Journal articles on the topic 'Leptospirosis Prevention'
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Breneva, N. V., V. M. Korzun, I. V. Meltsov, A. A. Umanets, D. Yu Cusin, Yu S. Musatov, Т. V. Gromova, and А. V. Allenov. "Influence of Specific Leptospirosis Prevention to Epidemic Process." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 18, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2019-88-95.
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Aim of the study was to investigate the features of vaccine prevention of leptospirosis and its influence on morbidity.Materials and methods. The incidence of human leptospirosis in the Russian Federation in 1956–2016, 41 cases of disease in Siberia and the Far East in 2012–2016, official Rossel'khoznadzor data, volumes of laboratory studies and vaccination of animals in Primorsk Territory and Irkutsk Region were analyzed. Blood sera from 7315 humans, 2189 dogs, 481 bovine animals and 50 small cattle, 115 pigs, 88 horses were investigated to pathogenic Leptospira antibodies.Results. Essential significance of vaccinal leptospiroses prevention in farm animals and dogs to decrease the epizootic and epidemic process activities is demonstrated. Currently, the epidemic process in Siberia and at the Far East includes only sporadic cases, the immune stratum of the population is 3,7 ± 0,2%. Postvaccinal antibody titres in dogs, pigs and small cattle rarely exceed 1:100 while in bovine animals and horses it can reach 1:800 without disease signs.Conclusion. Human immunization in the antropurgic foci is impractical at effective specific prophylaxis for animals. The standard base for leptospiroses requires improvement. The concept of absolute and relative diagnostic antibody titer in microagglutination test is offered to use in clinical diagnostics. In veterinary the correction of diagnostic titer depending on the animal species and vaccination time is necessary.
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Mulyanti, Sri, and Athanasia Budi Astuti. "Effects of Health Education on Leptospirosis Prevention Through Dasawisma." Jurnal Ners 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v13i1.6341.
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Introduction: Globally, leptospirosis is still a major health problem in African and developing countries, including Indonesia. The best control effort is with prevention through health education. Health education with conventional methods is considered less effective, so there is a need to look for other health education methods.Methods: Aims of the research are to know the difference of effectiveness of health education methods between conventional classical method and dasawisma or peer group in (1) improvement of knowledge of leptospirosis disease prevention; (2) effectiveness in prevention of leptospirosis. Research is Quasi-Experimental research with a two-group control trial design. The sample consisted of 40 respondents treated by health education through dasawisma using a leptospirosis module as a media of Health Education, and 40 control group respondents who were given education using conventional method. Sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data were statistically analyzed with Independent T-Test.Results: (1) Meaning of treatment group = 21.77 higher than control group = 19.62 (2) Mean prevention effort of leptospirosis disease treatment group = 54.35 better than control group = 48.15 (3) Health education through dasawisma was effective to increase knowledge prevention of leptospirosis (t = 2.943; p = 0.004) (4) Health education through dasawisma was effective for increasing prevention effort of leptospirosis (t=4.695; p=0.001).Conclusion: Health education through dasawisma and leptospirosis module is significantly effective to improve knowledge of leptospirosis disease and in prevention efforts of leptospirosis.
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Phillips, Jennan A. "Leptospirosis." Workplace Health & Safety 67, no. 3 (December 21, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079918818582.
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Leptospirosis is a leading zoonotic disease for morbidity and mortality in humans globally. Occupational health nurses should teach workers and the public about leptospirosis and the importance of disrupting the infection source through rodent control, animal vaccination, and flood prevention.
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Viroj, Jaruwan, Claire Lajaunie, and Serge Morand. "Evolution of Public Health Prevention of Leptospirosis in a One Health Perspective: The Example of Mahasarakham Province (Thailand)." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030168.
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Leptospirosis is an endemic disease with moderate to high incidence in Mahasarakham province, Thailand. The present study was designed to assess the policy implementation mission regarding leptospirosis prevention and control from the national level to the local administrative levels, through a One Health perspective. A qualitative study was conducted, using documentation review, individual in-depth interviews with public health officers, local government officers, livestock officers who developed policy implementation tools or have responsibilities in leptospirosis prevention and control. The results show that Thailand has progressively developed a leptospirosis prevention and control policy framework at the national level, transferring the responsibility of its implementation to the local level. The province of Mahasarakham has decided to foster cooperation in leptospirosis prevention and control at the local level. However, there are insufficient linkages between provincial, district and sub-district departments to ensure comprehensive disease prevention activities at the local level concerning leptospirosis patients and the whole population.
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Edwards, Charles N., and Paul N. Levett. "Prevention and treatment of leptospirosis." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 2, no. 2 (April 2004): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2.2.293.
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Sulistyawati, Sulistyawati, Righa Pradana, and Sandheep Sugathan. "Human and environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in Gunungkidul, Indonesia: a case-control study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203371.
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Background: Leptospirosis is a bacterial, zoonotic disease associated with environmental factors and human behavior related to occupation. This research aimed to investigate the association between human behavior and leptospirosis. Case mapping and topographical mapping were done for a comprehensive visualization.Methods: A matched case-control study design was conducted in Gunungkidul, Indonesia, from December 2017 to January 2018. Cases were selected from those reported as suspicious of leptospirosis by the Gunungkidul District Health Office during 2017 and controls were matched according to sex and age. Chi-squared, Fisher exact test, and Odds ratios were employed to find out the association between exposure and outcome for a significance level of 0.05. Quantum GIS-Web Map-Stamen terrain was used to overlay case and landscape.Results: Bivariate analysis showed that four exposure variables that enhanced the risk for leptospirosis though not significantly associated were history of injuries, habit of taking a bath or wash the clothes in the river, not using personal protection during work and presence of an animal fence surrounding the house. Most of the leptospirosis cases (>70%) resided in a hilly area. This finding assists in developing prevention strategies concerning leptospirosis infection.Conclusions: Human behaviour is vital in leptospirosis prevention. Accordingly, this study can broaden the understanding horizon, particularly for a decision-maker where and how to implement the Leptospirosis prevention program. Prevention should address the current situation in the field and based on population and local wisdom to result in the successful implementation.
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Yarchuk, B., S. Bilyk, R. Tyrsin, O. Dovgal, P. Shulga, Y. Tyrsina, T. Tsarenko, L. Kornienko, and V. Ukhovskyi. "Epizootological features of cattle leptospirosis in the Vinnitsa region of Ukraine." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(149) (May 30, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2019-149-1-41-48.
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Leptospirosis is a common worldwide zoonotic infection, is an important livestock problem throughout Ukraine. The peculiarities of leptospirosis are the presence of more than 250 serological groups of the pathogen, which significantly influences the choice of strategy for prevention and control of this disease. The article presents data on the epizootic situation, the epizootological features of leptospirosis and the etiological structure of leptospiras in cattle in Vinnitsa region (1994-2015) and, in particular, in the farms of the Khmelnitsky district (2006-2012). The epizootic situation with leptospirosis of cattle in Vinnitsa region and the farms of Khmelnytsky district is characterized by certain fluctuations in the number of infections points and sick animals, with relative stability. Tottaly 247 cattle farms infections of leptospirosis were identified in the region during 21 years. The materials for the research were the data of veterinary records and reports of farms and state veterinary medicine establishments of Vinnitsa region, the results of laboratory tests of blood serum from cattle from suspicious farms, the results of the analysis of health and preventive measures in suspicious farms. The main leptospira serogroups that affect cattle in Vinnytsa region and directly in the Khmelnitsky region were Hebdomadis, Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, registered from 43 to 86.3% of mixed reactions. In Khmelnytsky district in 2006-2012, 7 infected farms were registered, 739 animals got sick. It was established that the epizootic situation in the farms depended on the observance of preventive and sanitary measures and the timely introduction of recovery plans. It has been proved that the integrated use of veterinary, sanitary and economic measures is an effective means of eliminating and preventing cattle leptospirosis in livestock farms. The complex of measures should include timely serological analisis of cattle on leptospirosis, adherence to quarantine during importation of animals to the herd, sanitary and preventive measures of exploitation of animals, vaccination of cattle against leptospirosis, taking into account the etiological structure of the disease. Key words: leptospira, leptospirosis, cattle, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), leptospira serological groups, epizootic situation.
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Sukeri, Surianti, Wan Mohd Zahiruddin, Mohd Nazri Shafei, Rukman Awang Hamat, Malina Osman, Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku Jamaluddin, and Aziah Binti Daud. "Perceived Severity and Susceptibility towards Leptospirosis Infection in Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176362.
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Background: Perceived severity and susceptibility refers to one’s belief of the seriousness and the risk of contracting a specific disease. It is an essential study in public health as it assists in the understanding of the motivating factors towards disease prevention. This qualitative study aimed to explore perceived severity and susceptibility towards leptospirosis infection among respondents in two states of Malaysia. Methods: Focus group discussions using the phenomenology approach was conducted involving 72 respondents in Selangor and Kelantan. Data were examined using content analysis. Results: Respondents perceived leptospirosis infection as severe due to its poor disease prognosis and complications. However, some rated it less severe when compared with other chronic diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Their perceptions were influenced by their knowledge about the disease, media portrayal and frequency of health campaigns by the government. All respondents believed they were not susceptible to the disease. Conclusion: The low perceived susceptibility of leptospirosis infection is a matter of concern as it may contribute to respondents’ lack of motivation towards preventing the disease. The study findings may provide the basis for health promotional activities designed to heighten public perceived threat towards leptospirosis infection and thereby improving preventive health behaviors for avoiding leptospirosis.
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Rao, AMK Mohan. "Rodent Control a Tool for Prevention of Leptospirosis - A Success Story on Human Leptospirosis with Gujarat State." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 03 (September 30, 2020): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202028.
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Leptospirosis is a debilitating zoonosis for humans as well as domestic animals worldwide and widespread in tropical and sub tropical areas with high rainfall. India being a tropical country is potential for this debilitating disease. Among mammals, rodents are most important and widely distributed reservoirs of leptospiral infection. Four species of rodents i.e., Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, Bandicota indica and Bandicota bengalensis, are known vectors for this disease and transmit the infection in rural and urban areas. Hence, rodent control in larger areas is recommended for preventing the spread of this disease. Gujarat is one of the States having established leptospirosis endemic pockets, particularly in Valsad, Navsari, Tapi and Surat districts. Hence, the Departments of Health and Agriculture, Gujarat conducted coordinated rodent vector control campaigns to prevent the disease spread. All activities were guided by National Institute of Plant Health Management, Hyderabad and funded under National Plan on Rodent Pest Management of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The initial pilot scale rodent control campaigns conducted in 114 villages covering 5,127 hectares jointly by Agriculture and Health Departments of the state in 2009 brought a reduction of 61% leptospirosis disease prevalence. Following this success, large scale community based rodent control campaigns were organized during 2012 in these districts in 1822 villages covering 4,70,782 hectares and obtained 82% reduction in the disease prevalence. It was observed that the inter-departmental coordination of Agriculture and Health Departments brought these significant results, which can be replicated and adopted elsewhere to prevent leptospirosis in the country.
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Endarto, Yulian. "PENGETAHUAN PERSONAL HYGIENE DENGAN PERILAKU PENCEGAHAN KEJADIAN LEPTOSPIROSIS DI KOTA BIMA NTB." Jurnal Delima Harapan 7, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31935/delima.v7i1.92.
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Background: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by leptospirapatogen bacteria. The highest leptospirosis disease in the African region (85.5 per 100,000 population) was followed by the Western Pacific (66.4), America (12.5), Southeast Asia (4.8) and Europe (0.5). Most of the reported cases have severe manifestations, whose mortality rate is greater than 10%. Objective: This study aimed the relationship of knowledge and attitude of PHBS with behavior prevention of Leptospirosis event on kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat. Method: The methods of this research used quantitative descriptive with cross sectional design consisting of 71 samples were obtained. Statistical analysis using t test. Result: There is a significant correlation coefficient of t test of 0.37 and the Sig value of 0.000 where the resulting significance value is less than 0.05 (Sig. P 0,000 <0,05) thus there is a relationship of knowledge and attitude of PHBS with the prevention behavior incidence of leptospirosis on Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship of knowledge and attitude of PHBS with behavior prevention of leptospirosis incidence in Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat.
Keywords : Knowledge, Attitude, PHBS, Behavior, Leptospirosis
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Viroj, Jaruwan, Julien Claude, Claire Lajaunie, Julien Cappelle, Anamika Kritiyakan, Pornsit Thuainan, Worachead Chewnarupai, and Serge Morand. "Agro-Environmental Determinants of Leptospirosis: A Retrospective Spatiotemporal Analysis (2004–2014) in Mahasarakham Province (Thailand)." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030115.
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Leptospirosis has been recognized as a major public health concern in Thailand following dramatic outbreaks. We analyzed human leptospirosis incidence between 2004 and 2014 in Mahasarakham province, Northeastern Thailand, in order to identify the agronomical and environmental factors likely to explain incidence at the level of 133 sub-districts and 1982 villages of the province. We performed general additive modeling (GAM) in order to take the spatial-temporal epidemiological dynamics into account. The results of GAM analyses showed that the average slope, population size, pig density, cow density and flood cover were significantly associated with leptospirosis occurrence in a district. Our results stress the importance of livestock favoring leptospirosis transmission to humans and suggest that prevention and control of leptospirosis need strong intersectoral collaboration between the public health, the livestock department and local communities. More specifically, such collaboration should integrate leptospirosis surveillance in both public and animal health for a better control of diseases in livestock while promoting public health prevention as encouraged by the One Health approach.
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Nursitasari, Hanifah Agda. "The Analysis of Residents’ Behavior, The Condition of Ratproofing Houses and Their Effects on the Incidence of Leptospirosis Cases in Ponorogo Regency." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 11, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v11i3.2019.198-207.
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Leptospirosis is a disease with high fatality, it is transmitted by animals infected with Leptospira bacteria either through direct or indirect contact. Ponorogo is one of endemic areas to Leptospirosis whereas the incidence of this zoonotic disease reported annually. The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior of respondents and ratproofing house conditions against the incidence of leptospirosis in Ponorogo Regency. This research was an observational study with case control research design (ratio of 1: 3 with a comparison of the number of cases of 9 participants and control of 27 participants). The data were obtained by observation and interviews using observation sheets and questionnaires as instruments to obtain information about respondents' behavior and the condition of rats-free houses. The results of statistical tests using chi square showed that contact with standing water is significantly associated with the Leptospiroris incidence with OR = 10.0 (p value=0.03, 95% CI = 1,1 – 91,4) and condition of sewage system (SPAL) also significantly associated with OR = 0.10 (p value 0.02;) 95% CI: 0,01 – 0,79). Poor personal habits such as contact with standing water after working has positive association with odds ratio 10 times higher of causing leptospirosis and the condition of house sewage system (SPAL) that are covered by sewage nets to prevent the entry of mice into the house has negative association or a protective factor against the occurrence of leptospirosis. Suggestions that can be given are educating the general public within the observation area about the dangers of leptospirosis and its prevention, improving the diagnostic ability of Leptosirosis in the Primary Health Care (Puskesmas), improving daily residents behavior or habits by rinsing hands and feet in running water using soap, and closing wire gutters to prevent access rat into the house.
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Sofiyani, Maya, M. Imron Mawardi, P. Sigit Purnomo, and Hariza Adnani. "The Relationship of Residential Environment with The Risk of Leptospirosis in Sleman Regency." Journal of Health Science and Prevention 1, no. 2 (September 12, 2017): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/jhsp.v1i2.79.
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The effort of leptospirosis prevention in Sleman currently only limited to counseling and treatment of the patient, while the patient search, ways of transmission of leptospirosis from rats to humans, have never implemented in an integrated manner. The study aimed to investigated the relationship between the environmental residential condition with the risk of leptospirosis in Sleman Regency. The research used a survey method  with case control study design. The results showed that environmental factors, which are not proved to have a relationship with the risk of leptospirosis were residential condition ({p=0,108} OR=3,818 {95%CI:0,922–15,811}), the trash bin condition ({p=1,000} OR=1,138 {95%CI:0,420–3,081}) and the sewer condition ({p=0,415} OR=0,551 {95%CI:0,187–1,624}). Environmental factors that associated with the risk of leptospirosis was the presence of rats ({p=0,001} OR=13,594 {95%CI:2,754–67,107}). The effort should be made in order to prevent the increasement of Leptospirosis cases by sanitation improvement and avoiding direct contact with rats as well as it litter. The Government should be pay more attention in the vector control programs, especially in leptospirosis prone areas so the prevention effort to be able run effectively and efficiently.
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Franco, Alieksandr Karnauchovas, José Victor Pronievicz Barreto, Bruna Fonseca Matias, Daiane Andreola, Francisco Thiago Vieira Oliveira, José Gustavo Monteiro Minguetto, Marcela Lucas de Lima, et al. "Leptospirose em Ovinos: Revisão Clínico Microbiológica." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 24, no. 5-esp. (February 19, 2021): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2020v24n5-esp.p462-468.
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A leptospirose é uma zoonose causada por uma bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Trata-se de uma enfermidade infecciosa de distribuição mundial, de ocorrência maior em países de clima tropical e subtropical, principalmente, nos períodos mais chuvosos, quando existem condições ambientais, que aumentam a sobrevivência da bactéria no ambiente. Esta enfermidade acomete os seres humano e, praticamente, todos os animais domésticos e selvagens, que podem se tornar portadores e contribuírem para a disseminação do micro-organismo na natureza. Nos ovinos, a enfermidade pode provocar falhas reprodutivas e abortamentos, morte de cordeiros, inanição, infecção grave, febre e insuficiência hepática e/ou renal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar importantes aspectos sobre a leptospirose em ovinos, abordando sobre o histórico, etiologia, epidemiologia, patogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico, tratamento, controle e prevenção. Foram lidos 58 trabalhos publicados, a busca ocorreu através de portais indexadores e livros, que citam como descritores as palavras: lepstospiras em animais, Leptospiras em ovinos, sorovares de Leptospiras, leptospirose em ovinos. A compreensão de todos os fatores envolvidos na leptospirose em ovinos é uma condição fundamental para a adoção de medidas estratégicas médicas e epidemiológicas, que possibilitem o controle e a prevenção da doença nos rebanhos, evitando assim queda na produtividade e redução dos prejuízos econômicos.
Palavras-chave: Leptospira spp. MAT Zoonoses.
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by a bacterium of the genus Leptospira. It is an infectious disease worldwidely distributed, occurring more frequently in countries with tropical and subtropical climates, especially in the rainiest periods, when there are environmental conditions that increase the bacteria survival in the environment. This disease affects humans and most of the domestic and wild animals, which can become carriers and contribute to the microorganism spread in nature. In sheep, the disease can cause reproductive failures and miscarriages, lamb death, starvation, severe infection, fever and liver and / or kidney failure. This work aimed to review important aspects about leptospirosis in sheep, addressing the history, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention. 58 published works were read, the search was performed through indexing portals and books that mention the words as descriptors: leptospirae in animals, leptospirae in sheep, serovars of leptospirae, leptospirosis in sheep. Understanding all the factors involved in leptospirosis in sheep is a fundamental condition for the adoption of strategic medical and epidemiological measures that enable the disease control and prevention in herds, thus avoiding a fall in productivity and a reduction in economic losses.
Keywords: Leptospira spp. MAT. Zoonosis.
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Aslan, Ozgur. "Leptospirosis; Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention: A Review." British Microbiology Research Journal 13, no. 6 (January 10, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/24924.
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Shafie, Nur Juliani, Najma Syahmin Abdul Halim, Mohamed Nor Zalipah, Nur Amalin Zahirah Mohd Amin, Sharifah Masit’ah Syed Esa, Shukor Md-Nor, Arnau Casanovas-Massana, et al. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices regarding Leptospirosis among Visitors to a Recreational Forest in Malaysia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0306.
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ABSTRACTLeptospirosis is a zoonotic disease and a worldwide public health problem that affects mainly high-risk groups. Characterizing knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among high-risk groups is important to develop appropriate prevention programs. Here, we performed a cross-sectional study among 300 visitors of a recreational forest in Malaysia to examine leptospirosis KAP and demographics. These variables were integrated to create knowledge and practice scores for each respondent. All respondents had heard about leptospirosis, and 87% of them correctly identified it as a disease. The majority of respondents had high knowledge (63%), positive attitude, and good practice (68%) toward prevention of the disease. However, there were gaps in knowledge, with 78% of the respondents indicating eating without washing hands as the major cause of leptospirosis transmission. Our final model identified that higher knowledge score was associated with higher practice score. Our results indicate that it is important to increase knowledge, especially on transmission routes of leptospirosis, among visitors in recreational areas. Moreover, more attention needs to be paid to promote good practice habits among visitors, targeting those at higher risk of being infected by leptospirosis to prevent potential outbreaks in the recreational areas.
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Hernandez-Rodriguez, Patricia, and Brayam Trujillo-Rojas. "One health: a comprehensive approach to improve prevention and control strategies in Leptospirosis." Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias 21, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/223811712112022071.
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Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by Leptospira spp., a spirochete that presents serovars diversity, whose prevalence, mode of transmission and circulation depend on the ecology and complex interrelation between humans, animals, and the environment in which they coexist. In animals, it affects reproduction causing economic losses and in terms of the environment, the evidence is limited. However, the survival of the bacteria is water favors; is for this, cases of leptospirosis increase with floods and rainfall. Despite its global distribution, epidemic potential, high human mortality rate, and socioeconomic burden, this zoonosis is neglected. Furthermore, worldwide zoonoses prioritization exercises based on the impact on agriculture, human and animal health have led to leptospirosis ranking among the most important zoonoses associated with poverty. This situation reflects the need for an integral management from the regulatory institutions of human, animal, and environmental health; but one main barrier of intersectionality is how the administration is designed for these events control. The current structures lead us to reflect and tend towards a holistic approach, seeking new forms of organization, new strategies to study, control and treat leptospirosis, the control of which is the responsibility of different sectors and disciplines. The comprehensive management of leptospirosis implies a higher level of understanding of the agent and of the biological, socioeconomic, and cultural risk factors in the regions and from a practical perspective, it is necessary to promote joint work initiatives; as well as present evidence of the need for work from a "one health" perspective for a zoonosis that has become an emerging problem in public health.
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Sudaryanto, Agus, Fatkhurrohman Ilham Fuadi, and Endang Zulaicha Susilaningsih. "Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Masyarakat Dalam Mencegah Leptospirosis di Desa Pabelan Kabupaten Sukoharjo." Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM) 1, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i1.34.
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Leptospirosis merupakan penyakit zoonosis yang mempunyai dampak signifikan terhadap kesehatan di banyak belahan dunia beriklim sub tropis dan tropis. Bakteri Leptospira merupakan penyebab leptospirosis yang dapat menyerang hewan dan manusia. Infeksi pada manusia merupakan kejadian yang bersifat insidental, karena reservoir atau penyebar utama Leptospira adalah tikus. Air kencing tikus yang terinfeksi Leptospira terbawa banjir dan dapat masuk ke tubuh manusia melalui kulit yang terluka dan selaput mukosa. Semua kasus leptospirosis ringan (anikterik) dapat sembuh sempurna, berbeda dengan leptospirosis berat (ikterik) yang mempunyai angka Case Fatality Rate tinggi, antara 5%-40%. Upaya pencegahan merupakan salah satu cara untuk menekan angka kejadian leptospirosis, diantaranya ialah dengan menumbuhkan sikap dan pengetahuan yang baik tentang leptospirosis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan sikap masyarakat dalam mencegah leptospirosis di Desa Pabelan, Kecamatan Kartasura, Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan menggunakan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat Desa Pabelan sejumlah 212 responden dengan menggunakan accidental sampling. Mayoritas responden mempunyai pengetahuan yang kurang (53,3%). Sebaliknya, 80,7% dari responden mempunyai skor sikap yang baik.
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease which has a significant effect on human health most commonly found in tropical or sub-tropical countries. Leptospira bacteria is the cause of leptospirosis which can attack animals and humans. Infection in humans is accidental, because the main reservoir or spreader of leptospira is rodents. The urine of infected rodents carried away by floodwaters can enter the human body through broken skin and mucous membranes. All patients with mild leptospirosis (anicteric) can recover completely. It is very different from patients with severe leptospirosis (jaundice) who have a high case fatality rate from 5% to 40%. Preventive measure is one way to reduce the incidence of leptospirosis by developing positive attitudes and improving good knowledge about leptospirosis. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of the community concerning on the prevention of leptospirosis in Pabelan village, Sukoharjo Regency. This study employed quantitative research with a cross sectional design in a sample of 212 respondents from Pabelan village selected by using accidental sampling. Majority of respondents demonstrated moderate knowledge (53.3%). However, 80.7% of the them demonstrated good attitude scores.
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Pratamawati, Diana Andriyani, Wening Widjajanti, Farida Dwi Handayani, Wiwik Trapsilowati, and Wiwik Dwi Lestari. "Strategi Penguatan Peran Lintas Sektor untuk Intervensi Lingkungan dalam Sistem Kewaspadaan Dini Leptospirosis di Kota Semarang Tahun 2017-2018." Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan 30, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/mpk.v30i1.1665.
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Abstract
The occurrence of leptospirosis in Semarang tends to fluctuate each year. The Semarang City Health Office then implemented a strategy to strengthen the role of cross-cutting for environmental intervention as a new breakthrough in controlling leptospirosis in Semarang City. The name of this activity is Leptospirosis Control Month. The purpose of this study is to describe a cross-sector strengthening strategy for environmental intervention in the early alert system for leptospirosis in Semarang City. The method used is to review various related literature and documents. The results of the study showed a cross-sector strengthening strategy in the form of a leptospirosis control month program. This program has been started since 2017. The leptospirosis control month activities were carried out simultaneously in September with the level of community participation in leptospirosis control month activities in 2017 reaching 93.79%. The results of the October 2018 assessment of the implementation of the Leptospirosis Control Month are seen, since this strategy was implemented, prevention of leptospirosis is not only owned by the government, but has expanded to become the property of Semarang City’s people. Evidently, as of October 2018 as many as 12.000 mice were captured by residents in order to participate in the prevention of leptospirosis. The key to the success of cross-sector strengthening in Semarang City is the gradual coordination and outreach of the month of leptospirosis control that was delivered well by the Semarang City Health Office, even though there was no specific budget, because it was delivered in conjunction with other activities. So another advantage of this cross-sector strengthening strategy is no budget or no special budget for this activity.
Abstrak
Kejadian leptospirosis di Kota Semarang kemunculannya cenderung fluktuatif tiap tahunnya. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang kemudian menerapkan strategi penguatan peran lintas sektor untuk intervensi lingkungan sebagai terobosan baru dalam pengendalian leptospirosis di Kota Semarang. Nama kegiatan ini adalah Bulan Pengendalian Leptospirosis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menggambarkan strategi penguatan lintas sektor untuk intervensi lingkungan dalam sistem kewaspadaan dini leptospirosis di Kota Semarang. Metode yang digunakan adalah mengkaji berbagai literatur dan dokumen terkait. Hasil kajian menunjukkan strategi penguatan lintas sektor berupa program Bulan Pengendalian Leptospirosis. Program ini telah dimulai sejak tahun 2017. Kegiatan Bulan Pengendalian Leptospirosis dilakukan secara serentak pada bulan September dengan tingkat partisipasi masyarakat pada kegiatan Bulan Pengendalian Leptospirosis ini pada tahun 2017 mencapai 93,79%. Hasil penilaian Bulan Oktober 2018 dari penerapan Bulan Pengendalian Leptospirosis terlihat sejak strategi ini diterapkan, pencegahan penyakit leptospirosis bukan hanya milik pemerintah saja, namun telah meluas menjadi milik masyarakat Kota Semarang. Terbukti, hingga bulan Oktober 2018 sebanyak 12.000 tikus ditangkap oleh warga masyarakat dalam rangka berpartisipasi dalam pencegahan leptospirosis. Kunci keberhasilan penguatan lintas sektor di Kota Semarang ini adalah koordinasi dan sosialisasi bertahap tentang Bulan Pengendalian Leptospirosis yang tersampaikan dengan baik oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang, meski tidak ada anggaran khusus, karena disampaikan bersamaan kegiatan yang lain. Sehingga kelebihan lain dari strategi penguatan lintas sektor ini no budget atau tidak ada anggaran khusus untuk kegiatan ini.
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Pujiyanti, Aryani, Wening Widjajanti, Arief Mulyono, and Wiwik Trapsilowati. "Assessment Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Masyarakat pada Peningkatan Kasus Leptospirosis di Kecamatan Gantiwarno, Kabupaten Klaten." Jurnal Vektor Penyakit 14, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/vektorp.v14i2.2821.
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Abstract
Leptospirosis cases in Klaten Regency in 2016-2018 have increased. An assessment action to describe the knowledge and behavior of the community regarding leptospirosis incidence in Gantiwarno District was carried out as input in efforts to control leptospirosis. The research location was in Towangsan Village, using a cross-sectional design. Data was collected in October-November 2018 through a survey among 32 residents around the case house and indepth interviews with five staff of district health office and Gantiwarno public health center. Most respondents have correct knowledge about first symptoms, health assistance facilities for leptospirosis treatment, mode of transmission, leptospirosis prevention, and carcasses handling. The community already knew about early symptoms, but didn’t see the necessity of the second visit in health facilities nor given information to medical staff about exposure history or risk factors. Qualitatively, farmers' groups are susceptible to leptospirosis because some communities still throwing rat carcasses into paddy fields, minimum use of PPE, and handwashing behavior. Health Office was recommended to educate the community about the importance of repeated visits to health facilities and providing risk factor information to health workers related to leptospirosis. Counseling leptospirosis prevention in farmer groups is carried out through cross-sectoral collaboration between the regency health office and regency agriculture office.
Abstrak
Kasus leptospirosis di Kabupaten Klaten tahun 2016-2018 mengalami peningkatan. Kegiatan assessment dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan pengetahuan dan perilaku masyarakat pada peningkatan kasus leptospirosis di Kecamatan Gantiwarno. Rancangan penelitian adalah cross sectional. Lokasi penelitian di Desa Towangsan, Kecamatan Gantiwarno, dengan waktu pengumpulan data pada bulan Oktober-November 2018. Survei pengetahuan dilakukan pada 32 orang penduduk di sekitar rumah kasus dan wawancara mendalam dilakukan pada 5 orang staf dinas kesehatan dan puskesmas. Sebagian besar responden telah memiliki pengetahuan yang benar tentang gejala awal, pemanfaatan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan untuk pengobatan leptospirosis, cara penularan dan pencegahan leptospirosis, serta cara menangani bangkai. Masyarakat mengetahui gejala awal leptospirosis, namun belum mengetahui perlunya kunjungan ulang ke sarana kesehatan dan menginformasikan riwayat faktor risiko untuk membantu penegakan diagnosis. Secara kualitatif, kelompok petani rentan terhadap penularan leptospirosis karena adanya perilaku masyarakat membuang bangkai tikus ke sawah dan rendahnya penggunaan APD serta perilaku cuci tangan dengan sabun setelah bekerja. Dinas kesehatan direkomendasikan memberikan edukasi ke masyarakat tentang pentingnya kunjungan ulang ke sarana kesehatan dan memberikan informasi faktor risiko ke tenaga kesehatan apabila memiliki gejala awal leptospirosis. Penyuluhan edukasi pencegahan leptospirosis pada kelompok petani dilakukan melalui kerjasama lintas sektor antara dinas kesehatan dengan dinas pertanian.
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Fonseka, C. L., B. N. Vidanapathirana, C. M. de Silva, A. A. B. B. Athukorala, P. R. Goonawardena, A. P. Karunathilake, I. H. Rajapakse, and A. S. Dissanayake. "Doxycycline Usage for Prevention of Leptospirosis among Farmers and Reasons for Failure to Use Chemoprophylaxis: A Descriptive Study from Southern Sri Lanka." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2917154.
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Background. Leptospirosis causes substantial morbidity and mortality in Sri Lanka. Health authorities have implemented a chemoprophylaxis programme for prevention of disease for farmers who are at a high risk of leptospirosis. Only 39% of general population is aware of chemoprophylaxis. Awareness on chemoprophylaxis and its usage among the risk population and the reasons for non-usage was uncertain. Our aim was to assess the chemoprophylaxis usage for prevention of leptospirosis among farmers and reasons for failure to use such preventive strategy. Methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on farmers in community setting in Galle District. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. Out of the seventeen “Ministry of Health” (MOH) divisions within the Galle district, nine divisions were randomly selected and, subsequently, two subdivisions (“Public Health Midwife” divisions) were randomly selected from each MOH division. From each PHM division (total of 18), a cluster who does farming as the main source of income was selected. From these farmers, details on demographics, knowledge on leptospirosis and knowledge and practice on chemoprophylaxis usage were obtained through an interviewer administered open-ended questionnaire. From those who have not properly taken chemoprophylaxis, the reasons for non-usage were explored by semistructured interviews. Results. We recruited 319 (77%-males) farmers to the study. Eighteen (5.6%) have already had leptospirosis. Majority (86.8%) of farmers were aware that doxycycline can be used to prevent the disease occurrence. Only 31% knew about correct recommendations of chemoprophylaxis usage adopted by the national guidelines. Only 28.5% (91) used doxycycline prophylaxis. Out of those, only 60 farmers (65.9%) continued the prophylaxis throughout the contact and followed national recommendations. Themes responsible for non-usage were elicited such as lack of awareness of chemoprophylaxis usage, false sense of security from the disease by perceived “immunity” due to prolong exposure or due to low prevalence of disease, lack of motivation, lack of availability of medication, and fear of side effects. Conclusions. Awareness of leptospirosis is better among farmers compared to the general population. Usage of chemoprophylaxis among farmers was highly inadequate. Individual and health system related hypotheses and myths exist for non-usage of chemoprophylaxis. Thus, an urgent concerted campaign aimed at increasing awareness within the target group through education and making medicines effectively distributed is essential for better prevention of the disease.
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Vieira, Dielson S., Reetika Chaurasia, and Joseph M. Vinetz. "Comparison of the PF07598-Encoded Virulence-Modifying Proteins of L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010014.
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Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease, with increasing frequency and severity of outbreaks, a changing epidemiology of populations at risk, and the emergence of new strains, serovars, serogroups, and species. Virulence-modifying (VM) proteins encoded by the PF07598 gene family are hypothesized to be Leptospira-secreted exotoxins that mediate the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of severe and fatal leptospirosis. If confirmed experimentally, this concept could revolutionize the treatment, diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine-mediated prevention of leptospirosis by enabling a novel array of targeted interventions. VM proteins, as with other bacterial-secreted protein exotoxins, mediate their virulence effects by attaching to eukaryotic cells, competing with other microorganisms for limited resources in environmental niches, directly intoxicating target cells, and disrupting their function in the mammalian host. In contrast with the most pathogenic group of Lept ospira, particularly L. interrogans, whose genomes contain 12–15 PF07598 paralogs, strains of the livestock and human pathogen L. borgpetersenii have two PF07598 paralogs. Given the possible non-environmentally mediated transmission of some L. borgpetersenii strains and the much smaller number of VM proteins in this species, their role in infection and disease may well differ from other leptospiral species. Comparison of VM proteins from different clades of pathogenic Leptospira may deepen our understanding of leptospirosis’s pathogenesis, leading to novel approaches to ameliorating Leptospira infection in humans and animals.
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Кистерна, Олеся, Анастасія Водяник, and Олексій Мусієнко. "Use of geoinformation technologies (GIS) in the system of monitoring and prevention of animal leptospirosis of the Cherkas region." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine, no. 1-2(44-45) (July 1, 2019): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2019.1-2.5.
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The article deals with the application of geographic information technologies (GIS) as a system of monitoring and prevention of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region. The analysis of modern programs, where GIS monitoring in veterinary medicine is used, has been carried out.
The structure of the database monitoring of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region with GIS being used, should include the regional data on: geographic indicators, wildlife habitats and pastures; farm, wild and domestic animals in number; categories of farms; pedigree value; veterinary and other institutions that provide the accounts with their mandatory inclusion in the automatic digital calculating programs (Excel).
In 2012 – 2017 the animals in Cherkasy region numbered in 838212 head of cattle, 75383 head of small cattle,1607283 head of pigs, 15195 head of horses. The density of different categories of farms raising these animal species has even distribution; among them 12 districts have dairy farms, 1 district - meat farms, 6 districts - dairy and meat farms.
The number of wild animals in Cherkasy region in 2017 was: elk – 81 head; deer – 331 head; roe deer – 6783 head; wild boars – 2380 head, foxes – 2323 head; they were evenly distributed on 1574.9 thousand hectares,and 30 hunting grounds.
During the determination of epizootic situation of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region in 2012 – 2017, 95106 animals were tested, among them 5078 animals appeared positive for leptospirosis in microagglutination test (MAT), out of which – 4454 head of cattle and pigs - together 87.71%; other species, including wild animals – 624 head (12.29%). The density of leptospirosis cases in the districts among all animal species ranges from 0 to 20%, the highest density is in Cherkasy region; in three areas there was no reporting on any positive cases.
Species composition of animals with leptospirosis in Cherkasy region in 2012–2017 was determined by: cattle – 89.17%, small cattle – 0.20, horses – 2.68, pigs – 7.82%; wild goats – 0.02% and wild boars –0.06%; dogs - 0.02%, cats - 0.04%.
The etiological profile of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region in 2012–2017 consisted mainly of mixed serogroup types - Pomona, Australis, Canicola, Grippotiphosa, Tarassovi, Icnterohaemorrhagiae –32.79%; in the second place - mixed Hebdomadis and Sejroe –14.09%; in the third – Australis –14.17%; separately - Hebdomadis and Sejroe - 11.01 and 11.81%, respectively, Icnterohaemorrhagiae - 8.08%. All others - Pomona Canicola, Grippotiphosa, Tarassovi - from 3 to 0,5%.
Adoption of the effective preventative measures of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region has become possible on the basis of the complete informative database, awareness about the animal species and their number - among those being registered and tested for leptospirosis, their etiological structure in the above mentioned region with GIS being used.
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GARVEY, P., J. CONNELL, D. O'FLANAGAN, and P. McKEOWN. "Leptospirosis in Ireland: annual incidence and exposures associated with infection." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 4 (August 5, 2013): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001775.
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SUMMARYHuman leptospirosis is found throughout the world, albeit with a higher incidence in tropical regions. In temperate regions it is associated with certain occupational and recreational activities. This paper reports both on the incidence of human leptospirosis in Ireland and on possible associated exposures, using leptospirosis case notification, enhanced surveillance, hospital discharge data and death registrations. Based on official notification data, there was a threefold increase in the reported incidence of leptospirosis in Ireland between 1995–1999 and 2004–2009, which appears partially to be due to improved reporting. The exposures most associated with infection were those involving contact with livestock or water-based recreational sports, in particular kayaking. Advice on prevention should continue to be targeted in the first instance at these groups. The variety of potential transmission routes reported should inform clinicians to consider leptospirosis in individuals with a compatible clinical profile who were not from occupational groups historically considered at risk.
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Samsudin, Suhailah, Sakinah N. S. Saudi, Norbaya S. Masri, Nur Raihana Ithnin, Jamaluddin T.Z.M.T, Rukman A. Hamat, Zahiruddin W. M. Wan Mohd, et al. "Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practice of Leptospirosis Among Healthy Malaysian and Non-Malaysian Wet Market Workers in Selected Urban Areas in Selangor, Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041346.
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Leptospirosis has been reported as an endemic in most tropical countries. Among high risk occupations, leptospirosis includes workers in agriculture and domestic animal industries. Environmental hygiene in the wet market has established a link between the presence of rodents with probability of leptospirosis infection. This study was aimed to compare the level of knowledge, attitude and preventive practice against leptospirosis between healthy Malaysian and non-Malaysian wet market workers in selected wet markets in urban areas of Selangor. A cross-sectional study in the determined area was conducted with the participation of 147 respondents. The respondents were randomly chosen from the list provided by the state agency that regulates these markets. A self-administered bilingual validated questionnaire (English and Bahasa Melayu) was distributed to the selected respondents. There were 68 (48.3%) Malaysian respondents and 79 (53.7%) non-Malaysian respondents. The majority of them were males, who attained formal education and were less than 40 years old. Meanwhile, the respondents earned less than RM3000. Among the Malaysian respondents, 80.9% were aware of leptospirosis as compared to 17.7% of the non-Malaysian colleagues (p < 0.05). All items of knowledge showed that the Malaysian respondents scored higher as compared to non-Malaysian respondents. On attitude towards infection prevention, most Malaysian respondents had a positive attitude, while most non-Malaysian respondents had undecided perception on the majority of crucial attitude items. In practicing preventive measures, there was a marked significant difference in proportion between Malaysian and non-Malaysian respondents for items on “Specific Protection and Isolation at Source.” There was a significant gap on knowledge, attitude and preventive practice among Malaysian workers as compared to non-Malaysian workers. Therefore, it was highly recommended the health promotion implementation should also provide specific focus on non-Malaysian workers.
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Alikhani, Ahmad, Ebrahim Salehifar, Fatemeh Zameni, Alireza Rafiei, Jamshid Yazdani-charati, Leila Delavaryan, Azita Akbari, and Farhang Babamahmoudi. "Comparison of azithromycin vs doxycycline prophylaxis in leptospirosis, A randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 991–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10126.
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Introduction: Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease in paddy field with 29.5% prevalence rate in Mazandaran province and 4% to 52% mortality rate among hospitalized patients. Prevention is an important strategy for the control of this disease. This study aimed to compare the prophylactic effect of azithromycin versus doxycycline against leptospirosis in an endemic area in north of Iran.
Methodology: In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, paddy field workers (n = 187) were randomized to receive azithromycin (500mg weekly), doxycycline (200 mg weekly) or placebo starting one week before exposure to paddy field, during and to four weeks after. Paddy field workers aged 18- 65 years who signed the informed consent form were assessed for signs and symptoms of leptospirosis in addition to serologic evidence of the disease 6th and 12th week. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 13 using Chi-square and Fisher exact test and ANOVA.
Results: From June to September 2016, 187 participants were entered the study to receive azithromycin (n = 66), doxycycline (n = 71) or placebo (n = 50). In terms of preventing against clinical leptospirosis, there was not any significant difference between three arms, though there was statistically significant difference of seropositivity after 6 and 12 weeks in comparison to baseline among all three groups (P = 0.029) and between active treatment (eg. azithromycin and doxycycline) groups and placebo group (P = 0.01).
Conclusion: Azithromycin like doxycycline decreased seropositivity without significant effect on clinical leptospirosis.
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Pujiyanti, Aryani, Dimas Bagus Wicaksono Putro, and Arief Mulyono. "PENGETAHUAN PETUGAS KESEHATAN DAN LINTAS SEKTOR TENTANG LEPTOSPIROSIS DI KABUPATEN PATI." Vektora : Jurnal Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit 11, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/vk.v11i1.1351.
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Leptospirosis control in Pati Regency cannot rely on the general health sector alone, however, it is needed collaboration between the cross-program in leptospirosis control and the relevant sectors. This study aimed to describe the level of leptospirosis knowledge of the health and the cross-sectors officers in Pati Regency, Central Java Province through the assessment activity. A cross-sectional method was used in the present study. A total of 32 people consisting of the the health and the cross-sectors officers was used as research subjects. They attended the dissemination of leptospirosis held in April 2018 . The instrument used was a questionnaire and the data collection was performed using the questionnaire technique. The data were analyzed descriptively using fisher exact analysis. The results showed that most respondents had a good level of leptospirosis knowledge. There was no significant positive correlation between resondents' knowledge with age, education level, gender, and type of institution. Respondents understood that environmental factors and the presence of rats played a major role in leptospirosis transmission in Pati District. However, most respondents were lack of knowledge on the role of non-rats as leptospirosis reservoirs. The knowledge of leptospirosis prevention was focused on on self-protecting against bacterial contact from the environment rather than efforts of rodents control and the use of gloves when treating animals. The District Health Office is recommended to provide the health education on leptospirosis issues for both the cross programs and across sectors officer, particularly how to control rats and the role of non-rats as leptospirosis reservoirs.
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Damayanti, Ariesta. "Penentuan Tingkat Kerawanan Penyebaran Leptospirosis Menggunakan Inferensi Fuzzy Tsukamoto." Jurnal Sistem Komputer dan Informatika (JSON) 1, no. 1 (September 8, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/json.v1i1.1388.
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Cases of leptospirosis in Indonesia mainly occur in areas that often experience floods and areas where the majority of its citizens work as farmers. Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) was the province with the most leptospirosis cases in Indonesia in 2011. In 2010-2011 an extraordinary event (KLB) of leptospirosis occurred in Bantul district and in 2014 the number of leptospirosis cases in Bantul district increased by 76 cases.. Based on Kementerian Kesehatan report, data shows that there has been an outbreak of leptospirosis in Bantul , so in addition to epidemiological data necessary case information is also needed to determine the geographic case risk factors and mitigation efforts.In the processing of digital maps for GIS , often found important objects that are not appropriate in its processing can not even be excluded because of uncertainty owned. Applications are made in this study was built and designed by the architectural Tsukamoto fuzzy inference method for handling uncertainty. The results of the application is the visualization of the spread of the disease leptospirosis vulnerability maps based determinants that also involves uncertainty factors that will be resolved with the Tsukamoto fuzzy inference method for use as detection and prevention against the spread of disease leptospirosis in the future
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Khan, Muhammad Altaf, Saeed Islam, Sher Afzal Khan, Ilyas Khan, Sharidan Shafie, and Taza Gul. "Prevention of Leptospirosis Infected Vector and Human Population by Multiple Control Variables." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/619035.
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Leptospirosis is an infectious disease that damages the liver and kidneys, found mainly in dogs and farm animals and caused by bacteria. In this paper, we present the optimal control problem applied to a dynamical leptospirosis infected vector and human population by using multiple control variables. First, we show the existence of the control problem and then use analytical and numerical techniques to investigate the existence cost effective control efforts for prevention of indirect and direct transmission of this disease. In order to do this, we consider three control functions two for human and one for vector population. We completely characterize the optimal control problem and compute the numerical solution of the optimality system using an iterative method.
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Makini, George K., Francine Tagopa-Dudoit, Anthony P. S. Guerrero, and Earl S. Hishinuma. "Native Hawaiian Practices for Leptospirosis Prevention and Risk Mitigation." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 31, no. 3 (2020): 1323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2020.0097.
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Ningsih, Ika, and Mardiastuti H. Wahid. "Leptospirosis Ditinjau dari Aspek Mikrobiologi." EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v7i1.3141.
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Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease in humans caused by Leptospira sp. This disease is classified as a zoonosis that usually occurs during the flood and is commonly transmitted through rat urine. Leptospirosis occurs through humans contact with animals or the environment that have been contaminated by Leptospira. There are wide spectrum clinical manifestations of leptospirosis varying from self-limited to severe disease. Leptospira commonly enters human body through conjunctiva or injured skin, food or beverage contaminated with urine’s rat containing Leptospira. This disease is very difficult to be distinguished from other diseases such as meningitis, malaria, dengue fever, hepatitis and enteric fever. Clinical symptoms of leptospirosis are nonspecific and due to the difficulties in conforming the diagnosis so that resulted to the misdiagnosis of this disease. Microbiological examination is done by Rapid Diagnostic Test, Microscopic Agglutination Test, Polymerase Chain Reaction test and others. Prevention can be done by inhibiting the entry of Leptospira to human body via implementing clean and healthy life and surrounding environment.
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DESVARS, A., E. CARDINALE, and A. MICHAULT. "Animal leptospirosis in small tropical areas." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 2 (September 28, 2010): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810002074.
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SUMMARYLeptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. Humans become infected through contact with the urine of carrier animals, directly or via contaminated environments. This review reports available data on animal leptospirosis in ten tropical islands: Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Trinidad, New Caledonia, Hawaii, French Polynesia, La Réunion and Mayotte. Leptospirosis is endemic in these insular wild and domestic fauna. Each island presents a specific panel of circulating serovars, closely linked with animal and environmental biodiversity, making it epidemiologically different from the mainland. Rats, mongooses and mice are proven major renal carriers of leptospires in these areas but dogs also constitute a significant potential reservoir. In some islands seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals evolves with time, inducing changes in the epidemiology of the human disease. Consequently more investigations on animal leptospirosis in these ecosystems and use of molecular tools are essential for prevention and control of the human disease.
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Laptev, Sergey V., Svetlana Yu Pigina, and Marina V. Selina. "System analysis of domestic and foreign literature reflecting the features of pathogenesis in leptospirosis of dogs." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 12/1, no. 107 (2022): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202212108.
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Leptospirosis is an urgent problem of modern veterinary medicine. One of the key issues remains the establishment of methodologies that allow timely prevention of the development of multiple organ failure caused by systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The article is devoted to the systematic analysis of the review of literature data from domestic and foreign sources reflecting the features of the pathogenesis of leptospirosis in dogs, the disclosure of the mechanisms of development of multiple organ failure and the determination of the role of neutrophils in the development of sepsis. Markers determining the development of multivariate hemostasis pathology with varying severity of leptospirosis were noted. Leptospirosis causes the development of multifactorial pathology of hemostasis in dogs and was accompanied by fever, depression and hematuria, an increase in rod-shaped neutrophils. The activity of alkaline phosphatase increases and the activity of granulocyte myeloperoxidase decreases. Purebred animals suffer mainly: Doberman Pinscher and Caucasian Shepherd.
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Hinjoy, Soawapak, Somkid Kongyu, Pawinee Doung-Ngern, Galayanee Doungchawee, Soledad D. Colombe, Royce Tsukayama, and Duangjai Suwancharoen. "Environmental and Behavioral Risk Factors for Severe Leptospirosis in Thailand." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020079.
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A nationwide prevention and control campaign for leptospirosis in Thailand has led to a decreased incidence rate, but the mortality and case fatality rates have remained stable. Regarding the limited knowledge of risk factors, a case-control study of the association between environmental and behavioral exposure with severe leptospirosis was implemented to identify the risk factors among adults in Thailand. The study was conducted in 12 hospital-based sites. Hospitalized patients with suspected clinical symptoms of leptospirosis were tested for leptospirosis by culture, loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), real-time PCR, and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). All participants answered a standardized questionnaire about potential risk factors. Risk factors were identified by univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Of the 44 confirmed cases, 33 (75.0%) presented with severe illness, as determined by clinical criteria, and were categorized as severe cases. Non-severe cases were defined as patients with non-severe symptoms of leptospirosis. Living nearby a rubber tree plantation (adjusted OR 11.65, 95% CI 1.08–125.53) and bathing in natural bodies of water (adjusted OR 10.45, 95% CI 1.17–93.35) were both significantly associated with an increased risk of severe leptospirosis. We recommend designating rubber plantations in Thailand as high-risk zones and closely monitoring hospitalized patients in those areas.
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Rubio, Jenna Angela. "Effectiveness of Public Health Education by Lecture on Improving the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Leptospirosis Among Adolescents in a Public School in Manila." Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Journal 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56964/pidspj20181902005.
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Leptospirosis is endemic worldwide. Based on the 2016 Philippine Pediatric Society Disease Registry, there were 800 cases of leptospirosis from May 2006 to August 2016, making it a significant public health concern. Case fatality rate is about 8-9%, with increased prevalence of the disease among adults and adolescents. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of public health education through a lecture on improving the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores on leptospirosis among adolescents from grades 7-10 in a public school in Manila. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional analytical study. A pre-tested, self administered questionnaire was given among 357 students in a public school in Intramuros, Manila. A lecture regarding leptospirosis was conducted and a post-test was given afterwards. Data was analyzed using paired t-test. Results: A total of 357 students were included, with an 88.37% response rate. Total mean pre-test knowledge score was 88.64%, and total mean pre-test attitude score was 80.97%. For practices related to leptospirosis, the total mean pre-test score was 72.12%. Pre-test knowledge scores were compared with post-test scores. After the lecture, there was a significant increase in their knowledge on leptospirosis (p=<0.0001). There was also an improvement on post-test scores on attitude and practices regarding leptospirosis (p=<0.0001). Conclusion: Public health education through a lecture was effective in increasing the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores on leptospirosis among adolescents. This may help in the prevention of the disease in the adolescent population.
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Emmanuel, Edward L. "Factors Contributing to the Occurrence of Leptospirosis, and the Impact on Public Health in Saint Lucia 2008-2019." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 8, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.08.04.art008.
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Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. The causative agent is a spirochete of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it causes a wide range of symptoms, however, asymptomatic presentation is not uncommon. Without proper treatment, leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, and respiratory distress. Death may occur in some patients. The aim of the study is to identify the factors contributing to the occurrence of leptospirosis, and the impact on public health in Saint Lucia 2008-2019. The study design is a mixed – method, comprising quantitative and qualitative data. A stratified sampling design using probability proportionate to size sampling at the settlement level was used. Secondary data on the incidence of leptospirosis were obtained from the Ministry of Health, and rainfall data were obtained from the Meteorology Office. Analysis of the data reveals several factors contributing to the occurrence of leptospirosis in Saint Lucia: poor garbage disposal; a large rodent population with easy access to garbage; and a lack of knowledge of leptospirosis. The impact on public health is manifested in the mortality and morbidity of individuals primarily men, and the health, social, and economic impact on the country. Reducing the impact of leptospirosis on the individual and country necessitates an island wide multi - sectoral control and prevention educational programme; an evaluation of the collection, storage, and disposal of household garbage; and the enforcement of legislation governing the proper collection, storage and disposal of garbage.
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Prasetio, Firman Aji, Muhammad Atoillah Isfandiari, and Agung Nugroho. "Characteristics of Leptospirosis Cases in Pacitan District, East Java Province." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 10, no. 3 (December 9, 2022): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v10i3.34740.
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Leptospirosis is a disease that is still a public health problem in the world, however, these cases are rarely reported due to the difficulty of distinguishing clinical symptoms from other endemic diseases and the lack of appropriate laboratory diagnostic services. Pacitan district is one of the districts in East Java that reported Leptospirosis cases for 3 consecutive years from 2017 to 2019. There were total 92 Leptospirosis cases with Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of 15.22% in Pacitan. This study is a descriptive study with a Cross Sectional design that aims to describe the distribution of characteristics of Leptospirosis cases in Pacitan district based on person, place, and time. This study used secondary data from the Pacitan district Health Office, East Java province. The population in this study was all cases with Leptospirosis cases as many as 92 cases recorded in the Pacitan district Health Office data for 2017–2019. The sample of this study were all cases with Leptospirosis as many as 92 cases.The results of the study obtained Leptospirosis cases in Pacitan district in 2017–2019 based on person occured most in the age group of 40–49 years old by 20.45%, in the male sex by 68.48%, and in the population who worked as farmers by 73.58%. Based on the place where the most occured in Tulakan sub district by 52.75%, while based on time, most occured in February, March and April, this is because February to April is the rainy season. Therefore, based on the results of the study, it is necessary to educate the public, especially at risk groups, about the risk factors and Prevention of Leptospirosis.
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Costa, Everaldo, Antonio Alberto Lopes, Edilson Sacramento, Yara Aragão Costa, Eliana Dias Matos, Marcelo Barreto Lopes, and José Carlos Bina. "Penicillin at the late stage of leptospirosis: a randomized controlled trial." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45, no. 3 (June 2003): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652003000300005.
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There is evidence that an early start of penicillin reduces the case-fatality rate of leptospirosis and that chemoprophylaxis is efficacious in persons exposed to the sources of leptospira. The existent data, however, are inconsistent regarding the benefit of introducing penicillin at a late stage of leptospirosis. The present study was developed to assess whether the introduction of penicillin after more than four days of symptoms reduces the in-hospital case-fatality rate of leptospirosis. A total of 253 patients aged 15 to 76 years with advanced leptospirosis, i.e., more than four days of symptoms, admitted to an infectious disease hospital located in Salvador, Brazil, were selected for the study. The patients were randomized to one of two treatment groups: with intravenous penicillin, 6 million units day (one million unit every four hours) for seven days (n = 125) and without (n = 128) penicillin. The main outcome was death during hospitalization. The case-fatality rate was approximately twice as high in the group treated with penicillin (12%; 15/125) than in the comparison group (6.3%; 8/128). This difference pointed in the opposite direction of the study hypothesis, but was not statistically significant (p = 0.112). Length of hospital stay was similar between the treatment groups. According to the results of the present randomized clinical trial initiation of penicillin in patients with severe forms of leptospirosis after at least four days of symptomatic leptospirosis is not beneficial. Therefore, more attention should be directed to prevention and earlier initiation of the treatment of leptospirosis.
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Arbiol, Joseph, Maridel Borja, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Hisako Nomura, Nina Gloriani, and Shin-ichi Yoshida. "Valuing Human Leptospirosis Prevention Using the Opportunity Cost of Labor." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 5 (May 3, 2013): 1845–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10051845.
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Koshchaev, Andrey Georgievich, Vladimir Malkhazievich Gugushvili, and Oleg Yurievich Chernykh. "Pharmacocorrection of cattle immunity in the specific prevention of leptospirosis." Proceedings of the Kuban State Agrarian University, no. 92 (2021): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21515/1999-1703-92-211-217.
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Broughton, E., and J. Scarnell. "Prevention of renal carriage of leptospirosis in dogs by vaccination." Veterinary Record 117, no. 12 (September 21, 1985): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.117.12.307.
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T., Bhagyanath, Anoop Joseph, Jacob K. Jacob, Suma Samuel, Rakhi R. Kurup, and Reshnu Ravindran. "Clinical profile of post flood fever in a tertiary care hospital in Kerala." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 2971. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213917.
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Background: Floods are an important source of infection epidemic worldwide. Analysis of different infections presenting during floods can lead us to have a unified approach during such periods.Methods: This study describes the clinical features of fever patients presented to a tertiary care hospital in Kerala after the 2018 flood. Clinical findings of the confirmed leptospirosis cases were also compared with non-leptospirosis cases.Results: A total of 48 patients with fever and myalgia were studied and majority of them were males (77%). 40 patients had contact with contaminated water. But only 10 of them had taken prophylactic doxycycline. Complications were seen less among those who took prophylactic doxycycline. The mean time from the first symptom to first medical care was 4.4 days. Leptospirosis was seen among 15 patients and 2 patients had dengue fever. Hepatic involvement and renal involvement were seen significantly higher among leptospirosis patients.Conclusions: This study emphasized the importance of prophylactic doxycycline and early initiation of antibiotics during flood outbreaks. Awareness among treating doctors and patients is required for the control of outbreaks and prevention of mortality during floods.
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Sanya, Rameela, and Jayasree Anandabhavan Kumaran. "Trends of leptospirosis cases in a tertiary care center in Northern Kerala during January 2013 to October 2019." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203897.
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Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis endemic in tropical climates. Though overall incidence of leptospirosis has decreased during recent years, it continues to be a major public health problem, highly underreported in India. Various trends such as seasonal, geographical, mortality have to be studied in detail for proper planning of prevention and control programs. The objective of this study was to assess geographical, seasonal, mortality trends of leptospirosis cases attending a tertiary care centre in Northern Kerala, from January 2013 to October 2019.Methods: A record-based retrospective study was conducted where leptospirosis cases attending tertiary care centre were included. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel 2007, analysed using Epi Info 7. Results were expressed as frequencies, percentages.Results: Among 647 leptospirosis cases, 141 were confirmed and 506 were probable. Maximum number of cases were reported in 2014 and maximum deaths were reported in 2019. Majority belonged to 51-60 years age category; males outnumbered females. Maximum cases were reported during September, August. Major hotspots for leptospirosis were Kannur and Taliparamba Municipalities and Koothuparamba.Conclusions: During rainy season, probably younger individuals are at risk as they indulge in leisure like swimming, playing while post rainy season older individuals are at risk due to occupational exposure. The number of deaths showed a declining trend from 2013 to 2018, but increased in 2019. Few of the previous hotspots reported decline in cases probably due to improved surveillance and control activities.
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Trotsenko, A. A., M. V. Kovrizhko, E. A. Yagovkin, V. S. Vanzha, and А. A. Reshetov. "Study of biological properties of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola strains as candidate components of human leptospirosis concentrated inactivated vaccine." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 21, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2021-21-1-64-69.
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Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis in Russia. The human leptospirosis vaccine produced by Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology has been used since 1998 to minimise risks associated with deterioration of epidemiological situation. Lately, there has been an increase in the incidence of leptospirosis caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola which is not included in the human vaccine. The aim of the study was to analyse biological properties of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola strains to substantiate their inclusion into human leptospirosis liquid concentrated inactivated vaccine. Materials and methods: two L. interrogans serovar Canicola strains: Udalov 480 and Sobaka 2000 were used in the study. Virulent properties of the strains were evaluated by infecting Syrian hamsters, the data on specific activity of the experimental vaccine were compared to specific activity of the leptospirosis liquid concentrated inactivated vaccine used for disease prevention. The experimental vaccine was tested for Specific safety and Abnormal toxicity according to FS.3.3.1.0014.15 Leptospirosis liquid concentrated inactivated vaccine. Results: the comparison of Udalov 480 and Sobaka 2000 strains of L. interrogans serovar Canicola revealed higher virulence of Udalov 480. The tests performed for the experimental vaccine batches demonstrated that the inclusion of Udalov 480 strain did not affect the above-mentioned properties of the vaccine. Conclusions: the study demonstrated the possibility of using L. interrogans serovar Canicola strain Udalov 480 as a component of the currently produced vaccine, and confirmed the safety and efficacy of the new vaccine.
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Janah, Miftakhul, Dwi Sarwani Sri Rejeki, and Sri Nurlaela. "Analisis Kondisi Lingkungan pada Kejadian Leptospirosis di Kabupaten Banyumas dengan Pendekatan Spasial." ASPIRATOR - Journal of Vector-borne Disease Studies 13, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/asp.v13i2.4837.
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Abstract. Leptospirosis is still becoming a public health problem in Indonesia. Banyumas was oneof the highest cases in Central Java by 2019 so it could be potentially endemic. GIS (GeographicInformation System) is used to determine spatial patt erns related to the environment. This researchaimed to know the distribution and spatial grouping of leptospirosis in Banyumas 2019. The type ofthis research is an observational study with a cross-sectional spatial analysis design to observe thespreading and grouping patt ern. The subjects of this study were 140 leptospirosis cases in Banyumas2019. House coordinate was collected by using GPS (Global Positioning System). The data collectionis done for a month. Data Analyzes was performed through ArcGIS 10.2, and SaTScan 9.7. Thedistribution of leptospirosis in Banyumas was spread over 14 districts, 45% cases in Cilongok, 25,71%cases were >56 years old, 62,1% cases were male, 40% cases were farmers. The results of the spatialanalysis showed 77.14% cases in residential land use areas, 70% cases with moderate populationdensity (5.00-1.249 people/km²), 62.85% cases in 0-199 altitude, 63.57% cases with low rainfall 500meters, and signifi cant grouping patt ern with p-value = 0.009 primary which is located in Cilongokand Ajibarang. Leptospirosis spread over in residential land use areas, moderate population density,low altitude, low rainfall, no history of fl ooding, a radius of river 500 meters, and occurs clusteringin Cilongok and Ajibarang. The location intervention of leptospirosis prevention and control can beprioritized in these areas.
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Effler, Paul V., Harry Y. Domen, Sandra L. Bragg, Tin Aye, and David M. Sasaki. "Evaluation of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis in Hawaii." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 3 (2000): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.3.1081-1084.2000.
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Timely diagnosis of leptospirosis is important to ensure a favorable clinical outcome. The definitive serologic assay, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), requires paired sera and is not useful for guiding early clinical management. The only screening test approved for use in the United States, the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), has not undergone extensive field evaluation. To assess the performance of the leptospirosis IHA in Hawaii, serum from patients evaluated for leptospirosis between 1992 and 1997 were tested with the IHA at the Hawaii State Laboratories Division and with the MAT at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leptospirosis was considered confirmed by a fourfold rise in MAT titer and/or a positive culture. A total of 92 (41%) of 226 specimens from 114 persons with confirmed leptospirosis were found positive by IHA. Only 18 (15%) of 119 specimens obtained within 14 days of onset were IHA positive, compared to 74 (69%) of 107 specimens collected more than 14 days after onset (P <0.001). Repeat testing ultimately resulted in 78 (68%) of the confirmed cases having at least one specimen found positive by IHA. Thirteen different presumptive infecting serogroups were identified among 251 specimens with an MAT titer of ≥200 and obtained from persons with confirmed or probable leptospirosis. Fifty (68%) of 73 specimens with Icterohaemorrhagiae as the presumptive infecting serogroup were found positive by IHA, compared to 44 (47%) of 93 specimens with Australis as the presumptive infecting serogroup (P, 0.01). The IHA test was positive for 3 (1%) of 236 specimens from 154 persons without leptospirosis. The sensitivity of the leptospirosis IHA in Hawaii was substantially below figures reported previously, particularly early in the course of illness, limiting its usefulness for diagnosing acute infection. Since the presumptive infecting serogroup affected IHA results and the prevalence of serovars varies with geography, the performance of the IHA should be assessed locally. More sensitive leptospirosis screening tests are needed in Hawaii.
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Branger, C., C. Sonrier, B. Chatrenet, B. Klonjkowski, N. Ruvoen-Clouet, A. Aubert, G. André-Fontaine, and M. Eloit. "Identification of the Hemolysis-Associated Protein 1 as a Cross-Protective Immunogen of Leptospira interrogans by Adenovirus-Mediated Vaccination." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 6831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.11.6831-6838.2001.
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ABSTRACT New vaccine strategies are needed for the prevention of leptospirosis, a widespread human and animal disease caused by pathogenic leptospires. Our previous work determined that a protein leptospiral extract conferred cross-protection in a gerbil model of leptospirosis. The 31- to 34-kDa protein fraction of Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis was shown sufficient for this purpose. In the present study, N-terminal sequencing of a 32-kDa fraction and Southern blotting of genomic DNA with corresponding degenerated oligonucleotide probes identified two of its constituents: hemolysis-associated protein 1 (Hap1) and the outer membraneLeptospira protein 1 (OmpL1). Adenovirus-mediated Hap1 vaccination induces significant protection against a virulent heterologous Leptospira challenge in gerbils, whereas a similar OmpL1 construct failed to protect the animals. These data indicate that Hap1 could be a good candidate for developing a new generation of vaccines able to induce broad protection against leptospirosis disease.
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Shao, Jian-Wei, Yue-Hong Wei, Xin-Yan Yao, Hai-Yan Chen, Hong Liu, Jing Sun, and Shou-Yi Chen. "Pathogenic Leptospira Species Are Widely Disseminated among Wild Rodents in Urban Areas of Guangzhou, Southern China." Microorganisms 10, no. 5 (April 22, 2022): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050873.
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Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with global importance caused by pathogenic Leptospira. Rodents are considered the most significant reservoirs for both human and animal infection. Historically, Guangzhou has been an endemic region of human leptospirosis. Although the incidence in humans has significantly decreased in the past decades in China, the epidemiology of pathogenic Leptospira in wild rodents is of great significance for the prevention and control of human leptospirosis. In this study, a total of 296 wild rodents were trapped in urban areas of Guangzhou, in southern China, in 2020. Three pathogenic Leptospira species, i.e., Leptospira interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, and L. kirschneri, were detected by nested PCR in this wild rodent population with an overall prevalence of 9.5%. Additionally, L. interrogans was detected in three of the four captured rodent species, and the relative high prevalence suggests that L. interrogans probably represents the preponderant species of the pathogenic Leptospira circulating in Guangzhou. Taken together, this study reveals a high genetic diversity of pathogenic Leptospira disseminated among wild rodents in the urban areas of Guangzhou and emphasizes that the risk for the occurrence of human leptospirosis in Guangzhou remains high.
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Pintea, Nicoleta Ancuța, Simina Baciu, and Gabriela Marc. "MONITORING THE OUTBREAK OF LEPTOSPIROSIS AT THE ACADEMIC MEDICAL OFFICE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE (USAMV) IN CLUJ-NAPOCA." Journal of School and University Medicine 09, no. 04 (2022): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51546/jsum.2022.9404.
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INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease, a zoonosis, of bacterial origin and global spread, caused by Leptospira spp, which may have acute or chronic manifestation. OBJECTIVES: The present study checks the evolution of a few cases of leptospirosis in students from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. MATERIAL AND METHOD: For the current study we have used the data recorded in the medical fi les of students after anamnesis, the objective clinical exam, the epidemiological investigation, establishing the diagnosis of leptospirosis, treatment and monitoring of the case until recovery. Establishing the diagnosis of leptospirosis, analysing the initial symptoms, showcasing the complications, studying the epidemiological enquiry, showcasing the role of primary prevention and of keeping with the hygienic norms labour safety. RESULTS: The first case of leptospirosis first appeared with general symptomatology three days after coming into contact with the infected animal. The epidemiological enquiry after diagnosing the first case of human leptospirosis led to the identification of 80 cases of direct contacts. They were monitored for 21 days at the students’ medical office of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The first four cases appeared three days after contact with the infected animal and had general symptomatology (fever, acute asthenia, cephalalgia, myalgia, abdominal discomfort). Of the 12 cases confirmed through specific serology testing (IgM specific), one was infected indirectly from another confirmed human case. The first diagnosed case presented renal and haematological complications 5 days after infection and 2 days after the beginning of the specific treatment; it needed hospitalisation and the evolution under treatment was favourable. All confirmed, probable and possible cases received treatment with antibiotics including 200 mg doxycycline per day for at least 10 days. The evolution under treatment was favourable. There were no violent cases or fatalities. The confirmed cases did not wear the appropriate safety equipment upon contact with the infected animal. CONCLUSIONS: Upon students’ and vets’ contact with a dog earlier diagnosed with leptospirosis, 12 cases of human leptospirosis were confirmed. After the epidemiological enquiry, 80 direct contacts were identified. All suspect cases were monitored and handled by the medical staff of the students’ medical offi ce; the cases with specific symptomatology confirmed through IgM specific testing were advised to go to the Clinic of Infectious Diseases in time. One diagnosed patient presented haematuria, anuria, renal and haematological complications, but under proper treatment the evolution was favourable. There were no violent cases of fatalities. Abiding by the labour safety regulations, cleaning and disinfecting measures, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration are essential in preventing and solving cases.
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LI, S. J., D. M. WANG, C. C. ZHANG, X. W. LI, H. M. YANG, K. C. TIAN, X. Y. WEI, et al. "Molecular typing of Leptospira spp. strains isolated from field mice confirms a link to human leptospirosis." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 11 (February 13, 2013): 2278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000216.
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SUMMARYIn recent years, human leptospirosis has been reported in Jinping and Liping counties, Guizhou province, but the leptospires have never been isolated. To track the source of infection and understand the aetiological characteristics, we performed surveillance for field mice carriage of leptospirosis in 2011. Four strains of leptospire were isolated from Apodemus agrarius. PCR confirmed the four isolates as pathogenic. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) showed that the four strains were closely related to serovar Lai strain 56601 belonging to serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, which is consistent with the antibody detection results from local patients. Furthermore, the diversity of leptospiral isolates from different hosts and regions was demonstrated with MLVA. Our results suggest that A. agrarius may be the main carrier of Leptospira in Jinping and Liping counties, and the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar may be the epidemic serogroup of Leptospira. This will contribute to the control and prevention of leptospirosis in these localities.