Journal articles on the topic 'Letter processing'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Letter processing.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Letter processing.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
INGLES, JANET L., and GAIL A. ESKES. "A comparison of letter and digit processing in letter-by-letter reading." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 1 (December 14, 2007): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708080119.
Full textAbstract:
The extent to which letter-by-letter reading results from a specific orthographic deficit, as compared with a nonspecific disturbance in basic visuoperceptual mechanisms, is unclear. The current study directly compared processing of letters and digits in a letter-by-letter reader, G.M., using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task and a speeded matching task. Comparisons were made to a group of six brain-damaged individuals without reading deficits. In the RSVP task, G.M. had increased difficulty reporting the target identities when they were letters, as compared with digits. Although this general pattern was also evident in the control group, the magnitude of the letter–digit accuracy difference was greater in G.M. Similarly, in the matching task, G.M. was slower to match letters than digits, relative to the control group, although his response times to both item types were increased. These data suggest that letter-by-letter reading, at least in this case, results from a visuoperceptual encoding deficit that particularly affects letters, but also extends to processing of digits to a lesser extent. Results are consistent with the notion that a left occipitotemporal area is specialized for letter processing with greater bilaterality in the visual processing of digits. (JINS, 2008,14, 164–173.)
2
Ganayim, Deia. "Visual processing of connected and unconnected letters and words in Arabic." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 205–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.2.2.02gan.
Full textAbstract:
A letter-reading task (Experiments 1) and a word-reading task of regular words (Experiments 2) and of visually distorted words (Experiments 3) were used to examine the reciprocal interaction between phonological encoding strategies and visual factors, such as the global word shape, local letters shape, and inter-letter spacing. Our participants comprised Arabic readers familiar with different letter and word forms (connected vs. unconnected: without inter-letter spaces vs. with inter-letter spaces). In addition, this study is the first instance of the word length effect being studied in an Arabic context using different word lengths (3 vs. 5 letters). The average reading times for Arabic words are affected by the word connectivity, since the average reading time is shorter for connected than unconnected words of all word lengths (3 and 5 letters) reflecting the activation of lexical route, which processes letters in letter strings in parallel. As well, the average reading times for Arabic words are affected by the word length, since the average reading time is shorter for 3-letter words than 5-letter words reflecting the activation of non-lexical route, which processes letters in letter strings sequentially. Length effect is the signature of the non-lexical route due to its seriality caused by assembled phonology.
3
Fiset, Daniel, Frédéric Gosselin, Caroline Blais, and Martin Arguin. "Inducing Letter-by-letter Dyslexia in Normal Readers." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 9 (September 2006): 1466–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1466.
Full textAbstract:
Letter-by-letter (LBL) dyslexia is an acquired reading disorder characterized by very slow reading and a large linear word length effect. This suggests the use of a sequential LBL strategy, in sharp contrast with the parallel letter processing used by normal subjects. Recently, we have proposed that the reading difficulty of LBL dyslexics is due to a deficit in discriminating visually similar letters based on parallel letter processing [Arguin, M., Fiset, S., & Bub, D. Sequential and parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 19, 535–555, 2002]. The visual mechanisms underlying this deficit and the LBL strategy, however, are still unknown. In this article, we propose that LBL dyslexic patients have lost the ability to use, for parallel letter processing, the optimal spatial frequency band for letter and word recognition. We claim that, instead, they rely on lower spatial frequencies for parallel processing, that these lower spatial frequencies produce confusions between visually similar letters, and that the LBL compensatory strategy allows them to extract higher spatial frequencies. The LBL strategy would thus increase the spatial resolution of the visual system, effectively resolving the issue pertaining to between-letter similarity. In Experiments 1 and 2, we succeeded in replicating the main features characterizing LBL dyslexia by having normal individuals read low-contrast, high-pass-filtered words. Experiment 3, conducted in LBL dyslexic L.H., shows that, indeed, the letter confusability effect is based on low spatial frequencies, whereas this effect was not supported by high spatial frequencies.
4
Rumiati, Rino, Roberto Nicoletti, and Remo Job. "Processing of global and local information in memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 41, no. 1 (February 1989): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402358.
Full textAbstract:
The experiments reported in this paper were designed to test how global and local information are processed by the memory system. When subjects are required to match a given letter with either a previously presented large capital letter or the small capital letters comprising it, (1) responses to the global level (i.e. the big letter) are faster than responses to the local level (i.e. the small letters), and (2) responses to the latter level only are affected by the consistency between the large and the small letters (Experiment 2), a pattern similar to that obtained in perception (Experiment 1). Such results obtain when subjects are required to attend to only one level with a short ISI between the first and second stimulus, but not when a longer ISI is used (Experiment 5) or when subjects are required to attend to both levels at the same time (Experiments 3 and 4). The results are discussed in the light of a model that postulates a temporal precedence of the global information over the local one at the perceptual level.
5
Froyen, Dries J. W., Milene L. Bonte, Nienke van Atteveldt, and Leo Blomert. "The Long Road to Automation: Neurocognitive Development of Letter–Speech Sound Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (March 2009): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21061.
Full textAbstract:
In transparent alphabetic languages, the expected standard for complete acquisition of letter–speech sound associations is within one year of reading instruction. The neural mechanisms underlying the acquisition of letter–speech sound associations have, however, hardly been investigated. The present article describes an ERP study with beginner and advanced readers in which the influence of letters on speech sound processing is investigated by comparing the MMN to speech sounds presented in isolation with the MMN to speech sounds accompanied by letters. Furthermore, SOA between letter and speech sound presentation was manipulated in order to investigate the development of the temporal window of integration for letter–speech sound processing. Beginner readers, despite one year of reading instruction, showed no early letter–speech sound integration, that is, no influence of the letter on the evocation of the MMN to the speech sound. Only later in the difference wave, at 650 msec, was an influence of the letter on speech sound processing revealed. Advanced readers, with 4 years of reading instruction, showed early and automatic letter–speech sound processing as revealed by an enhancement of the MMN amplitude, however, at a different temporal window of integration in comparison with experienced adult readers. The present results indicate a transition from mere association in beginner readers to more automatic, but still not “adult-like,” integration in advanced readers. In contrast to general assumptions, the present study provides evidence for an extended development of letter–speech sound integration.
6
Blommaert, Frans J. J., and Han Timmers. "Letter Recognition at Low Contrast Levels: Effects of Letter Size." Perception 16, no. 4 (August 1987): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160421.
Full textAbstract:
Contrast variation was used to measure recognition thresholds for lowercase letters, with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the role that early stages of visual processing play in letter recognition. Frequency-of-recognition curves were measured for alphabets of different letter size. Since variation of the adaptational state of the eye changes the characteristics of primary visual processing in a quantifiable way, recognition thresholds were measured both at a high (150 cd m−2) and at a low (0.9 cd m−2) adaptation level. Thresholds decreased as letter size increased, in a way comparable with data on visual acuity. At the lower adaptation level, recognition thresholds became higher, which is also in accordance with visual acuity data. Furthermore, the slopes of the frequency-of-recognition curves for alphabets as a function of log contrast decreased with decreasing letter size. It is argued that this is mainly caused by an increasing dispersion of internal representations of individual letters on the internal psychological scale as letter size decreases.
7
Perea, Manuel, Heather Winskel, and Theeraporn Ratitamkul. "On the Flexibility of Letter Position Coding During Lexical Processing." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000127.
Full textAbstract:
In Indo-European languages, letter position coding is particularly noisy in middle positions (e.g., judge and jugde look very similar), but not in the initial letter position (e.g., judge vs. ujdge). Here we focus on a language (Thai) which, potentially, may be more flexible with respect to letter position coding than Indo-European languages: (i) Thai is an alphabetic language which is written without spaces between words (i.e., there is a degree of ambiguity in relation to which word a given letter belongs to) and (ii) some of the vowels are misaligned (e.g., [Formula: see text]/ε:bn/ is pronounced as /bε:n/), whereas others are not (e.g., [Formula: see text]/a:p/ is pronounced as /a:p/). We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment with 3–4 letter Thai words (with vs. without an initial misaligned vowel) in which the prime was: (i) identical to the target, (ii) a nonword generated by transposing the two initial letters of the target, or (iii) a replacement-letter control nonword. Results showed a significant masked transposed-letter priming effect in the initial letter positions, which was similar in size for words with and without an initial misaligned vowel. These findings reflect that: (i) letter position coding in Thai is very flexible and (ii) the nature of the obtained priming effects is orthographic rather than phonological.
8
Roldán, Manuel, Ana Marcet, and Manuel Perea. "Is there a cost at encoding words with joined letters during visual word recognition?" Psicológica Journal 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2018-0012.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFor simplicity, models of visual-word recognition have focused on printed words composed of separated letters, thus overlooking the processing of cursive words. Manso de Zuniga, Humphreys, and Evett (1991) claimed that there is an early “cursive normalization” encoding stage when processing written words with joined letters. To test this claim, we conducted a lexical decision experiment in which words were presented either with separated or joined letters. To examine if the cost of letter segmentation occurs early in processing, we also manipulated a factor (i.e., word-frequency) that is posited to affect subsequent lexical processing. Results showed faster response times for the words composed of separated letters than for the words composed of joined letters. This effect occurred similarly for low- and high-frequency words. Thus, the present data offer some empirical support to Manso de Zuniga et al.’s (1991) idea of an early “cursive normalization” stage when processing joined-letters words. This pattern of data can be used to constrain the mapping of the visual input into letter and word units in future versions of models of visual word recognition.
9
Carreiras, Manuel, Manuel Perea, Cristina Gil-López, Reem Abu Mallouh, and Elena Salillas. "Neural Correlates of Visual versus Abstract Letter Processing in Roman and Arabic Scripts." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 11 (November 2013): 1975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00438.
Full textAbstract:
In alphabetic orthographies, letter identification is a critical process during the recognition of visually presented words. In the present experiment, we examined whether and when visual form influences letter processing in two very distinct alphabets (Roman and Arabic). Disentangling visual versus abstract letter representations was possible because letters in the Roman alphabet may look visually similar/dissimilar in lowercase and uppercase forms (e.g., c-C vs. r-R) and letters in the Arabic alphabet may look visually similar/dissimilar, depending on their position within a word (e.g., [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text]). We employed a masked priming same–different matching task while ERPs were measured from individuals who had learned the two alphabets at an early age. Results revealed a prime–target relatedness effect dependent on visual form in early components (P/N150) and a more abstract relatedness effect in a later component (P300). Importantly, the pattern of data was remarkably similar in the two alphabets. Thus, these data offer empirical support for a universal (i.e., across alphabets) hierarchical account of letter processing in which the time course of letter processing in different scripts follows a similar trajectory from visual features to visual form independent of abstract representations.
10
Lewis, Michael B., Claire Mills, Peter J. Hills, and Nicola Weston. "Navon Letters Affect Face Learning and Face Retrieval." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 4 (January 2009): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.258.
Full textAbstract:
Identifying the local letters of a Navon letter (a large letter made up of smaller different letters) prior to recognition causes impairment in accuracy, while identifying the global letters of a Navon letter causes an enhancement in recognition accuracy ( Macrae & Lewis, 2002 ). This effect may result from a transfer-inappropriate processing shift (TIPS) ( Schooler, 2002 ). The present experiment extends research on the underlying mechanism of this effect by exploring this Navon effect on face learning as well as face recognition. The results of the two experiments revealed that when the Navon task used at retrieval was the same as that used at encoding then the performance accuracy is enhanced, whereas when the processing operations mismatch at retrieval and at encoding, this impairs recognition accuracy. These results provide support for the TIPS explanation of the Navon effect.
11
BOTH-DE VRIES, ANNA C., MARIA T. DE JONG, SHELLEY SHAUL, and ADRIANA G. BUS. "Parafoveal processing of letters and letter-like forms in prereaders growing up in a left-to-right or a right-to-left writing convention." Language and Cognition 8, no. 4 (April 27, 2015): 566–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2015.9.
Full textAbstract:
abstractThe aim of this study was to test that the ability to obtain information about more than one letter at a glance develops prior to conventional reading. This study included 55 Dutch-speaking prereaders (mean age 63.56 months, SD = 6.55) and 45 Hebrew-speaking prereaders (mean age = 66.71 months, SD = 8.35). In a perceptual span task, one letter was projected in the fovea, the other to the right or to the left, at a distance of 4 or 6 letters from the center letter. A second perceptual span task included letter-like forms instead of letters. Eye-tracking was used to control whether children fixated on the center letter or letter-like form during the task. Obtaining information about two letters/forms was easier when the parafoveally projected letter/form was projected to the right for both Hebrew and Dutch children. Hemispheric dominance and not the dominant reading direction (right to left in Hebrew and left to right in Dutch) may explain this preference for right, which may mean that left-to-right reading is easier to learn than right-to-left reading. We did find, nevertheless, some evidence that reading direction in the dominant orthography affected how children divided attention over letters.
12
Hsiao, S. S., D. M. O'Shaughnessy, and K. O. Johnson. "Effects of selective attention on spatial form processing in monkey primary and secondary somatosensory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.444.
Full textAbstract:
1. The effects of selective attention were studied in SI and SII cortex of a rhesus monkey trained to perform two tasks, a tactile discrimination task and a visual detection task. In the tactile task, a letter was displayed on a video screen in front of the monkey and the animal was rewarded for responding when the raised letter (6.0 mm letter height) scanning across its finger (15 mm/s) matched the letter on the screen. In the visual task, three illuminated squares were displayed on the screen, and the animal was rewarded for detecting when one of the squares dimmed. The neural responses evoked by the raised letters were recorded continuously while the animal's focus of attention was switched back and forth between the two tasks. 2. Significant differences between the discharge rates evoked by raised letters in the two tasks were observed in approximately 50% of neurons in SI cortex and 80% of neurons in SII cortex. The effects in SII cortex were divided between increased (58%) and decreased (22%) rates. In SI cortex only increased rates were observed. 3. The attentional effects were expressed not only as changes in overall neuronal activity but also as modifications of the form of the responses evoked by the letters. 4. Whether attentional effects were observed depended upon the behavioral relevance of individual letters. During brief periods in the tactile task when a behavioral response could not yield a reward (time-out and reward periods) the neuronal responses were not significantly different from the responses evoked by the same letters during the visual task.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
13
Gros, Hélène, Kader Boulanouar, Gérard Viallard, Emmanuelle Cassol, and Pierre Celsis. "Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Extrastriate Cortex Response to a Categorically Ambiguous Stimulus Primed by Letters and Familiar Geometric Figures." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 21, no. 11 (November 2001): 1330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200111000-00009.
Full textAbstract:
Functional neuroimaging studies have suggested a specific role of the extrastriate cortex in letter string and visual word form processing. However, this region has been shown to be involved in object recognition and its specificity for the processing of linguistic stimuli may be questioned. The authors used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging design with category priming to record the response elicited by the passive viewing of single letters, geometric figures, and of the categorically ambiguous stimulus “O” that pertains to both sets of familiar symbols. Bilateral activations in the extrastriate cortex were found, with a left predominance particularly pronounced for the ambiguous stimulus. Individual analysis of spatial extent and signal intensity showed a priming × stimulus × hemisphere interaction. When primed by the congruous categoric set, a bilateral decrease in activation was observed for letters and geometric figures. The ambiguous stimulus behaved as a letter for the left hemisphere, with decreased activation when primed by letters, whereas in the right hemisphere, an adaptation effect occurred when primed by geometric figures. These priming effects suggest that, for the ambiguous stimulus, letter processing was systematically involved in the left extrastriate cortex. The current results support the existence of a neural substrate for the abstract category of letters.
14
Arguin, Martin, Stéphanie Fiset, and Daniel Bub. "Sequential and parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia." Cognitive Neuropsychology 19, no. 6 (September 2002): 535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290244000040.
Full text
15
De Luca, Maria, Cristina Burani, Despina Paizi, Donatella Spinelli, and Pierluigi Zoccolotti. "Letter and letter-string processing in developmental dyslexia." Cortex 46, no. 10 (November 2010): 1272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2009.06.007.
Full text
16
Grainger, Jonathan. "Orthographic processing: A ‘mid-level’ vision of reading: The 44th Sir Frederic Bartlett Lecture." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1314515.
Full textAbstract:
I will describe how orthographic processing acts as a central interface between visual and linguistic processing during reading, and as such can be considered to be the ‘mid-level vision’ of reading research. In order to make this case, I first summarize the evidence in favour of letter-based word recognition before examining work investigating how orthographic similarities among words influence single word reading. I describe how evidence gradually accumulated against traditional measures of orthographic similarity and the associated theories of orthographic processing, forcing a reconsideration of how letter-position information is represented by skilled readers. Then, I present the theoretical framework that was developed to explain these findings, with a focus on the distinction between location-specific and location-invariant orthographic representations. Finally, I describe work extending this theoretical framework in two main directions: first, to the realm of reading development, with the aim to specify the key changes in the processing of letters and letter strings that accompany successful learning to read, and second, to the realm of sentence reading, in order to specify how orthographic information can be processed across several words in parallel, and how skilled readers keep track of which letters belong to which words.
17
Welvaert, Marijke, Fernand Farioli, and Jonathan Grainger. "Graded Effects of Number of Inserted Letters in Superset Priming." Experimental Psychology 55, no. 1 (January 2008): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.1.54.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Three masked priming experiments investigated the effects of target word length and number of inserted letters on superset priming, where irrelevant letters are added to targets to form prime stimuli (e.g., tanble-table). Effects of one, two, three, and four-letter insertions were measured relative to an unrelated prime condition, the identity prime condition, and a condition where the order of letters of the superset primes was reversed. Superset primes facilitated performance compared with unrelated primes and reversed primes, and the overall pattern showed a small cost of letter insertion that was independent of target word length and that increased linearly as a function of the number of inserted letters. A meta-analysis incorporating data from the present study and two other studies investigating superset priming, showed an average estimated processing cost of 11 ms per letter insertion. Models of letter position coding are examined in the light of this result.
18
Grainger, Jonathan, and Thomas Hannagan. "What is special about orthographic processing?" Written Language and Literacy 17, no. 2 (September 22, 2014): 225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.17.2.03gra.
Full textAbstract:
Starting from a generic architecture for reading words in alphabetic scripts, we examine the special status of letters as the building block of single word reading. After briefly describing the overall architecture that defines the interaction between orthographic and phonological processes during silent reading for meaning, we then focus on orthographic processing. We describe the nature of orthographic representations as hypothesized in our approach and we discuss how such representations might be learned during reading acquisition. We present the hypothesis that such learning involves the adaptation of basic object identification mechanisms to the specific constraints of reading, and we provide examples of this adaptation. In the light of this, we then compare the function of letters as constituents of written words relative to the role of object parts in other kinds of familiar visual stimuli (e.g. faces, numbers). We explain why we think letters must have a special status and we provide some preliminary empirical evidence in favor of this special status for letters as parts of words. Keywords: reading; orthography; visual word recognition; orthographic learning; letter strings; object identification
19
Fiset, Daniel, Martin Arguin, and Éric McCabe. "The breakdown of parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia." Cognitive Neuropsychology 23, no. 2 (March 2006): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000437.
Full text
20
Allegretti, Christine L., and J. Thomas Puglisi. "Disabled vs Nondisabled Readers: Perceptual vs Higher-Order Processing of One vs Three Letters." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.463.
Full textAbstract:
12 disabled and 12 nondisabled readers (mean age, 11 yr.) were compared on a letter-search task which separated perceptual processing from higher-order processing. Participants were presented a first stimulus (for 200 msec. to minimize eye movements) followed by a second stimulus immediately to estimate the amount of information initially perceived or after a 3000-msec. interval to examine information more permanently stored. Participants were required to decide whether any letter present in the first stimulus was also present in the second. Two processing loads (1 and 3 letters) were examined. Disabled readers showed more pronounced deficits when they were given very little time to process information or more information to process.
21
TZU, KOH TOH. "A KNOWLEDGE-BASED CHINESE LETTER-WRITER." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 02, no. 01 (March 1988): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001488000054.
Full textAbstract:
Since the end of last year, the researchers at the Institute of Systems Science (ISS) started to consider a more ambitious project as part of its multilingual programming objective. This project examines the domain of Chinese Business Letter Writing. With the problem defined as generating Chinese letters to meet business needs, investigations suggest an intersection of 3 possible approaches: knowledge engineering, form processing and natural language processing. This paper attempts to report some of the findings and document the design and implementation issues that have arisen and been tackled as prototyping work progresses.
22
McDowell, Earl E. "Perceptions of the Ideal Cover Letter and Ideal Resume." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 17, no. 2 (April 1987): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/bk23-74u3-333q-0t86.
Full textAbstract:
This study surveyed recruiter, teacher, and student groups to determine the following: attitudes about cover letters and resumes, reasons to reject cover letters and resumes, the contents of the ideal cover letter and where specific information should occur in it, and the importance of various categories of the resume and contents of the ideal resume. The results indicate that 1) limited time is spent in processing cover letters and resumes; 2) the length of a cover letter and resume should be one page; 3) spelling errors, poor grammar, and poor organization are key problems in cover letters and resumes; 4) specific jobs wanted, career goals, and personal information are the most important factors of a cover letter; 5) job objectives/career goals, employment history, and educational history are the most important parts of the resume. Specific differences in attitudes among recruiters, teachers, and students are discussed in this article.
23
Riyadi, Slamet, Zilvanhisna Emka Fitri, and Arizal Mujibtamala Nanda Imron. "PENGENALAN HURUF LATIN PADA ANAK USIA DINI DENGAN PENERAPAN METODE BACKPROPAGATION." Djtechno: Jurnal Teknologi Informasi 2, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46576/djtechno.v2i2.1480.
Full textAbstract:
Early childhood has difficulty remembering Latin letters or Roman characters than adults. Some of the factors that cause it are cognitive development, motivation, interest in learning, emotions and environmental factors. To overcome this, an innovative media is needed so that children can easily remember Latin letters. One of the innovative media applies digital image processing techniques and artificial intelligence. The fonts used are 10 types of letter models with image processing techniques such as preprocessing, binaryization, pixel mapping and creating vector as feature extraction. While the artificial intelligence used is the backpropagation method. The total data is 208 letter images with 625 input features with 500 epochs, the best learning rate used by the system is 0.025 so that the best training accuracy is 93.96% and testing accuracy is 92.31%.
24
Krulee, Gilbert K., and Forrest Novy. "Word Processing and Effects of Variability in Type Fonts." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 3 (June 1986): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.3.999.
Full textAbstract:
Current models for reading words often assume the existence of features or shape characteristics for distinguishing one letter from another. However, the form of these features need not be invariant, particularly as one considers variations in type font or in handwriting. In this paper, we introduce the possibility of a two-level process with one level helping the viewer to identify the style or font being used at a given time. This first process leads to the activation of a decision tree that is specialized with respect to a particular set of characteristics while a second process makes use of this decision tree to identify the letter or word being presented. The results of an experiment designed to explore empirical implications of this two-level approach are described. Results are consistent with the model although additional experimentation is needed to explore more fully the implications for the processing of letters and words.
25
Rijpkema, Mark, Sandra van Aalderen, Jens Schwarzbach, and Frans A. J. Verstraten. "Beyond the Forest and the Trees: Local and Global Interference in Hierarchical Visual Stimuli Containing Three Levels." Perception 36, no. 8 (August 2007): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5619.
Full textAbstract:
Our visual world can be thought of as organised in a hierarchical manner. Studies on hierarchical letter stimuli (a large letter composed of smaller letters) suggest that processing of a visual scene is global to local, a phenomenon known as the global-precedence effect. Elaborating on this global-to-local hypothesis we tested whether global interference will increase with increasing level of globality. For this, we used three-level hierarchical letter stimuli with a global, middle, and local level. When attending to the local level of the stimulus, only the middle level showed an interference effect, whereas the global level did not interfere at all. We argue that, considering the perceptual and attentional contributions to this effect, the hypothesis of global-to-local processing of a visual scene may only hold within a limited spatial attentional window.
26
Agrawal, Aakash, K. V. S. Hari, and S. P. Arun. "Reading Increases the Compositionality of Visual Word Representations." Psychological Science 30, no. 12 (November 7, 2019): 1707–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619881134.
Full textAbstract:
Reading causes widespread changes in the brain, but its effect on visual word representations is unknown. Learning to read may facilitate visual processing by forming specialized detectors for longer strings or by making word responses more predictable from single letters—that is, by increasing compositionality. We provided evidence for the latter hypothesis using experiments that compared nonoverlapping groups of readers of two Indian languages (Telugu and Malayalam). Readers showed increased single-letter discrimination and decreased letter interactions for bigrams during visual search. Importantly, these interactions predicted subjects’ overall reading fluency. In a separate brain-imaging experiment, we observed increased compositionality in readers, whereby responses to bigrams were more predictable from single letters. This effect was specific to the anterior lateral occipital region, where activations best matched behavior. Thus, learning to read facilitates visual processing by increasing the compositionality of visual word representations.
27
Ktori, Maria, Daisy Bertrand, and Jonathan Grainger. "What’s special about orthographic processing? Further evidence from transposition effects in same-different matching." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 7 (November 14, 2018): 1780–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818811448.
Full textAbstract:
We sought evidence for letter-specific processing in the same-different matching task by comparing performance to random consonant strings and either strings of symbols (Experiment 1) or strings of digits (Experiment 2). The strings could be aligned horizontally or vertically, and on “different” response trials the to-be-matched strings could differ by the transposition of two adjacent characters or by the substitution of two adjacent characters. Making a “different” response was harder when the difference involved a transposition compared with a substitution—the transposition effect. Crucially, the transposition effect was significantly greater for letters than for symbols or digits when stimuli were aligned horizontally, but did not differ significantly across stimulus type with vertically aligned strings. These results suggest that it is processing specific to horizontally aligned letter strings, a reading-specific mechanism, that causes the greater transposition effects for letter stimuli in the same-different matching task when stimuli are arranged horizontally.
28
Vialatte, A., Y. Yeshurun, A. Z. Khan, R. Rosenholtz, and L. Pisella. "Superior Parietal Lobule: A Role in Relative Localization of Multiple Different Elements." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 1 (September 22, 2020): 658–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa250.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Simultanagnosia is an impairment in processing multiple visual elements simultaneously consecutive to bilateral posterior parietal damage, and neuroimaging data have specifically implicated the superior parietal lobule (SPL) in multiple element processing. We previously reported that a patient with focal and bilateral lesions of the SPL performed slower than controls in visual search but only for stimuli consisting of separable lines. Here, we further explored this patient’s visual processing of plain object (colored disk) versus object consisting of separable lines (letter), presented in isolation (single object) versus in triplets. Identification of objects was normal in isolation but dropped to chance level when surrounded by distracters, irrespective of eccentricity and spacing. We speculate that this poor performance reflects a deficit in processing objects’ relative locations within the triplet (for colored disks), aggravated by a deficit in processing the relative location of each separable line (for letters). Confirming this, performance improved when the patient just had to detect the presence of a specific colored disk within the triplets (visual search instruction), while the inability to identify the middle letter was alleviated when the distracters were identical letters that could be grouped, thereby reducing the number of ways individual lines could be bound.
29
Hermena, Ehab W., Eida J. Juma, and Maryam AlJassmi. "Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): e0254745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254745.
Full textAbstract:
Evidence shows that skilled readers extract information about upcoming words in the parafovea. Using the boundary paradigm, we investigated native Arabic readers’ processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information available parafoveally. Target words were embedded in frame sentences, and prior to readers fixating them, one of the following previews were made available: (a) Identity preview; (b) Preview that shared the pattern morpheme with the target; (c) Preview that shared the root morpheme with the target; (d) Preview that was a synonym with the target word; (e) Preview with two of the root letters were transposed thus creating a new root, while preserving all letter identities of the target; (f) Preview with two of the root letters were transposed thus creating a pronounceable pseudo root, while also preserving all letter identities of the target; and (g) Previews that was unrelated to the target word and shared no information with it. The results showed that identity, root-preserving, and synonymous preview conditions yielded preview benefit. On the other hand, no benefit was obtained from the pattern-preserving previews, and significant disruption to processing was obtained from the previews that contained transposed root letters, particularly when this letter transposition created a new real root. The results thus reflect Arabic readers’ dependance on morphological and semantic information, and suggest that these levels of representation are accessed as early as orthographic information. Implications for theory- and model-building, and the need to accommodate early morphological and semantic processing activities in more comprehensive models are further discussed.
30
Ganayim, Deia. "Optimal Viewing Position for Fully Connected and Unconnected words in Arabic." Polish Psychological Bulletin 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In order to assess the unique reading processes in Arabic, given its unique orthographic nature of natural inherent variations of inter letter spacing, the current study examined the extent and influence of connectedness disparity during single word recognition using the optimal viewing position (OVP) paradigm (three-, four- and five-letter stimuli presented at a normal reading size, at all possible locations). The initial word viewing position was systematically manipulated by shifting words horizontally relative to an imposed initial viewing position. Variations in recognition and processing time were measured as a function of initial viewing position. Fully connected/unconnected Arabic words were used. It was found that OVP effects occurred during the processing of isolated Arabic words. In Arabic, the OVP may be in the center of the word. No OVP was found in three-letter words; for four- and five-letter words, the OVP effect appeared as a U-shaped curve with a minimum towards the second and third letters. Thus, the OVP effects generalize across structurally different alphabetic scripts.
31
Jannah, Miftahul, and Adli Abdillah Nababan. "Pierce Similarity Algorithm In Detection Of Jar Letter In Al-Quran As Basic Media For Learning Arabic Language Structure." JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 4, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 413–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jite.v4i2.4453.
Full textAbstract:
Al-Quran is the basic reason someone should understand the rules of Arabic. One of the basic rules is knowing the jar type which we generally often encounter in Arabic, but we do not understand that this letter has its own duties and functions. In this study, samples of Jar letters were used as many as 7 jar letter patterns which are generally often encountered in the Al-Quran. The purpose of this research is to build a system that can recognize Jar letters using the Pierce Similarity method and performs the performance on the algorithm. The research method used is the theory of pattern recognition in image processing with 2 processes, namely the Training Process and the Testing Process. The value of each letter pattern obtained in the Training Process will be the weight benchmark for the Testing Process, so that we can measure the performance level of Algortima Pierce Similarity in detecting the Jar letter pattern. The results can vary for each letter pattern ranging from 60% to 80%.
32
Salvemini, Anthony V., Alan L. Stewart, Dean G. Purcell, and Roger S. Pinkham. "A Word-Superiority Effect in the Presence of Foveal Load." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3_suppl (June 1998): 1311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3c.1311.
Full textAbstract:
Foveal stimuli have been shown to disrupt visual information processing in the parafovea and periphery by their mere presence. In the present study, 6 subjects were presented letter triads 3.58° to the right or left of the point of fixation. At the same time, a single letter was presented at the point of fixation that was either the same as the middle letter in the triad or different from any of the triad letters. On other trials, no letter was presented at the point of fixation. Analysis indicated a word superiority effect when a foveal letter was presented that was the same as the letter in the triad. Performance between words and nonwords did not differ significantly when the foveal letter was different or absent. It was concluded that the mere presence of foveal load alone is not disruptive to performance. Depending on the visual context of the target to be reported, the presence of a foveal stimulus may improve performance.
33
Alluhaybi, Ibrahim, and Jeffrey Witzel. "Letter connectedness and Arabic visual word recognition." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 10 (June 17, 2020): 1660–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820926155.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the processing consequences of letter connectedness during Arabic visual word recognition. Specifically, this study examined (a) whether there is a processing cost associated with letter connectedness during word-level reading and (b) whether this factor modulates form-level activation among words during lexical access. Experiment 1 tested one-, two-, and three-chunk Arabic words and nonwords in a lexical decision task with masked identity priming. Experiment 2 tested the same stimuli in a lexical decision task with masked form priming, in which prime–target pairs differed by a letter associated with the morphological root. In both experiments, there was a clear processing cost for letter connectedness—one-chunk words had longer processing times than two-chunk words, which had longer processing times than three-chunk words. Comparable processing time differences were also found for nonwords, suggesting that letter connectedness influences Arabic word recognition at a prelexical orthographic processing stage. Furthermore, although reliable priming was found in both the experiments, there was a suggestion that letter connectedness modulated form priming effects (Experiment 2), with the strongest effect for three-chunk word targets. These findings are taken to indicate that letter connectedness is an important factor that should be considered—and controlled for—in examinations of Arabic visual word recognition.
34
Arguin, Martin, and Daniel Bub. "Parallel processing blocked by letter similarity in letter by letter dyslexia: A replication." Cognitive Neuropsychology 22, no. 5 (July 2005): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000202.
Full text
35
Mariol, Marina, Corentin Jacques, Marie-Anne Schelstraete, and Bruno Rossion. "The Speed of Orthographic Processing during Lexical Decision: Electrophysiological Evidence for Independent Coding of Letter Identity and Letter Position in Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 7 (July 2008): 1283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20088.
Full textAbstract:
Adults can decide rapidly if a string of letters is a word or not. However, the exact time course of this discrimination is still an open question. Here we sought to track the time course of this discrimination and to determine how orthographic information—letter position and letter identity—is computed during reading. We used a go/no-go lexical decision task while recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Subjects were presented with single words (go trials) and pseudowords (no-go trials), which varied in orthographic conformation, presenting either a double consonant frequently doubled (i.e., “ss”) or never doubled (i.e., “zz”) (identity factor); and a position of the double consonant was which either legal or illegal (position factor), in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Words and pseudowords clearly differed as early as 230 msec. At this latency, ERP waveforms were modulated both by the identity and by the position of letters: The fronto-central no-go N2 was the smallest in amplitude and peaked the earliest to pseudowords presenting both an illegal double-letter position and an identity never encountered. At this stage, the two factors showed additive effects, suggesting an independent coding. The factors of identity and position of double letters interacted much later in the process, at the P3 level, around 300–400 msec on frontal and central sites, in line with the lexical decision data obtained in the behavioral study. Overall, these results show that the speed of lexical decision may depend on orthographic information coded independently by the identity and position of letters in a word.
36
Wijaya, Novan. "Capital Letter Pattern Recognition in Text to Speech by Way of Perceptron Algorithm." Knowledge Engineering and Data Science 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um018v1i12018p26-32.
Full textAbstract:
Computer vision is a data transformation retrieved or generated from webcam into another form in means of determining decision. All kinds of transformations are carried through to attain specific aims. One of the supporting techniques in implementing computer vision on a system is digital image processing as the objective of digital image processing is to transform digital-formatted picture so that it can be processed in computer. Computer vision and digital image processing can be implemented in a system of capital letter introduction and real-time handwriting reading on a whiteboard supported by artificial neural network mode “perceptron algorithm” used as a learning technique for the system to learn and recognize the letters. The way it works is captured in letter pattern using a webcam and generates a continuous image that is transformed into digital image form and processed using several techniques such as grayscale image, thresholding, and cropping image.
37
Soares, S., A. C. Magalhães, A. F. Oliveira, B. Silva, J. Dias, M. J. Godinho, S. Xavier, and J. Ferreira. "Automatic attentional processing of faces with disease cues." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.552.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionStimuli that are relevant to our survival, especially those that signal the presence of a threat in the environment (e.g., threatening faces), automatically attract our attention.ObjectiveThe same may be true for faces displaying subtle disease cues as they may signal danger of potential contamination and, hence, disease-avoidance behaviour, which was the focus of the present research.AimThe present study investigated, for the first time to our knowledge, whether faces with disease cues (DF), compared to control stimuli (faces without such cues) (CF), interfered with the participants’ performance in a letter discrimination task.MethodEighty-six (44 women) university students volunteered to participate in a letter discrimination task where 240 DF and 240 CF were presented.ResultsThe results confirmed our hypothesis by showing that for DF, compared to CF, participants took longer to discriminate the target letters. Moreover, the results from a further rating task showed that DF, compared to CF, were rated as significantly more disgusting and associated with disease, thus confirming our experimental manipulation and suggesting that disgust may be driving automatic attention to DF.ConclusionsOur findings provide important insights on the possible influence of exogenous attention to disease cues in social avoidance behaviour, which may have relevant implications in clinical disorders with disgust at its core.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
38
Maloney, Erin, Evan F. Risko, Shannon O'Malley, and Derek Besner. "Short Article: Tracking the Transition from Sublexical to Lexical Processing: On the Creation of Orthographic and Phonological Lexical Representations." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 5 (May 2009): 858–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802578385.
Full textAbstract:
Participants read aloud nonword letter strings, one at a time, which varied in the number of letters. The standard result is observed in two experiments; the time to begin reading aloud increases as letter length increases. This result is standardly understood as reflecting the operation of a serial, left-to-right translation of graphemes into phonemes. The novel result is that the effect of letter length is statistically eliminated by a small number of repetitions. This elimination suggests that these nonwords are no longer always being read aloud via a serial left-to-right sublexical process. Instead, the data are taken as evidence that new orthographic and phonological lexical entries have been created for these nonwords and are now read at least sometimes by recourse to the lexical route. Experiment 2 replicates the interaction between nonword letter length and repetition observed in Experiment 1 and also demonstrates that this interaction is not seen when participants merely classify the string as appearing in upper or lower case. Implications for existing dual-route models of reading aloud and Share's self-teaching hypothesis are discussed.
39
Kinoshita, Sachiko, Lili Yu, Rinus G. Verdonschot, and Dennis Norris. "Letter identity and visual similarity in the processing of diacritic letters." Memory & Cognition 49, no. 4 (January 19, 2021): 815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-020-01125-2.
Full text
40
Assink, Egbert, Merel Lam, and Paul Knuijt. "Visual and phonological processes in poor readers' word recognition." Applied Psycholinguistics 19, no. 3 (July 1998): 471–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400010286.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTIn two experiments, poor and normal Dutch readers, matched for reading age, were presented with visual matching tasks on a computer screen. In Experiment 1, word and pseudoword letter strings were used. The strings consisted of either uppercase/lowercase congruent (e.g., o/O) or uppercase/lowercase incongruent letters (e.g., a/A). Poor readers needed significantly more time to decode uppercase/lowercase incongruent pairs, especially when the pairs consisted of pseudowords. Experiment 2 investigated whether this effect was phonologically or visually mediated. Strings of letters, digit strings, and abstract figure symbols were used. Letter strings included words, pseudowords, and nonwords. Poor readers needed more time to match incongruent letter case pairs, consistent with Experiment 1. Poor readers performed more poorly on letter and digit string matching but not on the figure–symbol matching task. No evidence was found for the differential use of orthographic information in terms of multiletter constraints. The combined data on the letter, digit, and graphic symbol matching experiments suggest that an inadequate command of grapheme–phoneme associations is a critical factor in reading disability. Evidence for poor visual processing as an independent source of reading disability could not be established.
41
Dinnel, Dale, and John A. Glover. "Processing in a letter-deletion condition." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23, no. 4 (April 1985): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03330185.
Full text
42
Lestari, Wiji, and Faiz Rafdhi. "Sistem Informasi Manajemen Arsip Surat Berbasis Desktop pada BP3TKI Jakarta." Jurnal CoSciTech (Computer Science and Information Technology) 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/coscitech.v1i2.2183.
Full textAbstract:
At the BP3TKI Jakarta office, there are still some problems in processing incoming and outgoing letters including frequent double numbering errors in incoming and outgoing letters, relating to storage in this case archiving is only in the form of storing hardcopy documents which results in lost letters and a lot of use of paper so spend more in terms of company operations. So it was designed a Letter Filing Management Information System in Jakarta BP3TKI. In building a Letter Filing Management Information System in BP3TKI Jakarta using Vb.Net with visual studio 2010 software as a programming language and display design. MySQL as a database. This system development uses UML (Unfied Modeling Language) tools as an analysis of the running system. The research methodology uses a waterfall, with stages of analysis, design, manufacture, coding, testing. This study produces a Letter Archive Management Information System in BP3TKI Jakarta that can facilitate the management of incoming and outgoing mail data, the process of making reports, recording letters, storing letters properly so as to facilitate the search for data. Can change a manual mail archive management into a structured system.
43
Orenstein, Howard B., and Dennis H. Holding. "Attentional Factors in Iconic Memory and Visible Persistence." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no. 1 (February 1987): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724988743000079.
Full textAbstract:
Arrays of 12 fragmentary letters were followed, at various intervals, by one randomly selected complementary letter fragment. On half the trials a partial-report cue (a vertical bar-marker) coincided with the second completion fragment. In Experiment 1 subjects fixated the centre of the to-be-identified letter location, whereas in Experiment 2 subjects fixated the centre of the array. In Experiment 1, the degree of integration and time between successive fragments were inversely related. Integration of fragmentary letters in Experiment 2, however, was uniformly low in the experimental and guessing control conditions. The results were discussed in terms of recent non-traditional accounts of iconic storage that emphasize post-categorical processing.
44
Park, Joonkoo, Andrew Hebrank, Thad A. Polk, and Denise C. Park. "Neural Dissociation of Number from Letter Recognition and Its Relationship to Parietal Numerical Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (January 2012): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00085.
Full textAbstract:
The visual recognition of letters dissociates from the recognition of numbers at both the behavioral and neural level. In this article, using fMRI, we investigate whether the visual recognition of numbers dissociates from letters, thereby establishing a double dissociation. In Experiment 1, participants viewed strings of consonants and Arabic numerals. We found that letters activated the left midfusiform and inferior temporal gyri more than numbers, replicating previous studies, whereas numbers activated a right lateral occipital area more than letters at the group level. Because the distinction between letters and numbers is culturally defined and relatively arbitrary, this double dissociation provides some of the strongest evidence to date that a neural dissociation can emerge as a result of experience. We then investigated a potential source of the observed neural dissociation. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that lateralization of visual number recognition depends on lateralization of higher-order numerical processing. In Experiment 2, the same participants performed addition, subtraction, and counting on arrays of nonsymbolic stimuli varying in numerosity, which produced neural activity in and around the intraparietal sulcus, a region associated with higher-order numerical processing. We found that individual differences in the lateralization of number activity in visual cortex could be explained by individual differences in the lateralization of numerical processing in parietal cortex, suggesting a functional relationship between the two regions. Together, these results demonstrate a neural double dissociation between letter and number recognition and suggest that higher-level numerical processing in parietal cortex may influence the neural organization of number processing in visual cortex.
45
Rutten, Gijsbert, and Marijke J. van der Wal. "Functions of epistolary formulae in Dutch letters from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 13, no. 2 (July 2, 2012): 173–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.13.2.01rut.
Full textAbstract:
Wray (2002) distinguishes three main functions of formulaic language relating to processing, interaction and discourse marking. In this paper, we show that Wray’s analysis of the functions of formulaic language also applies to historical letter-writing in a corpus of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Dutch letters. Discourse is marked with formulae indicating the text type or the text structure. Interaction is covered by intersubjective formulae communicating health, greetings, wishes for renewed contact, as well as Christian-ritual formulae. The processing function is operationalised in terms of literacy and writing experience, assuming that the use of prefabricated formulae reduces the writing effort. Therefore, we expect less-experienced letter-writers to use more formulae than more-experienced writers. We will show that less-experienced writers are indeed more likely to use epistolary formulae, and conclude that Wray’s “reduction of the speaker’s processing effort” in online speech production, also applies to written seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Dutch.
46
Wijers, Albertus A., and Maarten A. S. Boksem. "Selective Attention and Error Processing in an Illusory Conjunction Task." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 3 (January 2005): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.3.216.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We recorded event-related potentials in an illusory conjunction task, in which subjects were cued on each trial to search for a particular colored letter in a subsequently presented test array, consisting of three different letters in three different colors. In a proportion of trials the target letter was present and in other trials none of the relevant features were present. In still other trials one of the features (color or letter identity) were present or both features were present but not combined in the same display element. When relevant features were present this resulted in an early posterior selection negativity (SN) and a frontal selection positivity (FSP). When a target was presented, this resulted in a FSP that was enhanced after 250 ms as compared to when both relevant features were present but not combined in the same display element. This suggests that this effect reflects an extra process of attending to both features bound to the same object. There were no differences between the ERPs in feature error and conjunction error trials, contrary to the idea that these two types of errors are due to different (perceptual and attentional) mechanisms. The P300 in conjunction error trials was much reduced relative to the P300 in correct target detection trials. A similar, error-related negativity-like component was visible in the response-locked averages in correct target detection trials, in feature error trials, and in conjunction error trials. Dipole modeling of this component resulted in a source in a deep medial-frontal location. These results suggested that this type of task induces a high level of response conflict, in which decision-related processes may play a major role.
47
Bouhali, Florence, Zoé Bézagu, Stanislas Dehaene, and Laurent Cohen. "A mesial-to-lateral dissociation for orthographic processing in the visual cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 43 (October 7, 2019): 21936–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904184116.
Full textAbstract:
Efficient reading requires a fast conversion of the written word to both phonological and semantic codes. We tested the hypothesis that, within the left occipitotemporal cortical regions involved in visual word recognition, distinct subregions harbor slightly different orthographic codes adapted to those 2 functions. While the lexico-semantic pathway may operate on letter or open-bigram information, the phonological pathway requires the identification of multiletter graphemes such as “ch” or “ou” in order to map them onto phonemes. To evaluate the existence of a specific stage of graphemic encoding, 20 adults performed lexical decision and naming tasks on words and pseudowords during functional MRI. Graphemic encoding was facilitated or disrupted by coloring and spacing the letters either congruently with multiletter graphemes (ch-ai-r) or incongruently with them (c-ha-ir). This manipulation affected behavior, primarily during the naming of pseudowords, and modulated brain activity in the left midfusiform sulcus, at a site medial to the classical visual word form area (VWFA). This putative grapheme-related area (GRA) differed from the VWFA in being preferentially connected functionally to dorsal parietal areas involved in letter-by-letter reading, while the VWFA showed effects of lexicality and spelling-to-sound regularity. Our results suggest a partial dissociation within left occipitotemporal cortex: the midfusiform GRA would encode orthographic information at a sublexical graphemic level, while the lateral occipitotemporal VWFA would contribute primarily to direct lexico-semantic access.
48
Wu, Hao, Yongqiang Cheng, and Hongqiang Wang. "Isometric Signal Processing under Information Geometric Framework." Entropy 21, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040332.
Full textAbstract:
Information geometry is the study of the intrinsic geometric properties of manifolds consisting of a probability distribution and provides a deeper understanding of statistical inference. Based on this discipline, this letter reports on the influence of the signal processing on the geometric structure of the statistical manifold in terms of estimation issues. This letter defines the intrinsic parameter submanifold, which reflects the essential geometric characteristics of the estimation issues. Moreover, the intrinsic parameter submanifold is proven to be a tighter one after signal processing. In addition, the necessary and sufficient condition of invariant signal processing of the geometric structure, i.e., isometric signal processing, is given. Specifically, considering the processing with the linear form, the construction method of linear isometric signal processing is proposed, and its properties are presented in this letter.
49
Müller, Matthias M., and Ronald Hübner. "Can the Spotlight of Attention Be Shaped Like a Doughnut? Evidence From Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials." Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (March 2002): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00422.
Full textAbstract:
Visual attention enables observers to extract and process high-priority information in the visual field. Controversy remains as to whether or not observers can ignore information that falls within the spatial beam of attention. We used an objective physiological measure, the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), to investigate this question. A stream of flickering small, uppercase letters was embedded in the center of a stream of large, uppercase letters. A unitary beam would result in no difference of the SSVEP amplitude elicited by the small letter stream when it was attended versus ignored (i.e., when subjects attended the large letter stream). Contrary to this prediction, SSVEP amplitude increased by almost 100% when the small letter stream was attended compared with when it was ignored. The results support the notion that the attentional spotlight can be formed like a doughnut, processing central information differentially depending on whether it is attended or ignored.
50
Vandervelden, Margaretha C., and Linda S. Siegel. "Teaching Phonological Processing Skills in Early Literacy: A Developmental Approach." Learning Disability Quarterly 20, no. 2 (May 1997): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1511215.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated an intervention to enhance early phonological processing skills and reading. Early phonological processing skills are strongly related to progress in early literacy and phonological processing deficits are found related to specific reading disability. Thirty children aged 5.1–6.0 (15 in each of two schools) were assigned to an experimental or control group and compared before and after a 12-week intervention on measures of phonological processing skills and reading. There were no pretreatment differences between groups. The experimental intervention was based on findings of (a) early developmental phases in phonological recoding, (b) reciprocal development between phoneme awareness and phonological recoding, and (c) reciprocal development between phonological processing skills and early reading. The instruction was designed to facilitate the gradually expanding use of letter-phoneme relationships in early reading and spelling. The results indicated that, at posttest, the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group on the measures of phonological processing skills and in reading. Intervention that includes teaching the sounds of letters and phoneme awareness as part of using letter-phoneme relationships in recognizing printed words, in spelling, and in reading (pronouncing words) appears to be effective for enhancing early reading and may possibly reduce the probability of subsequent reading disability.