Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Les cellules souches intestinales'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Les cellules souches intestinales.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Auclair, Joëlle. "Étude des interactions cellule-matrice dans l'ancrage des cellules souches intestinales humaines." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3795.
Full textAuclair, Joëlle. "Étude des interactions cellule-matrice dans l'ancrage des cellules souches intestinales humaines." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005.
Find full textTrentesaux, Coralie. "Rôles de l’autophagie dans l'homéostasie des cellules souches intestinales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS361.
Full textThe renewal of the intestinal epithelium relies on the continuous proliferation of stem cells capable of regenerating the entire epithelium every 3 to 5 days. These intestinal stem cells (ISC) are thought to be the cell of origin for colorectal cancer. Thus, characterizing the mechanisms involved the protection of ISC against different stresses is key to understanding both intestinal homeostasis and tumor development. In tumoral tissue from mice predisposed to intestinal tumor development following the loss of the tumor suppressor gene Apc, our laboratory previously showed an upregulation of autophagy required for tumor growth. Our work aims to understand the role this catabolic mechanism in the homeostasis of ISC. To this end, we use genetically modified mouse models and intestinal organoid culture to study the effects of autophagy inhibition in intestinal homeostasis and in particular in ISC.We found that the inhibition of autophagy upon deletion of the gene Atg7 results in p53 activation and apoptosis of ISC specifically. The simultaneous deletion of Tp53 prevents the death of autophagy-deficient ISC. Moreover, over time, mice deficient for both Atg7 and Tp53 develop tumors, contrary to those deficient for either Atg7 or Tp53 alone. We therefore hypothesized that the inhibition of autophagy sensitizes ISC to p53-mediated apoptosis as a result of accumulated pro-tumorigenic damages. Transcriptomic analysis on sorted control or Atg7-deficient ISC revealed aterations in oxidative stress and DNA damage responses. Confirming these signatures, we observed DNA damages in autophagy-deficient crypts along with a defect in the repair of induced damages following irradiation. We additionally observed an accumulation of reactive oxygen species in autophagy-deficient ISC linked to a downregulation of the NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. Wide-spectrum antibiotic or antioxidant treatments improve the survival of autophagy-deficient ISC and support the contribution of both reactive oxygen species and the intestinal microbiota to the death of ISC. Our work therefore reveals we find an important function of autophagy in the integrity and maintenance of ISC by controlling reactive oxygen species, the microbial microenvironment and DNA repair pathways
Beucher, Anthony. "Plasticité et reprogrammation des cellules intestinales." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6176.
Full textPancreatic and intestinal endocrine cells share many molecular, cellular and functional characteristics. Particularly, their differentiation during embryogenesis relies on similar genetic programs controlled by the proendocrine transcription factor Neurog3. Therefore, our hypothesis is that intestinal stem or progenitor cells can be coaxed to generate pancreatic endocrine cells such as insulin-producing beta cells. To test this hypothesis we explored the plasticity of mouse intestinal Neurog3+ progenitors in vivo and ex vivo and investigated the possibility to program beta cells from intestinal cells. Using a lineage tracing approach, we showed that, in vivo, intestinal Neurog3+ progenitors are multipotent but surprisingly give rise mainly to goblet cells and to a lower extend to enteroendocrine and Paneth cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a pancreatic environment was not sufficient to promote an islet cell fate to purified intestinal Ngn3 progenitor cells and divert them from their enteroendocrine destiny. Finally, we showed that the infection of the undifferentiated mIC-cl2 intestinal cell line with a combination of adenoviruses encoding Pdx1, Neurog3 and Mafa, key transcription factors controlling beta cell differentiation, lead to the induction of the insulin gene but was not sufficient to generate hormone producing beta cells. Consequently additional studies are required to further support the relevance of intestinal cells to generate surrogate beta cells for a cell replacement therapy in type 1 diabetes
Al-Zoubi, Lara. "Mécanismes de perte d'hétérozygotie dans les cellules souches adultes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03598037.
Full textSometimes a somatic cell undergoes an alteration of its genome leading to loss of heterozygosity (LOH). This phenomenon occurs in normal human tissues, pathological disorders, and cancers. Although previous studies in yeast have provided substantial insight into different mechanisms of LOH, mechanistic details are lacking in higher eukaryotes. Here we investigated the mechanisms giving rise to LOH, bridging the gap between unicellular yeast and higher eukaryotes using an in vivo stem cell model system in Drosophila. Our previous studies have shown that LOH arises frequently in Drosophila intestinal stem cells, and that spontaneous neoplasia arise due to LOH of tumour suppressor genes (Siudeja, 2015). Though whole-genome sequencing of somatic LOH events and profiling copy number changes and changes in heterozygosity of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we demonstrated that LOH arises through mitotic recombination. Consistent with this, we found Rad51 to be implicated in LOH. Fine mapping of recombination sites did not reveal mutational pile-ups that commonly arise with a break-induced replication mechanism and instead showed clear examples of chromosomes resulting from cross-over resulting from double-Holliday junction-based repair. The mapped recombination regions also provided insight into potential genomic sequence features that may promote mitotic recombination, including an association with the repeated region of the Histone Locus Cluster and regions previously mapped to form R loops. We further explored how environmental factors can influence this process and demonstrate that infection with the enteric pathogenic bacteria, Ecc15, increased LOH frequency. This study provides a better mechanistic understanding of how mitotic recombination arises in stem cells in vivo, and identifies intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can drive LOH, thus providing important insight into cancer initiation and potential preventative and therapeutic strategies
Nguyen, Julie. "Rôle du facteur de transcription Sox9 dans l'homéostasie et la tumorigenèse intestinales." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT046.
Full textThe intestinal homeostasis maintenance involves a permanent crosstalk between the epithelium, the microbiota and the immune system. ISC are responsible for the intestine renewal and regeneration, but they can also cause intestinal tumors. The Sox9 transcription factor is an interesting candidate as a key regulator of intestinal homeostasis because of its specific expression in ISC, Paneth cells and tuft cells. In addition, Sox9 is essential for the differentiation of Paneth cells since the loss of Sox9 in the mouse embryo (model Sox9LoxP / LoxP, Villin-Cre) leads to the absence of Paneth cells. First, we analysed the function of Sox9 in the adult intestinal epithelium using the inducible mouse model: Sox9LoxP / LoxP; Villin-CreERT2. We demonstrated that the deletion of Sox9 in adult Paneth cells leads to structural and functional alterations of Paneth cells, which induce alterations of bacterial diversity (dysbiosis). Dysbiosis is "sensed" by tuft cells that initiate a type 2 immune response. This study revealed the key role of Sox9 in adult Paneth cells to regulate intestinal homeostasis, thus preventing the establishment of a proinflammatory microbiota. Tuft cells, via their sensing function, are able to modulate mucosal immunity in response to a dysbiosis and thus participate in the formation of a vicious circle. In addition, we studied the biology of ISC, by integrating the contribution of Paneth cells properties that participate in the establishment of the niche. We analysed the properties of stem cells in a healthy context or during tumor initiation. Our data indicate that in a healthy context, Sox9 is required for the regulation of ISC fate, namely the balance between ISC self-renewal and differentiation. The mechanisms regulated by Sox9 involve cellular metabolism, a key player in the stem cells fate. Our work shows that an intact niche maintenance is necessary to control ISC fate. The deletion of Sox9 alters mitochondrial integrity and promotes mitochondrial ROS production that could modulate the ISC fate toward a differentiated state. In parallel, we demonstrated that Sox9 deletion concomitant with the acquisition of an initiating event such as the loss of function of the tumor suppressor gene Apc, affects the CSC and their cellular metabolism. The evaluation of the role of the Sox9 transcription factor in the control of metabolic homeostasis will provide a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms in ISC biology, and eventually new therapeutic strategies targeting CSC might be proposed
Cho, Julio Cesar. "Criblage aux petites molécules dans un modèle de cellules souches tumorales chez la drosophila." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066128.
Full textBruschi, Marco. "DNA methylation dynamics and its functional impact during the early stages of intestinal tumorigenesis." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT066/document.
Full textCancer initiation and progression represent the outcome of the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Global changes in the epigenome are now considered as a common hallmark of malignancies. However, most of our present knowledge represents the result of the comparison between fully established malignancies and their surrounding healthy tissue. Such comparison is not informative about the epigenetic contribution to the very early steps of cancer onset. By performing DNA methylation and gene expression profiling of the intestinal epithelium of relevant in vivo models we aim at shedding light on the correlation between the interindividual epigenetic polymorphisms within the population and the relative risk to develop malignancies, and establish the existence of a molecular signature associated with an increased susceptibility to develop intestinal cancer. Our results confirm that a considerable degree in the variability associated to cancer susceptibility cannot be ascribed to major genetic changes and that such heterogeneity seems to correlate with distinct molecular profiles associated to classes of poorly or highly susceptible isogenic animals.We also investigated in vivo the timing at which the remodeling occur at the epigenomic scale by analyzing the alterations in the DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of intestinal stem cells upon the loss of the Apc gene, the most common genetic lesion associated with human colorectal cancer initiation. We found that the loss of function of Apc in the Lgr5-positive intestinal stem cell compartment is rapidly accompanied by a reprogramming of the DNA methylation profiles resulting in altered gene expression and impaired fate determination in those cells. The results show that part of the phenotype resulting from the constitutive activation of the Wnt pathway upon Apc loss is acquired via differential epigenetic regulation of key biological processes controlling the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. By using conditional genetic ex vivo models we found part of these oncogenic effects to be reversible via the modulation of the machinery responsible for de novo methylation of the DNA.Overall, this work confirms that the epigenetic remodeling is an early event in tumorigenesis that might even precede actual cell transformation. The functional impact of our findings on cancer initiation is currently under investigation
Creff, Justine. "Etude des mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle du destin des cellules souches intestinales et développement d'un modèle 3D d'épithélium intestinal." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30228.
Full textThe small intestine is a complex tissue with a crypt/villus architecture and high tissue polarity. Intestinal stem cells are located at the crypt bottom where they proliferate and differentiate while they migrate upward to the top of villi, allowing the constant renewal of the entire intestinal epithelium every 3 to 5 days. Compartmentalization in the crypt plays a key role in stem cell protection and maintenance, and this is supported by the microenvironment and tissue organization. The balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation is necessary to maintain tissue integrity, and disruption of this balance leads to developmental anomalies and malignant transformation. Studying the mechanisms governing intestinal stem cells maintenance is therefore crucial to understand tissue homeostasis. p57Kip2 is a cyclin/CDKs inhibitor and a putative tumor suppressor. p57 is also the gene the most frequently mutated or silenced in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), characterized by multiple developmental defects and tumor predisposition during childhood. Generation of knock-in mice expressing a mutant p57 (p57CK-) that cannot bind to cyclins and CDKs demonstrated that p57 exerts CDKs independent functions during development and that BWS is not entirely caused by loss of CDKs inhibition due to p57 inactivation. The first aim of this project was to investigate the role of p57 in the maintenance of intestinal stem cells. Two population of stem cells have been described in the intestine: proliferative crypt base columnar cells (CBCs), responsible of the constant renewal of the epithelium, and quiescent +4 stem cells, activated during regeneration after tissue damage. Our data shows that p57 is involved in maintaining the quiescence of the +4 reserve stem cells in a CDK independent manner. Indeed, p57KO mice exhibit an increased proliferation in the crypt caused by amplification of +4 stem cells and of the progenitor population (transit amplifying cells), while CBCs are not affected by loss of p57. Finally, our results show that p57 can inhibit Ascl2 transcriptional activity, and we identified new p57 partners that form this transcriptional repressor complex. This work could elucidate the role of p57 in intestinal tumorigenesis. The second aim of this project was to develop a new culture model to study intestinal stem cells. [...]
Andriatsilavo, Rakoto Mahéva. "La régulation des cellules souches adultes intestinales de drosophila melanogaster : Comment SPEN influence un destin cellulaire." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066381/document.
Full textAdult stem cells are non-differentiated cells that maintain tissue homeostasis by supplying differentiated cells while at the same time self-renewing. How is this balance between stem cell state and differentiated state controlled? This question became one of the major interests of the Stem cell research and Translation, mostly due to the potential therapeutic perspectives that it gives. Regarding this effort, this thesis work describes a new function of a gene call split-ends/spen in adult stem cell regulation in Drosophila intestine. SPEN familly is composed by essential genes, which codes conserved proteins from Plants to Metazoa. They are involved in key cellular processes such as cell death, differentiation or proliferation, and are associated with various molecular functions controlling transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression. We found that a spen inactivation in Drosophila intestine leads to an abnormal increase in adult stem cells. In this work, by combining genetics tools and in vivo stem cell analysis methods, we could show that Spen works as a key factor of intestinal stem cell commitment and plays a role in their proliferation control. How does genetics programs control cellular identity? In order to investigate the molecular signature of intestinal stem cells and progenitor cells knockdowned for spen, we combined genetics, cell sorting and mRNA sequencing analysis to uncovered Spen target genes regulated in intestinal stem cells. Here, we provide a new function of spen in adult stem cell regulation, which may also shed light on its mode of action in other developmental and pathological contexts
Andriatsilavo, Rakoto Mahéva. "La régulation des cellules souches adultes intestinales de drosophila melanogaster : Comment SPEN influence un destin cellulaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066381.
Full textAdult stem cells are non-differentiated cells that maintain tissue homeostasis by supplying differentiated cells while at the same time self-renewing. How is this balance between stem cell state and differentiated state controlled? This question became one of the major interests of the Stem cell research and Translation, mostly due to the potential therapeutic perspectives that it gives. Regarding this effort, this thesis work describes a new function of a gene call split-ends/spen in adult stem cell regulation in Drosophila intestine. SPEN familly is composed by essential genes, which codes conserved proteins from Plants to Metazoa. They are involved in key cellular processes such as cell death, differentiation or proliferation, and are associated with various molecular functions controlling transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression. We found that a spen inactivation in Drosophila intestine leads to an abnormal increase in adult stem cells. In this work, by combining genetics tools and in vivo stem cell analysis methods, we could show that Spen works as a key factor of intestinal stem cell commitment and plays a role in their proliferation control. How does genetics programs control cellular identity? In order to investigate the molecular signature of intestinal stem cells and progenitor cells knockdowned for spen, we combined genetics, cell sorting and mRNA sequencing analysis to uncovered Spen target genes regulated in intestinal stem cells. Here, we provide a new function of spen in adult stem cell regulation, which may also shed light on its mode of action in other developmental and pathological contexts
Rezza, Amélie. "Étude de Musashi1, un marqueur putatif des cellules souches epitheliales intestinales chez la souris." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENSL0558.
Full textThe intestinal epithelium is contitued of a differentiated compartment, and a proliferative compartment : the crypts. This tissu can self-renew continously and rapidly thanks to adult stem cells located at the bottom of the crypts. My work has focused on the study of a putaive intestinal epithelial stem cell marker : Musashi 1 (Msi1). First, i studied the regulation and function of Msi 1 in intestinal epithelium in the mouse. We have shown that Msi is regulated by Wnt pathway, and that it can activate Wnt and Notch signaling. Moreover, we have shown that Msi1 has tumor inducing properties. I have also generatd a mouse transgenic line, in order to characterize intestinal epithelial stem cells. These mice expres the fluorescent protein GFP uncer the control of Msi1 promoter. This model has been validated and studies are in process
Al, Hayek Sandy. "Etude du rôle du gène ovo-svb dans le maintien et la différentiation des cellules souches intestinales chez la drosophile." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30216.
Full textThe adult gut is a highly dynamic organ in charge of vital functions. Although cells that make up the gut are daily lost, intestinal homeostasis is maintained throughout adulthood due to self-renewal and differentiation properties of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Here we show that the OvoL/Shavenbaby (Svb) transcription factor is required for adult gut homeostasis in flies. Recent work has shown that Svb is translated as a large sized repressor (Svb-REP), and then post-translationally processed in a shorter activator (Svb-ACT) in response to small peptides called Polished rice (Pri). We find that Svb is specifically expressed and processed into the activator isoform in adult gut progenitors, i.e. intestinal stem cells and enteroblats (ISC/EB). Svb-ACT is required to protect stem cells from apoptosis, and sufficient to promote their proliferation. Indeed, genetic assays reveal that Svb expression in ISCs is activated by two main mitogenic pathways, EGFR and Wnt. We identified an enhancer driving svb expression in gut progenitors and demonstrate that its activity relies on the direct binding of nuclear effectors of the EGFR and Wnt pathways. In addition, we delineated a second svb enhancer driving expression in differentiated enterocytes (ECs). Strikingly, we find that this is the Svb-REP isoform that is expressed and required within ECs. Svb-REP induces the differentiation of EB to EC and is required to maintain proper differentiation and survival of ECs. Finally, we show that Svb-ACT is required for the growth of ISC-derived tumors and that Svb-REP is sufficient to override deregulated signaling pathways, blocking tumorous behavior and leading to enterocyte differentiation. Taken together, our data in flies therefore demonstrate that controlled expression and maturation of the OvoL/Svb transcription factor plays a key role in the balance between stem cell maintenance/proliferation and enterocyte differentiation in the adult gut
Vieugué, Pauline. "Étude du rôle de la Nétrine-1 dans l'ontogénèse et le maintien de l'homéostasie de l'épithélium intestinal murin." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1283/document.
Full textThe adult intestinal epithelium is a highly organized tissue, which is completely self-renewed every 5 to 7 days, due to a pool of multipotent intestinal stem cells (ISC). Located at the base of intestinal crypts, ISC have the ability to self- renew and to give rise to all epithelial intestinal cell types. To preserve the balance between their self-renewal and their differentiation, and therefore to maintain the epithelial tissue homeostasis, ISC reside in a tightly regulated microenvironment - called “niche”- that provides them all factors required for their functions. Netrin-1, a laminin-related secreted protein, is expressed in the microenvironment of the crypt, and is also expressed during intestinal development. Initially described as an axonal guidance cue, Netrin-1 is now considered as a pleiotropic molecule involved in many different processes such as morphogenesis, cell migration, cell adhesion, proliferation and also tumorigenesis. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that Netrin-1 could play a role in the maintenance of the adult intestinal stem cell compartment, and also in the intestinal ontogenesis. In a first part, we showed that Netrin-1 promotes the growth of enteroids ex vivo while regulating gene expression of specific intestinal stem cell markers. In the second part, we demonstrated, by using two novel genetically engineered mouse models, that Netrin-1 is involved in the embryonic development of the intestinal epithelium and that its deletion leads to a delay in villi emergence
Di, Martino Patrick. "Caracterisation de facteurs impliques dans l'adhesion aux cellules epitheliales intestinales de souches de klebsiella pneumoniae responsables d'infections nosocomiales." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF1MM04.
Full textKaci, Ghalia. "Caractérisation des propriétés anti-inflammatoires de souches commensales de Streptococcus salivarius." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069898.
Full textMourão, Larissa. "Unravelling the identity and fate of Notch1-expressing cells within intestinal tumours." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066586.pdf.
Full textLes cellules souches et le cancer sont inextricablement liés et de nombreuses tumeurs, y compris les cancers colorectaux, contiennent une petite population de cellules auto-renouvelables, appelées cellules souches cancéreuses (CSCs), capables de donner naissance à des cellules proliférantes mais progressivement différenciatrices qui contribuent à l'hétérogénéité cellulaire typique des tumeurs solides. Ainsi, l'identification des CSC et des facteurs qui régissent leur comportement devrait avoir un impact profond sur le traitement du cancer. Notch signale le contrôle le maintien et la différenciation des cellules souches dans plusieurs tissus, y compris l'intestin, où elles sont essentielles au maintien des cellules souches. Sur la base de ces prémisses, mes travaux visaient à identifier et caractériser les cellules qui expriment le récepteur Notch1 dans les tumeurs intestinales in vivo, dans le but de mieux comprendre la hiérarchie cellulaire des cellules cancéreuses du colon. Nous avons constaté que le récepteur Notch1 s'exprime dans de rares cellules tumorales indifférenciées qui se renouvellent et se multiplient in vivo, car elles donnent lieu indéfiniment à une différenciation marquée des cellules tumorales et à une croissance tumorale. Notre analyse du profil transcriptomique de ces cellules a confirmé nos observations in vivo selon lesquelles les cellules tumorales Notch1+ représentent une population spécifique de cellules tumorales hautement prolifératives, exprimant plusieurs marqueurs connus, mais pas tous, des cellules souches intestinales normales (CSI). En effet, leur signature transcriptionnelle est fortement corrélée avec les CSI normaux. Étant donné que les cellules tumorales que nous avons caractérisées ne semblent pas être porteuses de mutations Apc, nous supposons que durant les premières étapes de la tumorigénèse, les CSI normales Notch1+ sont englouties dans la tumeur naissante (dans des cryptes hyperprolifératives aberrantes) et sont capables de croître et de s'étendre dans ce nouvel écosystème, car elles sont soutenues par les facteurs de croissance extrinsèques des cellules mutantes voisines. Le concept selon lequel les CSI normaux pourraient contribuer à l'expansion tumorale met en évidence les complications que les patients peuvent rencontrer pendant le traitement, puisque ces cellules partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques avec leurs homologues de type sauvage, ce qui rend le traitement délétère pour les CSI normaux
Jacob, Jean-Marie. "Role of subepithelial fibroblasts in the instestinal barrier." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7081.
Full textMesenchymal cells (MCs) are non-immune, non-epithelial and non-endothelial cells present in all organs. They contribute to the organ’s structure by producing extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition to their role as ECM-producing cells, increasing evidence suggests that they play an active role in intestinal homeostasis. However, the lack of specific markers and tools to investigate MCs hindered a deeper understanding of their function(s). In the intestine, a major fraction of MCs expresses podoplanin (also known as gp38) a marker for MCs in lymphoid organs. Using new markers and reporter mice to study MCs that express the Lymphotoxin-ß Receptor (LTßR), a receptor involved in the crosstalk with immune cells, we identified distinct subsets of gp38+ MCs with specific functions in intestinal homeostasis and immunity. Inducible lineage tracing of gp38+LTßR+ MCs identifies a specific lineage of PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells located closely to epithelial cells. We show that the lineage of PDGFRα+ subepithelial fibroblasts derived from LTßR+ progenitors (LTßR-SF) has a unique function in the first few weeks after birth. Indeed, this specific lineage develops around weaning independently of microbial colonization, and promotes maturation of the epithelial barrier, including differentiation of Paneth and goblet cells, involved in bacterial protection, and development of CD103+CD11b+ dendritic cells, a specific subset of immune cells involved in intestinal tolerance. LTßR-SF overexpress a set of genes essential for epithelial homeostasis and immune regulation, including bmp4, sfrp3, dll1, vcam, aldh1a3 and cox1. We further show that PDGFRα signaling in LTßR-SF is required to imprint both epithelial and immune function. Taken together, our results show that a subset of gp38+ MCs derived from LTßR+ progenitors plays an essential role in intestinal barrier development at weaning, by coordinating immune and epithelial maturation through PDGFRα signaling
Lamarthee, Baptiste. "L'interleukine-22 dans la maladie du greffon contre l'hôte après allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA0006.
Full textGraft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is still the major complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. GVHDresults from the activation of the immune response and the recognition by donor T cells of alloantigens leading totissue injury, especially in skin, gut and liver. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine secreted by CD4+ T cells Th1 andTh17 but also by innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Given that IL-22 functions in the GVHD target tissues, weinvestigated its contribution in GVHD physiopathology using mouse experimental models. We showed that IL-22deficiency in donor cells reduced the severity of GVHD by limiting systemic and local inflammation. Moreover, inthe large intestine, IL-22 acts in synergy with type I interferon to increase Th1-like inflammation. In humans,GVHD severity is associated with microbiotal modification in the intestine. We demonstrated that IL-22 deficiencyin donor cells seems to favor lactobacillus colonization instead of clostridium. These changes of microbiotacomposition may reduce the severity of intestinal GVHD. Finally, we showed that the antitumor effect is preservedeven in absence of IL-22 donor cells. Overall, our data support the design of new clinical approaches aiming totarget IL-22 pathways in GVHD patients
Che, Thi Cam Ha. "Effets des cellules souches mésenchymateuses sur la cancérogenèse colique chimio-induite chez le rat." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077147.
Full textThe aim of this work was to evaluate in an animal model the harmlessness of cell therapy for tissue repair in a cancer environment. For that purpose, we induced colon carcinogenesis by intrarectal instillations of MNNG (N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine) in the rat. The MNNG induce an increase in the thickness of colon mucosa, as well as of the content in MCP-1, IL-6 and flbronectin. We have characterized the tumors (1) in vivo by endoscopy and PET scanning, (2) after autopsy by histology and immunohistology and ELIS A assay of proteins. In this model, we studied the influence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) obtained from bone marrow of rats transgenic for fluorescent protein GFP. MSC were injected intraveinously 4 and 6 weeks after initiating MNNG treatment of rats. The MSC-GFP were traced by immunofluorescence and identified in the chorion of colonic epithelium 6 days after injection, but not thereafter. Thirty-two weeks after MNNG treatment, the number of rats bearing tumors was significatively lower in the MSC-treated batch, as compared to MNNG alone. This resuit was confirmed after 52 weeks. On the other hand, MSC injections increased the effect of MNNG on the thickness of mucosa, especially epithelium, suggesting an intensification of tissue repair process after the attack by the carcinogen. The results suggest an early but ongoing action of MSC. Our hypothesis is that MSC contribute to thé restoration of a favourable micro-environment after mucosa lesion by MNNG therefore slowing cancer development
Levy, Antonin. "Impact of microbiota on intestinal stem cells survival after irradiation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC321.
Full textThe intestinal epithelium is a fast self-renewing tissue implicating an active intestinal stem cells (ISCs) pool uniquely identified by the LGR5 marker. The gut epithelium needs to cope with continuous stressors in relation with its digestive and barrier functions. The gut microbiota, including pathogens and commensal bacteria, influences the integrity and physiology of the gut epithelium. The interaction of microbiota-derived molecules with host innate immune receptors is required for gut homeostasis and its role is even more important upon stress conditions, particularly those inducing strong oxidative stress. LGR5+ ISCs express the cytosolic innate immune sensor NOD2. The NOD2 ligand muramyl-dipeptide (MDP), a peptidoglycan motif common to all bacteria, promotes ISCs survival over an otherwise lethal oxidative stress-mediated signal. Yet, the underlying protective mechanisms remained unknown. Exposure of axenic or conventional mice to ionizing radiation leads to different outcomes. Axenic animals display less radiation enteritis than their conventional counterparts. However, the mechanisms conferring radioresistance to axenic mice are poorly understood. Preliminary data from our group indicated that axenic-ISCs are resistant to chemotherapy-induced damages, suggesting that the microbiota might be involved in initiating the sensitivity of ISCs to oxidative-stress generating agents.To characterize the microbiota-ISCs interaction after ionizing radiation, we used both in vivo and in vitro (mini-gut organoid culture) mice models. We found that, following irradiation in vitro, (i) Nod2 transcription was increased in ISCs and (ii) MDP specifically promoted ISCs protection. We then showed that the addition of MDP induced a strong reduction of total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) within ISCs after irradiation. LGR5+ ISCs display high mitochondrial activity and mitochondria are the richest source of ROS. We demonstrated that ISCs-intrinsic mitophagy, an important mechanism for ISCs homeostasis, is activated by MDP, suggesting a role for its receptor NOD2. Moreover, organoids lacking autophagy protein 16 (ATG16L1 KO) did not benefit from MDP cytoprotection following irradiation in vitro. MDP-mediated cytoprotection, however, could be restored in the ATG16L1 KO context by adding a ROS-scavenging agent. We also confirmed defects in the mitophagy process in organoids from NOD2 KO mice. These findings elucidate the mechanisms of cytoprotection induced by MDP and highlight the NOD2-autophagy links. We also showed the relative radioresistance of crypts in axenic animals, compared to control mice in vivo. Additionally, organoids from axenic mice were relatively resistant to ionizing radiation in comparison with organoids from conventional mice. On the other hand, organoids from conventionalized mice (axenic mice displaced in conventional animal facilities) and antibiotic-treated mice were not relatively radioresistant. Basal level of ROS in the gut epithelium was reduced in axenic animals. We confirmed transcriptional differences in the activation of the ROS-producing machinery in ISCs from axenic mice (at basal level and after irradiation), as compared to control mice. We particularly showed that expression of the NADPH oxidase 1 subunit (Nox1) is regulated by the microbiota within ISCs. Hence, specific pattern recognition receptors activation is implicated in Nox1 priming by the microbiota.Our data suggest that the microbiota plays a dual role on ISCs: it regulates the ROS machinery, for instance allowing ISCs to respond to pathogens and it exerts a cytoprotective effect after aggression. These findings open the way to dissect additional molecular pathways involved in ISCs homeostasis and to new prospects for translation into clinical practice
Leguillier, Teddy. "Etude de l'implication du gène Omcg1 dans le maintien de l'intégrité du génome." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066157.
Full textMourão, Larissa. "Unravelling the identity and fate of Notch1-expressing cells within intestinal tumours." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066586/document.
Full textLes cellules souches et le cancer sont inextricablement liés et de nombreuses tumeurs, y compris les cancers colorectaux, contiennent une petite population de cellules auto-renouvelables, appelées cellules souches cancéreuses (CSCs), capables de donner naissance à des cellules proliférantes mais progressivement différenciatrices qui contribuent à l'hétérogénéité cellulaire typique des tumeurs solides. Ainsi, l'identification des CSC et des facteurs qui régissent leur comportement devrait avoir un impact profond sur le traitement du cancer. Notch signale le contrôle le maintien et la différenciation des cellules souches dans plusieurs tissus, y compris l'intestin, où elles sont essentielles au maintien des cellules souches. Sur la base de ces prémisses, mes travaux visaient à identifier et caractériser les cellules qui expriment le récepteur Notch1 dans les tumeurs intestinales in vivo, dans le but de mieux comprendre la hiérarchie cellulaire des cellules cancéreuses du colon. Nous avons constaté que le récepteur Notch1 s'exprime dans de rares cellules tumorales indifférenciées qui se renouvellent et se multiplient in vivo, car elles donnent lieu indéfiniment à une différenciation marquée des cellules tumorales et à une croissance tumorale. Notre analyse du profil transcriptomique de ces cellules a confirmé nos observations in vivo selon lesquelles les cellules tumorales Notch1+ représentent une population spécifique de cellules tumorales hautement prolifératives, exprimant plusieurs marqueurs connus, mais pas tous, des cellules souches intestinales normales (CSI). En effet, leur signature transcriptionnelle est fortement corrélée avec les CSI normaux. Étant donné que les cellules tumorales que nous avons caractérisées ne semblent pas être porteuses de mutations Apc, nous supposons que durant les premières étapes de la tumorigénèse, les CSI normales Notch1+ sont englouties dans la tumeur naissante (dans des cryptes hyperprolifératives aberrantes) et sont capables de croître et de s'étendre dans ce nouvel écosystème, car elles sont soutenues par les facteurs de croissance extrinsèques des cellules mutantes voisines. Le concept selon lequel les CSI normaux pourraient contribuer à l'expansion tumorale met en évidence les complications que les patients peuvent rencontrer pendant le traitement, puisque ces cellules partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques avec leurs homologues de type sauvage, ce qui rend le traitement délétère pour les CSI normaux
Godart, Matthias. "Interactions fonctionnelles entre voies signalétiques intrinsèques et voie des hormones thyroïdiennes dans les cellules souches et progéniteurs de l'épithélium intestinal." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1138.
Full textThyroid hormones (THs) control several aspects of gut development and homeostasis. They act through the thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TRs) that are T3-modulated transcription factors. The paradigm is the amphibian metamorphosis, where they are responsible for gut remodeling and emergence of the stem cells (Ishizuya-Oka et al, 2009). In previous studies we showed that THs play a fundamental role in regulating the balance between cell proliferation and cell differentiation of the murine intestinal epithelial precursors. From a molecular point of view the nuclear receptor TRα1 controls several proliferation/cell-cycle genes as well as the Wnt and Notch pathways (rev. in Sirakov et al, 2104; Skah et al, 2017). In accordance with these functions, targeted expression of TRα1 in the intestinal epithelium (vil-TRα1 mice) is sufficient to induce aberrant and hyper-proliferative crypts and confers increased susceptibility to Apc-mutation dependent intestinal tumorigenic program (vil-TRα1/Apc+/1638N mice) (Kress et al, 2010). The aim of my work was to study TH- and TRα1-dependent control of intestinal stem cells. Indeed, I used the Lgr5-EGFP-ires-CreERT2 mice enable tracking, sorting and targeting the stem cells (Barker et al, 2007) crossed with tamoxifen inducible TRα1 loss-of-function (Quignodon et al, 2007) mouse model (TRα1-LOF). I studied the effect of TH/TRα1 alteration in vivo and in intestinal organoids (ex vivo). In conclusion, our results indicate that HTs and modulating TRα1 expression or activity have a rapid and strong effect on the intestinal stem cells. This work opens a new perspective in the study of TH/TRα1-dependent signal on the physiopathology of the intestinal stem cells
Hueso, Thomas. "Impact et conséquences de l’atteinte de la barrière intestinale au cours du traitement des leucémies aiguës myéloïdes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S020.
Full textInduction chemotherapy with consolidation followed by allogeneic stem celltransplantation (allo-SCT) remains the standard of care in patients with acute myeloidleukemia (AML). But, high dose chemotherapy is responsible for intestinal impairmentresponsible for complications such as septicemia and Graft vs. Host disease (GvH) afterallo-SCT. The aim of this work was to investigate the specific impact and consequences ofinduction chemotherapy on intestinal barrier in case of AML.First of all, we investigated on 15 patients with AML, clinical, biological (citrullineand short-chain fatty acid) and microbial (qPCR and sequencing on feces) parametersbefore induction chemotherapy (T0), during aplasia (T1) and after hematological recovery(T2). An induction chemotherapy model was designed in a mouse model (Wt mice) withoutantibiotics and in a transgenic model able to release in intestinal lumen a recombinantprotein strengthening mucosal layer (Tg222). Intestinal damage was investigated withplasmatic citrulline level, terminal ileum mucosa analysis on histological slides withapoptosis (TUNEL) and cellular proliferation (PCNA) staining. Adherent microflora wasassessed with qPCR and sequencing on ileum section. Intestinal translocation wasassessed after oral gavage of Salmonella (S). Typhimurium. The fifteen patients hadneutropenic fever and received broad-spectrum antibiotics after chemotherapy completion.Septicemia with E. coli was diagnosed in 26 % of patients. Plasma citrulline level collapsedat T1 and reached normal value at T2. The alpha and beta diversity decreased significantlyand remained low at T2 with a decrease of all bacteria except for enterobacteria,enterococcus and lactobacillus. In mouse model, chemotherapy induced a transientdecrease of all blood counts, and citrulline level. We observed also a terminal ilealimpairment depicted by the increase of apoptosis and PCNA staining and a decrease ofgoblet cells. Three days after the chemotherapy completion, we observed a higher tissuerepair, citrulline level and a preserved alpha diversity in Tg222 mice compared to Wt mice.Intestinal translocation of S. Typhimurium was also lower than in Wt mice.Secondly, plasmatic citrulline level and in vitro macrophage reactivity wereassessed after microbial stimulation with (PAMP) in patients before allo-SCT procedure.Then, the plasma citrulline level as a predictive surrogate marker of GvH was investigatedin a large cohort of patients. Before allo-SCT procedure, a low citrulline level and anincrease of IL-6 and IL-10 released by macrophages were predictive of GvH. A large studywith 191 patients confirmed that a low citrulline level before allo-SCT procedure was anindependent risk factor of intestinal GvH.Intestinal impairment during induction chemotherapy was responsible for a transientepithelial impairment and prolonged dysbiosis leading to bacterial colonization andtranslocation. Before conditioning regimen, a low citrulline level and increased macrophagereactivity reflect sub-clinical damage and are predictive of GvH after allo-SCT procedure. Inmice, mucosal layer strengthening as a proof of concept may enhance tissue repair,maintain microbial diversity and could limit bacterial translocation after high dosechemotherapy
Giethlen, Colette. "Etude de la régulation transcriptionnelle de la différenciation des cellules entéroendocrines dans un modèle d'organoïde intestinal humain." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ002.
Full textHormone-producing enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of the intestinal epithelium but are key regulators of the energetic metabolism and alteration of their differentiation is associated with severe metabolic disorders. Enteroendocrine differentiation is governed by a transcriptional regulatory cascade that is poorly described, especially in humans. This thesis project aimed to evaluate the implication of several transcription factors, previously identified in mice (NGN3, RFX6, ARX, PAX4), in human enteroendocrine differentiation. To do so, these genes were disrupted with the CRISPR/Cas9 system in human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which were then differentiated in intestinal organoids (HIOs). Preliminary analysis of NGN3-deficient HIOs did not allow a firm conclusion regarding NGN3 implication in enteroendocrine differentiation but showed a tissue regionalization alteration. RFX6 seems important for the differentiation/function of enteroendocrine cells, although its precise function is still to be determined
Boumard, Benjamin. "Drosophila intestinal stem cell response to DNA damage and replication stress." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS052.
Full textGenome integrity in long-lived tissue stem cells is essential to maintain tissue function and prevent cancer initiation. How stem cells cope with DNA lesions determines their mutation rate, susceptibility to cancer, and likely age-related functional decline. My thesis aimed to understand what are the DNA damage causing factors, and what mechanisms are acting in adult stem cells to prevent spontaneous mutation. Replication stress driven by nucleotide depletion is proposed to increase genome instability in cancer cells, as it may lead to genome rearrangements. However, to what extent replication stress is responsible for genomic alterations in adult stem cells remains unclear. Likewise, the erroneous DNA repair mechanisms acting to repair DNA damage and linked to genome rearrangements are not completely understood. The Drosophila intestine is a good model system to study stem cells and tissue homeostasis and address these questions.The Bardin lab previously showed that different types of somatic mutations are arising in aging intestinal stem cells. Notably, wild type aged male guts frequently develop spontaneous neoplasias due to the inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene Notch by small or large deletions or more complex genomic rearrangements. During my thesis, I first examined how aged stem cells cope with DNA damage. I also helped to characterize the spontaneous formation of neoplasias in different genetic background. Microdissection and DNA extraction of neoplasias for subsequent whole-genome sequencing (work with K. Siudeja) and the development of bioinformatic pipelines (by N. Riddiford), allowed the characterization of the somatic mutations of intestinal stem cells. Since many structural variants identified suggested a DNA repair mechanism relying on microhomologies, I investigated the role of Pol θ, a polymerase involved in microhomology mediated DNA repair, in somatic mutations and neoplasia formation in intestinal stem cells.Several evidence from the sequencing suggested that replication stress might be an important cause of somatic mutation in the stem cells. Therefore, I examined the consequences of nucleotide depletion-induced replication stress on stem cells. Importantly, I developed a cell specific approach to induce replication stress by RnrL knockdown (an enzyme essential for the production of dNTPs). In the gut, the knockdown of RnrL induced DNA damage accumulation in S phase stem cells and proliferation defects, likely leading to stem cell loss. However, I observed that knockdown of RnrL in the developing wing disc rarely induced DNA damage cell autonomously. Following this, I demonstrated a role for GAP junctions in non-cell autonomously limiting replication stress, likely by buffering nucleotide levels between adjacent cells. Finally, I showed that GAP junctions are only localized between enterocytes in the midgut but not in stem cells. Differences in GAP junctions expression could explain tissue and cell specific sensitivity to replication stress and DNA damage
Cambuli, Francesca Maria. "Study of Musashi1-Expressing cells and of Musashi1 function in mouse intestinal physiopathology." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENSL0794.
Full textThe intestinal epithelium is a monolayer of cells surrounding the intestinal lumen. It consists of a differentiated compartment, the villi in the small intestine and a flat surface in the colon, and a proliferative compartment, the crypts of Lieberkühn. This tissue self-renews rapidly and continuously throughout life, due to the presence of adult stem cells in the bottom of the crypts. These cells are capable of self-renewing and give rise to proliferating progenitors (capable of generating all the different epithelial cytotypes) that differentiate and migrate toward the differentiated compartment. My thesis focused on the study of the intestinal epithelial stem cells marker Musashi1 (Msi1).In this context, the first part of my thesis work focused on the isolation and characterization of the intestinal epithelial stem cells that express Msi1 in the mouse. For this, we generated transgenic mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of Msi1. The intestinal stem cells of these mice co-express Msi1 and GFP. This model has been validated and allowed us to isolate GFP+/Msi-expressing cells in the intestine. By using different cellular and molecular approches, we confirmed their nature of stem cells and provided new data on the composition of the proliferative zone in the murine intestinal epithelium.The second part of my thesis has focused on the study of the function of Msi1 in the intestinal epithelium homeostasis in the mouse, by its over- and ectopic expression all along the epithelium. We have shown that the over-expression of this protein, which is a regulator of the Wnt and Notch pathways, perturbs the intestinal architecture, has pro-proliferative properties and tumorigenic potential
Aguilar, Claire. "Caractérisation de la pathologie intestinale associée au déficit en XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein)." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T072.
Full textMutations in the gene encoding for XIAP (X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) are causing the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2 (XLP-2). It is a rare immunodeficiency characterized by an abnormal susceptibility to infection with Epstein Barr virus (EBV). In addition, some XIAP-deficient patients may suffer from an intestinal disease that can be severe. XIAP is an anti-apoptotic molecule which has also been involved in the signaling and the functions of receptors of the innate immunity, NOD1 and NOD2. My thesis work aimed to characterize this intestinal pathology and its pathophysiology. For this, we studied a cohort of known XIAP-deficient patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We also looked for mutations of XIAP in a cohort of children who presented as the only clinical sign an early intestinal pathology. In 83 patients tested, three were identified as carrier of a XIAP mutation. We then showed that this intestinal pathology is clinically and histologically very close to Crohn’s disease, which is a major inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Crohn's disease is associated with environmental factors and genetic susceptibility, including polymorphisms in the NOD2 gene that represent the most important factor identified to date. We then showed that the monocytes from XIAP-deficient patients have a defect in production of IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-10 in response to stimulation of the NOD2 pathway. However, we did not reveal any excess of apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells from XIAP-deficient patients. On the other hand, they showed a decreased number of their circulating innate T cells. Finally, during this study, we identified for the first time, female carriers of a mutation of XIAP in the heterozygous state, who developed intestinal inflammatory manifestations. In these patients, the inactivation of the X chromosome, which is normally biased toward the healthy allele in asymptomatic vectors, is biased to the unusually mutated allele contributing to a decrease of the expression of XIAP in monocytes and an alteration of the NOD2 pathway. This work showed that XIAP deficiency is responsible for a monogenic form of Crohn's disease. Our results suggest that the lack of monocyte activation by NOD2 is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of the disease. Therapeutically, the bone marrow transplant seems indicated in severe cases, since the main identified defect is an abnormality of the hematopoietic compartment and in two of our patients, it allowed a clear improvement of the digestive pathology that was very severe
Lauden, Laura. "L' immunité des cellules souches adultes : le modèle des cellules souches/progéniteurs cardiaques humaines." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077023.
Full textCurrently, stem cell therapy is a compelling choice for treating and repairing organ functioning. Over the excitement of benefit, a major hurdle was often overlooked, the immunogenicity. Strategies using stem cells transplantation for ischemic cardiomyopathy are among the most explored in regenerative medicine. The "perfect" stem cell remains elusive, but at present the use of allogeneic cardiac stem/progenitor cells (hCPC), is among the most expectative goals. My thesis objective is to characterize the bi-directional interactions between hCPC and both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system to determine the potential risk and/or benefits of such therapy. After a precise characterization of their phenotype and reparative capacity, we investigated the hCPC crosstalk with adaptive T cells and innate NK cells in allogeneic settings. We showed that hCPC, whether under inflammatory conditions or not, do not induce conventional allogeneic T cell response but expand and activate regulatory T cells that endows with PD-L1/PD-1 dependent immuno¬modulatory capacity. The hCPC also elicit modest NK cells cytotoxicity that is significantly blocked within inflammatory environment. In addition, hCPC dowmodulate NK cells activity towards conventional target cells, inhibit their proliferation and biase their cytokine secretion towards anti-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, our data reveal that the hCPC in allogeneic context are hypo-immunogenic and their crosstalk with both arms of the immune system is probably in favor of cardiac repair. Advancing the basic knowledge of stem cells immunology, our studies may also pave the way for clinical translation of these hCPC
Piau, Olivier. "Mécanismes développementaux orchestrant la différenciation des cellules souches pluripotentes induites en cellules souches hématopoïétiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS082.
Full textHematopoietic stem cells are the rare cells that give rise to all hematopoietic cells in the human body. Unfortunately, our organism is not able to produce them outside a short window of embryonic development in the fetal aorta. Therefore, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is often the only therapeutic solution for many patients. To expand the pool of available hematopoietic stem cells, two solutions have been proposed: proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and de novo production from pluripotent stem cells. Despite some considerable progress, current methods for proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells are still inadequate. There is still no clinically suitable protocol for ex vivo generation of hematopoietic stem cells from pluripotent stem cells. My PhD project focuses on the analysis of a new differentiation protocol for human induced pluripotent stem cells into hematopoietic stem cells. This one-step protocol is based on the differentiation of embryoid bodies in 17 days of culture using a novel and specific combination of cytokines and growth factors. This stroma- and transgene-free procedure is capable of generating serially transplantable hematopoietic stem cells in irradiated, immunocompromised mice. Using single-cell transcriptomic datasets performed at different time points in the differentiation protocol, I was able to characterize the different cell types that were produced. Embryoid bodies produced cells of the mesodermal, endodermal, and ectodermal lineages after 17 days of differentiation, as well as some cells with an extra-embryonic phenotype, the presence of which was confirmed by immunofluorescence experiments. Our data set was compared with published data sets of human embryonic aorta at the time of hematopoietic stem cell production. Endothelial cells with a similar transcriptomic phenotype between the embryonic aorta and embryoid bodies were detected. In addition, cells corresponding to the transcriptional signature of embryonic hematopoietic stem cells were detected. Thus, our protocol appears to reproduce the generation of hematopoietic stem cells from the aorta through an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition similar to that in vivo. Finally, single-cell transcriptome analysis of the bone marrow of the transplanted mice showed that the injected human cells recapitulated all hematopoietic lineages. The results of my dissertation provide a better understanding of our protocol for ex vivo production of hematopoietic stem cells while providing insight into the developmental mechanisms that control their production in vivo
Minier, Nicolas. "Development of an organ-on-chip microfluidic device incorporating an actuatable hydrogel layer to produce barrier tissue mimicries on chips." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. https://bibliotheque.utc.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/2021COMP2644.
Full textModern day ethics and laws call for more safety and use of fewer animals in biomedical research. It became crucial to develop novel in vitro devices of higher relevance. Since the end of the twentieth century, several systems have been proposed by researchers in attempts to palliate the shortcomings of current systems. Notably, organs-on-chip systems are specifically tailored to recapitulate tissue functions in a manner that remains easily accessible for the experimenter. Despite the significant improvements that were brought during the last century to in vitro cell and tissue culture systems, the field of bioengineering is still young and much progress remains to be done. The work presented here details the development of an organ-on-chip that includes a biocompatible and actuatable hydrogel membrane, with controlled physico-chemical properties. Such chip is relevant when hosting barrier tissues, which are composed of several cell types, disposed on each side of a barrier, as well as within its bulk, and are often submitted to mechanical stimuli. During this PhD, several objectives have been attained. Notably, we: - Designed and produced an organ-on-chip including a biocompatible and actuatable hydrogel layer, as well as a microfluidic system allowing the independent control of both flow and actuation. - Characterized the deformation of the hydrogel layer. - Cultured intestinal cells within the chip, which formed a three dimensionally structure epithelium, and characterized its apparent permeability to molecules of varying sizes
Flippe, Léa. "Etude de la différenciation de cellules souches hématopoïétiques et de cellules T à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=c61a0ae9-8328-4516-a59a-dd4bf879ebb5.
Full textCell therapy using T cells has revolutionized medical care in the last years but limitations are associated with the difficulty of genome editing, the production of sufficient number of cells and product standardization. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into T cells to provide a standardized homogenous product of defined origin in indefinite quantity, therefore they are of great potential to alleviate limitations of therapeutic T cell production. We describe an efficient protocol for the generation of hematopoietic and T cell progenitors in two steps: generation of hematopoietic progenitor cells from embryoid bodies then directed differentiation of hPSC-derived hematopoietic progenitors into T-cell progenitors in the presence of Notch signaling. We compared the transcriptome of the hematopoietic progenitors differentiated from hPSCs with cord blood HSCs. This revealed that the CD34+CD43+ subset of cells is the closest to cord blood HSCs. Similarly, we compared the T cells differentiated from hPSCs with primary thymus tissue. This revealed that we managed to differentiate cells up to the DN2 step of T cells development in thymus. Moreover, FOXP3 transduction during the differentiation resulted in a significant differentiation of Foxp3+CD3+TCRαβ+CD8+ or Foxp3+CD3+TCRαβ+CD4+ cells. Collectively, these results are of great interest for the study of hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. In addition, this work is a step towards the use of human T cells derived from hiPSCs in cell therapy
Caradec, Josselin. "Cancer, métastases et cellules souches." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST0036.
Full textChimiokines are proteins belonging to the cytokines' family. In the beginning, chemokines were studied for their implication in the leucocytic trafic regulation. Since ten years, many studies however show that chemokines are also implied in all of carcinogenesis steps: antitumor immunity inhibition, role of growth factor of tumoral cells, angiogenesis regulation and especially metastases migration induction. Indeed, chemokines are able to guide metastatic cells from the primary tumour towards their secondary site thanks to chemokine / chemokine receptors interactions which lead to metastases migration along a chemokine gradient until their secondary site. Then, metastases activation will lead to the development of a secondary tumour.It is the understanding of chemokines' role in metastases migration that led to the study of their receptors expression in cancer. After having initially studied the tools that were necessary to obtain reliable results in particular in quantitative PCR, expression profile of several chemokine receptors was established on patients developing a colorectal cancer. Results show that only CCR10 and CXCR4 expressions significantly decrease in patients who develop metastases. Moreover this decrease is correlated with poor prognostic. However, in vitro studies show that metastatic colon cell lines overexpress the both receptors, and that migration of those cells is sensitive to a CCL27 gradient, the CCR10 ligand.These paradoxical results may however be easily explained if the metastatic concept is compared to the stem cell one. In both cases, these cellular types share phenotypical properties (migration, survival, proliferation) and are able to give a heterogeneous cellular population. The development of a protocol that turns proliferative tumoral cells into migratory metastatic ones (and vice versa) led us to a syncretic concept in which tumoral cells, metastases and stem cells notions are merging. In this concept, tumoral cells (which result or not from healthy stem cells), are able to reversibly change their phenotype to form metastases (‘epithelial-mesenchymal transition' equivalent). Reversibility is actually an essential concept because it may explain how a metastatic cell, once established, can be activated again and become a proliferative tumoral cell. That also implies that metastases, able to remain several months in dormancy, share the same mechanisms as stem cells ones.Lastly, the study of new angiogenesis regulation pathways - which provides to metastases the means of leaving the primary tumour - involving on the one hand PAR1 thrombin receptor, and on the other hand chemokine CXCL4 (also called PF4), may lead to the development of new therapeutic molecules
Lay, Russo Nadège. "Différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires murines et des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines en cellules dendritiques : cellules d'intérêt pour les tests de toxicologie." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4077.
Full textThe seventh amendment in the European cosmetic directive imposes an abandonment of the tests on animals to measure the allergenic or irritant effects of some compounds used in cosmetic. The allergenic response in animals ‘models includes five aspects but in the in vitro test each aspect is studied separately. Among the in vitro tests of toxicity which are envisaged, dendritic cells, which are antigen presenting cells, were revealed as cells of choice for study one of these aspects. However today it is difficult to obtain a reliable and strong source of dendritic cells allowing working out a reglementary test. The aim of my thesis project was to propose an alternative model in these tests on animals. For it we set up the conditions allowing generating dendritic cells derived of stern cells. For it we have two sources of stem cells (hiPS) which having all the characteristics of the embryonic stem cells without raise ethical problems. These two types of cells allowed having an inexhaustible and plentiful source of dendritic cells. We set up one protocol allowing generating and purifying a population of dendritic cells from mouse embryonic stem cells. Cells were characterized by gene expression like CD45, CD86. Furthermore we realized as functional test that consists to measure the dextran-FICT endocytosis and the answer of this cellular population to allergenic reference molecules such as MCI/MI or TNBS. We also tried to generate “dendritic-like” cells from human iPS based to expression of specifics markers as CD45, CD34, CD1a, CD14, CD209, CD207, CD86 and HLA-DR. Several protocols were envisaged. However dendritic-like cells obtained represent a low percentage of differentiated cells and the protocol is in the course of optimization. Increasingly tests use keratinocytes cells for evaluate another aspect of allergenic response. So we were interesting also to these cells and we will present first steps differentiation of hiPS that will allow generating keratinocytes
Laplane, Lucie. "Cellules souches cancéreuses : ontologie et thérapies." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100119/document.
Full textA new theory of cancer has recently gained importance in the scientific community. According to this theory, cancers develop from a particular sub-population of cancer cells, named “cancer stem cells” (CSCs). The proponents of the CSC theory argue that relapses are caused by CSCs because they escape classical therapies. Consequently, they claim that eliminating all the CSCs of a given cancer is a necessary and sufficient condition to cure the patient. In this dissertation, I scrutinize this therapeutic strategy and I argue that its ability to cure cancers will depend on our understanding of the nature of stemness. Indeed, cancer stem cells are characterized by this property, that is, the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate. However, the nature of stemness is rather obscure. Is it a categorical property or a disposition? Can a non-stem cell (cancerous or not) acquire stemness, and under which conditions? On the basis of analysis survey of the scientific literature, I distinguish four possible concepts of the nature of stemness. I contend that if the CSC theory is true, determining the exact nature of stemness is essential for cancers treatments
Harichane, Yassine. "Cellules souches pulpaires et réparation dentinaire." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T042.
Full textStem cell based research may provide a conservative alternative to current treatments based on a biochemical approach. My thesis work was founded on 3 complementary approaches in order to pave the way to the development of new conservative tools in biodentistry. In vitro axis. We derived cell lines from the dental pulp of mouse embryo displaying stem cell properties. These stem cells evidenced the formal demonstration that multipotent stem cells do exist in the pulp. In vivo axis. Our data show that the implantation of bioactive molecules or dental pulp stem cells in the first maxillary molar of rat leads to the repair of pulp exposure. In silico axis. We contributed to the development of new imaging tools allowing quantitative and qualitative analysis of hard tissues in a non-invasive way
Zeineddine, Dana. "Prédétermination cardiaque des cellules souches embryonnaires." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20027.
Full textBouacida-Boucherma, Amina. "Caractérisation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses natives." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR3304.
Full textNative mesenchymal stem cells were found tore perivascular cells with pericyte features. This suggests that pericyte phenotype is crucial for the stenness of MSC. We cultured MSC from bone marrow upon in vitro conditions (EGM2 versus standard mediums). They all express MSC, markers and character. Cells cultivated into ECM2 were found to be more immature than cells obtained from standard conditions (expressed OCT4, NANOG and SOX2), with high neuronal and engraftment potential
Mourey, Claire. "Les cellules souches nerveuses des mammifères." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque/documents/dessid/rrbmourey.pdf.
Full textVELU, HERVE. "Manifestations intestinales des carcinomes bronchiques a petites cellules." Amiens, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AMIEM018.
Full textVan, Landeghem Laurianne. "Contrôle des fonctions des cellules épithéliales intestinales par les cellules gliales entériques." Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=53a1af3d-58a4-4865-a8ce-0d006a67df4c.
Full textEnteric glial cells (EGC) represent a major cellular component of the enteric nervous system and are part of the cellular microenvironment of the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB). The IEB is composed of a monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) under constant renewal. The role of EGC in the maintenance and repair of IEB remains currently largely unknown. Thus, this study combining transcriptomic and functional in vivo and in vitro studies aimed at identifying major IEB functions regulated by EGC. Using microarrays, we have first demonstrated that EGC modulated IEC functions involved in cell motility, morphology, adhesion and proliferation. We have then shown that EGC inhibited IEC proliferation via the release of TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor). We next demonstrated using an in vitro model of IEB wound repair that EGC induced an increase in epithelial restitution in part by increasing IEC spreading via the release by EGC of proEGF (Epidermal Growth Factor). The effects of EGC upon IEB restitution were mediated by an increase in both activity and expression of FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) in IEC and via an EGFR-dependent pathway. Finally, this study also described glial network alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC). In conclusion, our data indicate that EGC are major regulators of IEC functions and suggest that putative defects in glial functions may contribute towards intestinal pathologies with altered repair processes such as CRC or inflammatory bowel disease
Diard, Médéric. "Evolution de la virulence des souches pathogènes extra-intestinales d'Escherichia coli." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077188.
Full textThe Extra-intestinal Pathogenic strains of Escherchia coli (ExPEC) are involved in the infection of normally sterile niches outside of the intestinal tract (Le. , the urinary tract, the blood stream and/or the cerebrospinal fluid). Their primary habitat is the gastro-intestinal tract of warm blooded animals where they are innocuous. The extra-intestinal pathogenesis seems to be a poorly efficient mean for these strains to be transmitted to new hosts. Consequently, it has been proposed that the virulence of the ExPEC strains is a coincidental evolution, ; by-product of commensalism. In order to verify this hypothesis. I’ve first performed a phenotypic and genotypic comparative study of a collection of ExPEC or fecal natural isolates. Compared to fecal isolates, the ExPEC strains are in general more motile and more resistant to different biologically relevant stresses. Moreover, ExPEC strains carry genes associated with the virulence clustered on horizontally acquired genomic islands called Pathogenicity Islands (PAIs). Thèse strains are also more virulent in a murin model of septicemia and f Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, we demonstrate that C. Elegans is a relevant model for study the pathogenesis of ExPEC. In a second time, I have focused my work on PAIs function. For that, I have constructed different mutants of the ExPEC strain 536 deleted for one or seven PAIs. I have observed that mutants without any PAI loose the competition against the ancestral strain during the colonization of the digestive tract of mice. The results concerning mutants without one of the seven PAIs suggest that they act in concert. Therefore, the PAIs seem to be selected during intestinal colonization which confirms the hypothesis that the virulence of the ExPEC is a coincidental evolution of commensalism
Navarre, Anaïs. "Différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines en cellules épithéliales respiratoires." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS031/document.
Full textHuman embryonic stem cells (hESCs), for to their characteristics of pluripotency and unlimited proliferation, represent an alternative to the use of primary cells from patients: their commitment and differentiation into airway epithelial cells could help to overcome the lack of patient’s cells and could allow the unlimited production of epithelium for the screening of therapeutic molecules.The objective of our work was to develop a simple and financially acceptable protocol to differentiate hESCs into airway epithelial cells and to produce a complete epithelium. To do this, we followed two potential routes of hESC differentiation: a route through the production of definitive endoderm, the germ layer at the origin of the respiratory epithelium, and a route through a common potential progenitor to the respiratory and epidermal lineages. Various combinations of matrix proteins, differentiation inducers, induction time and culture media were tested.Our results show that hESC culture on STO feeder cells in an optimized medium for human bronchial epithelial cells, the BEGM medium, in the presence of Bone Morphenetic Protein 4 and retinoic acid for 6 days then in BEGM medium alone for 30 supplementary days led to the differentiation of more than 76% of respiratory epithelial progenitors expressing specific markers such as CK13, P63, CXCR4, FOXA2, SOX17, NKX2.1, SOX2 and SOX9. The application of these culture conditions to definitive endoderm cells, previously obtained from hESC, failed to improve the effectiveness of this protocol. The isolation of these progenitors and the reconstruction of a complete airway epithelium remain to be developed
Vigneau, Cécile. "Cellules souches embryonnaires : une nouvelle source pour les cellules rénales ?" Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066381.
Full textIn the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells give rise to embryoid bodies (EBs) that can differentiate into all 3 lineages including mesoderm from which kidney is derived. The generation of ES cell-derived progenitors offers potential for regenerative therapies. Since brachyury denotes mesoderm specification, we used a mouse ES cell-line with GFP knocked into the functional brachyury locus as well as lac-Z in the ROSA26 for use in cell selection and lineage tracing. Culture conditions were optimized (4 days, 10ng/ml Activin-A) to generate maximal numbers of renal progenitor populations identified by expression of the specific combination for renal progenitors : Brachyury, Cadherin-11, WT-1, Pax-2, Wnt-4, CD133, CD24 and Oct-4. LacZ/Brachy/GFP+ cells and LacZ/Brachy/GFP- cells were further selected by FACS. 5 days after injection into embryonic kidney explants in organ culture, LacZ/Brachy/GFP+ cells localized into blastemal cells of the nephrogenic zone while LacZ/T/GFP- cells incorporated in the ureteric bud. After a single injection into developing live newborn mouse kidneys, co-localization studies showed that the LacZ/Brachy/GFP+ cells were stably integrated into proximal tubules for 7 months without teratoma formation. LacZ/Brachy/GFP- cells got incorporated in different kind of tubules, preferentially in the collecting duct, but 12. 5% of the mice developed teratomas. It is concluded that defined differentiation of ES cells into EBs with Activin-A and selection for Brachyury expression provides a means to isolate and purify renal proximal tubular progenitor cells with the potential for safe use in regenerative therapies
Goldman, Orit. "Modèle de différenciation de cellules endothéliales à partir des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077060.
Full textThe development of the vascular System takes place through two pathways: vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Endothelial cells play a central role in the formation and function of blood vessels. They take place in the inner wall of ail vessels and constitute a dynamic barrier for the exchanges between blood and tissues. In addition, the endothelial cells are highly specialized. For example, the endothelial cells of blood-brain barrier (BBB) restrict the passage of molecules and cells into the central nervous System. Vasculogenesis can be studied in vitro through the model of human embryonic stem cells (hES). HES cells can generate ail three embryonic layers: mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm. They form spontaneously in culture compact structures called embryoïd bodies (EBs). The EBs treatment with a combination of cytokines leads to the differentiation into endothelial and hematopoietic precursor, confirming the existence of a stem cell common to both Systems. The production of endothelial cells from hES is stimulated by BMP4, which accelerates the time to onset of endothelial cells emergence (CD144/KDR) and the number of cells involved in this differentiation process. In the presence of BMP4, we highlight a population of endothelial progenitors, which differentiate into functional endothelial cells. We currently operate the model to obtain endothelial cells with specialized functions, such as endothelial cells of the BBB. Such endothelial cells express the proteins of tight junctions, adhesion molecules. During development, these characteristics are acquired and maintained by contact with astrocytes. For this reason, we co-culture the endothelial cells derived from hES with astrocytes. In parallel, we have tried to isolate more immature endothelial progenitors by using a combination of markers expressed on post-natal endothelial progenitors. BMP4 boosted differentiating hES cells were sorted with CD133/KDR markers. However, put into culture, these cells generate a population of cells expressing markers of both mesenchymal cells (vimentin and ASMA) and epithelial cells (CK8, CK18 and CK19). In culture, these cells are able to differentiate into chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts. Their differentiation into epithelial cells is currently under investigation. We suggest that these cells are in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and we are currently working on that hypothesis. These studies have shown that hES cells can give access a broad spectrum of differentiation from immature cells to cells that have acquired specialized functions. With regard to endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells, this property may have uses in pharmacology and, further, will open the way to regenerative medicine
Flici, Hakima. "Différenciation et plasticité des cellules souches neurales." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070644.
Full textKlimchenko, Oléna. "Différenciation hématopoïétique des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077056.
Full textHematopoiesis in vertebrates includes two waves: one transitional extraembryonic called primitive and the second intra-embryonic origin called definitive. This sequence in mammals has been well studied in mice and much more difficult in humans for ethical reasons. The development of cell lines of human embryonic stem) offers a unique cellular model to study the different events mat occur during ontogeny. The goal of my thesis was to study embryonic hematopoiesis in the ES cell model to characterize the ontogenetic changes and better understand the pathophysiology of certain malignancies that occur on fetal progenitors. The first part of my thesis was devoted to studying the development of erythroid and megakaryocytic lineage. This work has identified the bipotent erythro-megakaryocytic progenitor (MEP) during thé embryonic primitive human hematopoiesis. We also showed that the MEP is upstream of monopotent progenitors committed exclusively to erythroid and megakaryocytic and produce mature nucleated erythrocytes and ,respectively. Platelets. The study of the specific regulation of embryonic development of MEPs help to establish the molecular mechanisms of commitment to a specific lineage differentiation during erythroblastic and megakaryocytic primitive. These results suggest that the primitive yolk sac hematopoiesis in humans is associated with the simultaneous emergence of erythroblastic and megakaryocytic fines. The second part of my thesis was devoted to the study of the ontogeny of human embyonic monopoesis. This work has enabled us to show that the process of macrophage differentiation from human ES cells reproduces the main stages of monopoiesis observed in adult bone marrow. Monocytic cells derived from human ES cells (huESC) express a combination of cell-surface markers that overlap with adult blood resident monocytes and showed an anti- inflammatory state that was confirmed at the level of secreted proteins. This polarization appeared to be related to ontogeny as fetal liver CD34+ cells- derived monocytic cells demonstrated a very similar phenotype. Both embryonic and fetal monocytic cells showed an enhanced expression of genes encoding tissue degrading enzymes, anti-inflammatory chemokines and scavenger receptors. They secreted high amounts of proteins acting on tissue remodeling and angiogenesis in comparison to blood adult monocytes and they promoted the development of large blood vessels in xeno-transplanted human tumors. These ontogenic functional properties correlated with a specific pathway of differentiation. These findings suggest that the differentiation of monocytic cells during human development may produce a majority of cells endowed mainly with antiinflammatory and trophic fonctions, supporting human fetus development
Monsarrat, Paul. "Cellules souches, médecine régénérative et régénération parodontale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30031/document.
Full textThe first part of this work introduces a new concept of analysis of clinical trial records and the dynamics of their evolution, both thematic and temporal. This concept has been applied to regenerative medicine, showing the lack of correlation between the source of stem cells and the fields of application. The stomatognathic diseases are few involved in clinical trials for stem cells therapy. Yet periodontitis, immuno-infectious diseases responsible for the destruction of the tooth supporting tissues, are a major public health issue. While the authors agree on the responsibility of the immune and microbial ecology in the pathophysiology of the disease, the reasons for dysbiosis, individual susceptibilities, are still unclear. Graft of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) would return to homeostasis by promoting the activation of endogenous MSCs. The second part of this work shows that periodontitis were potentially associated with 57 systemic diseases; the clinical trials registry of the World Health Organization have been analyzed. The efficacy and safety of the use of MSCs for periodontal regeneration in animal models have also been demonstrated. Yet the models suffered from methodological problems, periodontal lesions are few representative of the pathophysiology. This second part thus provides data on the effectiveness of ASC (CSM from adipose tissue) to improve quantitative and qualitative regeneration of periodontal supporting tissues in a mouse model where periodontal lesions were generated by repeated administration of parodonto-pathogenic bacteria. It is therefore a model whose pathophysiology is closer to that found in humans. Finally, the second part demonstrates broad antibacterial spectrum of ASC whose effect is both direct (macrophage-like effect) and indirect (via the secretion of antibacterial factors)
Renard, Emmanuelle Alliot-Licht Brigitte. "Les cellules souches et la pulpe dentaire." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/CDrenard.pdf.
Full text