Relevant bibliographies by topics / Letter of Credit

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Letter of Credit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Letter of Credit"

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Efimova, L. G. "The Concept and Legal Nature of Transferable Letter of Credit." Lex Russica, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.147.2.048-056.

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The article analyzes the concept and legal nature of a transferable letter of credit in the comparative legal aspect. The author compares the legal structure of a transferable letter of credit under the civil code with the legal regulation of a transferable letter of credit under the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) (2007 edition, ICC publication No. 600).Under the law, transferable letters of credit mean such letters of credit that the payer (applicant) and/or issuing Bank allowed to transfer to the second beneficiaries. The transfer of the letter of credit is executed in two transactions. First, the first beneficiary shall unilaterally declare his will addressed to the transferring Bank where the first beneficiary shall propose to the Bank to change the range of possible beneficiaries under the letter of credit. The will of the first beneficiary should be qualified as a unilateral transaction on behalf of the first beneficiary concerning the full or partial exemption of the issuing Bank (confirming Bank) from the original offer (opening of the letter of credit), if the transfer of the letter of credit to the second beneficiaries is made. Second, a transferring Bank makes a unilateral transaction to transfer the letter of credit to the second beneficiaries. This transaction is made by the transferring Bank on behalf, at the expense and in the interests of the issuing Bank (confirming Bank) on the basis of the authority granted under terms of the letter of credit. A unilateral transaction of the transferring Bank concerning the transfer of a letter of credit is an offer made on behalf of the issuing Bank (confirming Bank), and brought to the attention of the second beneficiaries (beneficiary) with a proposal to conclude a contract for the payment (acceptance and payment of a bill of exchange) against the relevant financial and/or commercial documents.At the same time, the transfer of the letter of credit leads to a change in the original offer to open a letter of credit to the first beneficiary in terms of a range of possible future acceptors.
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Burkovskaya, A., and V. Pavlenko. "Use of Letter of Credit Form of Settlements in Ukraine." Modern Economics 24, no. 1 (December 16, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v24(2020)-06.

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Annotation. Introduction. The current state of Ukraine’s development provides broad conditions for enterprises in world trade, so the question arises how to minimize the risks of trade operations. The presence of risks and an unstable external environment can lead to non-fulfillment of obligations by the parties to the contracts. Therefore, the study of the letter of credit system for services is relevant because it will be able to ensure minimal cost risk. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to study the letter of credit as one of the reliable mechanisms for payment of foreign trade operations, and its use in Ukraine. Results. The article examines and investigates the system of letter of credit and its use in Ukraine. The main regulations on the regulation of letter of credit calculations are considered. The main advantages of the letters of credit are defined. The main stages of letter of credit conclusion are systematized. The impact of scientific and technological progress on the simplification of letters of credit is considered. Systematized main types of letters of credit and their classification. Conclusions. Using a letter of credit as a method of payment for goods and services will minimize the risks of both the seller and the buyer. In turn, the reform of the National Bank of Ukraine will allow the letter of credit to gain popularity and possibly become the main means of payment for foreign trade agreements. Keywords: letter of credit; form of calculations; obligation of the parties; types of letters of credit; basic regulations.
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Putra, I. Wayan Dodi M., Ni Luh Made Mahendrawati, and Ni Komang A. Styawati. "Tindak Pidana di Bidang Perbankan dalam Transaksi Perdagangan Luar Negeri dengan Menggunakan Letter Of Credit." Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum 3, no. 2 (March 29, 2022): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/jkh.3.2.4895.455-459.

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Letter of Credit/LC is an interbank payment transaction instrument whose legal arrangements have been established both nationally and internationally. In this study, the writer wants to know how the regulation of criminal acts in the banking sector against foreign transactions through letters of credit, and the criminal sanctions that make the issuing bank a victim in foreign trade transactions using the letter of credit , uses this type of normative research. sources of primary, secondary, and tertiary rules. This thesis uses the type of search, recording and documentation Analysis of legal sources is carried out systematically using legal arguments and the results are presented descriptively. The conclusion is that the regulation of foreign trade crimes through Letter of Credit is regulated in UPC-DC600 and PP No. 1/1982 as well as Law No. 10/1998 on banking. Sanctions for violating foreign transactions through a Letter of Credit can be subject to criminal sanctions and fines in accordance with the provisions of Article 49 (1) of Law No. 10/1998.
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Al amaren, Emad Mohammad, Mohd Zakhiri bin Md Nor, and Che Thalbi Bt Md Ismail. "RISKS AND REMEDY IN ISLAMIC AND CONVENTIONAL LETTER OF CREDIT: JORDANIAN PRACTICES." International Journal of Islamic Economics 2, no. 01 (July 11, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/ijie.v2i01.2065.

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International trade and the movement of goods between parties living in different countries have spread in the last century and have become one of the fundamental features of the current trade. This proliferation of international contracts, of course, has its own problems. The problems of external Islamic or conventional letters of credit affect export, since letters of credit are considered a valuable tool used in financing foreign trade operations. Therefore, the problems faced by exporters in letter of credit reflect on and impact trade in general. Thus, the fewer the credit problems are, the more active foreign trade especially export will be. But if problems are relatively large, exports will contract. This study attempts to identify the problems of external and internal letters of credit facing the Jordanian traders and Jordanian Islamic and conventional banks, and to analyze them in an organized scientific manner, then proposing the appropriate recommendations to address these problems.
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Lubis, Zaned Zihan Sosa Elsera, M. Nur, and Sanusi Sanusi. "Asas Keseimbangan dalam Perjanjian Penerbitan Letter of Credit Sebagai Transaksi Bisnis Internasional." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2019.v08.i02.p09.

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Letter of Credit is one of the payment instruments in international business transactions. Based on the agreement to issue a Letter of Credit, the Letter of Credit is issued by the issuing bank at the request of the applicant as the importer. The Letter of Credit agreement that is used by banks, in general, is a standard agreement that the clause has been prepared in advance by the bank. The imbalance in the standard agreement can be used by parties whose bargaining position is stronger to abuse the situation. The purpose of this study is to analyze national law and international law related to the issuance of the Letter of Credit. The next objective is to analyze the application of the principle of balance in the agreement to issue the Letter of Credit as an international business transaction. The type of research used is normative legal research using a statutory approach, the sources of legal materials used based on library research are analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study revealed that whether the principle of balance in the Letter of Credit issuance agreement had been realized in the practice of international business transactions. Letter of Credit adalah salah satu instrumen pembayaran dalam transaksi bisnis internasional. Atas dasar perjanjian penerbitan Letter of Credit maka Letter of Credit diterbitkan oleh bank penerbit atas permintaan pemohon selaku importir. Perjanjian penerbitan Letter of Credit yang dipakai perbankan pada umumnya adalah perjanjian baku yang klausulanya telah disusun sebelumnya oleh bank. Ketidakseimbangan dalam perjanjian baku dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pihak yang bargaining position-nya lebih kuat untuk melakukan penyalahgunaan keadaan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hukum nasional dan hukum internasional yang terkait dengan penerbitan Letter of Credit. Tujuan selanjutnya adalah untuk menganalisis penerapan asas keseimbangan dalam perjanjian penerbitan Letter of Credit sebagai transaksi bisnis internasional. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan memakai pendekatan perundang-undangan, sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan berdasarkan penelitian kepustakaan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa apakah asas keseimbangan dalam perjanjian penerbitan Letter of Credit telah terwujud dalam praktik transaksi bisnis internasional.
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Karbela, Karbela. "PENYALAHGUNAAN LETTER OF CREDIT DALAM PERDAGANGAN EKSPOR IMPOR UNTUK MELAKUKAN TRADE BASED MONEY LAUNDERING STUDI TERHADAP KASUS L/C FIKTIF BNI." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 39, no. 2 (June 3, 2009): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol39.no2.207.

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AbstrakThis article gives elaboration by analysis onfake letter of credit issuance atEN!. The letter of credit in false issued is categorized as trade based moneylaundering. The false is done by mark up method for export-import invoicesas conditioned document of letter of credit why resulted increased goodsprice become more expensive. More of misuse of letter of credit that is aimedto money laundering practice known as predicate offences by countelfeitdocuments like truly international business transaction has been executed.The author does analysis to prove the using of false letter of credit washappened in EN!. The author opinion in EN! case can be regarded as tradebased money laundering on letter of credit misused by made false of leller ofcredit documents and more the export import transaction itself
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Kumar, B. V. "Letter of Credit Fraud." Journal of Financial Crime 7, no. 3 (January 2000): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb025944.

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Puneri, Atharyanshah. "Conventional and Islamic Letter of Credit: Comparison and Implementation." Airlangga International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/aijief.v4i2.23048.

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This study attempts to provide the insight about payment method in international trade, especially by using Letter of Credit both conventional way and Islamic way. This study is exploratory and using qualitative method of research. This study reviews and analyses the previous literatures and other secondary data to conduct the study. The secondary data for this research were gathered through library research. This study also doing the document analysis. Based on the data collected, Letter of Credit is the most secured and commonly used as the method of payment for International Trade. But a lot of contents on the Conventional Letter of Credit is not Shariah-compliant. Islamic Financial Institutions around the world trying to comes up with Islamic Letter of Credit, but to implementing Islamic Letter of Credit creates some new issues and challenges. This study attempts to provide the insight about payment method in international trade, especially by using Letter of Credit both conventional way and Islamic way.
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Bui, Linh Le Thuc. "The fraud rule under letter of credit law in the people’s republic of China and implications for Vietnam." Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management 5, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjelm.v5i1.722.

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In international trade where the buyer and the seller do not have information about each other, letter of credit is used to assure the other parties' fears in the sale contract. For instance, the sellers are afraid of not being paid after sending the goods bought by the purchasers, meanwhile, the buyers have no reasonable grounds to believe the sellers will send the conforming goods under the requirements of the sale contracts. The letter of credit is a settlement between parties to reduce the risks and inserts security into the international sale of goods. However, there are fraudsters who tries to defraud the process of the letter of credit and fraud rule is expected to prevent this issue. There are countries tried to develop specific regulations for the letter of credit and fraud rule, one of those countries is the People's Republic of China (P.R.C). The practices of letter of credit in China had been an aiming point of critiques through years by letter of credit experts. In such wise, the Supreme People's Court of P.R.C has issued the Rules of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Several Issues in Hearing Letter of Credit Case (``the 2005 Rules'') in an effort to partly solve the problems. This paper will give a brief introduction about the letter of credit's operation, the law regulating the letter of credit in international trade as well as illustrate the specify law for the fraud rule in letter of credit law in P.R.C by emphasizing the history and summarizing the structure of the fraud rule. Thenceforward, the author will evaluate the case study in Vietnam to show the situation of Vietnam in these days and giving recommendations.
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Jalilian, Negar, Seyed Mahmoud Zanjirchi, and Mark Goh. "Interactive scenario analysis of banking credit risks in intuitive fuzzy space." Journal of Modelling in Management 15, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 257–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-01-2019-0011.

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Purpose The purpose of the paper is to bring attention to documentary credits and the efforts to reduce debt obligations in credit history is recognized as an important source of uncommitted bank earnings. Credit risk has a significant impact on the stability of the banking system. This paper identifies the types of credit risk in the banking supply chain. Design/methodology/approach The authors model the types of credit risk using the intuitive fuzzy failure modes and effects analysis (IFMEA) and intuitive fuzzy cognitive mapping. The population of the study that is needed for the interviews and expert panels comprises senior managers and experts of a leading bank in Iran. The respondents are experienced in credit and banking risk and were selected through judgment sampling and snowballing. Findings The findings suggest that reducing the risks of the foreign letters of credit contracts can mitigate the risk in the agricultural sector, the specific risks of rent-to-own contracts, the risk of the long-term facilities and the specific risk of the domestic letter of credit contracts. Originality/value This research investigates Iran Tejart Bank’s credit risk, formulates a model of the types of credit risk present and analyzes them using the intuitive fuzzy failure modes and effects analysis and intuitive fuzzy cognitive map. Through this credit risk model, one can then facilitate risk management for better financial stability. Also, the model can be used to evaluate the risk indicators.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Letter of Credit"

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Fohler, Gernot. "Fraud in the letter of credit transaction and its possible arbitration." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30297.

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The letter of credit continues to play an indispensable role in the financing and securing of international commercial transactions. Its usefulness and efficacy derives primarily from the fact that it is independent from the underlying relationship between buyer and seller. In a considerable number of cases, however, the independence of the letter of credit has been challenged as a result of fraud in the underlying transaction. After analyzing recent reforms of the regulatory framework governing letters of credit, this fraud exception to the independence principle will be reappraised in the light of current developments in Canada and the United States. Finally, the author argues that arbitration can and indeed should play an increasingly important role in the resolution of international letter of credit disputes involving fraud in the transaction.
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Fohler, Gernot. "Fraud in the letter of credit transaction and its possible arbitration." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64273.pdf.

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Al-Ghadyan, Ahmed A. "The legal relationships under commercial letter of credit : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20270.

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The legal relationships under commercial letter of credit are discussed in this thesis under the United States and the United Kingdom law, with occasional reference to the law of some civil law countries. An introductory overview of documentary letter of credit is put forward in chapter one of this thesis, in which the definition and development of documentry letter of credit, and an illustration of how it operates in an international transaction have been discussed. The thesis is divided into two parts, the first part deals with the relationships between the main parties of documentary letter of credit. Chapter two discusses the relationship between the applicant for the credit and its beneficiary. Chapter three dicusses the relationship between the applicant for the credit and the issuing bank with emphasis on the legal nature of their relationship. In chapter four the discussion is directed to the relationship between the issuing bank and the beneficiary in which a large part of this thesis is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the nature of their relationship. In part two, the thesis discusses the relationships between the main parties of letter of credit and the other participating parties. Chapter five discusses the relationships between the main parties (i.e., the issuing bank (or requesting bank)), the applicant for the credit and the beneficiary - and the intermediary bank (i.e., intermediary - issuer, confirming and advising bank.) Discussed in chapter six are the relationships between the main parties of documentary letter of credit and the holder of the beneficiary's draft whether it is a collecting bank, unauthorized negotiating bank, authorized negotiating bank or discounting bank. The thesis ends with a summary and conclusion.
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Corne, Charmian Wang. "Rethinking the Law of Letters of Credit." University of Sydney. Law, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/660.

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The documentary letters of credit transaction is the most common method of payment for goods in international trade. Its use has been considered so important that it is referred to as the �lifeblood� of international commerce. The purpose of this thesis is, through analysing the present regime of documentary credit established under the The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 1993 Revision (�UCP�), to identify the rights and duties of all parties in such transactions and the reasons for the frequent occurrence of fraudulent activities associated with the documents required under the credits. It identifies that the present system fails to either encourage or implement substantial realisation of �reasonable care� or �good faith� on the part of the banks, or realisation of the requirement of �good faith� from beneficiaries. As a result, the independence principle has been left without substance, with resulting huge opportunities for fraudsters to cheat on the documents and obtain payment without the need to actually perform their duties to banks and buyers. Such issues have become more acute against the background of an underlying shift in the allocation of risk between the respective parties to letters of credit. There has been a depreciation in the value of the primary document of title and security held by the issue, the bill of lading, with the advent of container shipping. As the letter of credit system is wholly dependent on the integrity of the documents, it is being undermined by these developments. This has represented a shift in the traditional scheme of risk allocation from the seller to the bank. In practice, banks have taken countermeasures by insisting that applicants provide other types of collateral, and by subjecting applicants to rigorous credit checks. Thus, applicants ultimately have had to bear the brunt of costs associated with this reallocation of risk. It will be demonstrated that the UCP does not incorporate adequate or clear enough duties to be exercised on the part of issuers toward applicants, and severely restricts the applicant�s right to sue if the issuer has wrongfully honoured. Ultimately, a balance must be struck between the desirability of protecting the applicant from the beneficiary�s fraud against the benefits gained by maintaining the letter of credit as a commercial instrument and business device. Obviously, there is public interest in protecting both of these commercial values. This thesis advocates that a mechanism in addition to the fraud exception must be introduced to safeguard the system against the ramifications of these changes � increased fraud. The thesis is structured into five chapters. Chapter 1 sets out to demonstrate the circumstances under which the respective risks are borne by each participant in the letter of credit transaction, and how developments in trade practice have caused the burden of certain of these risks among the parties to a letter of credit transaction to shift. Chapter 2, after briefly visiting the historical origins of the letter of credit and the birth of the UCP, explores the implications of the dominance of banking interests over the drafting and interpretation of the UCP, how the UCP has in practice excluded the intrusion of other sources of law and the general reluctance of courts to intervene by applying non-letter of credit principles, the implication of the UCP�s assumption of the law in practice, the resulting marginalisation of local laws, and the inequality in bargaining power between banks and applicants that precludes a choice of law other than the UCP. Chapter 3 explores the independence principle and question of documentary compliance, why the system is ridden with non-compliant documents and the lack of incentive and meaningful duty for the banks to check for �red flags� that may indicate fraud on the documents or in the transaction. It will be emphasised that documentary validity, rather than mere documentary compliance, should be the focus under the letter of credit. Chapter 4 examines the fraud exception to the independence principle, the typical high thresholds of proof that applicants had to overcome to estopp payment, and explores recent trends towards the gradual lowering of such thresholds. Finally, Chapter 5 considers practical measures and proposals for reform that would help to redress the imbalance in the allocation of risk identified in the thesis.
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Özdogru, Defne. "Improvement of the order fulfillment process with the obligation of Letter of Credit: : A case study." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169476.

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In today’s competitive market there is a high pressure on companies to continuously improve and make their internal processes more efficient. There is a high demand from customer regarding receiving the products with shorter lead times, and pressure on reducing market price, and also to reduce the supply chain cost. In order to stay competitive, companies need to respond fast to changes in demand, keep good margins in order to be able to invest in product development and secure its position in the market. Company A is an OEM company that provides its customers with end-to-end customer unique solutions. Having a large product portfolio, the company not only produces its own products, but also buys products from third part companies which are later integrated in their solutions. Being a global company with subsidiaries, factories and customers around the world, result in a very complex supply chain.The purpose of this study is to look more closely to one of Company A’s customer’s order fulfilment process. The Customer is located in Northern Africa and has a customized order fulfilment process due to the contractual terms and conditions. The contract requires Letter of Credit as a payment term and inspection need to be performed before the material can be shipped to the customer. In order to identify the bottlenecks and areas of improvement a case study has been performed. The Case Study shows that there are several areas that can be improved. Analysis of four Customer Purchase Orders shows that the average lead time from signing the Customer Purchase Order to have the order placed and sent to the suppliers is 37 days. By improving the internal communication, proactively work on getting the CPO ready for ordering, and reducing the Early Start approval steps the lead time can be reduced significantly. The way the Letter of Credit is handled in this customer unique flow result in many stored finished goods days. The Company A has a strategy not to keep the material ready in the warehouse for more than 30 days. The analysis shows that material is stored in most of the cases for more than 30 days due to non-operative L/C and need to wait until the Letter of Credit is operative. Another bottleneck that the case study made visible is the days that the shipment cannot be shipped and need to wait for the insurance to be secured. By investigating the Incoterm and changing from existing CPT to DAT or CIP, the insurance can automatically be covered by Company A’s global insurance agreement.
I dagens konkurrensutsatta marknad har företag stor press på sig att ständigt förbättra och effektivisera sina interna processer. Det finns en efterfrågan från kunden om att få produkterna levererade med kortare ledtider och även press på att minska priserna och minska kostnader. För att kunna behålla sin konkurrenskraft, behöver företaget kunna reagera snabbt på förändringar i efterfrågan och ha goda marginaler för att kunna investera i produktutveckling och säkra företagets position i marknaden. Företaget A är en OEM-tillverkare som förser sina kunder med kopletta och även kundunika lösningar. Företaget A har en bred produktportfölj, som inte enbart innehåller egna produkter, utan företaget säljer även tredjepartsprodukter som integreras i den egna lösningen. Att vara ett globalt företag med flera dotterbolag, fabriker och kunder runtom i världen resulterar i en mycket komplex flödeskedja. Syftet med detta arbete är att titta närmare på ett av Företaget A’s kundorderflöde. Kunden finns i Nordafrika och har ett kundanpassad orderflöde på grund av gällande avtalsvillkor. Enligt kontrakten ska betalning ske via remburs och materialen behöver inspekteras innan godset kan skeppas till kunden. En fallstudie har genomförts för att identifiera flaskhalsar och hitta förbättringsområden. Fallstudien visar att det finns flera områden som har potentiell till förbättring. Analys av fyra kundordrar visar att det tar i genomsnitt 37 dagar från att kundordern är signerad tills ordrarna processas i systemet och beställningen skickas till leverantörerna. Genom att förbättra interna kommunikationen, vara mer proaktiv för att få kundordern redo för beställning tidigare och förbättra godkännandet av tidig orderläggning kan ledtiden minskas betydligt. Sättet som Remburs hanteras för detta kundorderflöde resulterar i många dagar som färdig material ligger i lager. Företag A har som mål att inte ha material liggande i lager i mer än 30 dagar. Analysen visar att i de flesta fallen blir material liggande i lager i mer än 30 dagar och väntar på att rembursen ska vara operativ. En annan flaskhals som fallstudien påvisade är dagar som skeppnigen inte kan skeppas på grund av att godset inte är försäkrad av kunden. Genom att se över gällande Incoterm CPT och ändra till DAT eller CIP, täcks försäkringen av företagets globala försäkring och leder till att kunden inte behöver täckna försäkring för varje sändning.
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Davidson, Alan. "A comparative analysis and evaluation of the development of the principle of autonomy in the neoteric letter of credit transaction /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16928.pdf.

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Серба, О. О. "Електронний акредитив – сучасний погляд на міжнародні розрахунки." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61861.

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На сьогоднішній день акредитив вважається найбільш універсальним інструментом міжнародних платежів. Адже, крім здійснення своєї основної функції – розрахункової, він виконує також кредитну функцію, забезпечує страхування ризиків як імпортера, так і експортера. Саме ці переваги і забезпечили акредитиву чільне місце серед інших форм розрахунків.
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Šťastná, Vladimíra. "Využití dokumentárních platebních instrumentů při financování zahraničního obchodu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4222.

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The objective of the diploma thesis is to describe the documentary payment instruments mainly their legal regulation, define their main advantages and disadvantages in connection with foreign trade, describe the types of these payment instruments, define participants of the relationships, the future development of both instruments etc. After the theoretical part the analysis of the documentary payment instruments under chosen criteria is performed. The total volumes of letter of credits issued and confirmed by three czech banks within period 1997 -- 2007 are compared and the trends of their development are theoretically explained. The bank fees regarding to letter of credits and documentary collections are compared as well.
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Javůrek, Pavel. "Využití dokumentárních platebních instrumentů při financování mezinárodního obchodu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10512.

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The diploma thesis deals with two documentary payment methods commonly used in international trade transactions - a documentary collection and a documentary letter of credit. These instruments are regarded as an important part of both international trade and banking. Both the instruments are characterized in detail. Their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed in comparison with other instruments with same and similar functions. A part of the thesis is devoted to the importance (position) of documentary payment instruments in international trade, and to current trends in their usage. The last part focuses on the documentary collection and the documentary letter of credit in the Czech Republic - from the point of view of their offer, price, and the demand for them.
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Knéblová, Hana. "Směnka a reálné možnosti jejího využití v praxi českých bank." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74207.

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The thesis on "The Bill and real possibilities of its use in the practice of Czech banks" is focused on the characteristics of bills as a directing and payment instrument and possible ways of its use, taking into account both economic and legal aspects. This work includes a wide range of banking products, in which the bills are used, indicating their advantages and disadvantages too. The conclusion provides justification for attractiveness of bills for the banks, but also the reasons for which it is viewed by public with some skepticism.
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Books on the topic "Letter of Credit"

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Ramsey, Saleeby, and Penny Sean G, eds. International letter of credit law and practice. 2nd ed. [Eagan, Minn.?]: Thomson/West, 2009.

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E, Byrne James. International letter of credit law and practice. Edited by Saleeby Ramsey and Penny Sean G. 2nd ed. [Eagan, Minn.?]: Thomson/West, 2009.

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Meyer, Harold E. Complete credit and collection model letter book. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1990.

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Ginting, Ramlan. Letter of credit: Tinjauan aspek hukum dan bisnis. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Trisakti, 2007.

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Ginting, Ramlan. Letter of credit: Tinjauan aspek hukum dan bisnis. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Trisakti, 2007.

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Ginting, Ramlan. Letter of credit: Tinjauan aspek hukum dan bisnis. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Trisakti, 2007.

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Kousgaard, Pernille. Letter from America: Credit transfer : issues, problems and solutions. (Salford): BP A. T. E. Project, Department of Politics and Contemporary History, University of Salford, 1992.

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E, Byrne James. Review of letter of credit operations in the United States: A reflective survey of U.S. letter of credit law cases from 1987. Arlington, Va. (1611 N. Kent St., Arlington 22209): Government Information Services, 1989.

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Sulaiman, Robintan. Masalah & solusi letter of credit dalam perdagangan bebas: Tinjauan yuridis. [Karawaci]: Pusat Studi Hukum Bisnis, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Pelita Harapan, 2000.

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Sinyongchang, pŏp kwa kwansŭp: Sinyongchang tʻongil kyuchʻik kwa kukche pʻyojun ŭnhaeng kwansŭp e ŭihan sinyongchang pŏp kwa kwansŭp ŭi haesŏl = Letter of credit, law and practice. Kyŏnggi-do Pʻaju-si: Chʻŏngnim Chʻulpʻan, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Letter of Credit"

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Willsher, Richard. "Letter of Credit." In Export Finance, 176–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13980-4_31.

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Willsher, Richard. "Letter of Credit Presentation Form." In Export Finance, 178–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13980-4_32.

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Jones, Stephen A. "Letter of Credit Non-bank Issuer." In The Trade and Receivables Finance Companion, 95–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25139-0_7.

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Kim, Sang Man. "UCP and Letter of Credit Examples." In Payment Methods and Finance for International Trade, 111–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7039-1_9.

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Mohanty, Debajani. "Finance Domain—Real-Time e-Auction; Trade Finance and Letter of Credit." In R3 Corda for Architects and Developers, 131–45. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4529-3_5.

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Waxman, Leonard. "Letters of Credit." In Questions and Answers on Finance of International Trade, 27–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4966-9_7.

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Jones, Stephen A. "Letters of Credit." In Trade and Receivables Finance, 191–239. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95735-7_12.

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Willsher, Richard. "Letters of Credit." In Export Finance, 9–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13980-4_3.

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Carr, Indira, and Peter Stone. "Letters of credit." In International Trade Law, 448–96. Sixth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315543970-19.

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Agibalova, Elena N., Igor B. Ilovaysky, Yanina Y. Kayl, and Viktoria A. Usanova. "Use of Letter of Credit Form of Payment in the Implementation of Smart Contracts and Blockchain Technology." In Scientific and Technical Revolution: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, 160–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47945-9_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Letter of Credit"

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G.S., Rajashekaragouda, and M. Dakshayini. "Block-chain Implementation of Letter of Credit based Trading system in Supply Chain Domain." In 2020 International Conference on Mainstreaming Block Chain Implementation (ICOMBI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icombi48604.2020.9203485.

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Čulo, Ksenija, Vladimir Skendrović, and Goran Puž. "Croatian road sector management challenges." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1069.

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The road network in the Republic of Croatia is well developed and largely responds to traffic needs. The motorway network is largely built up and no major new investment is needed in the short term. The national road network is in good standing according to national and EU standards. However, public road management companies face operational and financial challenges in terms of: (a) overinvestment in the network; (b) weak governance; (c) high operating costs; (d) large debt stock; (e) short tenor of existing loans; (f) currency risk and (g) insufficient credit strength to access the loan market for long tenors on a stand-alone basis. The Government of the Republic of Croatia has therefore decided to address these chellenges and launched a project funded by IBRD called the Modernization and Restructuring of the Road Sector (MARS) aiming to enhance operational efficiency and improve the financial sustainability of the road sector. To these ends, the Government has approved a Sector Policy Letter, which contains a set of planned reforms. To ensure the contribution of the road sector to the overall economy, in addition to the financial sustainability of the sector itself, operational improvements are needed in the following key areas: (a) management of the road infrastructure sector; (b) planning, financing and implementation of investments in the road sector; (c) corporate governance and business operations. Much of the reform has already been implemented, but some of the most important are still in the process of being implemented.
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Subramaniam, Rajendren, Saaidal Razalli Azzuhri, and Teh Ying Wah. "Enhanced Security Approach Powered by Blockchain Technology with NFC to Prevent Fraudulence in Bank Letter of Credits." In IECC 2020: 2020 2nd International Electronics Communication Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3409934.3409945.

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Ayu, Deasy Diantirta, and Rugun Romaida Hutabarat. "Criminal Liability in Falsification of Letters Against Credits Agreements (Study Case Decision Number: 952/Pid.B/2019/Pn.Jkt.Brt)." In 3rd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220404.085.

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Deynekli, Adnan. "Payment against Documents in International Trade." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01164.

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As compared to internal trade, international trade involves several risks, which can be specified as commercial, physical, political and legal risks. Cash against documents (documentary collection) is a type of payment method applied to reduce the legal risks in a transaction. This payment method is a reassuring way for the Importer, since he is not under any obligation to make a payment before examining the document and confirming its conformance to the terms of order. Cash against documents is more reliable than cash against goods (open account) on the one hand, but less reliable than letters of credit on the other hand. Cash against document is one of the most commonly used payment methods in international trade as it offers a cost-effective and simple system and processes faster than cash against goods. Rules regarding cash against documents are governed by International Commerce Chamber Brochure no. 522 (Uniform Rules for Collection-URC), which is a set of guiding principles with a non-statutory character. There is no specific regulation exists on cash against documents in Turkish Law. In order to apply the rules on cash against documents in a transaction, “documentary collection/cash against documents clause” should be incorporated into the text of contract. Parties to a documentary collection are the Principal (seller/exporter/drawer), the Remitting Bank, the Collecting Bank and the Drawee (buyer/importer).
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Estep, Neal E. "Design Basis Verification and Preservice Testing Considerations for OM Code Mandatory Appendix III." In ASME/NRC 2017 13th Pump and Valve Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvs2017-3504.

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ASME OM Code Mandatory Appendix III (Appendix III) [1] for inservice testing of motor-operated valves (MOVs) contains prerequisites for a design basis verification test (DBVT) and preservice test prior to initiating inservice testing. The DBVT has specific requirements that depend on valve type and operational experience and the preservice test must adequately bridge the DBVT and inservice test. In addition, certain replacement, repair, or maintenance activities require an evaluation to determine what aspects (if any) of the DBVT or preservice test require repeat testing and/or engineering analysis to either confirm existing reference values or establish new reference values. Finally, existing testing performed under legacy NRC Generic Letter (GL) 89-10/96-05 MOV Programs or ASME QME-1 functional qualification standard may be credited to satisfy all or a portion of the DBVT and preservice test. The purpose of this paper is to describe, by valve type: • the specific requirements for the DBVT and preservice test, • the use of previous qualification testing (e.g. GL 89-10/96-05 and ASME QME-1) to satisfy the DBVT and preservice test requirements, • what activities may require analysis and/or repeating portions of the DBVT and preservice testing, and • applicability to legacy MOV programs. Paper published with permission.
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Skutil, M., and M. Maněnová. "CURRENT FORMS OF ASSESSMENT IN PRIMARY EDUCATION WITH A FOCUS ON FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT." In The 7th International Conference on Education 2021. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/24246700.2021.7161.

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Assessment can be understood as an activity that pursues both the result as well as the process of achieving the goal, it monitors the conditions and means of achieving these goals and the activities of the pupil and teacher in the process of achieving goals. School assessment is a process that leads to determining the qualities and achievements showed by a pupil or a group of pupils; it is a systematic activity, i.e. prepared, organised and repeatedly performed, whereby the results are subject to revisions or corrections. Formative assessment is continuous feedback, where the learner obtains information in the learning process that compares the current situation with respect to the starting position and especially to the stated goal. The aim of our research was primarily to identify various forms of assessment at primary school and then to understand how teachers work with formative assessment in teaching practice. In view of the research objectives, a mixed research strategy was chosen. Within the quantitative survey, which focused on the assessment of various forms of assessment at school, a questionnaire of our own construction was used and was administered. The second step was implementing a qualitative survey, where semi-structured interviews were carried out focusing on the issue of format assessment in primary education. Results show that teachers often use alternative forms to the most common (summative) assessment in the form of pupils' portfolio, stamps, stickers, credits or letters. In terms of formative assessment, its contribution to pupils' development is appreciated as well as its greater informative value, but interestingly, many teachers use formative assessment without knowing that the chosen assessment method is known by this term. Keywords: Primary education, school assessment, formative assessment, teaching methodology, methods of assessment
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Reports on the topic "Letter of Credit"

1

Research Department - Balance of Payments - Obsolete Files - Banking Statistics - Letters of Credit Establishment & Negotiations - New Series - 1962 - 1966. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14189.

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Research Department - Balance of Payments - Obsolete Files - Banking Statistics - Letters of Credit Establishment & Negotiations - New Series (Master File) - 1960 - 1962. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14181.

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Research Department - Balance of Payments - Obsolete Files - Banking Statistics - Letters of Credit Establishment & Negotiations - New Series (Master File) - 1962 - 1964. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14185.

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Research Department - Balance of Payments - Obsolete Files - Banking Statistics - Letters of Credit Establishment & Negotiations - New Series (Master File) - Blue Sheets - 1960 - 1962. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2008/01602.

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