Relevant bibliographies by topics / Letter processing

Academic literature on the topic 'Letter processing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Letter processing"

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INGLES, JANET L., and GAIL A. ESKES. "A comparison of letter and digit processing in letter-by-letter reading." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 1 (December 14, 2007): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708080119.

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The extent to which letter-by-letter reading results from a specific orthographic deficit, as compared with a nonspecific disturbance in basic visuoperceptual mechanisms, is unclear. The current study directly compared processing of letters and digits in a letter-by-letter reader, G.M., using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task and a speeded matching task. Comparisons were made to a group of six brain-damaged individuals without reading deficits. In the RSVP task, G.M. had increased difficulty reporting the target identities when they were letters, as compared with digits. Although this general pattern was also evident in the control group, the magnitude of the letter–digit accuracy difference was greater in G.M. Similarly, in the matching task, G.M. was slower to match letters than digits, relative to the control group, although his response times to both item types were increased. These data suggest that letter-by-letter reading, at least in this case, results from a visuoperceptual encoding deficit that particularly affects letters, but also extends to processing of digits to a lesser extent. Results are consistent with the notion that a left occipitotemporal area is specialized for letter processing with greater bilaterality in the visual processing of digits. (JINS, 2008,14, 164–173.)
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Ganayim, Deia. "Visual processing of connected and unconnected letters and words in Arabic." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 205–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.2.2.02gan.

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A letter-reading task (Experiments 1) and a word-reading task of regular words (Experiments 2) and of visually distorted words (Experiments 3) were used to examine the reciprocal interaction between phonological encoding strategies and visual factors, such as the global word shape, local letters shape, and inter-letter spacing. Our participants comprised Arabic readers familiar with different letter and word forms (connected vs. unconnected: without inter-letter spaces vs. with inter-letter spaces). In addition, this study is the first instance of the word length effect being studied in an Arabic context using different word lengths (3 vs. 5 letters). The average reading times for Arabic words are affected by the word connectivity, since the average reading time is shorter for connected than unconnected words of all word lengths (3 and 5 letters) reflecting the activation of lexical route, which processes letters in letter strings in parallel. As well, the average reading times for Arabic words are affected by the word length, since the average reading time is shorter for 3-letter words than 5-letter words reflecting the activation of non-lexical route, which processes letters in letter strings sequentially. Length effect is the signature of the non-lexical route due to its seriality caused by assembled phonology.
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Fiset, Daniel, Frédéric Gosselin, Caroline Blais, and Martin Arguin. "Inducing Letter-by-letter Dyslexia in Normal Readers." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 9 (September 2006): 1466–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1466.

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Letter-by-letter (LBL) dyslexia is an acquired reading disorder characterized by very slow reading and a large linear word length effect. This suggests the use of a sequential LBL strategy, in sharp contrast with the parallel letter processing used by normal subjects. Recently, we have proposed that the reading difficulty of LBL dyslexics is due to a deficit in discriminating visually similar letters based on parallel letter processing [Arguin, M., Fiset, S., & Bub, D. Sequential and parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 19, 535–555, 2002]. The visual mechanisms underlying this deficit and the LBL strategy, however, are still unknown. In this article, we propose that LBL dyslexic patients have lost the ability to use, for parallel letter processing, the optimal spatial frequency band for letter and word recognition. We claim that, instead, they rely on lower spatial frequencies for parallel processing, that these lower spatial frequencies produce confusions between visually similar letters, and that the LBL compensatory strategy allows them to extract higher spatial frequencies. The LBL strategy would thus increase the spatial resolution of the visual system, effectively resolving the issue pertaining to between-letter similarity. In Experiments 1 and 2, we succeeded in replicating the main features characterizing LBL dyslexia by having normal individuals read low-contrast, high-pass-filtered words. Experiment 3, conducted in LBL dyslexic L.H., shows that, indeed, the letter confusability effect is based on low spatial frequencies, whereas this effect was not supported by high spatial frequencies.
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Rumiati, Rino, Roberto Nicoletti, and Remo Job. "Processing of global and local information in memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 41, no. 1 (February 1989): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402358.

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The experiments reported in this paper were designed to test how global and local information are processed by the memory system. When subjects are required to match a given letter with either a previously presented large capital letter or the small capital letters comprising it, (1) responses to the global level (i.e. the big letter) are faster than responses to the local level (i.e. the small letters), and (2) responses to the latter level only are affected by the consistency between the large and the small letters (Experiment 2), a pattern similar to that obtained in perception (Experiment 1). Such results obtain when subjects are required to attend to only one level with a short ISI between the first and second stimulus, but not when a longer ISI is used (Experiment 5) or when subjects are required to attend to both levels at the same time (Experiments 3 and 4). The results are discussed in the light of a model that postulates a temporal precedence of the global information over the local one at the perceptual level.
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Froyen, Dries J. W., Milene L. Bonte, Nienke van Atteveldt, and Leo Blomert. "The Long Road to Automation: Neurocognitive Development of Letter–Speech Sound Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (March 2009): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21061.

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In transparent alphabetic languages, the expected standard for complete acquisition of letter–speech sound associations is within one year of reading instruction. The neural mechanisms underlying the acquisition of letter–speech sound associations have, however, hardly been investigated. The present article describes an ERP study with beginner and advanced readers in which the influence of letters on speech sound processing is investigated by comparing the MMN to speech sounds presented in isolation with the MMN to speech sounds accompanied by letters. Furthermore, SOA between letter and speech sound presentation was manipulated in order to investigate the development of the temporal window of integration for letter–speech sound processing. Beginner readers, despite one year of reading instruction, showed no early letter–speech sound integration, that is, no influence of the letter on the evocation of the MMN to the speech sound. Only later in the difference wave, at 650 msec, was an influence of the letter on speech sound processing revealed. Advanced readers, with 4 years of reading instruction, showed early and automatic letter–speech sound processing as revealed by an enhancement of the MMN amplitude, however, at a different temporal window of integration in comparison with experienced adult readers. The present results indicate a transition from mere association in beginner readers to more automatic, but still not “adult-like,” integration in advanced readers. In contrast to general assumptions, the present study provides evidence for an extended development of letter–speech sound integration.
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Blommaert, Frans J. J., and Han Timmers. "Letter Recognition at Low Contrast Levels: Effects of Letter Size." Perception 16, no. 4 (August 1987): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160421.

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Contrast variation was used to measure recognition thresholds for lowercase letters, with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the role that early stages of visual processing play in letter recognition. Frequency-of-recognition curves were measured for alphabets of different letter size. Since variation of the adaptational state of the eye changes the characteristics of primary visual processing in a quantifiable way, recognition thresholds were measured both at a high (150 cd m−2) and at a low (0.9 cd m−2) adaptation level. Thresholds decreased as letter size increased, in a way comparable with data on visual acuity. At the lower adaptation level, recognition thresholds became higher, which is also in accordance with visual acuity data. Furthermore, the slopes of the frequency-of-recognition curves for alphabets as a function of log contrast decreased with decreasing letter size. It is argued that this is mainly caused by an increasing dispersion of internal representations of individual letters on the internal psychological scale as letter size decreases.
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Perea, Manuel, Heather Winskel, and Theeraporn Ratitamkul. "On the Flexibility of Letter Position Coding During Lexical Processing." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000127.

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In Indo-European languages, letter position coding is particularly noisy in middle positions (e.g., judge and jugde look very similar), but not in the initial letter position (e.g., judge vs. ujdge). Here we focus on a language (Thai) which, potentially, may be more flexible with respect to letter position coding than Indo-European languages: (i) Thai is an alphabetic language which is written without spaces between words (i.e., there is a degree of ambiguity in relation to which word a given letter belongs to) and (ii) some of the vowels are misaligned (e.g., [Formula: see text]/ε:bn/ is pronounced as /bε:n/), whereas others are not (e.g., [Formula: see text]/a:p/ is pronounced as /a:p/). We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment with 3–4 letter Thai words (with vs. without an initial misaligned vowel) in which the prime was: (i) identical to the target, (ii) a nonword generated by transposing the two initial letters of the target, or (iii) a replacement-letter control nonword. Results showed a significant masked transposed-letter priming effect in the initial letter positions, which was similar in size for words with and without an initial misaligned vowel. These findings reflect that: (i) letter position coding in Thai is very flexible and (ii) the nature of the obtained priming effects is orthographic rather than phonological.
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Roldán, Manuel, Ana Marcet, and Manuel Perea. "Is there a cost at encoding words with joined letters during visual word recognition?" Psicológica Journal 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2018-0012.

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AbstractFor simplicity, models of visual-word recognition have focused on printed words composed of separated letters, thus overlooking the processing of cursive words. Manso de Zuniga, Humphreys, and Evett (1991) claimed that there is an early “cursive normalization” encoding stage when processing written words with joined letters. To test this claim, we conducted a lexical decision experiment in which words were presented either with separated or joined letters. To examine if the cost of letter segmentation occurs early in processing, we also manipulated a factor (i.e., word-frequency) that is posited to affect subsequent lexical processing. Results showed faster response times for the words composed of separated letters than for the words composed of joined letters. This effect occurred similarly for low- and high-frequency words. Thus, the present data offer some empirical support to Manso de Zuniga et al.’s (1991) idea of an early “cursive normalization” stage when processing joined-letters words. This pattern of data can be used to constrain the mapping of the visual input into letter and word units in future versions of models of visual word recognition.
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Carreiras, Manuel, Manuel Perea, Cristina Gil-López, Reem Abu Mallouh, and Elena Salillas. "Neural Correlates of Visual versus Abstract Letter Processing in Roman and Arabic Scripts." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 11 (November 2013): 1975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00438.

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In alphabetic orthographies, letter identification is a critical process during the recognition of visually presented words. In the present experiment, we examined whether and when visual form influences letter processing in two very distinct alphabets (Roman and Arabic). Disentangling visual versus abstract letter representations was possible because letters in the Roman alphabet may look visually similar/dissimilar in lowercase and uppercase forms (e.g., c-C vs. r-R) and letters in the Arabic alphabet may look visually similar/dissimilar, depending on their position within a word (e.g., [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text]). We employed a masked priming same–different matching task while ERPs were measured from individuals who had learned the two alphabets at an early age. Results revealed a prime–target relatedness effect dependent on visual form in early components (P/N150) and a more abstract relatedness effect in a later component (P300). Importantly, the pattern of data was remarkably similar in the two alphabets. Thus, these data offer empirical support for a universal (i.e., across alphabets) hierarchical account of letter processing in which the time course of letter processing in different scripts follows a similar trajectory from visual features to visual form independent of abstract representations.
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Lewis, Michael B., Claire Mills, Peter J. Hills, and Nicola Weston. "Navon Letters Affect Face Learning and Face Retrieval." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 4 (January 2009): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.258.

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Identifying the local letters of a Navon letter (a large letter made up of smaller different letters) prior to recognition causes impairment in accuracy, while identifying the global letters of a Navon letter causes an enhancement in recognition accuracy ( Macrae & Lewis, 2002 ). This effect may result from a transfer-inappropriate processing shift (TIPS) ( Schooler, 2002 ). The present experiment extends research on the underlying mechanism of this effect by exploring this Navon effect on face learning as well as face recognition. The results of the two experiments revealed that when the Navon task used at retrieval was the same as that used at encoding then the performance accuracy is enhanced, whereas when the processing operations mismatch at retrieval and at encoding, this impairs recognition accuracy. These results provide support for the TIPS explanation of the Navon effect.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Letter processing"

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Schmitt, Andreas [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Lachmann. "What makes a letter a letter? – New evidence for letter-specific processing strategies / Andreas Schmitt ; Betreuer: Thomas Lachmann." Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122110987/34.

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Wagstaffe, Joanna Katherine. "The encoding of letter position in orthographic processing." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438427.

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Mycroft, Rachel Helen. "Causes and mechanisms of letter-by-letter reading : the roles of visual and language processing." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391887.

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Bolger, Patrick Anthony. "Alphabetic processing in English and Spanish." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1289%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Leach, Corinne. "MANIPULATING TEMPORAL COMPONENTS DURING SINGLE-WORD PROCESSING TO FACILITATE ACCESS TO STORED ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS IN LETTER-BY-LETTER READERS." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/574233.

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Public Health
M.A.
This study investigated the benefits of rapid presentation of written words as a treatment strategy to enhance reading speed and accuracy in two participants with acquired alexia who are letter-by-letter readers. Previous studies of pure alexia have shown that when words are rapidly presented, participants can accurately perform lexical decision and category judgment tasks, yet they are unable to read words aloud. These studies suggest that rapid presentation of words could be used as a treatment technique to promote whole-word reading. It was predicted that treatment utilizing rapid presentation (250/500 ms) will increase reading speed and accuracy of both trained and untrained words compared to the words trained in standard presentation (5000 ms). A single-subject ABACA/ACABA multiple baseline treatment design was used. Treatment was provided twice per week for four weeks for both rapid and standard presentation treatment. Each session comprised a spoken-to-written word decision task and semantic category judgment task. Stimuli included 80 trained words divided between the two treatments and 20 untrained controls. Weekly probes to assess reading accuracy were administered after every two treatment sessions. Based on effect sizes, results showed no consistent unambiguous benefit for rapid or standard presentation treatment. However, possible generalization to untrained words due to rapid presentation treatment was observed. Future research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of rapid presentation treatment in letter-by-letter readers.
Temple University--Theses
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Munnecom, Lorenna, and Miguel Chaves de Lemos Pacheco. "Exploration of an Automated Motivation Letter Scoring System to Emulate Human Judgement." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Mikrodataanalys, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34563.

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As the popularity of the master’s in data science at Dalarna University increases, so does the number of applicants. The aim of this thesis was to explore different approaches to provide an automated motivation letter scoring system which could emulate the human judgement and automate the process of candidate selection. Several steps such as image processing and text processing were required to enable the authors to retrieve numerous features which could lead to the identification of the factors graded by the program managers. Grammatical based features and Advanced textual features were extracted from the motivation letters followed by the application of Topic Modelling methods to extract the probability of each topics occurring within a motivation letter. Furthermore, correlation analysis was applied to quantify the association between the features and the different factors graded by the program managers, followed by Ordinal Logistic Regression and Random Forest to build models with the most impactful variables. Finally, Naïve Bayes Algorithm, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine were used, first for classification and then for prediction purposes. These results were not promising as the factors were not accurately identified. Nevertheless, the authors suspected that the factors may be strongly related to the highlight of specific topics within a motivation letter which can lead to further research.
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O'Brien, Marita A. "Effects of Shape, Letter Arrangements, and Practice on Text Entry on a Virtual Keyboard." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11499.

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This research study examined the design of a virtual keyboard that can be used for text entry with a rotary controller, particularly when users may differ in age and experience with a particular system. I specifically examined the shape and letter arrangement on the virtual keyboard to help determine the best features to use in a design. Two keyboard shapes, an Oval and a Plus, were selected to represent different aspects of the shape. Two keyboard arrangements, Alphabetic and a Standard QWERTY-based ordering, were selected to represent a well-known and less familiar arrangement. In the experiment, older and younger adults entered words over two consecutive days. Most of the time, they used either the Oval or the Plus, but they also used the alternate shape at specific points during their practice session to allow assessment of their ability to transfer what they had learned. At the end of the second day, they also used a variation of the practiced arrangement to examine how well they had learned the letter arrangement. Text entry performance on both shapes improved as a function of practice, demonstrating that participants could learn even unfamiliar devices and virtual keyboards to complete a word entry task. No overall shape effects were found for any level of performance, but shape did affect how participants learned and performed the word entry task. In particular, unique visual features on a shape may facilitate memorization of letter/visual cue mappings. These shape features are particularly important for older adults, as younger adults seem to develop a mental model that helps them memorize letter locations on either shape. With practice, older adults could achieve optimal performance levels with an Alphabetic keyboard on the Plus shape that has the more visually unique corners. In general, alphabetic ordering is best not only because it helped visual search, but also because it facilitated better movement planning. Overall, designers should consider creating unique visual features on a virtual keyboard that will blend with the compatibility and allowed movements for the selected device to create an effective virtual keyboard.
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Chang, Ya-Ning. "The role of visual processing in computational models of reading." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-visual-processing-in-computational-models-of-reading(86ca64ef-b471-4932-a891-53728301ff1c).html.

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Visual processing is the earliest core process required to support a normal reading system. However, little attention has been given to its role in any of the existing cognitive/computational models of reading. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to create a large-scale model of reading, which can generate phonology and semantics from print. Building such a model will allow for the exploration of a number of theoretically important cognitive phenomena in both normal and impaired reading including: font and size invariance; letter confusability; length effects; and pure alexic reading patterns. To achieve this goal, there are a number of important sub-goals that need to be achieved: (1) to develop a visual processing component which is capable of recognising letters in different fonts and sizes; (2) to produce a model that can develop useful intermediate (orthographic) representations as a consequence of learning; (3) to develop a set of semantic representations compact enough to allow efficient learning but that can still capture realistic semantic similarity relationships; (4) to integrate all the components together into a large-scale recurrent reading model; and (5) to extend the model to support picture naming, and to explore whether damage to the visual system can produce symptoms similar to those found in PA patients. Chapter 2 started by developing a simple feedforward network for letter recognition. The model was trained with letters in various transformations, which allowed the model to learn to deal with size and shape invariance problems as well as accounting for letter confusability effects and generalising to previously unseen letters. The model achieved this by extracting key features from visual input which could be used to support accurate letter recognition. Chapter 3 incorporated the letter recognition component developed in Chapter 2 into a word reading model. The reading model was trained on the mappings between print and phonology, with the orthographic representations which learn to emerge over training. The model could support accurate nonword naming and simulated the length by lexicality interaction observed in normal reading. A system of semantic representations was developed in Chapter 4 by using co-occurrence statistics to generate semantic codes that preserved realistic similarity relationships. Chapter 5 integrated all the components developed in the previous chapters together into a large-scale recurrent reading model. Finally, Chapter 6 extended the reading model to perform object recognition along with the reading task. When the model's visual system was damaged it was able to simulate the abnormal length effect typically seen in PA patients. The damaged model also showed impaired reaction times in object naming and preserved sensitivity to lexical/semantic variables in reading. The picture naming performance was modulated by visual complexity. In summary, the results highlight the importance of incorporating visual information into computational models of single word reading, and suggest that doing so will enable the exploration of a wide range of effects that were previously inaccessible to these types of connectionist models.
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Mercado, Salazar Jorge Anibal, and S. M. Masud Rana. "A Confirmatory Analysis for Automating the Evaluation of Motivation Letters to Emulate Human Judgment." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37469.

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Manually reading, evaluating, and scoring motivation letters as part of the admissions process is a time-consuming and tedious task for Dalarna University's program managers. An automated scoring system would provide them with relief as well as the ability to make much faster decisions when selecting applicants for admission. The aim of this thesis was to analyse current human judgment and attempt to emulate it using machine learning techniques. We used various topic modelling methods, such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Non-Negative Matrix Factorization, to find the most interpretable topics, build a bridge between topics and human-defined factors, and finally evaluate model performance by predicting scoring values and finding accuracy using logistic regression, discriminant analysis, and other classification algorithms. Despite the fact that we were able to discover the meaning of almost all human factors on our own, the topic models' accuracy in predicting overall score was unexpectedly low. Setting a threshold on overall score to select applicants for admission yielded a good overall accuracy result, but did not yield a good consistent precision or recall score. During our investigation, we attempted to determine the possible causes of these unexpected results and discovered that not only is topic modelling limitation to blame, but human bias also plays a role.
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Jansche, Martin. "Inference of string mappings for speech technology." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1061209163.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 268 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Chris Brew, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 252-266) and index.
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Books on the topic "Letter processing"

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Society, IEEE Signal Processing. IEEE signal processing letters. New York, NY: IEEE Signal Processing Society, 1994.

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Payment system users manual for letter of credit Treasury Financial Communications System (LOC-TFCS) recipients. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 1986.

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Sui shou tie + ti huan ju: 100% Ying wen E-mail wan yong tie da quan = Copy & paste! let's write a perfect E-mail in English. Xinbei Shi Zhonghe Qu: Quan qiu hua wen lian he chu ban ping tai, 2015.

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Programs, United States Dept of Education Student Financial Assistance. This letter describes a nationwide series of National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS) workshops and lists the sites, dates, and registration procedures. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Student Financial Assistance Program, 1998.

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United States. Dept. of Education. Student Financial Assistance Programs. This letter describes a nationwide series of National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS) workshops and lists the sites, dates, and registration procedures. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Student Financial Assistance Program, 1997.

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Letters & mailing. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2000.

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Mostafa, Joshua. Letters & mailing. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2000.

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Mostafa, Joshua. Letters & mailing. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2000.

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Programs, United States Dept of Education Student Financial Assistance. This letter announces a series of Electronic Aid Office workshops to be held February through September 1998; lists the contents, sites and dates of the workshops; and explains registration procedures. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Education, Student Financial Assistance Program, 1997.

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Mostafa, Joshua. Letters & mailing. London: DK, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Letter processing"

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Takcı, Hidayet, and İbrahim Soğukpınar. "Centroid-Based Language Identification Using Letter Feature Set." In Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, 640–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24630-5_79.

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Kameda, Tomoya, Mutsumi Kimura, and Yasuhiko Nakashima. "Letter Reproduction Simulator for Hardware Design of Cellular Neural Network Using Thin-Film Synapses." In Neural Information Processing, 342–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46672-9_39.

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Raphel, Roshni Kadeparambil, H. Muhammed Ilyas, and Janu R. Panicker. "Multiple Secret Sharing Using Natural Language Letter Based Visual Cryptography Scheme." In Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, 476–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27161-3_43.

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Kimura, Mutsumi, Kenta Umeda, Keisuke Ikushima, Toshimasa Hori, Ryo Tanaka, Tokiyoshi Matsuda, Tomoya Kameda, and Yasuhiko Nakashima. "Hopfield Neural Network with Double-Layer Amorphous Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Thin-Film Devices as Crosspoint-Type Synapse Elements and Working Confirmation of Letter Recognition." In Neural Information Processing, 637–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04239-4_57.

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Saint-Aubin, Jean, and Raymond M. Klein. "Capturing Reading Processes in Connected Texts with Eye Movements and a Letter Detection Task." In Attention and Vision in Language Processing, 99–110. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2443-3_6.

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Giacomucci, Scott. "Sociometric Assessment and Written Psychodramatic Interventions in Individual Social Work Practice." In Social Work, Sociometry, and Psychodrama, 311–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6342-7_16.

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AbstractThe application of sociometry assessments and written psychodrama interventions within one-to-one social work settings is the focus of this chapter. Interventions covered include the social atom, the role atom, modified role atoms, clinical timelines, psychodramatic journaling, and psychodramatic letter writing. Step-by-step instructions are provided for clinicians new to these techniques. Practice examples and clinical processing are offered with depictions of the social atom and role atoms. These tools are presented individually with supporting theory but are often employed together or as a warm-up for a psychodrama enactment. Novice psychodramatists or those less experienced in action methods will find these approaches as a good starting point for beginning to integration sociometry and psychodramatic interventions into their clinical practice with individuals. Though these tools will be presented for individual work, they are also applicable tools for group work and community settings.
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Mihalcea, Rada F. "Diacritics Restoration: Learning from Letters versus Learning from Words." In Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, 339–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45715-1_35.

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Saeed, Khalid, and Agnieszka Dardzińska. "Cursive Letters Language Processing: Muqla Model and Toeplitz Matrices Approach." In Flexible Query Answering Systems, 326–33. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1834-5_30.

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Delle Donne, Fulvio. "Dalle lettere cancelleresche ai dictamina: processi di finzionalizzazione e tradizione testuale." In Medieval Letters, 393–405. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.usml-eb.5.105134.

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"Letter-By-Letter Readers: Evidence for Parallel Processing." In Basic Processes in Reading, 42–84. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203052242-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Letter processing"

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"Cover Letter." In 2020 International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and their Applications (ICCSPA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccspa49915.2021.9385712.

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"Welcome Letter." In 2018 IEEE Second International Conference on Data Stream Mining & Processing (DSMP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsmp.2018.8478606.

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"Welcome Letter." In 2020 IEEE Third International Conference on Data Stream Mining & Processing (DSMP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsmp47368.2020.9204205.

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Vasek, Matus, and Gregor Rozinaj. "Optimization of letter to sound rules construction." In 2013 Signal Processing Symposium (SPS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sps.2013.6623600.

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Sellathurai, Mathini, Jonathon Chambers, Tharm Ratnarajah, and Constantinos Papadias. "A letter from the chairs." In 2016 IEEE 17th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawc.2016.7536913.

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Puliafito, Antonio. "Letter from the technical program chair of DPDNS08." In Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipdps.2008.4536102.

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Joshi, Chandrika, and Gangotri Bhat. "Postal Letter Sorting Using Digital Image Processing on MATLAB." In Proceedings of the Student Research Symposium (SRS'13). Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-7393-9_024.

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Aisha, Batuer. "A Letter Tagging Approach to Uyghur Tokenization." In 2010 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ialp.2010.72.

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Vasek, Matus, Gregor Rozinaj, and Renata Rybarova. "Letter-To-Sound conversion for speech synthesizer." In 2016 International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwssip.2016.7502773.

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Teng, Santani, Verena Sommer, Radoslaw Cichy, Dimitrios Pantazis, and Aude Oliva. "Auditory letter-name processing elicits crossmodal representations in blind listeners." In 2018 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Brentwood, Tennessee, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2018.1236-0.

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Reports on the topic "Letter processing"

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SK Sundaram and Jr JM Perez. Letter Report. Defense Waste Processing Facility Pour Spout Heaters - Conceptual Designs and Modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/761590.

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