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Journal articles on the topic 'Letter opening'
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1
Tara, Firman, and Desri Karlinda. "KESALAHAN BERBAHASA PADA SURAT DINAS SMA NEGERI 9 KOTA JAMBI." Aksara: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 4, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/aksara.v4i2.201.
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This research aims at describing language errors in writing letter numbers, mailing letter, opening paragraph, and closing paragraph of official letters of SMA Negeri 9 Jambi City year of 2019. This research is a qualitative descriptive. The technique used in collecting data are observation and documentation. The results of the analysis show that the errors in writing letter numbers are the use of colons and slashes which are preceded and followed by a space. Errors in writing mailing letter is indicated in the use of kepada which indicates language redundancy; the use of a colon (:) which should be replaced by a period (.); the use of punctuation marks (.) at the end of the mailing address; and the use of bold letters in the mailing address. Written errors in the opening paragraph of the letter are the writing of the opening greeting Dengan hormat in the beginning of the paragraph that should be included in the first sentence of the letter opening. Written errors in the closing paragraphs of letters are the incomplete closing sentences of the letter which should have been mentioned earlier, written behind the word demikianlah; and errors in the use of preposition di.
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Waal, Willemijn. "A New Interpretation of the Opening Lines of the Assur Letters." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 111, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2021-2006.
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Abstract In this paper a new interpretation of the hatura-clauses in the Hieroglyphic Luwian Assur letters will be presented. First of all, it will be argued that the Hieroglyphic Luwian lexeme hatura-, which is usually connected to the Hittite verb ḫatrae- ‘to send’, ‘to write’ and translated as ‘letter’, is in fact related to the Hittite word ḫattuli- and Cuneiform Luwian ḫattulaḫid-, meaning ‘health’,‘wellbeing’. Secondly, the article will suggest that the Hieroglyphic Luwian word api, which is usually translated as ‘back’, or ‘again’, primarily functions as a discourse marker. Lastly, it will be proposed that the Hieroglyphic Luwian word for ‘letter’ or ‘message’ is (*205)atun(i)-. These new interpretations yield a better understanding of the opening lines of the Assur-letters and elucidate some other opaque passages of this intriguing correspondence.1
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Wijayanti, Sri Hapsari. "The Moves of Indonesian Application Letters." Lingua Cultura 11, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v11i1.1726.
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Job application letter is one of many types of written communication. Every context has its own way to write application letter. This article aimed to know the pattern of moves of solicited and unsolicited job application letters, as well as to identify the structure patterns of moves and language used in Indonesian application letters generally. The corpus were 62 application letters. The data were analyzed by using quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The research finds that the Indonesian application letters consist of nine obligatory moves: opening salutation, offering candidature, introducing candidature, promoting candidature, enclosing documents, willingness to action, stressing the facts, thanking, and closing salutation. The movement structure has similarity with the application letter from other countries as previous studies. The difference lies in the label of used terms. The implicitness and inability to express self-quality could be referred to the Indonesian culture known as modesty and inhibition in telling about oneself.
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Biggs, Frederick M. "Domino in domino dominorum: Bede and John of Beverley." Anglo-Saxon England 44 (December 2015): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100080054.
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AbstractThe distinctive phrase, domino in domino dominorum, shared by the salutations in the prefatory letter of Bede's revised metrical Vita Cuthberti and in the letter sent by Hwaetbert with his former abbot Ceolfrith to Rome, reflects an unexpected historical connection among Bede's revision, Ceolfrith's departure and, more tentatively, the abdication of John of Beverley of the bishopric of York. While only Ceolfrith's journey has been dated to 716, I argue that Bede was revising his poem in anticipation of this event, but under the false assumption that it would be John of Beverley who would lead the party. The salutation, drawn from one of Augustine of Hippo's letters, supports this claim by identifying, after the opening phrase that would be appropriate for a bishop, John as a priest, a playful conjunction of terms used by Bede to call attention to the bishop of York's changing status. This opening, then, was in Bede's mind when the need for a letter from Hwaetbert to Pope Gregory II arose. Bede's revision and, probably, some discussion of John's retirement can be dated to 716.
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Cornelius, E. "Die verhouding tussen Klassieke retoriek en epistolografie." Literator 15, no. 2 (May 2, 1994): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v15i2.668.
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The objective of this article is to determine the relationship between Classical rhetoric and epistolography. Both epistolographical and rhetorical studies of letters are found among scholars. Some scholars prefer to work only epistolographically and others only rhetorically. The problem arises when some scholars try to combine these two perspectives, resulting in an approach in which the body of the letter is studied rhetorically and the letter opening and closing epistolographically. As an aid to determine the relationship between these two disciplines, a short summary of the theoretical frameworks of each is given and the Classical textbooks on both disciplines are studied. Once the relationship has been made dear, the article is concluded by proposing rhetoric as the framework for the interpretation of the communicative function of letters and epistolography as the framework for the interpretation of the form of letters.
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Prasetyo, Andika Hijrah, and Anita Tri Widiyawati. "The Role of the Village Government as a Facilitator in Records (Dynamic Archives) Management (Case Study in Paseban Village, Kencong District, Jember Regency)." Public Inspiration: Jurnal Administrasi Publik 7, no. 1 (July 21, 2022): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/pi.7.1.2022.39-52.
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This research uses a case study with a qualitative approach. This study aimed to analyze the role of the Paseban Village Government as a facilitator in managing dynamic archives owned by the village government. As a facilitator, the village government plays a role in creating conducive conditions for the implementation of record management. This has been done even though it is not optimal. Concerning record management, it consists of 1) sorting letters, 2) opening the cover, 3) issuing letters from inside the envelope, 4) examining letters, 5) reading letters, 6) delivering letters (internally), 7) recording letters, and 8) storage of letters related to the Management of incoming mail and procedures for managing incoming letters, there is no SOP. There are four main activities: 1) drafting, 2) approval of letter concepts, 3) typing of letter concepts, and 4) letter delivery. There are also steps for managing outgoing mail, which include: 1) receiving a dictation or written concept from the leadership, 2) drafting a letter, 3) recording the outgoing registration book, 4) typing the letter in its final form, 5) asking for the leadership's signature, 6) checking the mail to be sent, and 7) distributing the mail. However, there is no SOP in the Management of outgoing letters and steps for managing outgoing letters. The criteria for the selection of archival equipment have been carried out. Borrowing archives is no precise loan circulation data because they do not have procedures and do not use archive borrowing books. In addition, there are no restrictions on borrowing archives and determining the period for borrowing archives, so the archive is vulnerable to lose. Record inventory and archive retention at the Paseban Village Office have never been carried out.
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Popova, Larisa Georgievna, Lyubov' Mikhailovna Shatilova, Georgii Teimurazovich Khukhuni, and Anastasiya Dmitrievna Krasnikova. "Linguistic characteristics of the German letter of recommendation (diachronic aspect)." Litera, no. 3 (March 2022): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.3.37379.
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This article discusses the features of letters of recommendation: types, structure and criteria for evaluating work certificates. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that letters of recommendation have been around for a long time and are an integral part of the business sphere in Germany. Given the lack of workbooks in Germany, providing a letter of recommendation for consideration by a potential employer is a prerequisite. This speech genre requires detailed attention and consideration from the point of view of linguistic and structural features. The object of research is the speech genre "recommendation letter". The subject of the study are structural and substantive features, types of letters of recommendation. The purpose of the work is to consider the types and features of letters of recommendation in the German language in a diachronic aspect. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the types and linguistic characteristics of the German-language recommendation letter are studied from the standpoint of diachrony. The research material was a German website containing archives of old letters of recommendation: Arbeitszeugnis-forum.de.In the course of the study, it was found out that the most preferable is a qualified letter of recommendation containing a detailed description of the employee and opening him a wider range of further career opportunities. Qualified recommendation letters in German have the following features: 1) a letter of recommendation must comply with the principles of truth and benevolence, therefore it must be written positively; 2) a qualified letter contains information about the work performed, various qualities and achievements of the employee, about his behavior among colleagues and clients, as well as thanks and wishes for the future. The analysis of letters of recommendation showed that until 1900, there were mainly simple working certificates in use in Germany. The letter of recommendation did not have a clear structure. The qualified certificate has received great relevance and has been supplemented with characteristics, approximately, since the 1940s.
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Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Supplicants and Citizens: Public Letter-Writing in Soviet Russia in the 1930s." Slavic Review 55, no. 1 (1996): 78–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500979.
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“Which one of us had never written letters to the supreme powers…If they are preserved, these mountains of letters will be a veritable treasure trove for historians.” So wrote Nadezhda Mandelstam, always a sharp-eyed anthropologist of Soviet everyday life. Historians who have encountered this treasure trove in Soviet archives newly opened over the past few years are likely to agree. The great volume of public letter-writing–the “mountains” of complaints, denunciations, statements of opinion, appeals, threats and confessional outpourings that ordinary Russians sent to Soviet political leaders, party and government agencies, public figures, and newspapers–constitutes one of the major discoveries associated with the opening of the archives.
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Jaruki, Muhammad. "NASKAH DOKUMEN/SURAT RAJA KESULTANAN KALIMANTAN BARAT: KAJIAN STRUKTUR, PALEOGRAFI, DAN KEBAHASAAN (Royal Letter/Document of West Kalimantan Sultanate: Structure, Paleography, and Language)." Kandai 13, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jk.v13i1.143.
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Issues disclosed in the research are the structure, the form and style, and language aspect used in Royal Letter/Document of Pontianak Sultan, West Kalimantan Sultanate. The aim of the research is to discribe and explain structure, the style of writing of Jawi script, and the language used in the script or letter of “Sultan Pontianak, Sultan Syarif Hamid Bin Sultan Syarif U'sman Alqodri to the Government of the Netherlands”. Using content analysis method to describe the structure, style, and language contained in those scripts, and diplomatic method for manuscript editing, the edited text produced is in accordance with the original. The analysis result shows that the script of "Letter of Agreement of the Dutch government with Pontianak Sultan, Sultan Syarif Hamid bin Sultan Syarif U'sman Alqodri" is classified as official letter which has the structure of (1) letter head, (2) opening words, (3) the contents of the letter, and (4) the date of the letter. Other parts or structure of the letter not included in the script are: mailing address, number of letters, attachments, subject, mailing address, signature, the name of the sender, and stamp. This letter is written mostly in Arabic typed riqa, taqwi, and muluqah. The language used in the script is Arabic and Dutch. The sentences structure of the manuscript however, does not comply with the language rules.
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Noval Madani, Ahmad, Muhammad Havas Asyari, and Achmad Saifi Afandi. "Export and Import Procedure with Letter of Credit." ASIAN Economic and Business Development 4, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54204/aebd/vol4no1july2022014.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze and examine international trade procedures using the Letter of Credit transaction method. The method used is a qualitative method of literature review studies and content analysis which produces various hypotheses from previous research as data sources. The results of this study are in the use of a Letter of Credit itself, there are several stages, namely, understanding, making comparisons, and reviewing activities in the field in the Letter of Credit procedure itself. In addition, there is a strategy in the use of a Letter of Credit which includes before issuance, at the time of application, and after opening, handling, as well as in sending documents. Furthermore, there are several problems in the use of a Letter of Credit, namely the Issuing Bank or the opening bank is a bank that has a small foreign exchange and its credibility is doubtful, the importer submits a request for a postponement from the disbursement of the Letter of Credit as well as problems that may arise.
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Moise, Kenneth. "Opening Letter for Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome Monograph." American Journal of Perinatology 31, S 01 (July 18, 2014): S1—S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1382775.
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Debell, Matthew, Natalya Maisel, Brad Edwards, Michelle Amsbary, and Vanessa Meldener. "Improving Survey Response Rates with Visible Money." Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology 8, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smz038.
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Abstract In mail surveys and in advance letters for surveys in other modes, it is common to include a prepaid incentive of a small amount such as $5. However, when letters are addressed generically (such as to “Resident”), advance letters may be thrown away without being opened, so the enclosed cash is wasted and the invitation or advance letter is ineffective. This research note describes results of an experiment using a nationally representative sample of 4,725 residential addresses to test a new way of letting mail recipients know their letter contains cash and is therefore worth opening: an envelope with a window revealing $5, so the cash is clearly visible from outside the sealed envelope. We also tested the USPS for evidence of theft, and we compared First Class and Priority Mail postage. We found no evidence of theft. We found no difference in response rates between Priority Mail and First Class, making First Class much more cost-effective, and we found that visible money increased the response rate to a mail survey from 42.6 to 46.9 percent, at no significant cost.
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Rosalia, Sholeha, and Yosi Wulandari. "Makna Alif dalam Puisi Zikir D. Zawawi Imron dan Sajak Alif Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda." Jurnal Genre (Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya) 2, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/jg.v2i1.2559.
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Alif means the first, saying the Supreme Life and is Sturdy and has the element of fire and Alif is formed from Ulfah (closeness) ta'lif (formation). With this letter Allah mementa'lif (unite) His creation with the foundation of monotheism and ma'rifah belief in appreciation of faith and monotheism. Therefore, Alif opens certain meanings and definitions of shapes and colors that are in other letters. Then be Alif as "Kiswah" (clothes) for different messages. That is a will. "IQRO" is a revelation that was first passed down to the Prophet Muhammad. Saw. Read it, which starts with the letter Alif and ends with the letter Alif. The creation of a poem is influenced by the environment and the self-reflection of a poet where according to the poet's origin, in comparing in particular Alif's poetry from the two poets. The object of this research is the poetry of Zikir by D. Zawawi Imron and Sajak Alif by Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda. This study uses a comparative method and sociology of literature. Through a comparative study of literature between the poetry of Zikir D. Zawawi Imron and Sajak Alif Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda, it is hoped that the public can know the meaning of Alif according to the poet's view. With this research, the Indonesian people can accept different views on the meaning of Alif in accordance with their respective understanding without having to look for what is right and wrong. The purpose in Alif is like a life, in the form of letters like a body, a tree that is cut to the root, from the heart is split to the seeds, then from the seeds are split so that nothing is the essence of life. So, it is clear that Alif is the most important and Supreme letter. Talking about the meaning of Alif as the first letter revealed on earth. After the letter Alif was revealed, 28 other Hijaiyah letters were born. The letter Alif is made the beginning of His book and the opening letter. Other letters are from Alif and appear on him.
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Efimova, L. G. "The Concept and Legal Nature of Transferable Letter of Credit." Lex Russica, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.147.2.048-056.
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The article analyzes the concept and legal nature of a transferable letter of credit in the comparative legal aspect. The author compares the legal structure of a transferable letter of credit under the civil code with the legal regulation of a transferable letter of credit under the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) (2007 edition, ICC publication No. 600).Under the law, transferable letters of credit mean such letters of credit that the payer (applicant) and/or issuing Bank allowed to transfer to the second beneficiaries. The transfer of the letter of credit is executed in two transactions. First, the first beneficiary shall unilaterally declare his will addressed to the transferring Bank where the first beneficiary shall propose to the Bank to change the range of possible beneficiaries under the letter of credit. The will of the first beneficiary should be qualified as a unilateral transaction on behalf of the first beneficiary concerning the full or partial exemption of the issuing Bank (confirming Bank) from the original offer (opening of the letter of credit), if the transfer of the letter of credit to the second beneficiaries is made. Second, a transferring Bank makes a unilateral transaction to transfer the letter of credit to the second beneficiaries. This transaction is made by the transferring Bank on behalf, at the expense and in the interests of the issuing Bank (confirming Bank) on the basis of the authority granted under terms of the letter of credit. A unilateral transaction of the transferring Bank concerning the transfer of a letter of credit is an offer made on behalf of the issuing Bank (confirming Bank), and brought to the attention of the second beneficiaries (beneficiary) with a proposal to conclude a contract for the payment (acceptance and payment of a bill of exchange) against the relevant financial and/or commercial documents.At the same time, the transfer of the letter of credit leads to a change in the original offer to open a letter of credit to the first beneficiary in terms of a range of possible future acceptors.
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Fatih, Muhammad. "Konsep Keserasian Al-Qur’an Dalam Tafsir Mafatihul Ghaib Karya Fakhruddin Ar-Razi: Perspektif Ilmu Munasabah." PROGRESSA: Journal of Islamic Religious Instruction 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32616/pgr.v6.2.419.1-18.
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Fakhruddin ar-Razi stated, people who observe the beauty of the arrangement and order of the verses in the letter al- Baqarah, will undoubtedly realize that the miracles of the Qur'an are not only in the aspect of eloquence of lafadz-lafadz and the nobleness of its content, but also in the aspect of composition and structure. order of the verses. With the scientific approach of munasabah al-Qur'an, ar-Razi proved the above facts for himself as he described in his monumental commentary, Tafsir al-Kabir or Tafsir Mafatih al-Ghaib. Based on the author's research, there are at least nine kinds of munasabah in Tafsir al-Kabir by ar-Razi. First, munasabah sentence with sentence in one verse. Second, munasabah closing the verse with the content of the verse. Third, munasabah between verses in one letter. Fourth, munasabah between several verses in one letter. Fifth, munasabah between the letter opener and the closing letter. Sixth, musasabah between the contents of the letter. Seventh, munasabah between the opener of the letter and the closing of the previous letter. Eighth, munasabah between opening letters. Ninth, thematic unity in one letter. This research is library research with a qualitative approach. The primary data comes from Tafsir al-Kabir by Fakhruddin ar-Razi, while the secondary data comes from ulumul Qur'an books, commentaries, journal articles and scientific studies that discuss directly or indirectly about the theme in question. After the information and data were collected, the authors validated and tabulated based on certain objectives and considerations, then analyzed using descriptive-analytical methods. After comparing and observing the data and the analysis process, this study resulted in the conclusions as stated above.
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James, Hector E. "Letter to the Editor: Suboccipital decompression without dural opening." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 17, no. 5 (May 2016): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.9.peds15566.
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Migliore, Daniel L. "The Love Commandments: An Opening for Christian-Muslim Dialogue?" Theology Today 65, no. 3 (October 2008): 312–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057360806500303.
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In the recent, widely circulated letter from Muslim theologians to Christian theologians and church leaders titled “A Common Word between Us and You,” some openings for constructive theological dialogue may be found. By identifying the twofold love commandment as an essential element of Torah, Gospel, and Qur'an, the letter in effect invites Christians and Muslims not only to work together for justice and peace but also to study together each other's Scriptures, to explore together their different understandings of the oneness of God, and to inquire of each other how the love commandments are related as well as whether enemies are among the others we are commanded to love. This essay includes reflections on the conditions of fruitful theological dialogue between Christians and Muslims. It emphasizes that dialogue does not mean glossing over real differences but, rather, engaging in a process in which participants may acquire new respect for the faith of others and new insight into their own faith.
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Pozzoli, Viviana. "Letter from Brazil." MODOS: Revista de História da Arte 5, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/modos.v5i3.8666881.
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The research addresses a previously unknown segment of the journalist and art dealer Pietro Maria Bardi’s trajectory by highlighting the centrality of the publishing issue in his activity as an organizer of artistic culture. Starting from the letters exchanged with the publisher Valentino Bompiani from 1946 – date of Bardi’s arrival to Brazil, together with Lina Bo – to the early 1950s, the paper traces the common projects, between Italy and South America, in a transnational perspective, thus opening new insights into Bardi’s role within the coeval illustrated art publishing industry and better focusing the planning of his early Brazilian years at the head of the Museu de Arte de São Paulo’s modernist project.
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May, James M. "Seneca's Neighbour, the Organ Tuner." Classical Quarterly 37, no. 1 (May 1987): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800031864.
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In one of his letters to Lucilius (Book 6,Ep.56), Seneca discusses the effects of noise and silence on study and contemplation.In the opening sections of the letter, he reveals that his current lodging is located above a bathhouse whence issue continually all sorts of irritating sounds. Seneca insists that such noises, despite their persistence, present no real distraction to one who possesses inner peace and a clear, untroubled mind (animum enim cogo sibi intentum esse nee avocari ad externa: omnia licet foris resonent, dum intus nihil tumultus sit,§5) and whose thoughts are ‘good, steadfast, and sure’ (nullus hominum aviumque concentus interrumpet cogitationes bonas solidasque iam et certas,§11).
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Korogodina, Maria V. "An Unknown Slavic Translation of a Fragment of the “Letter of the Three Oriental Patriarchs to Emperor Theophilos” in the 15th-century Miscellany by a Russian Scribe." Slovene 6, no. 1 (2017): 307–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2017.6.1.12.
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There is a fragment of a Slavic translation of the “Letter of the Three Oriental Patriarchs to Emperor Theophilos” in a 15th-century Russian manuscript. The fragment contains the opening part of the “Letter” and considers the relations between state and church authorities. Comparison with the translation of the entire “Letter,” which is known as “Mnogoslozhnyi svitok,” proves that these translations are different. A comparison with the Greek text of the “Letter” allows us to identify the Greek manuscript closest to the Russian fragment. One can suggest that the manuscript belongs to a Russian scribe who was interested in texts related to the formation of the structure of state authority in Russia.
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김현광. "The Characteristics and Function of the Letter Opening of Romans." Korea Reformed Theology 27, no. ll (April 2010): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34271/krts.2010.27..23.
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Wojcieszek, Piotr. "Letter from the President Elect Polish Brachytherapy Society – Presidential opening." Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy 11, no. 5 (2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2019.89381.
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Kang, Young Ae, and Ji Ye Jung. "Opening opportunities for women in respiratory medicine: Letter from Korea." Respirology 27, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/resp.14212.
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Navarro, Vicente. "Race or Class, or Race and Class." International Journal of Health Services 19, no. 2 (April 1989): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cnuh-67t0-rlbt-fmca.
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In 1987, The Milbank Quarterly published two special supplements on the health status of blacks in the United States. Dr. Vicente Navarro wrote a letter concerning the issues raised in these publications to the editor of The Milbank Quarterly, but the decision was made not to print it. Because of the importance of the subject involved, the letter is published here, with the hope of opening a debate on the issues discussed in The Milbank Quarterly's supplements and in Navarro's letter. Professor Miller, a major contributor to the supplements, will reply to Navarro's comments in an upcoming issue of this journal.
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Junaedi, Edi. "PERAN BAGIAN ADMINISTRASI DALAM MENGELOLA SURAT MENYURAT DI UNIT PERENCANAAN PT JAYA REAL PROPERTY, TBK." Jurnal Sekretari Universitas Pamulang 9, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/skr.v9i2.21924.
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ABSTRAK Salah satu fungsi tenaga administrasi adalah melaksanakan fungsi dan tugas dalam pengelolaan surat menyurat. Surat merupakan suatu alat komunikasi tertulis yang bertujuan untuk menyampaikan suatu maksud yang ditujukan kepada pihak lain. Meskipun pada saat ini surat sudah banyak ditinggalkan oleh sebagian masyarakat, tetapi surat masih memegang peranan penting dalam suatu organisasi atau instansi dengan pihak lain yang berkepentingan. Dalam kegiatan surat menyurat pada suatu organisasi atau instansi, surat dapat menunjang keberhasilan tujuan dalam kegiatan berorganisasi, maka dari itu penanganan dan pengelolaan surat yang baik, cepat, dan tepat dalam organisasi dapat dicapai secara efektif dan efisien. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengelolaan surat menyurat pada Unit Perencanaan PT Jaya Real Property, Tbk. Surat yang dikelola meliputi surat keluar dimulai dari tahapan pembuatan surat, pengarahan surat, persetujuan surat dan pengiriman surat, serta surat masuk dimulai dari penerimaan surat masuk, penyortiran surat, pembukaan dan pengeluaran surat dari sampul, pembacaan surat, penyampaian surat kepada pihak yang berkepentingan dan pengarsipan copy surat. Sumber data penelitian ini diperoleh dari hasil wawancara, survey lokasi kegiatan dan dokumentasi. Kata Kunci : Administrasi, Surat, Surat Masuk, Surat Keluar THE ROLE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CORRESPONDENCE IN THE PLANNING UNIT OF PT JAYA REAL PROPERTY, TBK. ABSTRACT One of the functions of the administrative staff is to carry out the functions and duties in the management of correspondence. A letter is a written communication tool that aims to convey an intention addressed to another party. Even though at this time letters have been abandoned by some people, letters still play an important role in an organization or agency with other interested parties. In correspondence activities at an organization or agency, letters can support the success of goals in organizational activities, therefore the handling and management of good, fast, and precise letters in the organization can be achieved effectively and efficiently. The purpose of this paper is to find out how to manage correspondence at the Planning Unit of PT Jaya Real Property, Tbk. Managed letters include outgoing letters starting from the stages of making letters, directing letters, letter approval and sending letters, as well as incoming letters starting from receiving incoming letters, sorting letters, opening and issuing letters from envelopes, reading letters, delivering letters to interested parties and letter copy filing. The data sources of this research were obtained from the results of interviews, surveys of activity locations and documentation. Keywords: Administration, Letters, Incoming Letters, Outgoing Letters
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Briceland, Laurie L., and Tatiana Martinez. "Exploring the Impact of Reflecting upon Pharmacy Experts’ Written Career Guidance on Student Professional Identity Formation." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 13, no. 3 (September 26, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v13i3.4778.
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Study Objective: To explore the impact of reading and critically reflecting upon professional development guidance provided by pharmacy experts upon student professional identity formation (PIF). Methods: Fifteen second professional year student pharmacists completed an elective course assignment to read 20 published personal letters from Letters to a Young Pharmacist, in which pharmacy experts offer career and life guidance to novice or student pharmacists. From those, each student selected four letters and for each composed a 500 to 600-word critical reflection describing the impact of the letter, yielding 60 reflections for thematic analysis. Each author individually analyzed and coded de-identified reflections for up to 3 types of impact. Data were then grouped for similarity and collapsed into themes; overarching evidence of transformative thinking and “eye-opening” were also coded. Results: Of 60 reflections, 160 types of impact were identified, and were grouped into five themes. Most often, students described an impact from Personal Growth (41.3%), followed by Professional Growth (16.9%), Forging Relationships (16.2%), Making an Impact (15%) and Morality (10.6%). “Eye-opening” and “transformative thinking” was evidenced in 21 of 60 (35%) and 53 of 60 (88.3%) reflections, respectively. Conclusions: Student pharmacists experienced growth in PIF by reflecting upon published excerpts from pharmacy experts, as demonstrated by coding for impact and transformative thinking. This novel method of students’ critically reflecting upon expert’s readings, followed by instructor feedback to reinforce the learning, offers a streamlined and easily implemented modality to enable students PIF development during their didactic curriculum.
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Barbosa, Plínio Almeida. "Editorial." Journal of Speech Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/joss.v6i2.14985.
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In this new issue, the Journal of Speech Sciences (JoSS) publishes a letter that addresses the opening paper Advancing research and practice in entrepreneur- ship through speech analysis - from descriptive rhetorical terms to phonetically informed acoustic charisma metrics by Oliver Niebuhr, Silke Tegtmeier and Alexander Brem, which came out in the previous issue.
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Rohayati, Dedeh. "MOVES ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION LETTERS WRITTEN BY AGRIBUSINESS STUDENTS (A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY AT ESP CLASS)." JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy) 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/jall.v2i1.2184.
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This study aimed at 1) analyzing moves of Application Letter written by Agribusiness students; and 2) language used in Application Letter. The study adopted the descriptive research involving the third semester students at Agribusiness Department of Agriculture Faculty in a Private University in East Priangan, West Java. The selected participants were 18 students who were asked to write Application Letter (solicited letter); and those document texts were analyzed, particularly, in term of the move structure referring to previous study conducted by Bhatia (1993), Henry and Roseberry (2001), Khan & Tin (2012), and Wijayanti (2017), by using quantitative and qualitative descriptive method. Therefore, the present study provided evidence for description of moves in Application Letter written by Agribusiness students. It consisted of fourteen moves: opening salutation, referring to source information, stating reason, offering candidature, introducing candidature, promoting candidature, offering candidature, glorifying institution, enclosing document, willingness to action, stressing the fact, offering to provide information, thanking, and closing salutation. However, the move structure was weakened by their inability in producing effective and impressive language used in Application Letter; they still need improving in language aspect such as expression, cohesive, coherence, and spelling. This resulted in necessity of an explicit teaching in writing professional genre of Application Letter for Agribusiness students. Further research is recommended to investigate the related topic in terms of language aspect.Key words: Agribusiness Students, Application Letter, ESP, Moves Analysis
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Mortén, Magnus, Martin Hennum, and Tore Bonge-Hansen. "Synthesis of quinoline-3-carboxylates by a Rh(II)-catalyzed cyclopropanation-ring expansion reaction of indoles with halodiazoacetates." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (October 20, 2015): 1944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.210.
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In this letter, we report a novel synthesis of ethyl quinoline-3-carboxylates from reactions between a series of indoles and halodiazoacetates. The formation of the quinoline structure is probably the result of a cyclopropanation at the 2- and 3-positions of the indole followed by ring-opening of the cyclopropane and elimination of H–X.
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GALBRAITH, JAMES K. "Galbraith: A Partisan Appraisal." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 25, no. 1 (March 2005): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-35172005-1267.
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NOTE This was John Kenneth Galbraith’s keynote speech in the opening session of the International Colloquium John Kenneth Galbraith, The Spirit of Innovation, sponsored by the Université du Littoral. Paris, September 23-25, 2004. Initially Prof. Galbraith read a short letter from his father where he explained that age and medical restraint prevented his attendance at this greater tribute.
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Bakhvalova, Olga Yu, and Alexey V. Tsyb. "From the H. More and R. Descartes Correspondence (1648–1649). More, Henry, The First Letter from H. More to R. Descartes. Scholia to the First Letter, Translated from Latin, Notes and Comments by O.Yu. Bakhvalova & A.V. Tsyb." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 1 (2023): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2023-1-136-150.
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The publication presents the first letter of the Cambridge School leader Henry More (1614–1687) to Rene Descartes (1596–1650), opening their short-term correspondence, which took place at the end of 1648–1649 and was interrupted due to the unexpected death of the French thinker in Sweden. The correspondence discusses the most important problems of physics and philosophy of the 17th century: the extension of substance, the main and secondary properties of substances, the understanding of space, emptiness and atoms, the limits of the divisibility of matter, the infinity of God and the world, and, finally, the recognition of the animateness of animals and the immortality of the soul. In this discussion, H. More starts from the Neoplatonic theory of the origin and the development of the world, which is based on the principle of emanation. Starting from this theophysical idea, More tries to adapt Descartes’ doctrine of two substances. The translation was made from the Latin original of the classical editions of C. Clerselier [Clerselier 1657] and C. Adam and P. Tannery [AT V]. H. More’s letter is translated into Russian and published for the first time. All four letters of the English participant in the correspondence are planned for publication.
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Weima, Jeffrey A. D. "The Reason for Romans: The Evidence of Its Epistolary Framework (1:1–15; 15:14–16:27)." Review & Expositor 100, no. 1 (February 2003): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463730310000102.
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The epistolary framework of Romans provides a crucial key to answering the difficult and much debated question of why Paul wrote this epistle. For the letter opening (1:1–7), thanksgiving section (1:8–15), apostolic parousia (15:14–32), and letter closing (15:33–16:27) all establish the authority of Paul's apostleship and of his gospel over the Roman Christians in a way that wins their acceptance of his gospel as it has been “preached” in the body of the letter. Paul believed himself to be both divinely obligated and uniquely qualified to share with the Roman Christians his gospel in the conviction that this would result in the strengthening of their faith. All other proposed reasons for the writing of Romans, therefore, must be integrated into Paul's primary concern “to preach the gospel also to you who are in Rome” (1:15).
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Duggan, Charles. "The Case of Bernard of Osma: Royal Influence and Papal Authority in the Diocese of Osma." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 9 (1991): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900001885.
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The election of Bishop Bernard of Osma, former prior of Osma, took place not later than 15 February 1174. But the validity of his election was subsequently challenged on grounds of simony, and he was deposed sometime after mid-July 1176. A decretal of Alexander III to Archbishop Cerebruno of Toledo, Consuluit nos, dealt in its opening section with the question of appeals where manifest crimes were involved, or frustratory tactics employed, and in its second part with the charges raised against the election of Bernard, quondam bishop of Osma. The letter was received into the canonical collections from 1179 onwards, and ultimately into the official Decretales of 1234. There is no ambiguity about the provenance of this letter.
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Павлюк Н. П. "ПСИХОЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ НАВЧАННЯ ПУНКТУАЦІЇ В ШКОЛІ." International Academy Journal Web of Scholar 2, no. 11(41) (November 30, 2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/30112019/6809.
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In the article the question of the poetapnogo forming of mental actions is affected, maintenance of psychological operations, which lie in the basis of opening of properties and signs of basic pounctouatsiynih concepts, and also forming of pounctouatsiynih skills, is found out; the structure of mental action is described on mastering of pounctouatsiynih rules and making of skills of competent letter.
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Office, Editorial. "Letter from the Editors." Journal of Internal Medicine: Science & Art 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36013/jimsa.v3i1.76.
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Dear Colleagues! Our Authors and Friends!
New Year 2022 rushes towards humanity. This universal arrangement of life on our planet presupposes changes. Their essence is in hopes for the best.
We wish all of us not just hopes but confidence in the victory of good over evil, reasons over greed and cruelty. We hope that the Planet will overcome humankind's most severe viral attack – the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. We hope that the future brings us victories over epidemics, serious diseases, hunger, and lack of water. We hope that all types of violence, military conflicts, political, economic, religious confrontations will be stopped in a New Year.
We are opening the third year of our journal, which was focused on different aspects of medicine. Last year we published eight papers from seven countries experts, each substantially contributed to medicine. We talked about COVID-19 pandemic, vital pediatric problems, and adult medicine. We will continue our mission to support and distribute the most valuable medical knowledge in the New Year.
May the New Year celebrations bring only joy and harmony to your homes, souls, and the reasoning, which illuminate confidence in the future for our beautiful multinational green Planet - Earth!
"Every end is a new beginning…."
We wish you and your family a Happy Holidays!
We hope that your New Year will be filled with peace, new ideas, and success!
Editorial office
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Haryati, Entu. "UPAYA MENGENALKAN HURUF HIJAIYAH BAGI ANAK USIA 4-5 TAHUN MELALUI METODE TILAWATI." Smart Kids: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/smartkids.v3i2.96.
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Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui deskripsi pembelajaran Al-Qur’an melalui metode Tilawati bagi anak usia 4-5 Tahun di Rumah Quran Al-Fath Kota Serang: upaya mengenalkan huruf Hijaiyah pada anak berbantuan alat peraga kartu huruf Hijaiyah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tahap wawancara berupa tanya jawab langsung kepada Guru dan observasi. Metode yang digunakan adalah Metode kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian kegiatan pembelajaran dimulai dari persiapan berupa penataan kelas, penyiapan media yang akan digunakan (kartu huruf Hijaiyah sebagai peraga), pembukaan sebelum memulai kegiatan seperti bertanya kabar, pembiasaan (muroja’ah) surah-surah pendek dan doa-doa harian yang telah anak hafal, dan penutup. Kegiatan inti berupa pelaksanaan pembelajaran mengenal huruf hijaiyah dengan teknik baca-simak, dan klasikal. Kegiatan belajar menghafal surat-surat pendek dan doa harian menggunakan proses pembiasaan (muroja’ah) dan pengucapan setiap huruf-huruf hijaiyah sesuai dengan makhorijul huruf (pengucapan bunyi huruf dengan benar dan tartil). Evaluasi pembelajaran diterapkan tidak dalam waktu khusus karena melihat perkembangan anak selama proses pembelajaran. Hasil Evaluasi berupa pengamatan yang telah dilakukan oleh Guru mengenai perkembangan tahap pemahaman dan mengenal huruf bagi anak. metode tilawati dalam pembelajaran pengenalan huruf hijaiyah cocok untuk diterapkan pada anak usia dini karena proses kegiatan pembelajaran yang mudah, efektif, dan menyenangkan bagi anak disertai dengan nada Rost dan peraga.
The purpose of the study is to find out the description of Qur'anic learning through the Tilawati method for children aged 4-5 years in the Quran House of Al-Fath Kota Serang: an effort to introduce hijaiyah letters to children with hijaiyah card props. The research is conducted with the interview stage in the form of direct Q&A to the Teacher and observation. The method used is qualitative method. Based on the results of research learning activities starting from the preparation of class arrangements, preparation of media to be used (Hijaiyah letter cards as a demonstration), opening before starting activities such as asking for news, habituation (muroja'ah) of short surahs and daily prayers that children have memorized, and closing. Core activities in the form of learning to recognize hijaiyah letters with reading techniques, and classics. Learning activities to memorize short letters and daily prayers using the process of habituation (muroja'ah) and the pronunciation of each hijaiyah letters in accordance with the makhorijul letter (correct pronunciation of the letter and tartil). Learning evaluation is applied not in a special time because it looks at the child's development during the learning process. Evaluation results in the form of observations that have been made by the Teacher about the development of the stage of understanding and knowing the letters for children. Tilawati method in hijaiyah letter recognition learning is suitable to be applied to early childhood because the process of learning activities that are easy, effective, and fun for children accompanied by Rost tone and props.
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Koehler, Julia. "Regarding AAP Guidance for School Re-Opening, An Open Letter to Dr. Goza." Neonatology Today 15, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51362/neonatology.today/202071576670.
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Edwards, BD, FW Ballardie, M. Miller, and AH Weston. "Cyclosporin A does not possess K+ channel opening properties in smooth muscle [letter]." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 32, no. 1 (July 1991): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1991.tb05628.x.
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Lepojärvi, Jason. "Praeparatio Evangelica—or Daemonica? C. S. Lewis and Anders Nygren on Spiritual Longing." Harvard Theological Review 109, no. 2 (April 2016): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816016000031.
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C. S. Lewis read Anders Nygren's Agape and Eros in his mid-thirties, probably during the Christmas holiday of 1934. His first recorded thoughts, including the statement above, are from a letter dated “Jan 8th 1935” to his Oxford colleague Janet Spens. Despite his decisive criticism of what he calls Nygren's “central contrast”—that agape is selfless and eros self-regarding—Lewis ends this letter with a declaration of uncertainty: “However, I must tackle him again. He has shaken me up extremely.” It is remarkable, then, that Nygren is not mentioned by name in Lewis's The Four Loves (1960). Lewis's opening remarks on his theology of love, which do not directly refer to Nygren, “are critical of Nygren's main thesis in Agape and Eros.”
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Shevchenko, V. "SYMON PETLIURA’S LETTER TO MINISTER OF DEFENCE MYKOLA YUNAKIV." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 137 (2018): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.137.2.10.
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The publication aims to open to the public epistolary and documentary source for the history of the Ukrainian government in exile in the field of diplomacy and international cooperation. Symon Petliura as Chairman of the Directory of the UNR in his letter to Mykola Yunakiv dated August 28, 1922, reveals the general geopolitical situation in Europe, the Near East and the Caucasus. All important events are described in a letter from these regions he brings to the Ukrainian centered denominator, trying to find a positive exit to "Ukrainian question" among the international community and with the help of a number of factors that have developed at that time in the surrounding lands to Ukraine. Head of the Directory informs the Minister of War on December about the backstage game during the Genoa and Hague conferences expressed himself assumptions about the opportunities opening anti-Bolshevik front in the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Situmorang, Uun Yemima, I. Wayan Pastika, and I. Made Madia. "Analisis Kohesi, Koherensi, dan Skematik Teks Surat Pembaca Bali Post Terkait Covid-19 Periode Maret-Agustus 2020." Stilistika : Journal of Indonesian Language and Literature 1, no. 1 (October 17, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/stil.2021.v01.i01.p10.
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This study discusses cohesion, coherence, and schematic in the text of the Bali Post reader's letters. Reader's letters contain short letters written by the public with topics that are in accordance with the current situation and related to the public interest. The choice of topics related to Covid-19 is due to the fact that currently many people are writing their complaints due to the Covid-19 pandemic or expressions of praise related to handling Covid-19 which are conveyed through letters to readers of Bali Post. The reader's letter written by the community is interesting to analyze in terms of cohesion, coherence and schematic. The purpose of this study was to determine the tools of cohesion, coherence and schematic of the text of the Bali Post reader's letter. The methods and techniques of data collection used in this study are the method of listening to the technique of note taking. At the data analysis stage, the distribution method and the matching method were used with the deletion and substitution techniques. The theoretical basis used in this research is discourse theory in which there is cohesion proposed by Halliday and R. Hasan (1976:4), coherence proposed by Kridalaksana (in Mulyana, 2005:32) and schematic/superstructure analysis. proposed by Van Dijk (in Eriyanto, 2012:229). Based on the analysis, the following results were found. First, it was found the use of cohesion tools, both grammatical cohesion consisting of reference, substitution, deletion, and concatenation as well as lexical cohesion consisting of repetition, word equivalents, opposites, synonyms, and equivalence. Second, the elements of coherence found include cause-and-effect relationships, means-result relationships, cause-reason relationships, means-end relationships, conclusions-setting relationships, slack-result relationships, conditional-result relationships, comparative relationships, and relationships paraphrastic, amplification relationship, time/temporal additive relationship, nontime/temporal additive relationship, identification relationship, generic-specific relationship, and like relationship. Third, a schematic of the text was found consisting of a title structure, opening structure, content structure, and closing structure.
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Łabuda, Piotr. "Paweł jako ojciec i Bóg jako „Abba, Ojciec”." Verbum Vitae 20 (December 14, 2011): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vv.2042.
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The picture of God as the Father, expressed in the thought of St. Paul, corresponds to the thought of the Old Covenant and it is also very similar to the figure of Paul, who is the father to the Christian communities. One of the fundamental features of the activity of the Apostle of Nations was opening the doors of the Christian community to the pagans without the necessity of yielding to the Law. Sending the Letter to the Galatians as well as the Letter to the Romans shows God as the tutor, him who cares and disciplines his children. Above all Paul depicts God as the Father of all believers. Everyone who believes and who has the power of the Holy Spirit can call “Abba! Father!” to him.
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Berner, Marie-Louise. "Blomstermaleren på rejse. I.L. Jensens brev fra Paris 1823." Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 53 (March 2, 2014): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v53i0.118848.
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Marie-Louise Berner: The Flower Painter on His Travels. I.L. Jensen’s Letter from Paris, 1823On 15 March 1823, the flower painter Johan Laurentz Jensen (1800–1856) wrote a letter from Paris to his friend the sculptor H.V. Bissen. In it, he describes his journey from Copenhagen across the Netherlands to Paris, and he relates his impressions and experiences, especially during the eight months spent in that city. He describes in detail the salon and the exhibition of contemporary art at the Musée du Luxembourg that year. He also makes a number of observations about his daily life, friends and activities, and lastly states that he is on his way to Sèvres, to paint on porcelain.In addition to publishing the letter in its entirety, this article provides an account of the painter’s background, and an analysis of the experiences related and observations made in the letter. It further provides background on the salon: its format and organizational principles, its location, opening hours, visitors, contents and catalogue. Additionally, detailed commentary is provided on Jensen’s observations on the art at the salon and at the Musée du Luxembourg, as well as on Jensen’s life in the city. The article concludes with an appraisal of the importance of the journey to Jensen and his art.
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Dreyer, Kirsten. "Lübeck ligger syd for Kassel. Omkring to breve fra Kamma Rahbek og et mindedigt af Friederike Brun." Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 53 (March 2, 2014): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v53i0.118849.
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Marie-Louise Berner: The Flower Painter on His Travels. I.L. Jensen’s Letter from Paris, 1823
On 15 March 1823, the flower painter Johan Laurentz Jensen (1800–1856) wrote a letter from Paris to his friend the sculptor H.V. Bissen. In it, he describes his journey from Copenhagen across the Netherlands to Paris, and he relates his impressions and experiences, especially during the eight months spent in that city. He describes in detail the salon and the exhibition of contemporary art at the Musée du Luxembourg that year. He also makes a number of observations about his daily life, friends and activities, and lastly states that he is on his way to Sèvres, to paint on porcelain.In addition to publishing the letter in its entirety, this article provides an account of the painter’s background, and an analysis of the experiences related and observations made in the letter. It further provides background on the salon: its format and organizational principles, its location, opening hours, visitors, contents and catalogue. Additionally, detailed commentary is provided on Jensen’s observations on the art at the salon and at the Musée du Luxembourg, as well as on Jensen’s life in the city. The article concludes with an appraisal of the importance of the journey to Jensen and his art.
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Casile, Antonino, and Michele Rucci. "A Theoretical Analysis of the Influence of Fixational Instability on the Development of Thalamocortical Connectivity." Neural Computation 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 569–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.3.569.
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Under natural viewing conditions, the physiological instability of visual fixation keeps the projection of the stimulus on the retina in constant motion. After eye opening, chronic exposure to a constantly moving retinal image might influence the experience-dependent refinement of cell response characteristics. The results of previous modeling studies have suggested a contribution of fixational instability to the Hebbian maturation of the receptive fields of V1 simple cells (Rucci, Edelman, & Wray, 2000; Rucci & Casile, 2004). This letter examines the origins of such a contribution. Using quasilinear models of lateral geniculate nucleus units and V1 simple cells, we derive analytical expressions for the second- order statistics of thalamocortical activity before and after eye opening. We show that in the presence of natural stimulation, fixational instability introduces a spatially uncorrelated signal in the retinal input, which strongly influences the structure of correlated activity in the model. This input signal produces a regime of thalamocortical activity similar to that present before eye opening and compatible with the Hebbian maturation of cortical receptive fields.
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van der Wal, Marijke. "The black box of delegated writing: Early Modern scribes and female literacy in The Netherlands." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 303–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2020-0018.
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Abstract Apart from literacy rates and reading and writing acquisition, the actual writing practices of the past, which include the phenomenon of delegated writing, belong to a history of literacy. Delegated writing occurred when illiterate or partly literate individuals wanted to keep in contact with relatives at a distance and had to rely on the assistance of professional or social scribes. The details of this process and the role played by the sender of a letter and its actual, usually unknown, scribe often remain unclear, although different scenarios may be assumed. Cultural historian Lyons explored scenarios for delegated writing in France, Italy and Spain in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focusing on the writing of ordinary people during the First World War and in the age of mass migration. For the Dutch language area, we have the opportunity to delve further back in time by exploring the late-seventeenth-century part of the Letters as Loot (LAL) corpus. This corpus previously allowed us to establish linguistic differences between autographs and non-autographs. For a detailed view of the delegated writing process, however, the LAL corpus also provides us with instances of two types of letters written by the same, identified, female scribes: their own letters and the letters they wrote for others. A comparative analysis of these different letters will be shown to contribute to opening the black box of Early Modern delegated writing.
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Wilson, Adam B., and Michelle D. Lazarus. "Closing a window – opening a door: A response to the letter to the editor." Clinical Anatomy 31, no. 8 (September 20, 2018): 1207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.23226.
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Madajczyk, Piotr. "Orędzie biskupów polskich w ocenie niemieckiego MSZ." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 19 (April 29, 2011): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2011.19.03.
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The history of the Polish Bishops’ Letter of Reconciliation to the German bishops, sent in the autumn of 1965, that is, in a very inopportune political climate, is now relatively well known and researched. What contributed to its being widespread, was the perception of it as a pre-cursor of the Polish-German reconciliation, an initiative which, while not capable of having a real impact on Poland and West Germany in the 60s, pointed to alternative methods by which it could be carried out and distanced itself from retaining hostility as a basis for Polish-German relations and using the stereotype of a threat on the part of Germany in Polish domestic politics. The circumstances in which the Letter had been brought into being could be studied thanks to the opening of Polish archives after the fall of Communism. The article shows how the Letter was received by West German diplomacy, in terms, most of all, of an appraisal of the chances and opportunities in the international arena which could follow from such a reception. What was important from Bonn’s point of view was the setting of the controversies around the Letter in Poland in a wider context, namely, one of balancing the relationships between determinants rooted in domestic politics, the policy of Moscow and the East Block and that of the Vatican.
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Romadhoni, Mohammad Hasbi, and I. Wayan Cika. "Mushaf Lipat Abu: Suntingan, Terjemahan, dan Keutamaan serta Manfaat Teks." Humanis 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2022.v26.i01.p11.
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Mushaf lipat Abu is a manuscript given by a collector from Jakarta named Abu in 2018. The purpose of this paper is to findi out the contents and describe and introduce the mushaf lipat because of the uniqueness of the manuscripts and to add studies to the Nusantara manuscripts using philological theory. Mushaf lipat Abu was studied using philological theory and translation theory. The method used for data collection is a catalog study method and a field study method with a note-taking technique whose purpose is to find a manuscript whether there are variants. The method used in analyzing the data is the standard method of single manuscript edition and the method of presentation is descriptive analytical method. The results showed that the mushaf lipat is a codex unicus because it is not contained in the catalog that the researcher refers to. Mushaf lipat consists of two main materials, namely wood and paper, mushaf lipat contains four letters in the Qur'an, namely Al-Fatihah as an opening letter, As-Sajdah, Ad-Duha, and Al-Ikhlas.
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Freeman, John M. "Letters to the Editor." Pediatrics 96, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.6.1176.
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We read with interest the report of Drs Hunt and Pellock on screening a population of institutionalized patients for carnitine deficiency. There did not appear to be any substantial correlation between the carnitine levels and the patient's function, handicap, or the ingestion of anticonvulsants. This population could be useful for a blinded test of the reported beneficial effects of carnitine administration. The letter from Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, manufacturers of Carnitor, is, I believe, an intentionally misleading and disingenuous extension of their advertising campaign of which my quote is the opening sentence.