Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Les dommages à l'ADN'
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Cavelier, Cindy. "Etude du point de contrôle des dommages à l'ADN." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/889/.
Full textAcute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by the accumulation of malignant hematopoietic progenitor cells with an impaired myeloid differentiation program. The molecular basis of AML is thought to be associated with the acquisition of at least two types of critical cooperating mutations occurring at the hematopoietic stem or committed progenitors level. Class I mutations, affecting tyrosine kinases receptors and key components of cellular signalling pathways, confer growth and proliferative advantages. They are associated with class II mutations, affecting transcription factors thus leading to impaired normal differentiation program. In this study, we were first interested in CHK1, a protein kinase involved in preserving genome integrity by playing a critical role at the intra-S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoint activated in DNA damage response. We have shown that activation of CHK1 was sustained in immature cell lines, leading to a more stringent G2/M checkpoint in response to DNA damage, thus impairing illegitimate entry into mitosis in presence of unrepaired DNA damage and participating in their resistance to genotoxic agents. In a second study, we have demonstrated an abnormal activation of the CHK1 kinase in a large panel of AML patient samples, associated with the presence of constitutive DNA damage in absence of genotoxic stress. Moreover, the level of CHK1 activation is significantly correlated with unfavourable cytogenetic samples, particularly with complex karyotype phenotype. CHK1 inhibition by the pharmacological inhibitor UCN-01 or by RNA interference was found to decrease the clonogenic capacity of the AML progenitors, and to induce a chemosensitisation to ara-C. In contrast, growth of normal hematopoietic progenitors, which do not display constitutive DNA damage, was not impaired by such treatment. Overall, all these results underline the dual role of CHK1 kinase in AML pathology in the chemoresistance of immature leukemic cells and in the establishment of the genomic instability observed in complex karyotype AML. These findings could have major pharmacologic consequences, because they open a therapeutic window for new compounds targeting the cell cycle checkpoint machinery in AML and more particularly in the worst prognostic group with complex karyotype
Kumbhar, Ramhari. "Mécanismes d'ubiquitylation dans la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONT3509.
Full textUbiquitylation is an important posttranslational modification that is necessary for protein degradation as well as for the regulation and the localization of many cellular factors. A number of proteins implicated in DNA replication and DNA damage response are ubiquitylated. Ubiquitylation during the DNA damage response is selectively dependent on the ubiquitin-activating enzyme UBA1, which functions at the apex of the ubiquitylation cascade. In this thesis, I describe the mechanism of UBA1 recruited at damaged sites and uncover the role of ubiquitylation in ATR signaling.Using a cell free system developed in the lab that recapitulates ATR kinase-signaling pathway, I present evidence that, UBA1 is recruited to linear DNA substrates and mediate ubiquitylation of DNA-bound proteins. I found that protein ubiquitylation and the recruitment of UBA1 to DNA in cell-free extracts was dependent on the kinase DNA-PKcs and on the poly ADP-ribose polymerase PARP1, two sensors of DNA lesions. PARP1 regulates UBA1 recruitment in large part through poly (ADP)-ribose (PAR) chain formation. UBA1 exhibited affinity for PARP1 and for PAR chains. Furthermore, we have identified minimal region on UBA1 which is prominently hydrophobic and disordered region of UBA1 which are required for its PAR binding activity. Through comparison with yeast UBA1 and human UBA6 which failed to bind with PAR chains, we identified hydrophobic amino acid residues which are critical for PAR binding.I also show evidence that UBA1 is required for efficient DNA damage signaling. In a cell free system, chemical inhibition or siRNA depletion of UBA1 led to the loss of ChK1 phosphorylation, suggesting that UBA1 activity is required for efficient DNA damage response. Consistent with these observations, when cells were treated with DNA lesion inducing drugs like CPT, MMS and Bleocin, we observed less efficient Chk1 phosphorylation. I have developed UBA1 replacement system to demonstrate functional significance of mutation in PAR binding residues of UBA in DNA damage response.Collectively, these results indicate that UBA1 is recruited to DNA damaged sites in a DNA-PKcs and PARP1 dependent-manner, in a larger part through its interaction with PAR chains and that protein ubiquitylation on DNA damages is necessary for the assembly of a productive ATR signaling complex. The importance of role of UBA1 in DNA damage response is underscored by the finding that UBA1 inhibition leads to inefficient Chk1 phosphorylation which is required for efficient DNA damage response. Thus, UBA1 inhibitors could be used to target ATR signaling in cancer cells. This study should eventually lead us to provide more insights on how cell maintains genome integrity through crosstalk between posttranslational modifications including ubiquitylation and PARylation
Dernoncourt, Emma. "SAF-A - hnRNP U : une protéine à l'interface du métabolisme de l'ARN et des dommages à l'ADN." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU30246.
Full textAn expanding aspect of the DNA Damage Response (DDR) is its connexion with RNA metabolism. My team has identified the RNA-binding protein SAF-A/hnRNP U as a substrate for DNA-PK, the key kinase in DNA double-strand breaks repair. I have investigated SAF-A involvement in the DDR. After laser microirradiation, SAF-A-GFP dynamics exhibited a two phases profile with a first transient recruitment in the damaged nuclear area followed by a prolonged exclusion. The two phases were uncoupled. SAF-A recruitment was PARP-dependent, while its exclusion relied on ATM, ATR and DNA-PK. SAF-A RNA-binding domain recapitulated SAF-A dynamics after DNA damage. Mass-spectrometry analysis using this domain as a bait identified mostly RNA-binding partners, at least two of them (FUS and TAF15) exhibited similar dynamics. Upon transcription inhibition, SAF-A exclusion was abolished, supporting that it concerns the pool of SAF-A engaged in RNA metabolism. Given that abnormal transcription conditions have been shown to promote RNA:DNA hybrids formation (R-loop), we constructed a cell line expressing a catalytically inactive mCherry-tagged RNAseHI (RmC), which retains its ability to bind R-loop. RmC recruitment to the laser damage site was abolished upon transcription inhibition. When SAF-A exclusion was blocked, RmC exhibited a prolonged recruitment, supporting that SAF-A release is a readout of R-loops resolution post-DNA damage. Finally, overexpressing this mutated RNAseHI negatively impacted cell survival after X-ray irradiation. These results uncover an anti-R-loop mechanism at DNA damage sites in transcribed areas testified by the post-damage exclusion of RNA-binding proteins from these sites
Sattler, Ulrike. "Analyse des dommages oxydatifs de l'ADN et de leurs effets biologiques." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30052.
Full textTyteca, Sandrine. "Rôle de l'histone acétyltransférase Tip60 dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/276/.
Full textTip60 is a histone acetyltransferase acting as as a multimolecular complex in the cell : the so-called Tip60 complex. It is involved in several cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis and DNA damage response. As far as the latter aspect is concerned, we showed that Tip60 is involved in the p53 tumour suppressor pathway in response to DNA damage. Then we showed that Tip60 is required for apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in response to UV irradiation, and revealed a functional antagonism between Tip60 and p400, another subunit of the Tip60 complex. We also recently discovered that Tip60 is involved in homology-driven double-strand break repair. We showed an interaction between Tip60 and the MRN complex which allows the recognition of double-strand breaks in DNA. Our results suggest that the Tip60/MRN complex could be the one responsible for the ATM kinase activation in response to double-strand breaks. Altogether, our results contributed to show the crucial role of Tip60 at multiple levels of the DNA damage response : damage signaling, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis
Dextraze, Marie-Eve. "Radiosensibilisation de l'ADN par le 5-bromodéoxyuridine l'importance de la structure et de la séquence de l'ADN." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4313.
Full textLahaie, Pierre-Olivier. "Nouvelle méthode expérimentale pour mesurer les dommages à l'ADN induits par la radiation." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7527.
Full textAbstract : DNA is the principle target of radiotherapy (RT) due to its crucial role in cellular growth and function. Ionizing radiation (IR) delivers its energy into the cell and its nucleus via sequential ionization events that produce many low-energy electrons (LEE)(10[superscript 5]e[superscript −] per MeV) which drive subsequent molecular dissociations and the formation of radicals and other reactive species. Since a better understanding of these mechanisms is needed to develop new strategies for radioprotection and RT, it is essential to identify and to quantify the initial damage induced by IR. Recent chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of short oligonucleotide irradiated with LEE in vacuo (Li et al., 2010) revealed that only ∼30 % of the loss of intact molecules could be explained by the formation of identifiable radiation products. We hypothesize that electron stimulated desorption (ESD) may account for some of the unexplained loss of the missing molecules. Here we propose a new experimental method to quantify this loss using a quartz crystal microbalance to measure in situ the total mass change due to ESD. This thesis describes the design and the construction of the novel apparatus and presents results for LEE irradiated thymine (thy) and thymidine (dT). We find that at 25 ◦ C, the thermal-induced mass loss is important for small molecules such as thy (126 amu). Upon irradiation at 50 eV, the rate of mass loss initially increases, but then decreased by factors between 5 and 15 indicating structural changes occurring at the sample surface. For larger molecules such as dT (242 amu), there is no thermal evaporation at 25 ◦ C and the LEE induced rate of desorption at 50 eV is 0.4 ± 0.1 amu/e[superscript -]. This work is needed to calibrate HPLC and mass spectrometry experiments allowing us to quantify the fragment species produced by LEE that are expected to induce further and biologically significant damage.
Silerme, Stéphanie. "Etude des dommages de l'ADN impliquant des pontages ADN-protéines et ADN-polyamines." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV050/document.
Full textA DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) occurs when a protein becomes covalently bound to DNA. This kind of lesions seems to affect several metabolic processes, including DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination. This PhD work deals with crosslinks which are formed through a one-electron oxidation of DNA. Guanine exhibits the lowest ionization potential among DNA components, therefore it is readily oxidized leading to the formation of a radical cation, which is involved in the formation of numerous oxidative DNA lesions. In a previous study, a crosslink between guanine moiety and a lysine residue, generated subsequently to a one electron oxidation of a TGT oligonucleotide in the presence of a trilysine peptide, has been described. The mechanism of formation of this adduct relies on the nucleophylic addition of the ε amino group of lysine onto the C8 position of the guanine radical cation. The aim of the present work was to characterize the guanine-lysine adduct and to quantify this lesion in isolated DNA and then in cellular DNA, and to investigate their implication in DNA-protein crosslinks. Several nucleophylic species are able to react with the guanine radical cation. We focused on polyamines, which are organic cations localized in the nucleus of cells at millimolar concentration ranges. These molecules are involved in stabilization and condensation of DNA, and participate also in numerous cellular processes. The relation between polyamine and cancer has been widely described. The mechanism by which dysregulation in their metabolism is related to carcinogenesis is still unknown.In the first part of this project, we focused on the synthesis and the characterization of these lesions as modified nucleosides. Subsequently, we have developed and optimized methods of quantification of these damages, using HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Thanks to these analytical methods, we have demonstrated that guanine-lysine and guanine-polyamines adducts could be formed in isolated DNA following a one electron oxidation. Crosslinks between guanine and lysine have been highlighted in DNA extracted from THP1 cells exposed to laser pulses at 266 nm. We have then developed several crosslinks models between a peptide and an oligonucleotide, in order to investigate the chemical structure of the crosslink and determine whether it could occur between guanine and lysine. Guanine-polyamines adducts have also been detected in DNA extracted from sperm cells. These results open new prospects in the understanding of the physiological role of polyamines as well as their involvement in male fertility
Jobin-Robitaille, Olivier. "Dynamique chromatinienne dans la réparation de l'ADN : analyse fonctionnelle du complexe histone acétyltransférase NuA4 dans la réparation des dommages à l'ADN." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22935/22935.pdf.
Full textInscrit au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
Bezine, Elisabeth. "Analyse des dommages à l'ADN induits par la toxine CDT et de leur réparation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0142/document.
Full textThe Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is a virulence factor produced by many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, its production being associated to various diseases, including tumorigenesis. A causal relationship has been established between DNA damage, mutagenesis and cancerogenesis. Different studies classified CDT among the bacterial genotoxins. The CDT-related pathogenicity relies on the catalytic subunit CdtB action, shown to induce double-strand breaks (DSB) on the host genomic DNA. Previously, our team showed that, at doses 1000 times lower than those used in the literature, CDT probably induces single-strand breaks that degenerate into DSB during S-phase. To document this model, we studied the repair systems involved in host-cell in response to CDT-induced DNA damage. Since various repair pathways allow cells to respond different type of DNA damage, we speculated that non-DSB repair mechanisms might contribute to the cellular resistance to CDT-mediated genotoxicity. First, we confirm that HR is involved in the management of CDT-induced lesions, but also Non Homologous End Joining, the second major DSB repair mechanism. Next we show that nucleotide excision repair, involved in adducts repair, is not important to take care of CDT-induced DNA damage, whereas base excision repair impairment sensitizes CDT-treated cells, suggesting that CDT induce single-strand breaks. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time the involvement and the activation of the Fanconi Anemia repair pathway in response to CDT. Finally, to better characterize CDT-induced damage, we initiate experiments to study CdtB nuclease activity in vitro. For this, different CdtB mutants have been generated, purified and their nuclease activity tested. A similar nuclease activity has been obtained for the wt or mutant CdtB in an in vitro assay (digestion of a supercoiled plasmid). However, a cell assay (nuclear expression of CdtB in eukaryotic cells) confirms the loss of activity for the mutant subunit. Our results thus indicate the importance to test the CdtB subunit in different context. To conclude, our work reinforces a model where CDT induces single-strand damage and not direct DSB. This also underlines the importance of cell proliferation to generate DSB and sheds light on the activated host-cell systems, after CDT-induced DNA damage
Mouche, Audrey. "Stabilité du génome et rôle des INGs dans la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B015.
Full textING2 and ING3 (Inhibitor of Growth 2 and 3) are tumor suppressor proteins belonging to the ING family (ING1 to ING5). The aim of my research project was to analyze the involvement of ING2 and ING3 proteins in response to DNA damages. The functions of ING3 as a tumor suppressor gene are little known. In the present study, we have investigated the impact of ING3 inhibition in response to DNA double strand breaks. Previous study in the lab showed . In addition, a previous study in the lab found that inhibition of ING2 protein is associated with the accumulation of H2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Thus, we also demonstrate that ING2 plays a role in the signaling and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. In the present study, we describe for the first time the involvement of ING3 in the signaling and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. ING3 allowed the phosphorylation and activation of the ATM kinase and the repair of double strand breaks by NHEJ and HR as well as in immunoglobulin class switch recombination. We also show the involvement of ING2 in this process. Indeed, ING2 is necessary for 53BP1 recruitment in response to DNA damages and repair by the mechanism of NHEJ. ING2 was also an essential actor for the class switch recombination demonstrated that ING2 is an essential actor of the classical NHEJ pathway. This work identifies, for the first time, a "caretaker" function for ING3 in the response to DNA double strand breaks; and . We show a new caretaker function for ING2 that plays a role in the stability of the genome through its involvement in DNA damage response
Dubois, Cécile. "Approche intégrée des dommages des rayonnements ionisants chez Caenorhabditis elegans : de l'ADN aux protéines." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT151/document.
Full textBecause of the ubiquitous nature of ionizing radiation, the risk assessment on ecosystems has become a major environmental concern. However, the environmental risk assessment of chronic exposures suffers from a lack of knowledge, especially because the extrapolation of data acquired after acute exposure in order to predict the effects of chronic exposures is not always relevant. Indeed, the effects on the individual parameters, i.e reproduction, differ between these two irradiation modes, suggesting that underlying mechanisms are also different. It is therefore necessary to carry out studies at the individual and at the subcellular level in order to better understand molecular mechanisms governing these differences in the observed effects. Proteins are the functional molecules in organisms, they can be the targets of oxidative damage (i.e carbonylation), and are likely to be relevant and sensitive markers of exposure to ionizing radiation. Thus, the objective of this research project was to improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of radiotoxicity (acute vs chronic), particularly by studying the proteome contribution, on the biological model Caenorhabditis elegans. The study of the acute and chronic gamma irradiation effects, on a large dose range (between 0.5 and 200Gy, including 4 common doses to both irradiation modes), was performed at the individual level with the reproduction as endpoint, a parameter likely to directly influence the dynamic of populations. In addition, the modulation of protein expression but also their damage (i.e. carbonylation) and their degradation by the proteasome were evaluated. The results showed that acute irradiation induced an effect on hatching success and on total spawning from 30 Gy whereas only total spawning was impacted after chronic irradiation from 3.3 Gy. At the molecular level, the global level of carbonylated proteins was not so modified after chronic or acute exposure to ionizing radiation. The proteasome appears to be involved in the degradation of carbonylated proteins after chronic irradiation whereas after acute irradiation, it seems overtaken, suggesting a possible involvement of other defense mechanisms (autophagy). The protein expression, and particularly proteins involved in apoptosis, DNA repair, replication and reproduction, is differentially modulated after acute and chronic exposure. Thus, the proteins involved in embryonic development are repressed after acute irradiation as soon as 0.5 Gy whereas those involved in the germline development are overexpressed. These results suggest that the radiotoxicity mechanisms between acute and chronic exposures are quite different and that the effects of acute irradiation may be due to an embryogenesis disturbance (via the accumulation of genotoxic damage). Conversely to acute, chronic irradiation induces an effect on gametogenesis, resulting in a decrease of the total spawning without impacting embryogenesis. This research project allowed us to provide knowledge on the molecular cascade events following different gamma irradiation conditions and highlights the need of using an integrated approach to better predict and understand the observed effects on major biological functions. Moreover, this work allowed characterizing more sensitive markers of exposure than the individual ones as the proteasome activity and the protein expression is modulated from 0.5Gy. Ultimately this dataset would help to improve the environmental risk assessment
Lebraud, Emilie. "Rôle du médiateur et des cohésines dans la réparation des dommages oxydatifs de l'ADN." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS407/document.
Full textOur laboratory focuses on the base excision repair (BER) mechanism that is responsible for the removal of damaged bases in DNA. Oxidative DNA damage is generated spontaneously by the endogenous metabolism of the cells or induced exogenously by chemical or physical agents. Our aim is to understand how BER complexes are assembled in the context of the cell nucleus in response to genotoxic stress. We previously found that after treatments generating oxidized bases into cellular DNA BER complexes are assembled on the chromatin. In the case of the 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) mutagenic lesion, assembly of the BER complex depends on the recruitment to the chromatin of OGG1, the DNA glycosylase that recognizes and excises the lesion. Surprisingly, characterization of OGG1 mutants that are not able to recognize 8-oxoG showed that the recruitment of this initiator protein does not require the recognition of the damaged base. This suggests that there are other mechanisms that allow recruitment of the enzyme to chromatin and thus initiation of the repair of the 8-oxoG by the BER. We performed a high-throughput siRNA screen in human cells to identify proteins required for the recruitment of OGG1 to chromatin. Among the candidates issued from the screen, two groups of proteins were selected for further study: members of the mediator and cohesin complexes.In this project, we explored the role of these proteins in OGG1 relocalization after an oxidative stress. Our studies confirmed the requirement of essential proteins for OGG1 recruitment: cohesins subunits (SMC1, SMC3 and RAD21), mediator subunits including the central protein MED14, and CDK subunits (MED12, MED13, Cyclin C and CDK8). Requirement of all these proteins is independent of the cell cycle. Furthermore we show that recrutement of OGG1 is essential for its 8-oxoG repair function. Microscopy studies revealed recruitment and colocalization of two mediator subunits (MED12 and CDK8) with OGG1 on euchromatin domains after an oxidative stress. Finally, the association between OGG1 and its partners, specifically after an oxidative stress, was validated by FLIM-FRET microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation.To conclude, these results show for the first time a link between repair of oxidized bases and mediator and cohesin complexes, both of them being already involved in other DNA repair pathways. The identification of molecular mechanisms and new factors involved in the repair of oxidized bases may ultimately provide new elements for the management of diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases
Quinet, De Andrade Annabel. "Implication de l'ADN polymérase eta dans la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN dans des cellules déficientes en réparation par excision de nucléotides." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00779419.
Full textGruosso, Tina. "Rôle de jund et du stress oxydant chronique dans la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077074.
Full textHistone H2AX is a H2A variant histone that is ubiquitously expressed throughout the genome and important to preserve genomic stability. Its phosphorylation (-H2AX) is a key event in the DNA damage response and repair. Here, we unravel a new regulation of H2AX by oxidative stress. Indeed, we observe that persistent accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) reduces H2AX protein levels in various physiological situations of chronic oxidative stress including cells and organs from mouse models deficient for key redox factors such as junD and Nrf2 as well as normal aging. Long-term anti-oxidant treatment prevents H2AX down-regulation in this model System, confirming ROS are central in that process. Persistent accumulation of ROS targets the nucleoplasmic form of H2AX for degradation and significantly reduces the total levels of H2AX associated with the chromatin. Down-regulation of H2AX by ROS accounts for the reduced levels of phosphorylated H2AX detected following genotoxic stresses and further promotes genetic instability. Furthermore, we found that total H2AX protein level is significantly higher in the stroma and epithelium of human breast cancer subtypes with a good prognosis, as compared with aggressive subtypes, characterized -among others- by oxidative stress signatures. Finally, chemo- and radiotherapy, well known to act through increases in ROS levels, also markedly reduce total H2AX protein levels in human breast tumours. Interestingly, the more H2AX levels are reduced, the better is the response of the patient to treatment. Thus, the extent of H2AX down-regulation in response to treatment appears to be a predictive biomarker for therapeutic outcome. Taken together, our data uncover a new mechanism for H2AX regulation by ROS, which provides new insights into the origin of genetic instability in cells and tissues suffering from chronic oxidative stress
Lévy, Nicolas. "XRCC1, un élément clef de la réparation des dommages de l'ADN couplée à la réplication." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/LEVY_Nicolas_2007.pdf.
Full textSfaxi, Rym. "Régulation de la maturation en 3' des pré-ARNm en réponse aux dommages de l'ADN." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS358.
Full textThe 3’-end processing of pre-mRNA, a key step in the post-transcriptional gene expression regulation, is essential for mRNA stability, export and translation. This process is a two-step reaction composed of a cleavage at the 3’-end followed by the addition of a poly(A) tail. Studies have shown that pre-mRNA 3’-end processing is inhibited in response to DNA damage. However, compensatory mechanisms exist to allow some pre-mRNA to be properly processed at their 3’-end in order to maintain cell integrity. For instance, in response to DNA damage, the 3’-end processing of the pre-mRNA coding for the tumor suppressor p53 is able to escape from its inhibition. In the present work, we have shown that the underlying mechanism involves the DHX36 helicase that unwinds a secondary structure called G-quadruplex located downstream of the cleavage site of the p53 pre-mRNA. Moreover, in a second study, we have shown that the maintained p53 pre-mRNA 3’-end processing in response to DNA damage is uncoupled from the transcription process, unlike the inhibited TBP pre-mRNA 3’-end processing. This uncoupling takes place through a co-transcriptional cleavage of p53 pre-mRNA from the chromatin and its release in the nucleoplasm where it undergoes its 3’-end processing. A genome-wide study allowed us to show that the pre-mRNA 3’-end processing occurring in the nucleoplasm is associated with a maintained 3’end processing in response to DNA damage
Chrabaszcz, Elodie. "Comment la proximité des lésions module les voies de tolérance des dommages de l'ADN in vivo." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0661.
Full textThe genome of all living organisms is constantly injured by several agents that cause DNA damages. When the replication fork encounters an unrepaired DNA lesion, two DNA damage tolerance pathways are possible : the potentially mutagenic Translesion Synthesis (TLS) pathway and the error-free Damage Avoidance (DA) pathways that use the information of the undamaged complementary strand. The balance between these error-free and error-prone tolerance pathways is an essential parameter since it defines the level of mutagenesis during replication of a damaged DNA. In order to study these different pathways of tolerance and their balance in vivo, the laboratory has developed a genetic system that allows the introduction of a single lesion on the chromosome of Escherichia coli. They showed that the balance is controlled by the level of expression of the TLS polymerases, as well as the capacity of the cell to perform homologous recombination. In this thesis, we show that this balance is also modulated by structural constraints at the level of the replication fork. We show that the proximity of two lesions on opposite strands results in a strong inhibition of DA due to an overlap of the single stranded DNA regions generated downstream of the lesions. This inhibition leads to an increase in TLS independently of the SOS response. These data reveal that the proximity of DNA lesions is an essential factor in the balance of DDT pathways, favoring mutagenesis
Chrabaszcz, Elodie. "Comment la proximité des lésions module les voies de tolérance des dommages de l'ADN in vivo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0661.
Full textThe genome of all living organisms is constantly injured by several agents that cause DNA damages. When the replication fork encounters an unrepaired DNA lesion, two DNA damage tolerance pathways are possible : the potentially mutagenic Translesion Synthesis (TLS) pathway and the error-free Damage Avoidance (DA) pathways that use the information of the undamaged complementary strand. The balance between these error-free and error-prone tolerance pathways is an essential parameter since it defines the level of mutagenesis during replication of a damaged DNA. In order to study these different pathways of tolerance and their balance in vivo, the laboratory has developed a genetic system that allows the introduction of a single lesion on the chromosome of Escherichia coli. They showed that the balance is controlled by the level of expression of the TLS polymerases, as well as the capacity of the cell to perform homologous recombination. In this thesis, we show that this balance is also modulated by structural constraints at the level of the replication fork. We show that the proximity of two lesions on opposite strands results in a strong inhibition of DA due to an overlap of the single stranded DNA regions generated downstream of the lesions. This inhibition leads to an increase in TLS independently of the SOS response. These data reveal that the proximity of DNA lesions is an essential factor in the balance of DDT pathways, favoring mutagenesis
Dumont, Ariane. "Protection des ions organiques contre les dommages induits à l'ADN par les électrons de basse énergie." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4025.
Full textJacquet, Karine. "Fonction et régulation du complexe acétyltransférase TIP60 au cours de la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27557.
Full textMartin, Corinne. "Modélisation des dommages radioinduits sur l'ADN : prise en compte des radicaux libres et des réparations primaires." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30050.
Full textMamouni, Kenza. "Rôle de la GTPase RhoB dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN induits par la camptothécine." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2031/.
Full textRhoB is a GTPase implicated in various intracellular functions such as cytoskeletal organization. Besides its well-established roles, RhoB recently emerged as an early DNA damage-inducible gene. RhoB is overexpressed and activated in response to various genotoxics although the mechanism of induction and functional relevance remain unclear. RhoB also possesses tumor suppressor properties. Its expression decreases during tumor progression and loss of RhoB promotes cell proliferation and invasion. To study the role of RhoB in the DNA damage response and its potential implication in tumor progression, we used camptothecin (CPT), a selective inhibitor of topoisomerase I that produces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). We show that, in CPT-treated cells, DSBs induce RhoB expression by a mechanism that depends on Chk2 and its substrate HuR that binds to and protects RhoB mRNA against degradation. RhoB deficient cells fail to dephosphorylate gamma-H2AX following CPT removal suggesting defective DSB repair. These cells also show decreased activity of PP2A, a phosphatase for gamma-H2AX and other DNA damage signaling and repair proteins. We propose that DSBs activate a Chk2-HuR-RhoB pathway that promotes PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of gamma-H2AX. Finally, we show that RhoB deficient cells accumulate endogenous gamma-H2AX and chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting that RhoB loss increases DSB-mediated genomic instability and tumor progression
Rezaee, Mohammad. "Sensitization of plasmid DNA to ionizing radiation by platinum chemotherapeutic drugs." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6260.
Full textBatal, Mohamed. "Etude de la formation et de la réparation des dommages à l'ADN causés par l'ypérite chez l'animal." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV079/document.
Full textSulphur mustard is a chemical warfare which belongs to the vesicants family. Its easy synthesis and the existence of important stocks in the world make it a threat for both the general population and militaries. This threat is reinforced by the fact that currently there is not efficient antidote against this war toxic. DNA alkylation by sulphur mustard leads to adducts formation. The objective of this thesis consisted in developing a method of quantification of these adducts by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and to apply this method to the study of the formation and persistence of the adducts after cutaneous exposure in SKH-1 mouse. Results have shown in exposed skin that adducts frequency was maximal as soon as 6h post-exposure. A radial diffusion of sulphur mustard was highlighted by the detection of adducts it forms in skin samples non-directly exposed. Adducts were also detected in several internal organs. Maximal frequency was measured at 6h or d1 post-exposure. They were detected until d21 post-exposure. Results have shown that adducts were produced in larger amount in brain and lungs than in kidneys, spleen and liver. The persistence of adducts was lower in brain and lungs after the detersion of exposed skin, thus illustrating the constitution of a reservoir of sulphur mustard in this tissue. Measurement of DNA repair activities showed that suilphur mustard behave as a two-edge sword genotoxic, namely formation of DNA damages and inhibition of repair activities
Mourgues, Sophie. "Aspect moléculaire et potentiel génotoxique de dommages oxydants créés par une oxométalloporphyrine sur les guanines de l'ADN." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30111.
Full textDNA oxidation is a field of intense interest due to the delerious effects that oxidative damage promote within cells. During this work the reactivity of manganese(III)-bis-aqua-meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridiniumyl)-porphyrin (Mn-TMPyP) activated by potassium monopersulfate (KHSO5) was evaluated on DNA models and sequences. Guanine is the most oxidizable base and constitutes the main target of oxidants, the yield of formation of given lesions was increased. Nucleosides triphosphates carrying oxidized guanine were prepared and their incorporation by DNA polymerases during DNA synthesis was investigated. Then, we developed a tool to prepare tailored modified oligonucleotides carrying one guanine modification. In preliminary experiments we investigated the genotoxic potential of guanine lesions on topoisomerase I activity
Martelli, Alain. "Génération de dommages multiples au niveau des sites abasiques de l'ADN : synthèse et étude de molécules spécifiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10013.
Full textVaurijoux, Aurélie. "Étude des conséquences génétiques et épigénétiques consécutives à la signalisation persistante des dommages radio-induits de l'ADN." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS515/document.
Full textThe DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB) are key events in the cell response to ionizing radiation that may affect, with the individual genetic and epigenetic profile, the fate of healthy tissues of people exposed. Following initial breaks and chromatin destabilization, a set of post-translational modifications of histones occurs, including the phosphorylation of serine 139 of histone H2AX (gamma-H2A.X), which leads to the formation of ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF). DSB repair results in the disappearance of most IRIF within hours after exposure. However, a proportion of IRIF remains 24 hours upon irradiation. The nature and role of these persistent IRIF are still unclear. The goal of this work is to explore the characteristics of these persistent IRIF and their consequences on the cell behavior. To investigate the dynamic of IRIF in our model, we exposed G0/G1-phase synchronized HUVECs to 1 or 5 Gy of X-rays. IRIF were studied from 10 minutes up to 7 days after exposure by monitoring gamma-H2A.X foci, their temporal association with 53BP1 protein and PML NBs (Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies), and their impact on cell proliferation. We analyzed a mean of 4 000 cells for each condition using an automated detection of nuclei and foci. The analysis of a large number of cells and foci allowed us to screen subpopulations of cells or foci through different characteristics, such as size, shape or cell cycle phase among others, and to weight their representativeness in the whole population of exposed cells. We identified that persistent gamma-H2A.X foci after irradiation had a size superior to 0.72 ± 0.11 µm² and always collocated with 53BP1. More than 70% of cells exposed to 5 Gy had at least one persistent IRIF 24 hours after exposure and we observed these persistent IRIF up to 7 days post irradiation. A significant spatial association between PML NBs and IRIF was observed from 10 minutes after exposure; at 24h post irradiation, around 90% of persistent IRIF were associated with PML NBs. Moreover we demonstrated that persistent IRIF did not block cell proliferation definitively. The frequency of IRIF was lower in daughter cells, probably due to a certain amount of asymmetric distribution of IRIF between them. We report a positive association between the presence of an IRIF and the likelihood of DNA missegregation by observation of mitotic catastrophes. Hence, the structure formed after the passage of a persistent IRIF across the S and G2 phases may impede the correct segregation of sister chromatids of the chromosome affected. Consequently, the nature of IRIF in the nucleus of daughter cells might differ before and after the first cell division due to an abnormal resolution of anaphase. The resulting atypical chromosomal assembly may be lethal or result in a gene dosage imbalance and possible enhanced genomic instability, and could lead to a patchwork of cell phenotypes
Le, Peillet Jeanne. "Fonctions et régulations de la polo kinase Cdc5 dans l'adaptation aux dommages à l'ADN chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS353.
Full textDNA damage is a serious threat to genome integrity. When a cell's DNA is damaged, the DNA damage checkpoint detects it and stops the cell cycle, allowing time for the cell to repair its DNA. However, if the damage is not repaired after several hours, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cells eventually resume their cell cycle despite the persistence of the damage. This process, called adaptation to DNA damage, appears to act as a last-ditch attempt at cell survival, although it promotes mutations and genomic instability in the daughter cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Cdc5PLK1 polo-kinase, otherwise involved in many cell cycle-related processes, is critical for adaptation. However, its specific targets in adaptation are not yet clearly defined, and its exact role in this process remains unclear. In this thesis, we report on the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of Cdc5 in response to telomere destabilization-type DNA damage. In particular, we identified Cdc5 residues whose phosphorylation modulates adaptation efficiency and demonstrated that the DNA damage checkpoint down-regulates Cdc5 expression via the action of Mec1, Rad53 and Ndd1, delaying adaptation. This work has led to the writing of a paper filed on bioRxiv and currently being submitted. Moreover, Cdc5 targets many substrates during a normal cell cycle. Identifying the specific substrates of adaptation would help to understand its role in this process. We undertook a large-scale screen using a method based on random insertion of a transposon in the whole genome in a unique way (Saturated Analyses Transposons Assay in Yeast). From this screen, a certain number of genes potentially involved in adaptation emerged and we analyzed them, both on a global scale using Gene Ontology, and on a fairly fine scale, by identifying enriched genes and by focusing on genes included in the same complex in order to gain robustness. In the three independent experiments conducted for this screen, we see a number of complexes stand out, notably MRX, which is involved in DNA repair pathways, replicative stress management and participates in DNA damage checkpoint activation. In addition to the bioinformatics analyses, the potential involvement of the MRX complex genes was tested experimentally. Cdc5 plays an essential role in adaptation to DNA damage, but its role in this process remains poorly defined. We have shown that Cdc5 is highly phosphorylated and that its phosphorylation sites regulate the efficiency of the adaptation, and is also regulated in its quantity. On the other hand, we performed an extensive characterization of the candidate genes detected by our screens, which helps to reveal the molecular mechanisms of adaptation
Audebert, Marc. "Caractéristisation de formes mutantes et polymorphes du gène de réparation de l'ADN hOGG1 dans des tumeurs humaines." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077013.
Full textMEYER, Vincent. "Détection d'homologies lointaines à faibles identités de séquences : Application aux protéines de la signalisation des dommages de l'ADN." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00361212.
Full textLafont, Florian. "Implication des modifications post-traductionnelles de DNA-PKcs dans la régulation de la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT1023/document.
Full textHuman cells are subjected to stresses inducing DNA double-strand breaks mainly repaired by the NHEJ pathway, where the kinase DNA-PKcs plays a central role. The activity of DNA-PKcs, regulated by numerous phosphorylations, is crucial for the maintenance of genomic integrity. More recently, it has been shown that this protein is also modified by O-GlcNAcylation in the COS7 cell line. Knowing the balance between phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation, we studied the role of this new PTM in the regulation of DNA-PKcs activity. We have shown that DNA-PKcs is O-GlcNAcylated in HeLa cells. We then showed that the modulation of DNA-PKcs O-GlcNAcylation affects its autophosphorylation on Ser2056, suggesting an O-GlcNAcylation/phosphorylation balance, as well as the ability of cells to repair DSBs by NHEJ pathway. Moreover, our results allow us to consider that this modification may play a role in protein stability. DNA-PKcs is a potential target in anticancer strategies. We studied the impact of a chemical compound on DNA-PKcs activity. This molecule causes a reduction in the amount and activity of DNA-PKcs, through its ubiquitinylation and its degradation by the proteasome and leading to sensitization of the cells to genotoxic treatment. In this context, we have developed an antibody microarray to evaluate the phosphoprotein level of DNA repair pathways and thus estimate the effect of DNA-PKcs inhibitors. All these results contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of DNA-PKcs
Meloche, Jolyane. "Nouvelles avenues thérapeutiques dans l'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire : un regard sur la réparation des dommages à l'ADN et l'épigénétique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31446.
Full textPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare clinical condition characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right heart failure and death. Histologically, several processes coexist within the pulmonary arteries, including inflammation, vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Remodeling of the pulmonary vessel is due to abnormal and uncontrolled growth of resident pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). As such, PAH exhibits some cancer-like characteristics. In spite of recent progress in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in disease development and progression, as well as major improvements in symptomatic treatments, no substantial modification in the fatal course of this disease has been achieved. The mean survival rate is about 60% 5 years after diagnosis. Therefore, the identification of new targets has become mandatory. PAH is associated with sustained inflammation, oxidative stress, shear stress and pseudo-hypoxia, all known to promote DNA damage. Despite these unfavorable environmental conditions, PAH PASMC exhibit increased proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Using a translational approach, we highlighted the role for DNA damage signaling and epigenetic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of PAH. Since PAH shares many hallmarks with cancer, we first studied Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a key enzyme in DNA repair mechanisms and in cell survival in the pathophysiology of PAH. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate that PAH is associated with sustained DNA damage leading to PARP-1 activation. Interestingly, we showed that PARP-1 overexpression triggers the expression and activation of transcription factors known to be implicated in PAH progression, such as HIF-1α (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha) and NFAT (Nuclear factor of activated T-cells). Overexpression of PARP-1 alsoresulted in decreased expression of microRNA miR-204, another key player in the disease. In animal studies, administration of a clinically available PARP-1 inhibitor decreased PAH in two experimental rat models. In addition, PARP-1 inhibitor was more effective than the first-line treatments offered to patients with PAH. In Chapter 3, we investigated the mechanisms by which PARP-1 was overexpressed in PAH. In silico analyses and studies in cancer demonstrated that miR-223 downregulation triggers PARP-1 overexpression. We provided evidence that miR-223 is downregulated in human PAH lungs, distal pulmonary arteries, and isolated PASMC. Furthermore, using a gain and loss of function approach, we showed that increased HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α), which is observed in PAH, triggers this decrease in miR-223 expression and subsequent overexpression of PARP-1 allowing PAH-PASMC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. We also demonstrated that restoring the expression of miR-223, by using a mimic, allowed to improve pulmonary and cardiac hemodynamic parameters. In Chapter 4, we investigated epigenetic mechanisms downstream of PARP-1 and miR- 204. Interestingly, the epigenetic reader BRD4 (Bromodomain-containing protein 4) is a predicted target of miR-204 and has binding sites on NFAT’s promoter region. In our study, we showed that BRD4 is upregulated in lungs, distal pulmonary arteries and PASMC of PAH patients. Epigenetic readers bind to acetylated histone tails to promote gene transcription. In PAH, we demonstrated that BRD4 increases the expression of oncogenes involved in PAH pathogenesis, such as NFAT, Bcl-2, p21 and Survivin. BRD4 also regulates mitochondrial metabolism of PASMC. Blocking this oncogenic signature led to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of PAH-PASMC in a BRD4-dependant manner. In addition, pharmacological or molecular inhibition of BRD4 reversed established PAH in a rat model of the disease. In conclusion, these studies showed a key role for DNA damage signaling and epigenetic mechanisms in PAH pathophysiology. Our studies also offer new therapeutic perspectives for patients with PAH.
Szalat, Raphaël. "Rôle des voies de réparation des dommages de l'ADN dans l'instabilité génomique observée au cours du myélome multiple." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC094.
Full textMultiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant hemopathy characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells. MM is clinically and molecularly hetereogenous and featured by different subgroups of MM with different prognosis. Various recurrent genomic events including reccurent translocations involving the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene, chromosomal abnormalities and various mutations contribute to MM heterogeneity. While the recurrent translocations the Ig gene gene are considered to occur during the Ig gene rearrangement, the maturation affinity or the isotype switch that are part of the B cell maturation process, the mechanisms leading to the observed wide spectrum of DNA lesions in MM remain largely unknown. DNA damage and repair pathways play an important role in DNA damage response, genome instability and resistance to DNA damage chemotherapies such as alylating agents that remain the gold standard of therapy despite the advent of new and effective treatments that have markedly improved patient’ survival with the exception of high-risk patients that still have short overall survival with a median inferior to 3 years. In this work, we have investigated the mechanisms involved in the complex genomic heterogeneity observed in MM. In particular we used next generation sequencing methods to characterize the mutational processes and the fusion genes landscape in a large cohort of MM patients. In addition, we have focused our genomic analysis on the myeloma subgroup harboring t(4; 14) translocation by studying a group of 58 t(4;14) MM. We identified new potential driver of this poor prognosis MM subgroup including mutations in ATM/ATR, FGFR3 and PRKD2. Finally, we combined next generation sequencing data and a novel functionnal assay to assess the role of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in resistance to alkylating agents. Altogether our data reveal a major role of DNA damage repair processes in the generation of expressed mis-sense mutations, and in resistance to alkylating agents, new markers of genomic instability specific to t(4; 14)MM and new fusion gene. Finally, our results suggest that a therapeutic strategy targeting the NER, and especially the helicase XPB, is potentially efficient to treat MM, and to sensitize cells to alkylating agents. Altogether, our data highlighted the impact of distinct DNA damage and repair mechanisms in MM biology and identified new potential therapeutic targets
Meyer, Vincent. "Détection d'homologies lointaines à faibles identités de séquences : Application aux protéines de la signalisation des dommages de l'ADN." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077021.
Full textThe aim of my PhD thesis lay in the development of a new automatic approach for efficiently detecting remote homologues lost in the non significant output of PSI-BLAST program. My strategy is based on a two steps procedure : first, we take advantage of secondary structure predictions, second, based on the recent development of highly sensitive profil/profil comparison method. The method was initially calibrated on a sequence database. This database gathers sequences of domains whose structures so that effective existence of remote homologies could be controlled. This step was essential to deduce the optimal thresholds leading to the best detection capabilities for a semi-automatic use of the program. In a second step, the method was tested on a set of 100 protein sequences involved in DNA damage signalling and repair. Through various examples, we show the potentialities of the developed program for the large scale analysis of remote homologies in protein sequences. In particular, my work stimulated a new hypothesis for the understanding of the defects observed in a rare disease, the Nijmejen breakage syndrome, brought about by a mutation in the Nbs1 gene
Bouzid, Hana. "Réponse cellulaire induite par les dommages de l'ADN créés par les ecteinascidines, une classe unique de médicaments anticancéreux." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066502.
Full textEcteinascidins (Trabectedin, Lurbinectedin) are novel marine derived natural products, DNA minor groove binders and active against chemo-resistant cancers. The purpose of my thesis was to 1) characterize the DNA damage response (DDR) to both trabectedin and lurbinectedin 2) to establish whether the pharmacological abrogation of cell response induced by DNA damage (ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2) can modulate the therapeutic activity of ETs. Our results show that both compounds activate the ATM/Chk2 (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated/checkpoint kinase 2) and ATR/Chk1 (ATM and RAD3-related/checkpoint kinase 1) pathways. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of either Chk1/2, ATR or ATM kinases is not accompanied by a significant improvement of either trabectedin or lurbinectedin cytotoxic activity. However, the simultaneous inhibition of both ATM and ATR strongly potentiates the activity of both ETs. Importantly, these results are not restricted to HeLa cells but can also be extended to cisplatin-sensitive or -resistant ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Finally, we showed that the concomitant inhibition of both ATR and ATM is an absolute requirement to efficiently block the initiation and realization of homologous recombination repair mechanisms. Together, our data identify ATR and ATM as central coordinators of the DDR to trabectedin and lurbinectedin and provide a mechanistic rational for combinations of these compounds with both ATR and ATM inhibitors
TRUCCO, CARLOTTA. "La poly(adp-ribose)polymerase : analyse mutationnelle de son domaine de liaison a l'adn ; reponses cellulaires aux dommages dans l'adn a l'aide de cellules et de souris deficientes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR13030.
Full textChollat-Namy, Alexia. "Nouvelles sondes nucléiques pour la mesure d'activités enzymatiques de réparation des dommages de l'ADN par un test de fluorescence." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10131.
Full textClassical analysis methods for enzymatic dna repair activity monitoring are tedious and time-consuming (gel electrophoresis coupled to isotope labeling or high performance liquid chromatography). Hence, we developed a new dna repair assay based on fret (fluorescent resonance energy transfer) detection. This has required the design of an original dna probe: a hairpin structure containing specific lesions located at defined sites within the stem sequence, close to the chromophore-labeled extremities. The lesion excision by dna n-glycosylases leads to the complementary strand separation, causing a drop in fluorescence quenching. Thus, the cleavage extent is reflected by the fluorophore emission intensity increase and stabilization over the repair reaction time-course. After proving the linearity of the assay response, we demonstrated the ability of the current method to give access to repair enzyme kinetic parameters. The relevance of these parameters was checked by comparison to values, obtained by page analyses. Then, we investigated the capability of our test to be used as a high-throughput screening tool to quantify enzymatic repair activities and check inhibition effects (by using purified enzymes or cell extracts). Finally, a miniaturization project was carried out to improve the sensitivity of this new detection method. The performance of this homogeneous liquid-phase assay should lead to applications in the bioanalytical field related to fundamental, biomedical and pharmaceutical research
Kerninon, Erwan Patrice Thierry. "Utilisation du test des comètes dans l'étude des dommages sur l'ADN et de leurs réparations après traitement par photochimiothérapie." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHkerninon.pdf.
Full textFages, Jérémie. "JMJD6 participe au maintien de l'intégrité de l'ADN ribosomique en réponse au dommage à l'ADN." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30169.
Full textDNA is continuously damaged by exogenous and endogenous agents producing DNA damages. A defect in the management of this damage can lead to mutations that cause pathologies such as cancer. In order to maintain the integrity of the genome, the cells have evolved repair mechanisms that take place in a chromatinian context. It is shaped by numerous post-translational histone modifications that are regulated in response to DNA damage to allow effective repair. Among these modifications, histone methylation plays a major role in DNA repair. It is a reversible and dynamic modification managed by methyltransferase histones and demethylase histones. Using a screen, we identified histone demethylase JMJD6 whose depletion alters DNA damage response and cell survival after irradiation. We observe that JMJD6 is specifically and rapidly recruited into the nucleolus upon damage induced in this structure. In addition, JMJD6 influences the relocation of ribosomal DNA in response to damage in a newly formed structure at the periphery of the nucleolus, the nucleolar cap, without affecting the transcription inhibition of rDNA. Relocation in nucleolar caps would be involved in the management of damage repair to avoid harmful recombinogenic rearrangements for the cell (translocation and chromosomal rearrangement). Relevantly, JMJD6 depletion causes more genetic instability of rDNA by loss or rearrangement of rDNA units. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of JMJD6 in rDNA repair, we have created genetically modified cell lines expressing a tagged version of JMJD6. These have allowed us to identify JMJD6 partners through proteomic approaches in absence and in response to the damage. Among these, the nucleolar protein Treacle which is involved in the recruitment of NBS1, a well-known actor in the response to DNA damage, into the nucleolus in response to damage. All my work shows a decoupling between the inhibition of rDNA transcription and the formation of nucleolar cap suggesting the existence of signaling mechanism in which JMJD6 could be involved and thus promote the maintenance of the rDNA region
Ousset, Marielle. "Lien entre la signalisation des dommages de l'ADN et l'adaptation cellulaire à l'hypoxie : deux nouveaux rôles pour ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated) et DNA-PK (protéine Kinase dépendante de l'ADN)." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/907/.
Full textHypoxia is a frequent microenvironmental stress observed in human tumours. The key regulator of the cellular response to oxygen deprivation is the transcription factor, HIF-1 (Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1) whose function resulting in the induction of a plethora of target genes that collectively confers cellular adaptation to hypoxia. HIF-1 is comprised of an alpha sub-unit that is mainly targeted for degradation in normoxia whereas its beta sub-unit is constitutively expressed. Emerging evidences suggest that hypoxia induce a DNA damage response (DDR). However, the mechanism involved in the initiation of this DDR and the consequences of its activation are unknown. The goal of our project was to investigate the role of two proteins, which are involved in DDR belonging to the PI3KKs (Phosphatidyl Inositol 3 Kinase Like Kinase) family, ATM and DNA-PK, in the hypoxic response. We studied their activation and the consequences on HIF-1 accumulation in these conditions. So as a first step, we have demonstrated that the loss of ATM positively regulates the expression of both sub-units of HIF-1, in normoxia and hypoxia. Besides its role in the cellular adaptation to hypoxia, this effect might be important to explain some clinical features of Ataxia Telangiectasia, the disease associated to the mutation of ATM gene in humans. Moreover, we observed ATM activation in severe hypoxia (less than 0. 1% O2), with no consequences on HIF-1 accumulation. On the other hand, we have reported that DNA-PK, involved in double strand breaks (DSBs) signalling and repair, is activated in mild hypoxic conditions (less than 1 % O2). Our results suggest that its activation is independent from DSBs. Hypoxia is associated to histones modifications including acetylation and we demonstrated that these chromatin modifications are responsible for DNA-PK activation in hypoxic conditions. Finally, we have demonstrated that once activated DNA-PK regulates the stability of HIF-1alpha, promoting the cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Taken together, our results show a role of PI3KKs in HIF-1 regulation and suggest that hypoxia initiates DNA damage like-response, contributing to the adaptative response of cells to hypoxic conditions
Larrieu, Delphine. "Identification de nouvelles fonctions suppressives de tumeurs pour ING2 : implication dans la réplication et la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENV045.
Full textING2 (INhibitor of Growth 2) is a « candidate» tumor suppressive protein belonging to a family of ' five proteins ING 1 to ING5. ING proteins are involved in the induction of apoptosis or senescence as well as in the regulation of genes expression. Recently, several studies have shown that ING2 expression is lost in different human tumor types. However, the mecanisms by which this loss of expression could drive tumorigenesis remained unknown. Ln this context, the aim of my research project was to identify new functions oflNG2 that may involve it in the tumorigenesis process. We have identified that the inhibition ofING2 expression leads to a global reduction ofDNA replication rate, associated with a decrease of PCNA bound to the chromatin. Ln addition, we have shown that ING2 plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response pathway by promoting the accumulation of 53BPl to DNA double strand breaks. Accordingly, ING2 downregulation leads to defects in repairing DNA double strand breaks, as well as an increased genome instability. Thus, ING2 could act as a caretaker tumor suppressor gene to maintain directly DNA integrity. These results allow for the first time to propose a mechanism by which ING2 loss of expression could drive tumorigenesis. Finally, our work also highlighted the first mechanism ofING2 regulation by a post-translational modification. Indeed, ING2 can be sumoylated and this sumoylation regulates its interaction with the Sin3a/HDACl complex, and the targeting ofthis complex at the promoter of genes to regulate their expression. This work has contributed to a better understanding of ING2 functions, hence comforting its tumor suppressor gene status. Moreover, it has opened new perspectives about the mechanisms by which ING proteins can be regulated
Adam, Salomé. "Dynamique des variants de l'histone H3 en réponse aux dommages de l'ADN induits par les UVC dans les cellules humaines." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066288/document.
Full textIn eukaryotic cells, the DNA damage response involves a reorganization of chromatin structure. This structure, in which DNA is associated with histone proteins, conveys the epigenetic information, which is critical for cell identity. However, we are still far from understanding the mechanisms underlying chromatin dynamics in response to DNA damage, which challenges both the structural and functional integrity of chromatin architecture. During my PhD, I thus decided to explore this issue in human cells, by deciphering the dynamics of histone H3 variants and their dedicated chaperones in response to UVC lesions. By combining local UVC irradiation with an innovative technology that allows specific tracking of parental and newly synthesized histones, I revealed that the histone chaperone HIRA (Histone Regulator A) is recruited early to UVC-damaged chromatin regions, where it promotes local deposition of new histone H3.3 variant and facilitates transcription recovery upon repair completion. We also demonstrated that old H3 histones are initially redistributed around the damaged chromatin zone, this conservative redistribution requiring the UVC damage sensor DDB2 (DNA Damage Binding protein 2). Later in the repair process, most parental histones recover and mix with newly deposited histones in repairing chromatin regions. The recovery of pre-existing histones may contribute to preserve the integrity of the epigenetic information conveyed by chromatin before genotoxic stress
Adam, Salomé. "Dynamique des variants de l'histone H3 en réponse aux dommages de l'ADN induits par les UVC dans les cellules humaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066288.pdf.
Full textIn eukaryotic cells, the DNA damage response involves a reorganization of chromatin structure. This structure, in which DNA is associated with histone proteins, conveys the epigenetic information, which is critical for cell identity. However, we are still far from understanding the mechanisms underlying chromatin dynamics in response to DNA damage, which challenges both the structural and functional integrity of chromatin architecture. During my PhD, I thus decided to explore this issue in human cells, by deciphering the dynamics of histone H3 variants and their dedicated chaperones in response to UVC lesions. By combining local UVC irradiation with an innovative technology that allows specific tracking of parental and newly synthesized histones, I revealed that the histone chaperone HIRA (Histone Regulator A) is recruited early to UVC-damaged chromatin regions, where it promotes local deposition of new histone H3.3 variant and facilitates transcription recovery upon repair completion. We also demonstrated that old H3 histones are initially redistributed around the damaged chromatin zone, this conservative redistribution requiring the UVC damage sensor DDB2 (DNA Damage Binding protein 2). Later in the repair process, most parental histones recover and mix with newly deposited histones in repairing chromatin regions. The recovery of pre-existing histones may contribute to preserve the integrity of the epigenetic information conveyed by chromatin before genotoxic stress
Vergoni, Bastien. "Implication des dommages à l’ADN et de la voie p53 dans l’adipocyte dans le développement des maladies métaboliques lors de l’obésité." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4090/document.
Full textNon disponible
Samson-Thibault, François. "Analyse des modifications de la cytosine après oxydation de l'ADN par digestion enzymatique et HPLC-MS/MS." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6359.
Full textBérubé, Roxanne. "Persistance des dommages à l'ADN induits par une irradiation chronique aux rayons ultraviolets B et leurs conséquences dans le génome humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27866.
Full textUltraviolet (UV) rays are known to be the main initiator of skin cancer, as they induce different types of DNA damage, including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). CPD are mostly produced by UVB rays and are the predominant premutagenic DNA damage responsible for non-melanoma skin cancers. While most CPD are repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, some remain unrepaired and persist in the genome. We recently observed those residual CPD after exposure of human fibroblasts cells to chronic low dose of UVB (CLUV). Then, we aimed to observe the distribution of residual CPD occurring in dividing cells submitted to CLUV irradiation. Human dermal fibroblasts were irradiated with CLUV (75 J/m² every 12h for 7.5 days). Our results showed that residual CPD are tolerated and diluted in the genome by DNA replication. Then, localization of CLUV-induced residual CPD was observed and compared with residual CPD induced by a single and acute UVB irradiation (400 J/m²). Euchromatin and heterochromatin fraction were isolated and the amount of CPD was quantified in each fraction. The quantification showed that residual CPD accumulate mostly in the heterochromatin fraction of the genome, where the amount of CPD was two times greater than in the euchromatin. This suggests that DNA compaction has an impact on CPD accumulation and repair. Then, we measured the frequency of the different types of residual CPD by LC-MS/MS technique. A lower proportion of cytosine containing CPD was found in CLUV irradiated cells than in acute irradiated cells. The quantification of the different types of 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PP) demonstrated that they were almost all absent after a CLUV irradiation, in the residual damage. Finally, genomic instability was investigated in CLUV irradiated cells by measuring the amount of SCE induced after the irradiation. A higher number of SCE was observed in CLUV-irradiated cells than in control cells, suggesting that residual CPD are responsible for an increase of genomic instability. Overall, we observed that residual CPD, mostly TT-CPD, accumulate in the heterochromatin where they are tolerated. These CPD are diluted during cellular division but they are causing genomic instability. Finally, my project aimed to characterise residual CPD induced by chronic irradiation and to gain more knowledge on their impact in skin carcinogenesis initiation.
Vit, Jean-Philippe. "Réponse apoptotique aux radiations ionisantes : intégration de voies de signalisation induites indépendamment par les lésions de l'ADN et les dommages membranaires." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05S023.
Full textDuring their life, cells are subject to genotoxic aggressions by physical or chemical agents that are, but also to endogenous cellular stress. DNA damage are able to induce signals determinating the cell fate. However, more and more evidences show that damages induced out of the nucleus have an important role for the initiation of others signals involved in the cell outcome. The field of this thesis is apoptosis, one among the radio-induced cellular processes. The disease used in this work as a main model is ataxia telangiectasia. . .
Guérillon, Claire. "Les protéines suppressives de tumeurs ING1, ING2 et ING3 : régulation par sumoylation et implication dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S181.
Full textING (Inhibitor of Growth) genes are tumor suppressor gene candidates conserved from Yeast to Humans. ING proteins have type I tumor suppressive functions or "caretaker" because they participate in the maintenance of genome stability by regulating DNA replication and repair processes. They have also tumor suppressive functions of type II or "gatekeeper" because they are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation in p53 dependent and independent manners. They also participate in the regulation of gene transcription by regulating chromatin remodeling. The aim of my thesis was to better understand how ING1, ING2 and ING3 are involved in tumor suppressive pathways. Our work shows that ING1 is sumoylated on lysine 193 mainly by the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS4 to regulate ING1 anchoring on target gene promoters to control gene transcription. We have also described the involvement of ING2 and ING3 in the DNA double strand breaks response. We show the conservation of this function between ING2, ING3 and their orthologs, respectively, Pho23 and Yng2 in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ING2 controls the accumulation of PIAS4 at DNA damage sites and regulates the sumoylation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168, to regulate DNA double strand break signaling and repair. ING3 is necessary for the accumulation of 53BP1 and promotes DNA damage repair. This work contributes to a better understanding of the role of ING proteins in tumor suppression. It thus provides new insights of how ING1 regulates gene transcription and emphasizes a new tumor suppressive function of type I or "caretaker" for ING2 and ING3 in the genome stability maintenance
Biau, Julian-Mickaël. "Analyse du rôle des voies de signalisation des dommages à l'ADN dans la radiorésistance : le cas du glioblastome et du mélanome." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS402.
Full textWe aimed to identify predictive biomarkers of GBM radioresistance in 8 GBM cell lines, 6 corresponding cell lines derived xenografts (CDX) and 5 patient derived xenografts (PDX) treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy (6x5Gy), using an RPPA (Reverse Phase Protein Array) approach. We explored 89 potential protein markersinvolved in DNA repair, PI3K pathway, apoptosis, tyrosine kinase signaling, stress signaling, cell cycle, MAPK/ERK signaling, SAPK/JNK signaling, NFκB signaling and adhesion/cytoskeleton. In vitro identified biomarkers (FAK, HSP90, HSF1, HSPA2, vimentin and integrin β4) were not found in vivo. The markers specific of in vivo resistance were Phospho-EGFR/EGFR, Phospho-Chk1/Chk1 and VCP. Then, in these GBM models, we assessed the potential radiosensitization of an innovative DNA repair inhibitor, Dbait. Dbait consists of 32 bp deoxyribonucleotides that mimics DNA lesions. They act as a bait for DNA damage signaling enzymes, the polyadenyl-ribose polymerase (PARP), and the DNA-dependent kinase (DNA-PK), inducing a “false” DNA damage signal and ultimately inhibiting DNA repair. 6/11 GBM models had been radiosensitized by Dbait.Phospho-H2AX/H2AX, Phospho-NBS1/NBS1 and cleaved-PARP/PARP were predictive markers of Dbait resistance. We assessed the efficacy and safety of combining radiotherapy with Dbait/DT01 (DT01 = clinical form of Dbait) in a preclinical model of human melanoma. Nude mice subcutaneously engrafted with human melanomas (SK28) were or were not treated with Dbait/DT01, “palliative” (10x3Gy) or “radical” (20x3Gy) RT, or a combination of Dbait/DT01 and RT. Mice treated with Dbait/DT01 and RT combination had significantly better tumor growth control and longer survival compared to RT alone with the “palliative” protocol or the “radical” protocol. The results of this preclinical study led to the conduction of a phase 1 study in the palliative management of melanoma in-transit metastases (DRIIM trial) with very encouraging results