317438.
Full textAbstract:
Pedestrians are vulnerable road users since they are prone to more severe injuries in any vehicular collision. While innovative solutions promise improved pedestrian safety, a careful analysis of local conditions is required before selecting proper corrective measures. This research study had two focuses: (1) methodology to identify roads and areas in Indiana where the frequency and severity of pedestrian collisions are heightened above the acceptable level, and (2) selecting effective countermeasures to mitigate or eliminate safety-critical conditions. Two general methods of identifying specific pedestrian safety concerns were proposed: (1) area-wide analysis, and (2) road-focused analysis. A suitable tool, Safety Needs Analysis Program (SNAP), is currently under development by the research team and is likely the future method to implement an area-wide type of analysis. The following models have been developed to facilitate the road-focused analysis: (1) pedestrian crossing activity level to fill the gap in pedestrian traffic data, and (2) crash probability and severity models to estimate the risk of pedestrian crashes around urban intersections in Indiana. The pedestrian safety model was effectively utilized in screening and identifying high-risk urban intersection segments for safety audits and improvements. In addition, detailed guidance was provided for many potential pedestrian safety countermeasures with specific behavioral and road conditions that justify these countermeasures. Furthermore, a procedure was presented to predict the economic feasibility of the countermeasures based on crash reduction factors. The findings of this study should help expand the existing RoadHAT tool used by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) to emphasize and strengthen pedestrian safety considerations in the current tool.
5
Ukkusuri, Satish, Lu Ling, Tho V. Le, and Wenbo Zhang. Performance of Right-Turn Lane Designs at Intersections. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317277.
Full textAbstract:
Right-turn lane (RTL) crashes are among the most key contributors to intersection crashes in the US. Different right turn lanes based on their design, traffic volume, and location have varying levels of crash risk. Therefore, engineers and researchers have been looking for alternative ways to improve the safety and operations for right-turn traffic. This study investigates the traffic safety performance of the RTL in Indiana state based on multi-sources, including official crash reports, official database, and field study. To understand the RTL crashes' influencing factors, we introduce a random effect negative binomial model and log-linear model to estimate the impact of influencing factors on the crash frequency and severity and adopt the robustness test to verify the reliability of estimations. In addition to the environmental factors, spatial and temporal factors, intersection, and RTL geometric factors, we propose build environment factors such as the RTL geometrics and intersection characteristics to address the endogeneity issues, which is rarely addressed in the accident-related research literature. Last, we develop a case study with the help of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). The empirical analyses indicate that RTL crash frequency and severity is mainly influenced by turn radius, traffic control, and other intersection related factors such as right-turn type and speed limit, channelized type, and AADT, acceleration lane and AADT. In particular, the effects of these factors are different among counties and right turn lane roadway types.
6
Howard, Jo. Understanding Intersecting Vulnerabilities Experienced by Religious Minorities Living in Poverty in the Shadows of Covid-19. Institute of Development Studies, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.012.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study, conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic between November 2020 and March 2021 in India and Nigeria, is to explore the direct and indirect effects of Covid-19 on religiously marginalised groups experiencing intersecting vulnerabilities. The findings provide recognition of the impact of Covid-19 on targeting and encroachments faced by these groups in order to inform policy so that it includes their perspectives in building back better and promoting inclusive development. Policymakers need to understand both the direct and indirect impacts of Covid-19 in order to coordinate effective support and avert deepening marginalisation. This research demonstrates how religious inequalities intersect with other inequalities of power – historical, structural, and socially determined characteristics (class, ethnicity, caste, gender, age) – to shape how people experience the Covid-19 pandemic. Both India and Nigeria manifest high levels of authoritarianism, an absence of press freedom, targeting of religiously marginalised groups, and unequal access to public services and the protection of the state by religiously marginalised groups, according to geographic location. The findings of this report reveal the appalling everyday realities as well as the great courage of religious minorities living in poverty during the pandemic. Greater sensitivity to the critical intersection of vulnerabilities is essential for the longer-term recovery of these groups, who otherwise face slipping deeper into intergenerational poverty. Deepening poverty and proliferating ethno-religious injustices are fuelling tensions and conflict, and the risks of neglecting these issues are immense.
7
Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.
Full textAbstract:
The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.
8
Lee, Minsoo, Joon-Kyung Kim, Myung Ho Park, Longyun Peng, Tetsuji Okazaki, and Susumu Ishii. Developing Modernization Indicators for the People’s Republic of China: Key Considerations and a Proposed Framework. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200417-2.
Full textAbstract:
The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is in the process of modernization, which it expects to achieve by 2035. This requires a national indicator to gauge the progress and level of the country’s modernization drive. This working paper provides an indicator that assesses the progress in the PRC’s modernization journey, and applies this modernization indicator—structured on thematic categories, subcategories, and intersection—to the PRC’s performance, which is then compared with countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the G20. The paper also examines four major policy implications of this modernization for the PRC, which will be more durable and successful if coupled with effective division of labor and synergy with stakeholders.
9
Meeker, Jessica. Mutual Learning for Policy Impact: Insights from CORE. Shaping Policy and Practice with Intersectional Gender Responsive Evidence (in the Context of Covid-19). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/core.2021.007.
Full textAbstract:
On the 19 and 20 October 2021, the Institute of Development Studies hosted an online dialogue which aimed to enhance efforts to inform and influence policy, management, and practice with intersectional gender-responsive evidence by sharing learning between CORE cohort members from their approaches and experiences at country and regional levels. The event was attended by over 30 participants from 19 partners across the CORE cohort and highlighted the experiences of CORE partners Glasswing and the Arab Reform Initiative (ARI). This learning guide captures the practical insights and advice from the event, to help inform the practice of participants and other projects across the portfolio.
10
Snijder, Mieke, and Marina Apgar, J. How Does Participatory Action Research Generate Innovation? Findings from a Rapid Realist Review. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.009.
Full textAbstract:
This Emerging Evidence Report shares evidence of how, for whom, and under what circumstances, Participatory Action Research (PAR) leads to innovative actions. A rapid realist review was undertaken to develop programme theories that explain how PAR generates innovation. The methodology included peer-reviewed and grey literature and moments of engagement with programme staff, such that their input supported the development and refinement of three resulting initial programme theories (IPTs) that we present in this report. Across all three IPTs, safe relational space, group facilitation, and the abilities of facilitators, are essential context and intervention components through which PAR can generate innovation. Implications from the three IPTs for evaluation design of the CLARISSA programme are identified and discussed. The report finishes with opportunities for the CLARISSA programme to start building an evidence base of how PAR works as an intervention modality, such as evidencing group-level conscientisation, the influence of intersecting inequalities, and influence of diverse perspectives coming together in a PAR process.