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Beatty, Jennifer A., Jason P. Stopyra, John H. Slish, and William P. Bozeman. "Injury patterns of less lethal kinetic impact projectiles used by law enforcement officers." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 69 (January 2020): 101892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2019.101892.
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Pavier, Julien, André Langlet, Nicolas Eches, and Jean-François Jacquet. "On ballistic parameters of less lethal projectiles influencing the severity of thoracic blunt impacts." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 18, no. 2 (April 29, 2013): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2013.789101.
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Beatty, J., J. Stopyra, and W. Bozeman. "329 Injury Patterns of Less Lethal Kinetic Impact Projectiles Used by Law Enforcement Officers." Annals of Emergency Medicine 68, no. 4 (October 2016): S126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.345.
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Foley, Sierra, Donald Sherman, Andrew Davis, Robert MacDonald, and Cynthia Bir. "Evaluation of Skin Penetration from Less Lethal Impact Munitions and Their Associated Risk Predictors." SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety 11, no. 2 (September 20, 2023): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/09-11-02-0011.
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<div><b>Introduction:</b> The use of less lethal impact munitions (LLIMs) by law enforcement has increased in frequency, especially following nationwide protests regarding police brutality and racial injustice in the summer of 2020. There are several reports of the projectiles causing severe injuries when they penetrate the skin including pulmonary contusions, bone fractures, liver lacerations, and, in some cases, death. The penetration threshold of skin in different body regions is due to differences in the underlying structure (varying degree of muscle, adipose tissue, and presence or absence of bone).</div> <div><b>Objective:</b> The objective of this study was to further investigate what factors affected the likelihood of skin penetration in various body regions and to develop corresponding penetration risk curves.</div> <div><b>Methods:</b> A total of eight, fresh/never frozen, unembalmed, postmortem human specimens (PMHS) were impacted by two projectile sizes: a 1″ and 5/8″ neoprene rubber ball in various body regions. Impacted body regions included the thigh, abdomen, anterior torso between ribs, anterior torso on a rib, sternum, scapula, posterior torso on a rib, and lower back for a total of a minimum of 24 shots per PMHS. To achieve both a penetrating and non-penetrating shot for each set of impacts, the impact location was assessed post impact to determine if penetration occurred, and the velocity of the next shot was adjusted to target the alternate outcome on the contralateral side within the same body region. Post-test, each PMHS underwent X-rays to determine if any other additional injuries occurred.</div> <div><b>Results:</b> A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which factors (e.g., velocity and energy density) were statistically significant at predicting the risk of penetration. Energy density was utilized as the primary predictor to evaluate the two projectiles’ data together and additional parameters (e.g., skin thickness and BMI) were also tested as co-factors. Statistical significance was obtained with energy density alone for the thigh (<i>p</i> = 0.004), anterior torso between ribs (<i>p</i> = 0.043), lower back (<i>p</i> = 0.04), scapula (<i>p</i> = 0.03), and posterior torso on a rib (<i>p</i> = 0.005). The abdomen region was not significant with energy density alone (<i>p</i> = 0.085) but when BMI was added as a co-factor significance was found to be (<i>p</i> = 0.021). The sternum and anterior torso on a rib were not found to have statistical significance with any of the predictors analyzed. The 50% risk of penetration was found for each region that had statistical significance. The thigh had a 50% risk at 12.62 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, 22.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup> for the anterior torso between ribs, 28.6 J/cm<sup>2</sup> for the lower back, 33.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup> for the scapula, and 34.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup> for the posterior torso on ribs.</div> <div><b>Conclusion:</b> The results support that energy density is a good predictor for estimating the likelihood of the skin to penetrate and that the risk of penetration varies by body region.</div>
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Langlet, A., J. Pavier, N. Eches, and P. Bailly. "Study of less lethal projectiles blunt impacts on the thorax by experiments on pig thoracic cages and numerical simulations." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 18, sup1 (August 5, 2015): 1970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2015.1069583.
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Pearl, Rachel, Sam Torbati, and Joel Geiderman. "Kinetic Projectile Injuries Treated During Civil Protests in Los Angeles: A Case Series." Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine 5, no. 4 (October 19, 2021): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2021.7.52885.
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Introduction: During protests following the death of George Floyd, kinetic impact projectiles (KIP) were used by law enforcement as a method of crowd control . We describe the injuries seen at a single Level 1 trauma center in Los Angeles over a two-day period of protests to add to the collective understanding of the public health ramifications of crowd-control weapons used in the setting of protests. Case Series: We reviewed the emergency department visits of 14 patients who presented to our facility due to injuries sustained from KIPs over a 48-hour period during civil protests after the death of George Floyd. Conclusion: Less lethal weapons can cause significant injuries and may not be appropriate for the purposes of crowd control, especially when used outside of established guidelines.
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Mesloh, CT, and LF Thompson. "Evaluation of the FN 303 Less Lethal Projectile." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 34, no. 6 (2006): 100134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte100134.
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Maguire, K., D. M. Hughes, M. S. Fitzpatrick, F. Dunn, L. G. R. Rocke, and C. J. Baird. "Injuries caused by the attenuated energy projectile: the latest less lethal option." Emergency Medicine Journal 24, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2006.039503.
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Nsiampa, N., C. Robbe, A. Oukara, and A. Papy. "Comparison of less lethal 40 mm sponge projectile and the 37 mm projectile for injury assessment on human thorax." EPJ Web of Conferences 26 (2012): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20122603002.
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Rezende-Neto, Joao, Fabriccio DF Silva, Leonardo BO Porto, Luiz C. Teixeira, Homer Tien, and Sandro B. Rizoli. "Penetrating injury to the chest by an attenuated energy projectile: a case report and literature review of thoracic injuries caused by "less-lethal" munitions." World Journal of Emergency Surgery 4, no. 1 (2009): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-7922-4-26.
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Adetu, Catalin, Vasile Nastasescu, Alina Elena Adetu, and Florian Vladulescu. "Upon Using of Plastics Layer in Light Multilayered Armor." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.2.5372.
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The concept of ballistic protection is a subject of great importance and is defined as representing all the capabilities of the military vehicle to withstand attacks, in order to ensure protection of the crew during the missions. The projectile-plate impact research must answer a series of questions on designer or fighter behalf, among which the most important would be whether the bullet penetrates or perforates and whether the velocity after the perforation ensures a lethal effect on the personnel. The current paper presents the numerical evaluation of the working together of aluminum layers with plastic materials in a multilayer structure with honeycomb core, on impact with a rigid projectile. Plastic materials have revolutionized many industries and they are increasingly used due to their main properties, low mass and high strength. The research included the use of plastics, the positioning within the panel and the study of the two constructive versions of the structure, with coupled and uncoupled layers. Post-processing model and interpretation of the results are offered and these could be enriched and customized for other situations, similar or less similar, implicitly, the method is provided, finding a quick answer to certain questions.
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Pinilla-Monsalve, Gabriel D., Daniel F. Torres-Cutiva, and Juan P. Fernández-Cubillos. "Atypical Streptococcal Meningitis with Fatal Cerebrovascular Complications: A Case Report." Infectious Disease Reports 12, no. 3 (November 21, 2020): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/idr12030018.
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Bacterial meningitis is an infectious pathology that remains a public health challenge. The most frequent etiological agent is Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is also associated with higher rates of mortality and sequels. However, less is known about the clinical presentation of atypical non-pneumoniae streptococcal meningitis. Here, we studied a 23-year-old man with no medical background who presented with projectile vomiting, states of consciousness alteration, unilateral cranial nerve palsy, and meningeal signs. Neuroimaging showed tonsillar herniation, regions of empyema, right transverse and sigmoid sinuses thrombosis, and multiple arterial subcortical infarcts. Cerebrospinal fluid suggested bacterial infection; blood and abscess cultures were positive for Streptococcus constellatus. The patient received antibiotics with no clinical improvement. He deteriorated over the following days, the abolishment of brainstem reflexes was observed, and brain death was declared. Streptococcal meningitis produced by atypical species is a potential cause of lethal cerebrovascular complications, even in immunocompetent patients.
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Reis, Raphael Henrique Morais, Larissa Fernandes Nunes, Fernanda Santos da Luz, Verônica Scarpini Candido, Alisson Clay Rios da Silva, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Ballistic Performance of Guaruman Fiber Composites in Multilayered Armor System and as Single Target." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081203.
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Multilayered armor systems (MAS) with a front ceramic layer backed by a relatively unknown Amazonian guaruman fiber-reinforced (Ischnosiphon koem) epoxy composites, as second layer, were for the first time ballistic tested against the threat of 7.62 mm rifle ammunition. The amount of 30 vol% guaruman fibers was investigated in three distinct configurations: (i) continuous aligned, (ii) 0–90° cross-laid, and (iii) short-cut randomly dispersed. Additionally, single-target ballistic tests were also carried out in the best MAS-performed composite with cross-laid guaruman fibers against .22 caliber ammunition. The results disclosed that all composites as MAS second layer attended the US NIJ standard with corresponding penetration depth of (i) 32.9, (ii) 27.5, and (iii) 29.6 mm smaller than the lethal limit of 44 mm in a clay witness simulating a personal body. However, the continuous aligned guaruman fiber composite lost structural integrity by delamination after the 7.62 projectile impact. By contrast, the composite with cross-laid guaruman fibers kept its integrity for subsequent shootings as recommended by the standard. The single-target tests indicated a relatively higher limit velocity for .22 caliber projectile perforation, 255 m/s, and absorbed energy of 106 J for the cross-laid guaruman fibers, which are superior to corresponding results for other less known natural fiber epoxy composites.
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Busse, Matt D., Ken R. Hubbert, Gary O. Fiddler, Carol J. Shestak, and Robert F. Powers. "Lethal soil temperatures during burning of masticated forest residues." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 3 (2005): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf04062.
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Mastication of woody shrubs is used increasingly as a management option to reduce fire risk at the wildland–urban interface. Whether the resulting mulch layer leads to extreme soil heating, if burned, is unknown. We measured temperature profiles in a clay loam soil during burning of Arctostaphylos residues. Four mulch depths were burned (0, 2.5, 7.5 and 12.5 cm), spanning typical conditions at forested sites in northern California with dense pre-mastication shrub cover. Two soil moisture contents were compared at each fuel depth to simulate spring prescribed burning (moist soil) and late-season wildfire (dry soil). Maximum temperatures reached 600°C on the surface of dry soils and were 100–200°C lower for moist soil. Heating was extensive in dry soil for the two deepest mulch depths, exceeding the lethal threshold for plants (60°C) for a minimum of 7 h throughout the 10-cm soil profile. Minimal heat pulse was found with less mulch. Moist soil also dampened heat penetration; peak temperatures exceeded 60°C only to 2.5 cm in the soil profile for all but the deepest mulch layer. No adverse effects of burning on water repellency were found in dry or moist soil. The potential for biological damage from soil heating during fire exists following mastication, particularly in dry soil with a mulch depth of 7.5 cm or greater. Field projections indicate that up to one-fourth of treated areas with dense pre-mastication vegetation would surpass lethal soil temperatures during a surface wildfire.
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Danchyn, A. O., O. M. Goncharuk, S. A. Usatov, M. S. Altabury, and G. O. Danchyn. "Biophysical mechanisms of the formation of wound channels in non-penetrating gunshot craniocerebral wounds." Ukrainian Interventional Neuroradiology and Surgery 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26683/2786-4855-2021-1(35)-33-42.
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Objective ‒ to develop recommendations for optimization of primary surgical treatment of gunshot penetrating craniocerebral wounds on the basis of theoretical and applied study of one of the sections of wound ballistics ‒ biophysical mechanisms of wound canal formation, concomitant impenetrable wounds and intracranial injuries.Materials and methods. The medical histories of 155 wounded who received a non-pe-netrating craniocerebral injury during the hostilities in the East of Ukraine in 2014‒2020 were studied. All of the wounded were males between 18 and 60 years old (mean age ‒ 35.1 years). To study the biophysical features of the formation of different types of wound canals at a given non-lethal kinetic energy transferred to the head tissues, the type of the wounding projectile, the flight trajectory, the nature of gunshot injuries to the soft tissues of the cranial vault and skull fractures and intracranial injuries were determined according to the data of clinical stu-dies and computed tomography and compared with the results of theoretical studies using the laws of wound ballistics.Results. There were 11 (7.1 %) bullet (only tangential) wounds, and 144 (92.9 %) shrapnel. The formation of wound channels depends on the type of the wounding projectile and its kinetic energy. Non-penetrating firearms bullet and shrapnel tangential craniocerebral wounds are caused by the destructive effect of injuring shells on the tissues, which at the moment of collision with the head have both destructive kinetic energy (>80 J) and less than destructive kinetic energy. Blind craniocerebral injuries are caused only by the traumatic effects of fragments with a small (<80 J) kinetic energy.Conclusions. With gunshot non-penetrating single shrapnel blind wounds, the wounds do not have a zone of secondary necrosis, and the zone of primary necrosis is small or insignificant, which makes it possible not to carve soft tissues around the wound during primary surgical treatment, but only to remove necrotic tissues. With gunshot non-penetrating shrapnel tangential and blind craniocerebral wounds, when the soft tissue wounds of the cranial vault do not gap, small size (damage to the skin, subcutaneous tissue to aponeurosis), primary surgical treatment is not performed. Such wounds are treated with a toilet and aseptic dressings. Wound canals ending in gunshot fractures are subject to primary surgical treatment in the same way as gunshot fractures.
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Ghosh, Srinka, Todd C. Pappas, Gerard P. Reilly, and Ryan Phan. "Multivariate index assay (MIA3G) to reduce preventive surgery for ovarian cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e17607-e17607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e17607.
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e17607 Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) – most lethal gynecologic malignancy - is rare among women with adnexal mass. Preventive adnexal surgery is a common practice, despite pathology confirming malignancy in only 10-15% of these cases. This motivates a surveillance-based clinical management paradigm to prognosticate the risk for malignancy and channel appropriately for surgery. We recently developed a multivariate index assay -MIA3G[1] - to assess risk for OC in women with adnexal mass. In a multi-center prospective surveillance trial, we assessed the concordance between preventive surgery and clinical management using MIA3G. Methods: MIA3G risk prediction uses a DNN algorithm which models 7 serum biomarkers (CA125, HE4, BM2, APO, FSH, TFR, PreAlbumin), age and menopausal status. With NPV of 99.7% (CI:99.2–99.9) it risk stratifies patients into low probability of malignancy or indeterminate. Across 11 centers, the MIA3G cohort comprised of 546 women (IQR:41-61yo) with symptomatic or asymptomatic masses and/or presence of HBOC variants. Serial blood draws were timed with clinic-visits and the ultimate one coincident with surgery. The objectives were: 1) prognosticate the MIA3G based preventive surgery pool and 2) establish concordance between the MIA3G probabilistic risk and the pathology-based outcome of malignancy versus benign. Results: In the study cohort of 546 patients, 20.3% (111) underwent preventive surgery. Conservatively, at a 12.8% FPR[1], MIA3G would have stratified approximately 70 patients, a projection of 37% less for surgery. Partitioning by clinical characteristic: (i) symptomatic: In comparison to 27.8% (73/263) of patients referred to surgery, MIA3G projections would have resulted in a 54.8%(33/263) reduction. (ii) asymptomatic: 22.5%(31/138) of patients were referred to surgery; MIA3G projections would have resulted in a 45.2% (17/138) reduction. In the 111 preventive surgeries, pathology confirmed a malignancy rate of 6.3% (7/111). The overall concordance of MIA3G with pathology was 84.68% (94/111) which increased to 91.98% (102/111) in the pre-menopausal (PRE) sub-cohort. The malignant discordancy (MIA3G:FN), all in PRE, comprised of early-stage epithelial: endometreoid, Leiomysarcoma and Sertoli-Leydig cell where the masses were characterized as cystic benign/indeterminate by ultrasound. These findings underscore the power of MIA3G when preventive surgery is considered for patients with ovarian cancer risk. Conclusions: The multivariate index assay MIA3G reduces numbers of preventative surgery for ovarian cancer risk. The high concordance establishes that MIA3G non-invasive surveillance-based clinical management can be effective for the risk assessment of ovarian cancer in patients presented with adnexal mass. Surgical management should be reserved for high probability of malignancy. [1]: DOI 10.3389/fmed.2023.1102437.
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Mun, Johnathan, Seth McAnally, Jayden Mun, and Emma Mun. "The Value of Less-Lethal Weapons." Journal of Economic Analysis 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.58567/jea03030011.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; line-height: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Less-Lethal Weapons, including electric Tasers, velocity-reduction bullet-capture projectiles, rubber bullets, beanbag rounds, and other less-lethal projectiles used in police departments, federal and local law enforcement agencies, and military policing operations, as well as for private use, are topics of significant debate in recent years. These weapons can reduce collateral damage, reputational risk, and legal exposure while preventing wrongful and unnecessary deaths caused by conventional bullet wounds. Yet, opponents have highlighted concerns regarding the safety and effectiveness of these weapons, as well as their potential to cause injury or even death. While the primary duty of law enforcement officials is to preserve order and execute the law while protecting individual rights, they ultimately achieve these goals by exercising their coercive authority. Society expects police officers to rely on their professional training and judgment when using physical force to defend citizens and themselves or to apprehend criminal suspects. Because police officers must occasionally participate in physical acts of coercion, it is unavoidable that some of these interactions may result in bodily injuries to individuals, including the officers themselves. These injuries have real costs, such as medical treatment, lost wages, municipal liability, court claims and settlements, riots, and legal or even criminal exposure, as well as less-tangible collateral costs, such as the erosion of police legitimacy and public trust, which are more difficult to quantify but arguably more influential in shaping long-term public perceptions than personal injuries alone. Less lethal technology eliminates some of the concerns raised by lethal weaponry. This study reviews the advantages and disadvantages of these less-lethal weapon technologies versus traditional firearms for use by the police force, federal agencies, and military police while also performing advanced analytics to model the valuation and return on investment for a law enforcement organization implementing such technologies. </span></p>
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Ravi, Sanjana, Kaylee O. Leathers, Adam Bryce Weinfeld, and Raymond Harshbarger. "Kinetic Impact Projectiles and Craniofacial Trauma: A Case Series and Literature Review." FACE, June 29, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/27325016231182603.
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Kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs), also known as non-lethal projectiles, are crowd-control methods considered to be less harmful than traditional ammunition. KIPs have been used worldwide by law enforcement in crowd-control settings, and most recently used during the social justice protests that ensued following the death of George Floyd during the summer of 2020. Possible injuries from KIPs are broad, ranging from minor to severe and life-threatening injuries, and include both blunt and penetrative trauma throughout the body. Past reports on KIP trauma have not included detailed references to the craniofacial region. We present 4 patients who suffered craniofacial trauma secondary to KIP injury with both acute and chronic sequelae. While KIPs are considered non-lethal weapons, this limited series demonstrates the range of severe, and even life-threatening, injuries due to KIPs that craniofacial surgeons may encounter.
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Bracq, A., R. Delille, B. Bourel, C. Maréchal, G. Haugou, F. Lauro, S. Roth, and O. Mauzac. "Numerical Recreation of Field Cases on a Biofidelic Human FE Model Involving Deformable Less-Lethal Projectiles." Human Factors and Mechanical Engineering for Defense and Safety 3, no. 1 (July 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41314-019-0022-8.
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de Moura Junior, Orlando Victorino, and Ivan Dieb Miziara. "CHARACTERISTICS OF INJURIES CAUSED BY LESS-LETHAL AMMUNITION SHOOTING: A HISTORICAL VIEW." Perspectivas em medicina legal e pericias medicas 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.47005/230413.
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introduction: In the early 1970s, a new type of firearm was introduced into the military arsenal, with a format and function identical to those that had been used for centuries by forces from different countries, but now fed with rubber or plastic ammunition, whose use was intended to contain the targets without causing lethal damage. Until the present-day firearms with less lethal projectiles are used by police forces. objectives: This article aims to expose the characteristics of the injuries caused by this type of ammunition, which parts of the body are most affected, in addition to finding out which are the most frequent sequelae and whether there is a risk of death in its use. methods: A literature review was performed on PubMed and all articles and case reports involving injuries in live humans caused by this type of ammunition were analyzed. results: 37 articles were included in the present study and, together, they exposed a total of 932 injuries, of which 612 could be classified as simple blunt or perforated contusion. discussion: Shots by less-lethal ammunition, despite being known as “non-lethal ammunition”, can result in death or serious impairment by damaging organs, sense or function, especially when they reach more sensitive regions of the human body, such as the face or eyes. conclusion: Of the injuries that could be classified, 60% were blunt and 40% perforated-contuse. The head was the most affected region. The eyes accounted for 32% of the total number of injuries, which justifies visual loss as the most frequently reported sequelae. The risk of death exists; 26 people died from gunshot wounds.
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Alexopoulos, Georgios, Nabiha Quadri, Maheen Khan, Henna Bazai, Carla Formoso Pico, Connor Fraser, Neha Kulkarni, et al. "Ballistic lobar trajectory outcomes in civilian firearm penetrating brain injury." Journal of Neurosurgery, November 2020, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.6.jns201837.
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OBJECTIVEPenetrating brain injury (PBI) is the most lethal of all firearm injuries, with reported survival rates of less than 20%. The projectile trajectory (PT) has been shown to impact mortality, but the significant lobar tracks have not been defined. The aim of this retrospective case-control study was to test for associations between distinct ballistic trajectories, missile types, and patient outcomes.METHODSA total of 243 patients who presented with a PBI to the Saint Louis University emergency department from 2008 through 2019 were identified from the hospital registry. Conventional CT scans combined with 3D CT reconstructions and medical records were reviewed for each patient to identify distinct PTs.RESULTSA total of 65 ballistic lobar trajectories were identified. Multivariable regression models were used, and the results were compared with those in the literature. Penetrating and perforating types of PBI associated with bitemporal (t-statistic = −2.283, p = 0.023) or frontal-to-contralateral parietal (t-statistic = −2.311, p = 0.025) projectile paths were universally found to be fatal. In the group in which the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at presentation was lower than 8, a favorable penetrating missile trajectory was one that involved a single frontal lobe (adjusted OR 0.02 [95% CI 0.00–0.38], p = 0.022) or parietal lobe (adjusted OR 0.15 [95% CI 0.02–0.97], p = 0.048). Expanding or fragmenting types of projectiles carry higher mortality rates (OR 2.53 [95% CI 1.32–4.83], p < 0.001) than do nondeformable missiles. Patient age was not associated with worse outcomes when controlled by other significant predictive factors.CONCLUSIONSPatients with penetrating or perforating types of PBI associated with bitemporal or frontal-to-contralateral parietal PTs should be considered as potential donor candidates. Trauma patients with penetrating missile trajectories involving a single frontal or parietal lobe should be considered for early neurosurgical intervention, especially in the circumstances of a low GCS score (< 8). Surgeons should not base their decision-making solely on advanced patient age to defer further treatment. Patients with PBIs caused by nondeformable types of projectiles can survive multiple simultaneous intracranial missile trajectories.
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Rodríguez, Nancy, and David White. "An analysis of protesting activity and trauma through mathematical and statistical models." Crime Science 12, no. 1 (October 10, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40163-023-00197-0.
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AbstractThe effect that different police protest management methods have on protesters’ physical and mental trauma is still not well understood and is a matter of debate. In this paper, we take a two-pronged approach to gain insight into this issue. First, we perform statistical analysis on time series data of protests provided by ACLED and spanning the period of time from January 1, 2020, until March 13, 2021. After observing the data, it becomes apparent that employing kinetic impact projectiles is correlated with an increase in protests in the following days. Moreover, it serves as a more accurate indicator of the subsequent death toll compared to the mere number of protests. This leads to the conclusion that the utilization of less-lethal weapons appears to provoke rather than quell protests, exhibiting an inflammatory effect. Next, we provide a mathematical framework to model modern, but well-established social psychology research on compliance theory and crowd dynamics. Our results show that understanding the heterogeneity of the crowd is key for protests that lead to a reduction of social tension and minimization of physical and mental trauma in protesters.
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Corral Nunez, Camila, Alvaro Hurtado, André Latapiat Parodi, Rodrigo Osorio Larraín, Matías Ríos Erazo, Andrea Herrera Ronda, Joaquín Varas Reyes, and Gonzalo Rojas Alcayaga. "Traumatic dental injuries sustained during Chile's civil unrest: A case series study." Dental Traumatology, November 23, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/edt.12911.
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AbstractBackground/AimDuring Chile's period of social unrest, numerous people suffered physical trauma due to the use of police force. However, there have been no reports regarding traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) suffered in this context. This study aims to describe the dental trauma of patients injured by police during the social unrest period in Chile from 2019 to 2021.Material and MethodsA case series methodology was employed. Following informed consent, clinical records of patients admitted to the Ocular and Dentomaxillofacial Prosthetic Care and Rehabilitation Program, who were affected by the violence of state agents during social mobilizations, were reviewed from October 2019 to December 2021. Information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and the TDI diagnoses with their treatment needs were collected. A descriptive analysis was performed.ResultsForty‐six patients were identified, nine of whom agreed to the informed consent. Most were male, with a mean age of 28 years, public health insurance, and a high educational level. The most common causes of injury were kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) and the use of physical force (punches, kicks, or pushes). Of the nine cases described, 26 teeth were affected by TDI. The most affected teeth were the central upper incisors and, in most cases, they presented lesions in both injury categories: NA0D.0 (the tooth and pulp) and NA0D.1 (periodontal tissues). Treatment needs varied and included some complex procedures, such as implant‐retained crowns and removable dental prostheses.ConclusionsThe use of force by police during the period of social unrest in Chile caused TDIs among demonstrators, which were mainly due to physical force from less‐than‐lethal weapons. Most cases presented injuries affecting the incisors with multiple teeth requiring complex treatments.
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V, Nikhra. "The Passing Pandemic? Perspective and Projections for COVID-19." Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy 4, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000164.
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Impact of Pandemic on Realms of Human Life: It is hard to imagine a worse pandemic than COVID-19 which has affected not only health but every realm of human life, being the most disruptive pandemic in modern times.In fact, the pandemic seems like a singular, once-in-a-lifetime event, and ongoing with no definite end in sight. As such, greater protective measures are needed to fight off the highly contagious variants and develop more effective therapeutic modalities to improve the disease outcomes. Research, Rationality and Mass Hysteria: Fundamentally, the viruses outnumber all the members of animal and plant kingdom including bacteria. The public-health measures are age-old and general rather than specific and aimed initially at stemming the tide of the novel virus and have been applied including avoiding close and non-ventilated spaces. COVID-19 is not the deadliest pandemic, HIV has killed more people than SARS-CoV-2, yet the pandemic is accompanied by a mass hysteria. The Mutagenesis and Emerging Variants: SARS-CoV-2 has a steady rate of mutations and accumulates mutations over time. The evolving variants affect the transmissibility, disease severity, immune response, and resultant immunity. The emerging variants have either replaced the previous ones or de-escalated depending on their properties. A number of variants are associated with immune escape. The variants pose a challenge for preventive measures including the vaccination and therapeutics. Omicron: Priming for Immunity or Disaster: The omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was first reported from African continent and later spread to various geographical regions. It has been held a benign variant with an increased transmissibility, reduced disease severity, and ability to generate a potent immunity. As a matter of caution, the fast-spreading Omicron sand its subvariant, BA.2 with their unexplored impact on immune system may be priming the population groups for infection with deadlier variants. Conclusion: Dealing With the Challenges: For COVID-19, the immunity following infection or vaccination is variable and short-lived, as it declines over time. Presently, with evolving variants including Omicron and BA.2 and recurrent outbreaks, the challenge posed by the pandemic is not over. In fact, the end of the pandemic is not a discrete event like conclusion of a war but a gradual process in which with herd immunity and the virus becoming less morbid and lethal, the disease deescalates to endemic form.
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Hisley, Dixie M., James C. Gurganus, and Andrew W. Drysdale. "Experimental Methodology Using Digital Image Correlation to Assess Ballistic Helmet Blunt Trauma." Journal of Applied Mechanics 78, no. 5 (August 8, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004332.
Full textAbstract:
As modern helmets have become quite capable of defeating the penetration capabilities of ballistic threats, Soldiers may experience head injuries due to blunt trauma caused by helmet back face deformation (BFD). Possible resulting injuries include skull fracture, hematoma, concussion, contusion, diffuse axonal injury, etc. Some of these injuries have been associated with traumatic brain injury. In order to assess potential injury mechanisms prior to fielding new helmets, we have developed a means to experimentally replicate and measure helmet BFD that can be correlated to injury criteria. In this study, helmet performance test methodology is developed using a digital image correlation (DIC) technique. DIC provides the capability to measure dynamic displacements, thereby providing the ability to calculate deformation, velocity, and acceleration rates. We have shown that digital image correlation is an experimentation technique that accurately captures BFD area and rate of deformation for impacts against combat helmets. We used the DIC data to calculate a new metric; the available energy that could potentially impact a Soldier’s head. Our study shows that DIC data upholds the hypothesis that helmet BFD mechanically loads the skull similar to a direct impact from a less-than-lethal projectile or blunt object impact. The available energy obtained from DIC measurements was used to calculate the blunt criterion (BC) for helmet standoff distances of 12.7 mm (0.5 in) and 19.1 mm (0.75 in), which in turn can provide a prediction of the probability of abbreviated injury scale (AIS) levels and, in particular, skull fracture. DIC can be used to provide dynamic helmet performance data that will allow increased understanding of BFD and quantitative assessment and validation of helmet performance results. Knowledge of the conditions leading to head trauma obtained through DIC experimentation should enable the selection of new energy-absorbing materials for helmets; thus, allowing new helmet design candidate performances to be objectively evaluated. Test data and characterization of helmet response could then be used to achieve improved warfighter survivability.