Journal articles on the topic 'Letter writing – Rome – History'
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1
Tuyte, Ye. "Development history and social role of writing." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Philology series 101, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ph4/60-66.
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Writing is very important for human society. This is the highest indicator of cultural development. Writing provides linguistic communication between people. For many centuries man has been using writing to communicate with each other. It helps to connect people who are from each other both at close and at a great distance. The article examines the problem of the origin of writing in the history of mankind, the history of the formation and development of the known types of writing, as well as its social role (functions). The article reveals the issues of the process of improving writing: its meaning in the development of society, the main stages of its formation. The letter has a long and complex history of its development, which covers a period of several thousand years. Therefore, the article determines the place of pictographic, ideographic, syllabic and letter psychology in meeting social needs. of its time. The writing of the peoples of the world has developed along different paths, the writing of each language of the world has its own characteristics that distinguish it from all other types of written speech. The article covers in detail such issues as the approximate time of the origin of writing, the causes and foundations of its occurrence, i.e. the factors that influenced its emergence, as well as the first users of writing, the form of the first writing, its evolutionary development over time, existing today types and signs of writing. The issues of the alphabet that caused the origin of writing (writing), the first sounds and types of Phoenician writing, its improvement, Greek and Aramaic writing, which caused the origin of the alphabet of the countries of the West and the East, problems of the science of descriptiveness — the problem of graphics, spelling, transcription and transliteration are considered.
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Küster, Marc Wilhelm. "Writing Beyond the Letter." TMG Journal for Media History 19, no. 2 (December 9, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-7653.2016.262.
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The ability to write, hence to preserve and share arbitrary words and thoughts, was one of the most important breakthroughs in the history of mankind. It laid the technological basis for what we perceive today as culture, science and, in good part, economy. Nonetheless, writing can encompass much more than just words, and this is an integral, but often overlooked part of it. Until very recently, writing was necessarily bound to the physical medium on which it was written or into which it was inscribed. The physicality of the medium interacted with and often enhanced the purely textual message. These features, which go beyond the encoding of words, are the secondary characteristics of writing systems. They include, but are not limited to typography, and often serve, consciously or not, the transmission of additional messages beyond the purely textual content. If the study of writing itself is still largely in its infancy, this is even more true for the study of secondary characteristics, which is an integral part of grammatology. Beginning with a taxonomy of these secondary characteristics, this article looks in more detail at two non-typographical characteristics, namely ordering and punctuation. This short sketch of a cultural history of ordering and punctuation begins with the role of ordering in the initial invention of writing over its use across the millennia. It ends with the contemporary use of special punctuation marks to encode emotions.
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Becker, Eve-Marie. "Das introspektive Ich des Paulus nach Phil 1–3: Ein Entwurf." New Testament Studies 65, no. 3 (May 2, 2019): 310–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688519000043.
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This article interprets Paul's self-reflections in Phil 1 in light of the most current discourse about the ‘(introspective) self’ in antiquity: it is argued that Paul – in his last letter writing during his final imprisonment (in Rome?) – offers insights into his ‘inner self’ by construing the reflective mode of introspection. Similar to how ancient philosophers – such as Seneca in his letters – develop introspection when dealing/coping with the expectatio mortis, Paul too, in Phil 1–3, has to respond to his expectation of his pending death. While Phil 1.21–6 – which is to be read in the frame of chapters 1–3 – reflects Paul's situation highly individually and autobiographically, ancient philosophical introspective speaking modes in general tend to remain generic. In its ‘autobiographical consolidation’ Phil 1.21–6 is also to be seen in a ‘contrastive analogy’ to Rom 7.
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Mamadaliyeva, Susana. "Aesthetic function of literature and the mission of letters in stories." Общество и инновации 2, no. 4/S (May 20, 2021): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss4/s-pp827-832.
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Letters serve as a valuable source for studying not only the life and work of writers and critics, but also the period, history, reasons for writing, and the secrets of a particular work with all its contradictions. Alisher Navoi's letters to Munshaot have their own peculiarities, and their lack of study in Uzbek literature makes it necessary to study this topic. This determines the relevance of the topic we have chosen. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been identified: to explain the nature and peculiarities of the letter genre; Determining the place of the letter in the works of AlisherNavoi; give different classifications of letters; to determine the place of the letters of the great poet in the life of that period; study the goals, objectives, scope of the letter genre; It is to reveal the significance of Navoi's letters. To show the role of the genre in the development of AlisherNavoi and classical literature on the basis of analysis, research, to give certain generalized conclusions.
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De Toni, Francesco. "Expressing friendship in letters: Conventionality and sincerity in the multilingual correspondence of nineteenth-century Catholic churchmen." Multilingua 39, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2018-0133.
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AbstractThe relationship between the polite and conventional nature of friendly language and the sincerity of the writer’s feelings is a central topic in linguistic and historical research on friendship in epistolary communication. This relationship can be understood in the context of the emotional values and conventionalised emotional practices that characterise the writer’s emotional community.The language of friendship has a significant role in the history of letter writing in religious communities. However, epistolary and emotional practices among religious groups in the modern era remain a rather unexplored filed of research. In this regard, the nineteenth century is of particular interest, as it saw the consolidation of sincerity as a central notion in European standards of letter writing.Bringing together historical pragmatics and the history of emotions, this paper describes the forms and functions of sincerity in the negotiation of friendships between nineteenth-century Catholic churchmen. The article analyses a corpus of letters in Italian and Spanish from the multilingual correspondence of European Benedictine missionaries in Australia between the 1850s and the 1890s. The results of the analysis show that sincerity and emotional self-disclosure, while dependent on the pragmatic conventions of letter writing, belonged to cross-linguistic cultural scripts typical of religious communities.
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van der Wal, Marijke. "The black box of delegated writing: Early Modern scribes and female literacy in The Netherlands." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 303–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2020-0018.
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Abstract Apart from literacy rates and reading and writing acquisition, the actual writing practices of the past, which include the phenomenon of delegated writing, belong to a history of literacy. Delegated writing occurred when illiterate or partly literate individuals wanted to keep in contact with relatives at a distance and had to rely on the assistance of professional or social scribes. The details of this process and the role played by the sender of a letter and its actual, usually unknown, scribe often remain unclear, although different scenarios may be assumed. Cultural historian Lyons explored scenarios for delegated writing in France, Italy and Spain in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focusing on the writing of ordinary people during the First World War and in the age of mass migration. For the Dutch language area, we have the opportunity to delve further back in time by exploring the late-seventeenth-century part of the Letters as Loot (LAL) corpus. This corpus previously allowed us to establish linguistic differences between autographs and non-autographs. For a detailed view of the delegated writing process, however, the LAL corpus also provides us with instances of two types of letters written by the same, identified, female scribes: their own letters and the letters they wrote for others. A comparative analysis of these different letters will be shown to contribute to opening the black box of Early Modern delegated writing.
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Freudenburg, Kirk. "Recusatioas Political Theatre: Horace's Letter to Augustus." Journal of Roman Studies 104 (February 19, 2014): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007543581300124x.
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AbstractAmong the most potent devices that Roman emperors had at their disposal to disavow autocratic aims and to put on display the consensus of ruler and ruled was the artful refusal of exceptional powers, orrecusatio imperii. The practice had a long history in Rome prior to the reign of Augustus, but it was Augustus especially who, over the course of several decades, perfected therecusatioas a means of performing his hesitancy towards power. The poets of the Augustan period were similarly well practised in the art of refusal, writing dozens of poeticrecusationesthat purported to refuse offers urged upon them by their patrons, or by the greater expectations of the Augustan age, to take on projects. It is the purpose of this paper to put the one type of refusal alongside the other, in order to show to what extent the refusals of the Augustan poets are informed not just by aesthetic principles that derive, most obviously, from Callimachus, but by the many, high-profile acts of denial that were performed as political art by the emperor himself.
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Heinemann, Julia. "Motion Pictures of the Royal Family." French Historical Studies 44, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8806426.
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Abstract This article explores the role of letter writing in the political practice of the French royal family. By focusing on the use of letters exchanged by Henri III, François d'Anjou, and Catherine de’ Medici between 1574 and 1584, it analyzes how both kinship relations and notions of royal authority were negotiated and intertwined by letter. In a dynamic communication process, the correspondents discussed and framed familial relationships and political concepts. The letters were read, seen, and heard by a broader audience at court, thus transcending modern categories such as public and private, formal and informal, or intimate and official. The article argues that the correspondence produced specific, sometimes opposing pictures of the royal family that were supposed to be visible. This use of letters shaped social relations and political processes during the Wars of Religion in early modern France. Cet article traite du rôle de la correspondance dans les pratiques politiques de la famille royale française. En me concentrant sur l'usage des lettres par Henri III, François d'Anjou et leur mère Catherine de Médicis dans les années 1574–84, j'analyse comment les correspondants négocient ensemble les relations de parenté et les concepts politiques. La discussion et la modélisation de cette conception familiale de l'autorité royale par les lettres sont partie prenante d'un processus de communication dynamique. La fonction de ces lettres est d’être lues, vues et entendues à la cour. Ce faisant, cette communication outrepasse les divisions « modernes » entre le privé et le public, le formel et l'informel ou encore l'intime et l'officiel. Cet usage de l’écrit est spécifique aux relations sociales et aux processus politiques pendant les guerres de Religion à l’époque moderne.
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Долгова, Е. А., Н. А. Дмитриева, and Ю. Штольценберг. ""I am at your disposal": a letter from Karl Lamprecht to Nikolai Kareev, 1914." Диалог со временем, no. 77(77) (November 29, 2021): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2021.77.77.026.
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В публикации реконструируется малоизвестная часть биографии Н.И. Кареева (1850–1931), связанная с пятинедельным пребыванием на территории Германии в на-чале Первой мировой войны. В центре публикации – письмо К. Лампрехта Н.И. Карееву, написанное в июле 1914 г. и выявленное в Научно-исследовательском отделе рукописей РГБ. Поводом к написанию письма для Н.И. Кареева стало обращение за помощью в содействии/протекции по вопросу возвращения на родину. Письмо вносит дополнительные ноты в изучение роли личных контактов ученых. Публикуется оригинал письма и перевод текста с немецкого языка. This article reconstructs a little-known part of the biography of Nikolay I. Kareev (1850-1931), associated with a five-week stay in Germany at the beginning of the First World War.. In the center of the publication is a letter from Karl Lamprecht to Nikolay Kareev, written in July 1914 and identified in the Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The reason for writing a letter to Kareev was to ask for help in promoting / protecting the issue of returning to the homeland. The letter adds additional notes to the study of the role of personal contacts of scientists and should be taken into account when reconstructing the scientific biography of Russian and German professors. The original letter and the translation of the text from the German language are published.
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Choy, Renie. "Seeking Meaning Behind Epistolary Clichés: Intercessory Prayer Clauses in Christian Letters." Studies in Church History 48 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400001200.
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The letter, as the format of twenty-one of the twenty-seven documents in the canonical New Testament, is arguably the literary form which has played the most significant role in the history of Christianity. But scholars have often been troubled by how to treat the conventions framing Christian letters: since little of Christian literature from its earliest time to the medieval period escapes the influence of classical traditions of rhetoric, can constant epistolary formulas be taken as expressions of genuine sentiment? In fact, it is precisely because the lines between classical influence and Christian innovation are so difficult to make out that E. R. Curtius was able to argue that the humility formula of medieval charters, for so long assumed to have originated in Paul, was in fact a pagan Hellenistic prototype like scores of other rhetorical conventions. His study of the formula serves, Curtius writes, to ‘furnish a warning against making the Middle Ages more Christian or more pious than it was’, and to demonstrate that ‘a constant literary formula must not be regarded as the expression of spontaneous sentiment’. So the entrenchment of rhetoric in letter-writing is often set in opposition to genuine Christian feeling, commonplace utterance against living expression, empty verbiage against religious sincerity.
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Horn, Katrin. "Of Gaps and Gossip: Intimacy in the Archive." Anglia 138, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 428–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2020-0037.
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AbstractArguing for gossip’s relevance in the archive, this article examines the surviving private material relating to Charlotte Cushman (1816–1876). Cushman was the most celebrated American actress of the nineteenth century yet spent most of her life in an expatriate community in Rome, where she shared her home with other female artists. Analysing letters, diaries, and related forms of life writing by Cushman herself as well as by friends and family, this article pursues two goals: First, it accounts for how a fear of gossip (by Cushman and her family) might have shaped the gaps in the collection concerning Cushman’s sexual and romantic relationships. Second, it makes the case for the archival traces of gossip as evidence in writing the story of Cushman’s intimate life. The article thus reflects on the role of gossip and privacy in “intimate archives” (Dever et al. 2010) and contemplates their relevance to Cushman as an insightful case study of LGBTQ history. Overall, this article advocates turning to the archive with a renewed fervour for evidence of intimacy as well as for turning to intimacy for evidence.
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Sazonova, Tatyana. "Reconciling the Hearts: Barthold Georg Niebuhr on the German Catholicism." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-2 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019436-8.
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The article presents a textual analysis of the letter of Barthold Georg Niebuhr, Prussian scientist and politician of the late 18th — first half of the 19th century, dedicated to the issue of German national church. Niebuhr is known primarily as one of the leading historians of his time. His name is mostly associated with the research on the history of Ancient Rome and other ancient states, as well as with the critical method which was a new word in German and European historiography. At the same time Niebuhr's intellectual talent allowed him to combine productively historical theory with political practice. Having served as Danish finance minister, then Prussian and Prussian ambassador in Rome for several years, Niebuhr created a significant corpus of political writings. However, they have attracted much less interest than his monographs and scientific articles on history and classical philology, until now. Nevertheless, as reviewing the real problems of politics from the practical point, Niebuhr's writings on political topics possess an undeniable merit. The fortieth year of Niebuhr's life was marked by the large-scale change of European borders, including territories ruled by Curia Romana. As Prussian ambassador in Rome Niebuhr was faced with a difficult task: diplomatically to bargain independence for German dioceses so that the process of forming a single national state was launched. In addition to the Roman Church, the solution to this issue was hampered by strained relations between catholics and protestants within Germany itself.
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Knust, Jennifer, and Tommy Wasserman. "Earth Accuses Earth: Tracing What Jesus Wrote on the Ground." Harvard Theological Review 103, no. 4 (October 2010): 407–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816010000799.
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The story of the woman taken in adultery (John 7:53–8:11) has a long, complex history. Well-known in the Latin West, the story was neglected but not forgotten in the East. Incorporated within Late Antique and Early Medieval Gospel manuscripts, depicted in Christian art, East and West, and included within the developing liturgies of Rome and Constantinople, the passage has fascinated interpreters for centuries despite irregularities in its transmission.1 Throughout this long history, one narrative detail has been of particular interest: the content and significance of Jesus— writing. Discussed in sermons, elaborated in manuscripts, and depicted in magnificent illuminations, Jesus— writing has inspired interpreters at least since the fourth century, when Ambrose of Milan first mentioned it. Offering his opinion on the propriety of capital punishment, the bishop turned to the pericope in order to argue that Christians do well to advocate on behalf of the condemned since, by doing so, they imitate the mercy of Christ. Nevertheless, he averred, the imposition of capital punishment remains an option for Christian rulers and judges. After all, God also judges and condemns, as Christ showed when, responding to the men questioning him and accusing the adulteress, he wrote twice on the ground. Demonstrating that “the Jews were condemned by both testaments,” Christ bent over and wrote “with the finger with which he had written the law,” or so the bishop claimed.2 Ambrose offered a further conjecture in a subsequent letter: Jesus wrote “earth, earth, write that these men have been disowned,” a saying he attributes to Jeremiah (compare Jer 22:29),3. As Jeremiah also explains, “Those who have been disowned by their Father are written on the ground,” but the names of Christians are written in heaven.4
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Spiegel, Flora. "The tabernacula of Gregory the Great and the conversion of Anglo-Saxon England." Anglo-Saxon England 36 (November 14, 2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675107000014.
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AbstractIn a famous letter to his missionaries in England, Pope Gregory the Great suggested that the newly converted Anglo-Saxons should be encouraged to build small huts, or ‘tabernacula’, in conjunction with Christian festivals. He seems to have associated these structures with the Jewish festival of Sukkot, reflecting a missionary strategy modelled on both the biblical conversion of the Israelites and on Gregory's own proselytizing approach towards the Jews of Rome. Gregory's instructions are discussed in the light of historical writings and archaeological evidence, which suggest that ‘tabernacula’ were indeed constructed in England during the conversion period, possibly adapted from pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon ritual structures.
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Clark, Frederic. "Universal History and the Origin Narrative of European Modernity: The Leiden Lectures of Jacob Perizonius (1651–1715) on Historia Universalis." Erudition and the Republic of Letters 2, no. 4 (October 3, 2017): 359–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055069-00204001.
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This article explores a central facet of humanist scholarship and pedagogy—namely, the writing and teaching of universal history—in the decades around 1700. In does so by examining one of the most prominent humanists of the European Republic of Letters: the Leiden classical scholar Jacob Perizonius (1651–1715). Through analysis of Perizonius’s unpublished lectures on universal history, it explores how ‘classicists’ (long before they commonly identified as such) could command geographies and temporalities far distant from Greco-Roman antiquity. Late humanist classical scholars like Perizonius used the ancient genre of universal history or historia universalis to combine everything from the fall of Rome to the emergence of Renaissance Europe into a single continuous narrative. In so doing, Perizonius helped forge a via media between antiquity and modernity at a moment when self-identified “ancients” and “moderns” frequently engaged in conflict. Perizonius’s synthesis proved immensely influential to Enlightenment historiography and beyond. As argued here, universal history enabled Perizonius to craft an origin narrative of how nostra Europa or ‘our Europe’ purportedly became modern.
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Markelov, Gleb, and Svetlana Semiachko. "Autographs of the Stolniks Melnitskii in the Ancient Storage of the Pushkin House." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 3 (2022): 998–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.319.
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The article presents autographs of Nazarii Petrovich, Iakov Nazar’evich and Ivan Nazar’evich Melnitskii kept in the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academmy of Science, in the Ancient Storage (Drevlekhranilishche) named after V. I. Malyshev: their letters to their close relative Gavrila Alexandrovich Melnitskii and the Latin-Russian dictionary, the Latin part of which was written by Iakov Nazar’evich Melnitskii. The letters of Iakov and Ivan Melnitskii relate to the different circumstances of the Crimean campaigns of the late 17th century, in the first of which Nazarii Petrovich Melnitski was involved (he was responsible for escorting to Azov suppliers of provisions caught in embezzlement), while his sons Nikita and Semen participated in the second (Nikita served under the command of Patrick Gordon). A letter from Nazarii Melnitski tells about the circumstances of his dispatch to serve in the conquered Tavan’ and Kazykermen’. Letters date back to 1695, 1696, and 1698/99. They were sent from Moscow, presumably, to the estate of G. A. Melnitskii. The Latin-Russian dictionary, in the creation of which Iakov Nazar’evich Melnitskii played the main role, is not only of lexicographic interest. On the one hand, it allows us to evaluate the education of the Petrine generation of service people; on the other hand, — to make some observations regarding the organization of scribal work in creating such books. Iakov Melnitskii not only wrote the Latin part of the dictionary, but also organized people who filled out its Russian part, and paid for their work. Despite the fact that the Russian part of the dictionary was not completed, the book was bound. Iakov Melnitskii gave it a complete look, writing the chapters and placingthe output note on the binding sheets. The article suggests a paleographic analysis of the manuscripts under consideration and demonstrates both the general features characteristic of the manuscript culture of the beginning of the Petrine era and the individual features of each scribe. The article is supplemented by the publication of samples of the handwriting of stolniks Melnitskii and the texts of three their letters.
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Girdwood, Megan. "‘Puppet of skeletal escapade’: Dance Dialogues in Mina Loy and Carl Van Vechten." Modernist Cultures 16, no. 2 (May 2021): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2021.0331.
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In an undated letter, likely composed in late 1914, Mina Loy reflected on the recent aesthetic experiences that had greatly affected her, writing that the ‘things that have made [her] gasp were a few Picassos, Windham [ sic] Lewis, Nijinski dancing – perfection is infrequent’. The letter was addressed to her American agent Carl Van Vechten, a dance and music critic at the New York Times, who played a highly influential role in shaping discourses around ballet and modern dance both in the US and internationally. This article conjoins Loy and Van Vechten's modernist oeuvres – crossing genres including poetry, novels, newspaper reviews, and photography – in order to reveal the importance of dance to their shifting aesthetic commitments and shared interest in the expressive capacities of the human form. Dancing bodies, moving fluently across the work of this modernist pair, variously transcribe Futurist satires, Decadent revivals, and a primitivist fascination with the erotic aspects of dance, crystallising in Loy and Van Vechten's responses to the Harlem Renaissance.
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Myers, Jason A. "Law, Lies and Letter Writing: An Analysis of Jerome and Augustine on the Antioch Incident (Galatians 2:11–14)." Scottish Journal of Theology 66, no. 2 (April 10, 2013): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930613000069.
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AbstractVarious critics of the New Perspective on Paul (NPP) often highlight the lack of church tradition as one deficiency of the various interpretations of Paul. To some, the lack of church history automatically renders such newer interpretations suspect. In turn critics of the NPP often turn to the reformers such as Calvin and Luther to defend the traditional reading of Paul and trace this traditional reading back to Augustine. For the critics, church tradition stands on the side of the traditional reading.This article seeks to highlight an often neglected early church view on one aspect of the NPP, that of Paul and the Law. This article highlights one of the fiercest exchanges between two church fathers. Through a series of letters, Jerome and Augustine corresponded on Jerome's interpretation of Galatians 2 and the Antioch incident. For Augustine the pastor, nothing less than the veracity of scripture was at stake and Augustine mounts a defence of Paul's actions in Galatians 2 in response to Jerome's insistence of an agreed-upon lie between Peter and Paul. In the process of Augustine's rebuttal of Jerome, he notes that Paul followed the law without ‘pretence’ and that there was a period in early Christianity where Jewish Christians practised law observance. Augustine highlights the divine origin of the Mosaic law, which renders a positive role for the law in early Christianity, and notes that the negative critique of the law comes within the context of a Gentile audience, but did not have implications for Jewish Christians. Augustine rightly notices and raises the important context of Paul's negative statements on the law and offers a nuanced discussion of Paul's treatment of the law.Augustine notes some of the important conclusions drawn by the NPP, namely a positive view of the law and its practice by Paul and other Jewish Christians. He also notes the various ways the law functions in Jewish and Gentile contexts. Such a positive view of Paul and the law may appear striking to many, but must be considered by those who are otherwise critical of the NPP. This article shows that there was at least one voice, among others, within the early church which advocated for a positive reading of Paul and the law. The history of interpretation of Galatians 2 offers many insights for contemporary Pauline scholars which ought to be heeded in future discussions. This article, by highlighting the exchange between Jerome and Augustine, seeks to give the NPP a historical ‘rootedness’ and placement within the history of interpretation.
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Usatenko, Tamara, Galyna Usatenko, and Myroslava Marushchenko. "«GRAMMAR» OF PANTELEIMON KULISH IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINIAN WRITING." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 25 (2019): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2019.25.19.
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The article is devoted to the defining of the phenomena of Ukrainian cultural movement of the 19th century, when under conditions of comprehensive Russification of the Ukrainian community and the influence of the Church Slavonic language as well as of complete lack of education in the native language, the processes of creation of the Ukrainian literary language took place. The new Ukrainian spelling was established, the struggle for teaching in schools in the Ukrainian language was intensified, various styles, and lot of genres of literature in the native language were developed. These searches and comprehension by advanced representatives of political, cultural and social life are considered. It is determined that the spirit of romanticism, European revolutions, the abolition of serfdom, scientific and industrial shifts gave birth to a galaxy of unique Ukrainian thinkers, scientific societies, writers, etc. Among them, Panteleimon Oleksandrovich Kulish (1819-1997) was a significant person due to his energy, ability to organize a business, multifaceted talent, profound knowledge. One of the resonance works of the diverse creative heritage P.O. Kulisha is studied in the article, that is a book for initial education in native language − the "Grammar" of the Ukrainian language, which was highly appreciated by T. Shevchenko. Its structure, the content of each part, the pedagogical role as well as the concept of the author, manifested in its preface and the final part were described. The study emphasizes that in the processes of creating a new literary Ukrainian language, its spelling, writing textbooks, grammars in Ukrainian for initials education, two periods are noticeable: the first one – the 20-30th years of the 19th century, when the problems of the necessity of a new literary language arose, the new literature, preservation of the ethnographic, folklore heritage of the people, the second one – the 40-60th-years was the period of active participation of a new generation of Ukrainian thinkers in the development of the Ukrainian literary language, the creation of new spelling, new literature for primary education in native Ukrainian language. The role of "Grammar" in the formation of a new Ukrainian literary language and its phonetic spelling, in the formation of education in the Ukrainian language, the creation of textbooks in the Ukrainian literary language, and the development of Ukrainian writing are underlined. The emphasis was also put on the introduction of the author's, phonetic spelling, the so-called "Kulishivka" in the "Grammar", which is the basis of the modern Ukrainian spelling. Despite the prohibition of "Valuevsky (1863)" and "Yamsky (1876)" decrees, books and newspapers, although very limited were published in Ukrainian. The article also highlights the following discourses: the role of "Grammar" wrote by P. Kulish (the theory and practice of creating a Ukrainian literary language, the new Ukrainian spelling, which caused the intensification of imperial repressions) and its contemporary significance for the new Ukrainian space of ideas, meanings, communication, methods of publications in the Ukrainian language, as well as some grammatical factors of the theory or history of writing: the language of sound - the language of the book: thinking - writing, writing - thinking; sound - letter, letter - sound; "science of reading" - writing, etc. Comparison of discourses contributes to the conclusion that the development of the living language, sound of language during writing has been improved so complex and multifaceted in the 19th century that passed later in the 20th century, and even in the 21st century remain controversial, as evidenced by the lengthy discussion of the “Project of the New Ukrainian spelling”.
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Franklinos, T. E. "LETTERS AND WRITING IN ANCIENT ROME - (S.A.) Frampton Empire of Letters. Writing in Roman Literature and Thought from Lucretius to Ovid. Pp. xiv + 206, ills. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. Cased, £47.99, US$74. ISBN: 978-0-19-091540-7." Classical Review 70, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x20000943.
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Montgomery, William. "Editing the Darwin Correspondence: A Quantitative Perspective." British Journal for the History of Science 20, no. 1 (January 1987): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400000467.
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Letter writing played an especially important role in Charles Darwin's scientific career. Like all scientists, he often needed to communicate with his colleagues, but Darwin's needs were unusual. In the first place, he lived for only short periods in centres where conversation with other scientists was possible. During his student days in Edinburgh and Cambridge he enjoyed personal contacts with university professors and other naturalists associated with the university communities; however, from 1831–1836 he sailed on the Beagle voyage. After his return he lived in London, the centre of British science, but only until 1842 when, partly due to ill-health, he withdrew to the rural village of Down in nearby Kent where he spent the rest of his life. Darwin was not totally isolated in Down. From time to time friends and colleagues paid visits, often to consult about scientific questions. Furthermore, Darwin travelled to London more frequently than has sometimes been supposed. In addition to occasional lengthier visits recorded in his Diary, he also made one-day trips, carefully recording his expenses in his account book. The record of his account book shows that during the early years in Down, he travelled to London more than a dozen times a year, though as he grew older the number of trips declined. Even during the early years, he still depended on the mail for much of the time to keep him in touch with fellow researchers.
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Kuzmina, Marina D. "Correspondence by A. D. Kantemir with his Sister and the Development of the Epistolary Genre in Russia of the 18th Century." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 65 (2022): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-65-142-157.
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The paper is to study the correspondence by A. D. Kantemir with his sister, M. D. Kantemir, in the context of development of the epistolary genre in Russian literature of the 18th century. It turns out that it began to advance to leading positions as early as the first third of the 18th century (as evidenced, in particular, by the writer of the time of Peter the Great “Annexes, how to write different compliments...”), a friendly letter plays a decisive role in the communication between the prince and the princess. This is a kind of family-friendly correspondence. Its character changes over time: in 1732–1740 it is mostly confidential and confessional, in 1741–1744 — business. Probably, such changes occurred under the influence of external factors: the state of health of Kantemir was steadily deteriorating, what he tried to conceal from his sister not to upset or frighten her, yet he did not want to lie to her either. At the same time, he had neither the strength nor the time to discuss anything, except the cases when he was in a hurry to arrange, feeling the approach of death. Obviously, for these reasons, personal topics were hushed up. But even transferred to the business register, the correspondence between brother and sister Kantemir remained invariably friendly. Whatever character it wore, it displays such features as empathy, sincere participation of one correspondent in the events of the life and experiences of another (hence the special warmth in appeals to the addressee, including in prescripts and clauses), the presence of friendly jokes, as well as its own kind of “secret writing”, an allegorical language, understandable only to the correspondents. Princess Maria suggested that Cantemir adopted nicknames for mutual acquaintances, and in the letters of Princess Maria these nicknames realize their literary potential. They are two-pronged (the Princess alternately actualizes the “human”, then the “animal” plan of content, long anticipating the method of switching the narrative from the “animal” to the “human” plane, characteristic for the satire of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, including his tales) and are quite satirical. The presence of literary — first of all, poetic — insertions is considered to be one of the features of friendly literary writing, the appearance of which in Russian literature is traditionally dated to the second half of the 18th century. The correspondence between the Prince and Princess Kantemir is closely connected with the tradition of sentimentalism, thanks to its confidential, confessional and friendly tonality. The study demonstrates that this correspondence enriches academic understanding of the essence and history of formation of the friendly literary writing.
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Duaa Mohammed Alashari. "The Role of Arabic Calligraphy in Displaying the Aesthetics of Linear Configurations in the Kiswah of Kaaba." Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 12, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jitc.122.17.
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The Kiswah of the Kaaba, in the Saudi era, is adorned with Arabic calligraphy, executed in the complex Thuluth calligraphy. These calligraphic formations are compatible with the aesthetic and spiritual function of the Kiswah of Kaaba. In addition, the contribution of these formations and Arabic calligraphy creates formative elements of a distinctive aesthetic nature that glorifies the kiswah with a special kind of spiritual beauty associated with the writing of Qur’ānic verses. Arabic calligraphy, especially the Thuluth script, is one of the essential Arabic fonts that express the aesthetic values of Arabic calligraphy in the covering of the Kaaba. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the role of Arabic calligraphy and the characteristics of the Thuluth line, which have enhanced in highlighting the aesthetics of the linear formations of the Kiswah. The study also aims to discuss the aesthetic features and patterns that characterize the linear formations. The method used in this study is the content analysis method, bearing in mind that the primary tool used is inference based on observation. The study concluded that the Thuluth font possesses several aesthetic and technical characteristics compared to the rest of the other Arabic fonts. Moreover, these technical characteristics gave this line an evident prominence in decorating and beautifying the covering of the Kaaba with the appearance of the single letter in several bodies through the morphological diversity of the character drawing.
Keywords: Arabic calligraphy, aesthetics, Kiswah of Kaaba, linear configurations, Thuluth script.
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Amin, Taha S. "The Adverb; by Sayid Hasan Al-chourri (1322 AH)." Journal of University of Human Development 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v4n2y2018.pp33-45.
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There are many manuscripts in the science of the Arabic language, which were writing by Kurdish scholars through the ages, and they were located in the House of local and international manuscripts, waiting for expert achievers to revive the manuscripts by achievement, and publication as wanted by the authors.We have chosen a grammatical manuscript from among those manuscripts,called the (Risalat Al-Zarf):its about ( The Adverb) by the Kurdish scholar: (Sayid Hasan al-chourri, who died in 1322 AH), and we have seen that it deserves achievement, in order to serve this heritage and its author because they represent the history of the Kurdish scientific, intellectual, and civilization.That the Kurdish scholars had a prominent role in the grammatical lesson along the history of the Arabic language.This grammatical letter dealt with the subject of ( The Adverb) in Arabic grammar, in short and concise manner, the most important collection of ( The Adverb), which is not found in this wonderful form, in solid and clear terms in presenting its articles, examples and explanations. The research plan is as follows: Introduction, Preface, Three parts, and Conclusion. Preface: In order to provide an overview of the issue of (The Adverb) in Arabic grammar, The first part: The biography of (Al-Chourriy) and its scientific literature.The second part: Achievement of the manuscript: description of copies, and our work in the achievement, and describe the topics of the (The Adverb).And the third part: The text achieved, and finally the conclusion of the most important results, and then sources and references.
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Paulsen, Adam. "„Gerstenberg ist unser gröste Poet vielleicht…“." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 52, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2022-2009.
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Abstract Although they never met and exchanged only one letter during their lifetime, Danish-German poet and literary critic Heinrich Wilhelm Gerstenberg and German theologian, philosopher and literary critic Johann Gottfried Herder took great interest in each other’s work. Indeed, during the late 1760s Gerstenberg’s writings on literature, history and translation arguably had an immense impact on Herder, providing him with some of the major themes and insights for the Sturm und Drang movement, that took place in Germany around 1770 with Herder in a leading role. On the basis of Herder’s writings and letters from the 1760s throughout his life, this article examines for the first time to what extent Gerstenberg informed Herder’s views on ancient Nordic literature, Shakespeare, Ossian and the concept of genius.
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Hosne, Ana Carolina. "Assessing Indigenous Forms of Writing." Journal of Jesuit Studies 1, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00102002.
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In this article, the Jesuit José de Acosta’s interest in Andean quipus is analyzed as it evolved throughout his works, beginning in the preface of De procuranda indorum salute (1588) and reaching a point of arrival in his Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590). In De procuranda, Acosta established different categories of “barbaric nations,” placing the Indians from Mexico and Peru after the Chinese and Japanese. The latter belonged to the first category of “barbaric nations” because of their judgement, a stable republic, laws, fortified cities, and—most importantly in Acosta’s eyes—use and knowledge of letters. In the Historia Acosta resumed aspects of this classification, with a focus on letters—or the lack of them—and writing, bringing China to the forefront. The difference with De procuranda was that Acosta’s Historia fed on fresh information from the first Jesuits to establish a mission in China, Michele Ruggieri (1543–1607) and Matteo Ricci (1552–1640), which invigorated Acosta’s analysis of letters, writing, and all that in his view could not be considered “letters” or “writing.” In the first section of this article, Acosta’s views on Andean quipus are analyzed, based mainly on his experience in the Peru mission. In the second section, focus shifts to Acosta’s analysis of letters and writing, especially in his Historia, in which China played a preeminent role, bringing out interesting points of comparison with the Andean quipus. In the conclusion, are reflections on Acosta’s own view of indigenous forms of writing in contrast with alphabetic script.
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SIEMENS, ELENA. "LETTER-WRITING: FACTS AND FICTIONS." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 28, no. 3 (1994): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023994x00440.
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Kim, Joon-Hyeong. "A Study on the History of Korean Literature by Nason(羅孫) Kim Dong-Wook(金東旭)." Modern Bibiography Review Society 26 (December 31, 2022): 561–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.56640/mbr.2022.26.561.
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The History of Korean Literature(國文學史), written by Nason(羅孫) Kim Dong-Wook(金東旭), focuses on the metadiscourse represented by the Motherland and the Nation. And the comparative literature method between Korea and Japan was applied. These two are the most prominent features in the history of Korean literature written by Nason. However, the metadiscourse and comparative literature contradict each other. The fact that the periodization in history, which is the core of literary history, was based on the royal family in the history of Korean literature, was the result of not being able to overcome the contradiction between the two.
Nason(羅孫) made six basic positions to describe the history of Korean literature. It is ① The concept and category of literature. ② The tradition of literary history. ③ The descriptive attitude of literary history. ④ The method of writing of literary history. ⑤ The view of literary history. ⑥ The direction of literary history. In ①, included Chinese literature in the history of Korean literature according to the concept of literature in the East, and excluded oral literature enjoyed by words. However, Yadam(野談) and SamGukYuSa(三國遺事) were included in the history of Korean literature in that they were recorded in letters. In the tradition of literary history[②] and the direction of literary history[⑥], Nason noted the role of upper-class geniuses who emphasized our words and writings. He also emphasized the need to create a new Koreanology that combines upper-class geniuses and lower-class people who actively enjoyed our words and writings. However, his literary history did not provide such details. The descriptive attitude of literary history[③] and the method of writing of literary history[④] used a comparative literary method based on national pride. The direction of literary history[⑥] tried to mix the classical scholar scholarly spirit with the dynamic Hwarangdo(花郞道). However, Hwarangdo is connected with the Japanese samurai spirit, and the classical scholar scholarly spirit shows limitations in that it could not escape from the ideology that was passed down from Takahashi Doru(高橋亨) and Donam(趙潤濟).
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Fletcher, A. "Early Modern Women's Letter Writing, 1450-1700." English Historical Review 118, no. 475 (February 1, 2003): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.475.213.
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Horsfall, Nicholas. "Rome Without Spectacles." Greece and Rome 42, no. 1 (April 1995): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500025225.
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This is not a paper about Christianity and the decline of theatre and amphitheatre: perhaps, like another transported Englishman, W. V. Harris, I should have learned to say ‘eye-glasses’, but, as it is, I would like to examine some of the problems that surround reading and writing at Rome. In a recent paper, R. J. Starr offers a useful survey of the material on lectores, 2 a term that can mean both one who reads a text (Hor. Ep. 1.19.35), and, like anagnostes, one who reads aloud to others as his principal activity. Starr's paper suggests, passim, an author aware that his topic could well have wider implications, as it most certainly does. The history of books, reading, writing, and research in antiquity is a fascinating topic, endlessly rich and complex in its ramifications, as witness the debate on W. V. Harris's Literacy and the work of Guglielmo Cavallo.
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Griffin, Jasper, and Paul Plass. "Wit and the Writing of History: The Rhetoric of Writing Historiography in Imperial Rome." Phoenix 44, no. 4 (1990): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1088815.
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Boyson, Rowan. "Mary Wollstonecraft and the Right to Air." Romanticism 27, no. 2 (July 2021): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2021.0507.
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Air flows through all Mary Wollstonecraft's writings, from her first novel Mary, through her treatises and letters, and to her last novel Maria. She was attuned to the medical importance of a change of air, but also developed a more philosophical notion of a right to air. Her attention to everyday air and smell unavoidably reaffirmed her key intellectual questions of commonality, individuality, equality and freedom. For Wollstonecraft, air was both a metaphor for freedom and also a literal condition for its development. This article situates her numerous remarks on air alongside medical sources, racialized climatological theory, slavery cases, and the pneumatic chemistry of the 1790s. Such a reading of Wollstonecraft's aerial philosophy, and comparisons with Burke, Rousseau, Godwin and Kant, contributes to an ecological reading of her work and to a forgotten history of air rights, with relevance to current debates on air quality and inequality.
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Moorhead, John. "Papa as ‘bishop of Rome’." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 36, no. 3 (July 1985): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900041130.
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Medieval historians confronted with the Latin word papa may be tempted to translate it unthinkingly as ‘pope’. Certainly the word has been restricted to the bishop of Rome for much of the history of the Church, and its application to this bishop is of long standing. It occurs in an inscription from pre-Constantinian Rome, in a letter despatched to Rome by the fathers of the Council of Aries in 314, which is addressed ‘dilectissimo papae Silvestro’ and goes on to style Silvester ‘gloribsissime papa’, and in the acts of the first Council of Toledo which met in 400, where language is used which implies that the bishop of Rome, and he alone, was papa. But in the early Church it generally seems to have been felt that the word could be applied to other bishops as well. A striking indication of this is furnished by a letter sent to Cyprian of Carthage by the priests and deacons of the Roman Church itself, which refers to him as papa. Sidonius Apollinaris, who became bishop of Clermont in 469, felt free to address his confrères among the Gallic episcopate by the same title, apparently indiscriminately, and was himself so addressed.
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Mcdonnell, Myles. "Writing, copying, and autograph manuscripts in ancient Rome." Classical Quarterly 46, no. 2 (December 1996): 469–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/46.2.469.
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A familiar image from the Roman world is a Pompeian portrait of a man and woman sometimes identified as Terentius Neo and his wife. He has a papyrus roll under his chin, while she looks out with a writing tablet in one hand, a stylus held to her lips in the other. The message of the attributes presented would seem to be: ‘ We can and do read and write’. But how should the message be interpreted? To judge from the houses in which this and similar portraits were found, the couple was not of the elite decurion class, but belonged to that difficult to define group of varying social, economic and cultural statuses recently described by Keith Hopkins as ‘sub-elites’. Does the display of book and pen then reflect the social reality of the sub-elite orders of Pompeian society, or is the self-representation rather an expression of social pretension, with the couple attempting to emulate the Roman elite? If the latter is the case, what does the image say about the habits of the Roman ruling class? This question has been raised in relation to the issue of literacy, particularly women's literacy, but the image invites another question.
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Ben-Bassat, Yuval, and Fruma Zachs. "Correspondence manuals in nineteenth-century Greater Syria: between the arzuhalci and the advent of popular letter writing." Turkish Historical Review 4, no. 1 (2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-00401001.
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This article is based on several editions of a recently located letter writing manual by Yusuf Efendi al-Shalfun (1839-95). This booklet provides a new perspective on a period in which the practice of ‘popular’ letter-writing was expanding in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman empire. Little research has been devoted thus far to the implications of the increase in the ability to write (in contradistinction to the ability to read), in the empire’s Arab provinces in the second half of the nineteenth century. Popular correspondence, both personal and more formal, gradually developed among the Arab urban literate population, who used manuals such as the one written by al-Shalfun as guides to write in various official, social, and familial situations. Letter writing thus complemented the work of the arzuhalcis, the professional letter and petition writers in the Ottoman empire. This paper examines the impact of popular letter writing in Greater Syria in the second half of the nineteenth century as well as the public’s ability at the time to communicate through writing.
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Lenoe, Matthew E. "Letter-writing and the State." Cahiers du monde russe 40, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1999): 139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.8.
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Marcus, Joel. "The Circumcision and the Uncircumcision in Rome." New Testament Studies 35, no. 1 (January 1989): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500024504.
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In a recently-published article, P. Stuhlmacher has outlined three major contemporary theories of the occasion of Paul's letter to the Romans: 1) Romans is addressed to a specific situation within the Roman community itself, 2) it is composed primarily with Paul's forthcoming delivery of the collection to Jerusalem in mind, and 3) it emerges from a convergence of the first two motivations. While not wishing to deny that the Jerusalem trip was a preoccupation of Paul as he composed Romans (see Romans 15. 25, 30–32), I intend in this study to strengthen the Roman side of the equation, first by surveying a range of arguments about the Roman situation as it relates to the letter, then by suggesting a new approach to the question.
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Dubois, Sylvie. "Letter-writing in French Louisiana." Written Language and Literacy 6, no. 1 (December 3, 2002): 31–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.6.1.03dub.
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This article reports a sociolinguistic analysis of the French spelling system in newly discovered, authentic personal letters written by literate settlers living in Louisiana during the 18th and 19th centuries. After showing that French and non-French vernaculars were very much alive among the Louisiana founding population, the paper examines the use of old and new French norms in Louisiana for three socio-economic classes over time: the elite, planter, and military/merchant populations. Socio-demographic pressures are described that could have led to the maintenance of old French features or the expansion of some French varieties. It is shown that the history of French spelling in France, the origins of diverse migrant populations that settled in colonial Louisiana, and the powerful socio-economic events that shape the expansion of a socially well-delineated population not only explain the linguistic behavior of both French settlers and Louisiana-born writers, but also provide many hints to determining the sociolinguistic attributes of the illiterate French vernacular-speaking population.
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Klaus, Carrie F., and James Daybell. "Early Modern Women's Letter Writing, 1450-1700." Sixteenth Century Journal 33, no. 4 (2002): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144193.
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Kumar, Arun. "Letters of the Labouring Poor: The Art of Letter Writing in Colonial India*." Past & Present 246, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 149–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz035.
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Abstract This article examines the emergence of mass letter-writing in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century colonial north India, a region marked by the growth of an unprecedented labour mobility, postal expansion, vernacular print, and workers' literacy. It narrates how workers' and their family members' abilities and failures to read and write letters shaped their experiences of the emerging transnational labour mobility and explains how the letter-writing by the subaltern produced new sociabilities and anxieties that both colonial and indigenous elites feared and attempted to discipline and control through letter-writing manuals. It argues that the letter-writing culture in India did not merely sustain new mobilities but also produced a dominant social world which ensured that the hierarchies of caste, gender, and class were clearly mapped onto the domain of letter-writing. Hitherto unexplored (Hindi) letter-writing manuals and educational, postal, and labour records are used to challenge the rigidities of labour, communication, and literary histories of modern South Asia where the illiteracy of the labouring poor is an assumed fact.
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Rossi, Andreola. "The Tears of Marcellus: History of a Literary Motif in Livy." Greece and Rome 47, no. 1 (April 2000): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gr/47.1.56.
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In a recent article Christina Kraus shows how Livy, in the first decade, creates an overlap between the text that he is writing and the subject he is writing about: the city of Rome.1 ‘Like the city it describes and constitutes, then, the Ab urbe condita is a growing physical object through which the writer and the reader move together’ she observes. As a result the foundation and fall of the city, the two most dynamic moments of this space-entity, create parallel junctures both in the development of the city and in the development of the text. Kraus offers an apposite example. In book 5 of Ab urbecondita, Rome comes close to disaster not once but twice. The exordium of book 6, the beginning of the new pentad, refounds both the city and its history, creating a perfect analogy between the text and the city. Most importantly, by means of assimilation to other cities that have endured a similar fate, Livy is able to shape further the significance of the event. By construing the near fall of Rome in book 5 through the filter of the fall of Troy, Rome at the end of the first pentad symbolically moves beyond its Trojan past and refounds itself for good.
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Förster, Hans. "Der Aufenthalt von Priska und Aquila in Ephesus und die juristischen Rahmenbedingungen ihrer Rückkehr nach Rom." Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 105, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 189–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znw-2014-0012.
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Abstract: The Book of Acts mentions a decree by Claudius which was instrumental in bringing Prisca and Aquila to Corinth (Acts 18,2) both of whom are greeted at the end of the letter to the Romans (Rom 16,3). It is commonly held that Prisca and Aquila could return to Rome only after Claudius had died and many of his decrees had been abolished. However, common legal practice in Rome seems to make it possible – if not even probable – that the decree mentioned in Acts was not acted on after order had been restored to the Jewish community in Rome. Thus, an earlier return is possible. In addition, Aquila is not greeted by Paul as a fellow of the same kin (συγγενής). This raises the question whether the greetings in the letter to the Romans can be used to deduce the composition of the Christian community in Rome with regard to the percentage of Jewish and Gentile members.
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Kaverina, V. V. "The Use of the Letter ё: History and Modern Writing." Russian language at school 80, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2019-80-2-73-79.
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The article discusses the controversy regarding the date of the first use of the letter ё in a printed form and argues that the first printed use of this letter refers to 1797. Much attention is paid to the problem of introducing the mandatory use of the letter ё in modern Russian writing. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to use e in proper nouns, geographical names and words with unclear pronunciation.
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Donkin, Lucy. "‘MONS MANUFACTUS’: ROME'S MAN-MADE MOUNTAINS BETWEEN HISTORY AND NATURAL HISTORY (c. 1100–1700)." Papers of the British School at Rome 85 (May 22, 2017): 171–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246217000022.
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Rome's man-made mounds occupy a position between built antiquities and natural features. In the Middle Ages and early modern period, particular attention was paid to Monte Testaccio, the Mausoleum of Augustus, and the related ‘mons omnis terra’. Debate focused on the origins and composition of the mounds, thought to contain either earth brought to Rome as symbolic tribute, pottery used to hold monetary tribute, or pottery produced locally. Developing over time in different genres of writing on the city, these interpretations were also employed in works on historical, religious and geological themes. The importation of material, expressive of relations between Rome and the wider world in antiquity, was used to draw positive and negative comparisons with present-day rulers and the papacy, and to associate Rome with Babylon. The growth of the mounds and the presence of ceramics were invoked in discussions of the formation of mountains and montane fossils. If the mounds' ambiguities facilitated their incorporation into other debates, the terms in which they are discussed reflect ongoing engagement with literature on the city. The reception of these monuments thus offers a distinctive perspective on the significance of Rome to connections between spheres of knowledge in this period.
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Sara T. Damiano. "Writing Women's History Through the Revolution: Family Finances, Letter Writing, and Conceptions of Marriage." William and Mary Quarterly 74, no. 4 (2017): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.5309/willmaryquar.74.4.0697.
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Coronado, Raúl. "Migrant Longing: Letter Writing across the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands." Journal of American History 107, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 768–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa407.
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France, John. "Recent Writing on Medieval Warfare: From the Fall of Rome to c. 1300." Journal of Military History 65, no. 2 (April 2001): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677167.
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Parker (book author), Deborah, and Sarah Rolfe Prodan (review author). "Michelangelo and the Art of Letter Writing." Renaissance and Reformation 34, no. 1-2 (March 13, 2012): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v34i1-2.16188.
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Kuzmina, Marina D. "“Alphabet Scribe” in the History of Russian Literature." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-87-101.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the most significant and popular Old Russian scribe – “Alphabetical”, written in the late 16th – early 17th century according to researchers. The assumption is made that it was replenished and adjusted over several decades, quickly responding to the demands of the times and reflecting the main processes that took place in Russian literature of the 16th and especially the 17th century. The scribe reflected the central feature of this period: the interaction of the traditional and the new, with an emphasis on the new. It demonstrates such new aspects of Russian literature of the 17th century as secularization, democratization, fiction, and individualization. It is rather telling that the vast majority of sample messages are private letters written for relatives and friends. Particularly noteworthy are the samples of ‘anti-friendly’ letters, some of which are parodies of friendly letters. They make up an organic part of the 17th century parodies, namely such satirical texts as Kalyazinsky Petition, The Dowry Document, The Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The Service of the Tavern. As it is known, parodies play a crucial role in the turning periods of literary development, which was the 17th century. In this era, first of all, the most stable and therefore most recognizable genres were parodied: business (petitions, dowry, court documents, etc.) and church (hagiographies, prayers, akathists, church services, etc.) writing. Quite noteworthy is the appearance along with these parodies of the parody of the epistolary genre, indicating that it had fully developed, and occupied a proper place in the system of literature genres, and was unmistakably recognized by authors and readers. Moreover, a new, ‘secular’ version had developed and was recognized: friendly letters, which were by no means educational, unlike those popular in Ancient Russian literature of previous centuries.
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Kuzmina, Marina D. "“Alphabet Scribe” in the History of Russian Literature." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-87-101.
Full textAbstract:
The article is dedicated to the study of the most significant and popular Old Russian scribe – “Alphabetical”, written in the late 16th – early 17th century according to researchers. The assumption is made that it was replenished and adjusted over several decades, quickly responding to the demands of the times and reflecting the main processes that took place in Russian literature of the 16th and especially the 17th century. The scribe reflected the central feature of this period: the interaction of the traditional and the new, with an emphasis on the new. It demonstrates such new aspects of Russian literature of the 17th century as secularization, democratization, fiction, and individualization. It is rather telling that the vast majority of sample messages are private letters written for relatives and friends. Particularly noteworthy are the samples of ‘anti-friendly’ letters, some of which are parodies of friendly letters. They make up an organic part of the 17th century parodies, namely such satirical texts as Kalyazinsky Petition, The Dowry Document, The Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The Service of the Tavern. As it is known, parodies play a crucial role in the turning periods of literary development, which was the 17th century. In this era, first of all, the most stable and therefore most recognizable genres were parodied: business (petitions, dowry, court documents, etc.) and church (hagiographies, prayers, akathists, church services, etc.) writing. Quite noteworthy is the appearance along with these parodies of the parody of the epistolary genre, indicating that it had fully developed, and occupied a proper place in the system of literature genres, and was unmistakably recognized by authors and readers. Moreover, a new, ‘secular’ version had developed and was recognized: friendly letters, which were by no means educational, unlike those popular in Ancient Russian literature of previous centuries.