Academic literature on the topic 'Leptospirosis Prevention'

Aim of the study was to investigate the features of vaccine prevention of leptospirosis and its influence on morbidity.Materials and methods. The incidence of human leptospirosis in the Russian Federation in 1956–2016, 41 cases of disease in Siberia and the Far East in 2012–2016, official Rossel'khoznadzor data, volumes of laboratory studies and vaccination of animals in Primorsk Territory and Irkutsk Region were analyzed. Blood sera from 7315 humans, 2189 dogs, 481 bovine animals and 50 small cattle, 115 pigs, 88 horses were investigated to pathogenic Leptospira antibodies.Results. Essential significance of vaccinal leptospiroses prevention in farm animals and dogs to decrease the epizootic and epidemic process activities is demonstrated. Currently, the epidemic process in Siberia and at the Far East includes only sporadic cases, the immune stratum of the population is 3,7 ± 0,2%. Postvaccinal antibody titres in dogs, pigs and small cattle rarely exceed 1:100 while in bovine animals and horses it can reach 1:800 without disease signs.Conclusion. Human immunization in the antropurgic foci is impractical at effective specific prophylaxis for animals. The standard base for leptospiroses requires improvement. The concept of absolute and relative diagnostic antibody titer in microagglutination test is offered to use in clinical diagnostics. In veterinary the correction of diagnostic titer depending on the animal species and vaccination time is necessary.

Introduction: Globally, leptospirosis is still a major health problem in African and developing countries, including Indonesia. The best control effort is with prevention through health education. Health education with conventional methods is considered less effective, so there is a need to look for other health education methods.Methods: Aims of the research are to know the difference of effectiveness of health education methods between conventional classical method and dasawisma or peer group in (1) improvement of knowledge of leptospirosis disease prevention; (2) effectiveness in prevention of leptospirosis. Research is Quasi-Experimental research with a two-group control trial design. The sample consisted of 40 respondents treated by health education through dasawisma using a leptospirosis module as a media of Health Education, and 40 control group respondents who were given education using conventional method. Sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data were statistically analyzed with Independent T-Test.Results: (1) Meaning of treatment group = 21.77 higher than control group = 19.62 (2) Mean prevention effort of leptospirosis disease treatment group = 54.35 better than control group = 48.15 (3) Health education through dasawisma was effective to increase knowledge prevention of leptospirosis (t = 2.943; p = 0.004) (4) Health education through dasawisma was effective for increasing prevention effort of leptospirosis (t=4.695; p=0.001).Conclusion: Health education through dasawisma and leptospirosis module is significantly effective to improve knowledge of leptospirosis disease and in prevention efforts of leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is a leading zoonotic disease for morbidity and mortality in humans globally. Occupational health nurses should teach workers and the public about leptospirosis and the importance of disrupting the infection source through rodent control, animal vaccination, and flood prevention.

Leptospirosis is an endemic disease with moderate to high incidence in Mahasarakham province, Thailand. The present study was designed to assess the policy implementation mission regarding leptospirosis prevention and control from the national level to the local administrative levels, through a One Health perspective. A qualitative study was conducted, using documentation review, individual in-depth interviews with public health officers, local government officers, livestock officers who developed policy implementation tools or have responsibilities in leptospirosis prevention and control. The results show that Thailand has progressively developed a leptospirosis prevention and control policy framework at the national level, transferring the responsibility of its implementation to the local level. The province of Mahasarakham has decided to foster cooperation in leptospirosis prevention and control at the local level. However, there are insufficient linkages between provincial, district and sub-district departments to ensure comprehensive disease prevention activities at the local level concerning leptospirosis patients and the whole population.

Background: Leptospirosis is a bacterial, zoonotic disease associated with environmental factors and human behavior related to occupation. This research aimed to investigate the association between human behavior and leptospirosis. Case mapping and topographical mapping were done for a comprehensive visualization.Methods: A matched case-control study design was conducted in Gunungkidul, Indonesia, from December 2017 to January 2018. Cases were selected from those reported as suspicious of leptospirosis by the Gunungkidul District Health Office during 2017 and controls were matched according to sex and age. Chi-squared, Fisher exact test, and Odds ratios were employed to find out the association between exposure and outcome for a significance level of 0.05. Quantum GIS-Web Map-Stamen terrain was used to overlay case and landscape.Results: Bivariate analysis showed that four exposure variables that enhanced the risk for leptospirosis though not significantly associated were history of injuries, habit of taking a bath or wash the clothes in the river, not using personal protection during work and presence of an animal fence surrounding the house. Most of the leptospirosis cases (>70%) resided in a hilly area. This finding assists in developing prevention strategies concerning leptospirosis infection.Conclusions: Human behaviour is vital in leptospirosis prevention. Accordingly, this study can broaden the understanding horizon, particularly for a decision-maker where and how to implement the Leptospirosis prevention program. Prevention should address the current situation in the field and based on population and local wisdom to result in the successful implementation.

Leptospirosis is a common worldwide zoonotic infection, is an important livestock problem throughout Ukraine. The peculiarities of leptospirosis are the presence of more than 250 serological groups of the pathogen, which significantly influences the choice of strategy for prevention and control of this disease. The article presents data on the epizootic situation, the epizootological features of leptospirosis and the etiological structure of leptospiras in cattle in Vinnitsa region (1994-2015) and, in particular, in the farms of the Khmelnitsky district (2006-2012). The epizootic situation with leptospirosis of cattle in Vinnitsa region and the farms of Khmelnytsky district is characterized by certain fluctuations in the number of infections points and sick animals, with relative stability. Tottaly 247 cattle farms infections of leptospirosis were identified in the region during 21 years. The materials for the research were the data of veterinary records and reports of farms and state veterinary medicine establishments of Vinnitsa region, the results of laboratory tests of blood serum from cattle from suspicious farms, the results of the analysis of health and preventive measures in suspicious farms. The main leptospira serogroups that affect cattle in Vinnytsa region and directly in the Khmelnitsky region were Hebdomadis, Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, registered from 43 to 86.3% of mixed reactions. In Khmelnytsky district in 2006-2012, 7 infected farms were registered, 739 animals got sick. It was established that the epizootic situation in the farms depended on the observance of preventive and sanitary measures and the timely introduction of recovery plans. It has been proved that the integrated use of veterinary, sanitary and economic measures is an effective means of eliminating and preventing cattle leptospirosis in livestock farms. The complex of measures should include timely serological analisis of cattle on leptospirosis, adherence to quarantine during importation of animals to the herd, sanitary and preventive measures of exploitation of animals, vaccination of cattle against leptospirosis, taking into account the etiological structure of the disease. Key words: leptospira, leptospirosis, cattle, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), leptospira serological groups, epizootic situation.

Background: Perceived severity and susceptibility refers to one’s belief of the seriousness and the risk of contracting a specific disease. It is an essential study in public health as it assists in the understanding of the motivating factors towards disease prevention. This qualitative study aimed to explore perceived severity and susceptibility towards leptospirosis infection among respondents in two states of Malaysia. Methods: Focus group discussions using the phenomenology approach was conducted involving 72 respondents in Selangor and Kelantan. Data were examined using content analysis. Results: Respondents perceived leptospirosis infection as severe due to its poor disease prognosis and complications. However, some rated it less severe when compared with other chronic diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Their perceptions were influenced by their knowledge about the disease, media portrayal and frequency of health campaigns by the government. All respondents believed they were not susceptible to the disease. Conclusion: The low perceived susceptibility of leptospirosis infection is a matter of concern as it may contribute to respondents’ lack of motivation towards preventing the disease. The study findings may provide the basis for health promotional activities designed to heighten public perceived threat towards leptospirosis infection and thereby improving preventive health behaviors for avoiding leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is a debilitating zoonosis for humans as well as domestic animals worldwide and widespread in tropical and sub tropical areas with high rainfall. India being a tropical country is potential for this debilitating disease. Among mammals, rodents are most important and widely distributed reservoirs of leptospiral infection. Four species of rodents i.e., Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, Bandicota indica and Bandicota bengalensis, are known vectors for this disease and transmit the infection in rural and urban areas. Hence, rodent control in larger areas is recommended for preventing the spread of this disease. Gujarat is one of the States having established leptospirosis endemic pockets, particularly in Valsad, Navsari, Tapi and Surat districts. Hence, the Departments of Health and Agriculture, Gujarat conducted coordinated rodent vector control campaigns to prevent the disease spread. All activities were guided by National Institute of Plant Health Management, Hyderabad and funded under National Plan on Rodent Pest Management of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The initial pilot scale rodent control campaigns conducted in 114 villages covering 5,127 hectares jointly by Agriculture and Health Departments of the state in 2009 brought a reduction of 61% leptospirosis disease prevalence. Following this success, large scale community based rodent control campaigns were organized during 2012 in these districts in 1822 villages covering 4,70,782 hectares and obtained 82% reduction in the disease prevalence. It was observed that the inter-departmental coordination of Agriculture and Health Departments brought these significant results, which can be replicated and adopted elsewhere to prevent leptospirosis in the country.

ABSTRACT Background: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by leptospirapatogen bacteria. The highest leptospirosis disease in the African region (85.5 per 100,000 population) was followed by the Western Pacific (66.4), America (12.5), Southeast Asia (4.8) and Europe (0.5). Most of the reported cases have severe manifestations, whose mortality rate is greater than 10%. Objective: This study aimed the relationship of knowledge and attitude of PHBS with behavior prevention of Leptospirosis event on kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat. Method: The methods of this research used quantitative descriptive with cross sectional design consisting of 71 samples were obtained. Statistical analysis using t test. Result: There is a significant correlation coefficient of t test of 0.37 and the Sig value of 0.000 where the resulting significance value is less than 0.05 (Sig. P 0,000 <0,05) thus there is a relationship of knowledge and attitude of PHBS with the prevention behavior incidence of leptospirosis on Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship of knowledge and attitude of PHBS with behavior prevention of leptospirosis incidence in Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat. Keywords : Knowledge, Attitude, PHBS, Behavior, Leptospirosis

A dengue e a leptospirose estão entre as principais zoonoses de ocorrência no mundo. A primeira pelo elevado potencial epidêmico e a segunda pela alta letalidade. Na cidade de São Paulo, anualmente ocorrem dezenas de casos de leptospirose e centenas de casos de dengue, fazendo desses agravos alguns dos eventos de maior interesse da vigilância em saúde do município. Para melhor compreender o efeito de fenômenos climáticos e o impacto de medidas de prevenção e controle sobre a transmissão desses agravos ao longo do tempo, dois diferentes modelos estatísticos de estudo de séries temporais foram usados: 1) Função de Transferência, com erros dados por modelos ARIMA (ARIMAX), os quais foram modelados segundo a filosofia de Box-Jenkins e 2) Modelos Aditivos Generalizados (GAM) de regressão de Poisson, com estrutura de defasagem dada por funções polinômios PDL (Polynomial Distributed Lags). Os principais fatores climáticos associados ao aumento do número de casos de dengue na cidade de São Paulo foram a elevação da temperatura mínima do ar, dos níveis de precipitação pluviométrica, da densidade do vetor e a entrada de casos importados da doença, estimulada pelo feriado de carnaval. A chegada de frentes frias (temperatura < 16°C) e valores extremos de precipitação ( 70mm) reduzem o número de casos de dengue. Medidas de prevenção adotadas pelas equipes de vigilância em saúde do município também contribuem com a redução do número de casos. Os fatores associados ao aumento do número de casos de leptospirose foram o aumento da precipitação pluviométrica e da temperatura máxima do ar. O aumento das horas de brilho do sol reduz o número de casos. Os métodos adotados foram adequados aos objetivos do estudo e conseguiram captar as relações defasadas entre os fatores de interesse e a transmissão de dengue e de leptospirose na cidade de São Paulo. Tais técnicas também parecem adequadas como ferramentas a serem incorporadas à rotina da vigilância em saúde, permitindo fazer previsões do número de casos futuros e compreender as relações temporais entre as doenças e seus fatores determinantes e condicionantes
Dengue and leptospirosis are among the major zoonosis of occurrence in the world; the first because of the epidemic potential and the second due to high lethality. In São Paulo, dozens of leptospirosis cases and hundreds of dengue fever cases are registered annually, being some of the most important events to the municipal public health surveillance system. To understand the effect of climatic conditions and the impact of measures of prevention and control over the transmission of such diseases in the time context, two time series approaches were used: 1) Transfer Functions, with ARIMA error structure (ARIMAX), modeled by Box-Jenkins methods and 2) Additive Generalized Models (GAM) of Poisson regressions, with time structure given by Polynomial Distributed Lags (PDL). The most important climatic factors that increased the number of cases of dengue fever in the city of São Paulo were the elevation in air temperature, precipitation, vector density and the number of imported cases, which increased after carnival holiday (an important calendar event). The arrival of cold fronts from the south (air temperature < 16°C) and extreme precipitations (70mm) are factors that decrease the number of new dengue cases. The public health preventive interventions adopted by the municipality were effective in diminishing the dengue occurrence. The most important factors that increased the number of leptospirosis cases in São Paulo were elevation in maximum air temperature and precipitation. Largest amount of hours of sunshine decreased the number of new cases of leptospirosis. The methods used were adequate to the study objectives, the relations among the interest lagged factors and dengue and leptospirosis transmission in the city of São Paulo were satisfactorily modeled. Such techniques also seem appropriate as tools to be incorporated into the municipal health surveillance system, allowing the prediction of the number of future disease cases and understanding temporal relations between diseases and their determinants and conditioning factors

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The purpose of this thesis was to explore the ways in which causes to a public health problem, people responsible for its existence and specific places and periods for intervention are assigned, engendering certain government strategies to the detriment of others. Our goal was to make visible the effects of these definitions on the actions of a public policy and to problematize the bases that sustain their production. The phenomenon of our study was human leptospirosis, a potentially lethal disease which has been doubly neglected by public policy because of the invisibility of its population profile and its mimetic clinical picture. We adopted discursive practices as our theoretical and methodological framework and focused on the attribution processes presented in the definition of this public health problem and on the versions produced. An analytical tool was developed in order to enable the analysis of these elements in documents of public domain (scientific articles, models of notification and investigation forms, campaign materials) and speeches (interviews with managers, technicians and users of public health services). In our analysis of the Brazilian scientific literature on the subject, we have identified a recurrent attribution of cause to the bacteria, which could lead one to believe that the investment in vaccines and antibiotics would eliminate the problem. However, the plurality of types of bacteria and the controversy over the use of antibiotics in cases of leptospirosis show the limitation of this reasoning. The analysis of the leptospirosis models of notification and investigation forms made it possible to identify that a biomedical version of the disease was produced with the justification that only clinical-laboratory factors, in detriment of environmental and epidemiological data would be under direct responsibility of the health sector. On the other hand, when analysing posters, folders and leaflets used in the campaigns for the prevention of leptospirosis in a Brazilian municipality, we have identified that they present a preventive version of the disease. In these materials, the communicational model is unidirectional and authoritarian, and the responsibility for infection and prevention actions is attributed to the population, sometimes acknowledging and sometimes neglecting their living conditions. Finally, we have also analysed the attributions of cause and responsibility for the disease in the speeches of managers, technicians and users of health services. Through the analysis, it was possible to identify five common causes and responsibilities addressed by the participants: social conditions, basic sanitation, the rat, the preparation of the health sector and the population. However, the resolution uttered by the majority of managers and technicians was the need to inform, educate and/or punish the population, an attribution that is not presented in the users' speech and points to a lack of dialogue between these groups. Given the multiplicity of attributions and the potential effects they generate for the management of Brazilian health policy, we could defend the thesis that the definition of a health problem is a psychosocial practice in which the attributions and associations between repertoires constitute a central element of dispute, produced in the use of language
O objetivo desta tese foi explorar os modos pelos quais se atribuem causas a um problema de saúde pública, pessoas responsáveis por sua existência e lugares e períodos específicos para intervir sobre ele, engendrando determinadas estratégias de governo em detrimentos de outras. Nossa meta foi tornar visíveis os efeitos dessas definições nas ações de uma política pública e problematizar os fundamentos que sustentam sua produção. Nosso fenômeno de estudo foi a leptospirose humana, uma doença potencialmente letal que tem sido duplamente negligenciada pela política pública em virtude da invisibilidade de seu perfil populacional e seu quadro clínico mimético. O referencial teórico-metodológico adotado foi o das práticas discursivas com foco nos processos de atribuição, presentes na definição do problema e nas versões produzidas sobre o fenômeno. Uma ferramenta analítica foi desenvolvida para possibilitar a análise desses elementos em documentos de domínio público (artigos científicos, modelos de fichas de investigação e materiais de campanha) e falas (entrevistas com gestores, técnicos e usuários dos serviços de saúde). Em nossa análise da literatura científica brasileira sobre o assunto, identificamos uma recorrência à atribuição de causa à bactéria, o que poderia levar a crer que o investimento em vacinas e antibióticos eliminaria o problema. Todavia, a pluralidade de tipos da bactéria e a controvérsia sobre o uso ou não de antibióticos para casos de leptospirose evidenciam a limitação desse raciocínio. A análise que realizamos dos modelos das fichas de notificação e investigação da leptospirose, possibilitou identificar que, conforme os modelos eram alterados, uma versão biomédica da doença era produzida, com a justificativa de que apenas fatores de ordem clínico-laboratorial, em detrimento de dados ambientais e epidemiológicos, seriam de responsabilidade direta do setor saúde. Por outro lado, analisamos os cartazes, folders e panfletos utilizados nas campanhas de prevenção à leptospirose em um município brasileiro e identificamos que eles apresentam uma versão preventiva da doença. Nesses materiais, o modelo comunicacional é unidirecional e autoritário e a responsabilidade pela infecção e pelas ações de prevenção é atribuída à população, ora reconhecendo, ora negligenciando suas condições de vida. Por fim, analisamos também as atribuições de causa e responsabilidade pela doença nas falas de gestores, técnicos e usuários dos serviços de saúde. Por meio da análise, foi possível identificar cinco causas e responsáveis comuns abordados pelos participantes: as condições sociais, o saneamento básico, o rato, a preparação do setor saúde e a população. Todavia, a resolução proferida pela maioria dos gestores e técnicos foi a necessidade de informar, educar e/ou punir a população, atribuição que não se apresenta na fala dos usuários e aponta para uma falta de diálogo entre esses grupos. Tendo em vista a multiplicidade de atribuições e os efeitos potenciais que geram para o gerenciamento da política de saúde brasileira, pudemos defender a tese de que a definição de um problema de saúde é uma prática psicossocial na qual as atribuições e as associações entre repertórios que as constituem figuram um elemento central de disputa, produzidos na linguagem em uso

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Leptospirosis is an important zoonosis and it causes economic losses due to abortion, mastitis, infertility, and drop in milk production in affected herds. The disease may be disseminated through urine, water, contaminated soils, venereal and transplacental routes, and there is a risk of transmission by in vitro embryo manipulation. Thus, with the advancement of reproductive biotechnology, the concern with the sanity of animals or herds in the face of any disease also transmitted by semen or embryos has increased. As an alternative for the inactivation of infectious agents, the technique of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has became prominent as it does not cause natural microbial resistance. The method consists in the combination of a photosensitizer (PS), light, and molecular oxygen, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that at high levels induce cell death. In this study, in order to inactivate in vitro Leptospira interrogans, six PSs were tested at a concentration of 10 μM and at the irradiation times of 30 and or 60 min. The TMPP and ZnTMPP porphyrins were efficient, the first one in the 30 min irradiation, the second one in both irradiation times. Methylene Blue (MB) demonstrated satisfactory inactivation when irradiated for 60 min. Hematoporphyrin and phthalocyanines did not demonstrate efficiency in the inactivation of leptospires in the experimental parameters used. When evaluating the action of ZnTMPP and MB on oocyte viability, both demonstrated to be innocuous to cumulus-oocyte (CCOs) complexes matured in the 30 min, which makes them potential candidates for the disinfection of biological materials or by-products of animal origin in place of antibiotics, known to cause bacterial resistance.
A leptospirose é uma importante zoonose e traz consideráveis perdas econômicas em decorrência de abortamentos, mastites, infertilidade e queda da produção de leite em rebanhos acometidos. A doença pode ser disseminada pela urina, água, solos contaminados, via venérea, transplacentária e há risco de transmissão pela manipulação de embriões in vitro. Dessa forma, com o avanço das biotécnicas reprodutivas, a preocupação com a sanidade de animais ou rebanhos frente a qualquer enfermidade também transmitida por sêmen ou embriões tem aumentado. Como alternativa para a inativação de agentes infecciosos, a técnica de inativação fotodinâmica (PDI) vem ganhando destaque por não causar resistência microbiana natural. O método consiste na combinação de um fotossensibilizador (PS), luz e oxigênio molecular, resultando na formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) que em altos níveis induzem a morte celular. Neste trabalho, com o objetivo de inativar a Leptospira interrogans in vitro, seis PSs foram testados na concentração de 10 μM e em tempos de irradiações de 30 e ou 60 min. As Porfirinas TMPP e ZnTMPP mostraram-se eficientes, a primeira na irradiação de 30 min, a segunda em ambos os tempos de irradiação testados. O Azul de Metileno (MB) demonstrou uma inativação satisfatória quando irradiado por 60 min. Hematoporfirina e Ftalocianinas testadas não demostraram eficiência na inativação das leptospiras nos parâmetros experimentais analisados. Ao avaliar a ação da ZnTMPP e do MB sobre a viabilidade dos oócitos, ambos demonstraram ser inócuos aos complexos cumulusovócitos (CCO’s) maturados no tempo de 30 min, o que os torna potenciais candidatos à utilização para a desinfecção de materiais biológicos ou subprodutos de origem animal em substituição aos antibióticos, conhecidamente causadores de resistência bacteriana.

Leptospirosis is an important but neglected zoonotic disease that is often overlooked in Africa. Although comprehensive data on the incidence of human disease are lacking, robust evidence of infection has been demonstrated in people and animals from all regions of the continent. However, to date, there are few examples of direct epidemiological linkages between human disease and animal infection. In East Africa, awareness of the importance of human leptospirosis as a cause of non-malarial febrile illness is growing. In northern Tanzania, acute leptospirosis has been diagnosed in 9% of patients with severe febrile illness compared to only 2% with malaria. However, little is known about the relative importance of different potential animal hosts as sources of human infection in this area. This project was established to investigate the roles of rodents and ruminant livestock, important hosts of Leptospira in other settings, in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in northern Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey of rodents living in and around human settlements was performed alongside an abattoir survey of ruminant livestock. Unusual patterns of animal infection were detected by real-time PCR detection. Renal Leptospira infection was absent from rodents but was detected in cattle from several geographic areas. Infection was demonstrated for the first time in small ruminants sub-Saharan Africa. Two major Leptospira species and a novel Leptospira genotype were detected in livestock. L. borgpetersenii was seen only in cattle but L. kirschneri infection was detected in multiple livestock species (cattle, sheep and goats), suggesting that at least two distinct patterns of Leptospira infection occur in livestock in northern Tanzania. Analysis of samples from acute leptospirosis in febrile human patients could not detect Leptospira DNA by real-time PCR but identified social and behavioural factors that may limit the utility of acute-phase diagnostic tests in this community. Analysis of serological data revealed considerable overlap between serogroups detected in cattle and human leptospirosis cases. Human disease was most commonly attributed to the serogroups Mini and Australis, which were also predominant reactive serogroups in cattle. Collectively, the results of this study led to the hypothesis that livestock are an important reservoir of Leptospira infection for people in northern Tanzania. These results also challenge our understanding of the relationship between Leptospira and common invasive rodent species, which do not appear to maintain infection in this setting. Livestock Leptospira infection has substantial potential to affect the well-being of people in East Africa, through direct transmission of infection or through indirect effects on food production and economic security. Further research is needed to quantify the impact of livestock leptospirosis in Africa and to develop effective interventions for the control of human and animal disease.

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This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp, identify the most prevalent serovars and to assess possible factors associated with Antileptospire seroprevalence in urban dogs in Araguaina city,Tocantins state. A cross-sectional study covering the canine population residing in urban areas was conducted. Household collection of sera was performed by prior consent of the dog owners. The houses that were involved in the study were drawn previously it started. There were analyzed 275 samples at total. Samples were obtained through cephalic vein puncture, with a 25 x 7 needle and then transferred to 5 to 10 ml test tubes with gel separator sequentially centrifuged, cryopreserved and sent for laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis, at the Department of Veterinary Medicine at Federal University of Goiás Veterinary Medicine School (DMV / EV / UFG), which were processed by the microscopic agglutination test. In each household, a questionnaire was applied to obtain data on the possible associated factors that were analyzed by bivariate analysis. The leptospira seroprevalence detected was 13,8%, the most prevalent serovar was Castellonis (26.3%) and, Pyrogenes and Pomona, both with 10,5% of seropositive. The search for factors associated with infection by leptospira demonstrated statistically significant positive association between the variables season, rainy season (p = 0,03) and the location Sonhos Dourados (p = 0,02). The results showed that Araguaina city canine leptospirosis presents a different epidemiological profile of most Brazilian regions surveyed.
Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a prevalência de anticorpos anti- Leptospira spp, identificar os sorovares mais prevalentes, bem como avaliar possíveis fatores associados à prevalência sorológica antileptospírica em cães urbanos de Araguaína, Tocantins. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, abrangendo a população canina domiciliada na zona urbana do município. Analisaram-se 275 amostras, tendo sido realizada colheita domiciliar dos soros, em unidades sorteadas, após o consentimento esclarecido dos proprietários. As amostras foram obtidas através de punção cefálica ou jugular, com agulha 25 x 7, em seringas descartáveis de 5 a 10 mL transferidas para tubos de ensaio com gel separador, sequencialmente centrifugadas, criopreservadas e encaminhadas para Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Leptospirose do Departamento de Medicina Veterinária da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás (DMV/EV/UFG), onde foram processadas segundo a técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica. Em cada domicílio sorteado, foi aplicado questionário para obtenção de dados referentes a possíveis fatores associados, que foram analisados por meio da análise bivariada. A soroprevalência detectada foi de 13,8%, sendo mais prevalentes os sorovares Castellonis (26,3%), Pyrogenes e Pomona, ambos com 10,5% dos sororeagentes. A pesquisa de fatores associados à infecção por leptospira, demonstrou associação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis, estação do ano, período chuvoso (p=0,03) e a localidade Sonhos Dourados (p=0,02). Os resultados demonstraram que, no município de Araguaína, a leptospirose canina apresenta um perfil epidemiológico diferente da maioria das regiões brasileiras pesquisadas.

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Veterinarians, teachers, students and employees of the Veterinary Hospital of the Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás are exposed to daily occupational hazards, including zoonotic pathogens. This study is aimed at analyzing the occurrence of anti-Leptospira spp., Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and after pre-exposure rabies vaccination in the internal members of the Veterinary Hospital through the microscopic sero-agglutination technique (SAM), the simplified fluorescence inhibition microtest (SFIMT) and the indirect hemagglutination test. Response to the serovars Automnalis, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Butembo, Icterohaemorrahagiae, Australis and Canícola were detected in 6,15% (8/130). Among the 130 analyzed, 96.15% (125/130) presented serum-neutralization titers for anti-rabies antibodies post-pre-exposure prophylactic vaccination for individual immunological protection and 3.85% (5/130) did not. In relation to the anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, 70% (91/130) were positive. The main activities reported by the participants included clinical care, animal restraint activities, sample collection and analysis, imaging diagnosis, pharmaceutical activities, practical classes, emergency procedures, surgical activities, necropsies and environment clean-up. The reported risk factors were contact with pathogens, accidents with sharp objects, bites, pecks, scratches, recoil, direct contact with secretions and excretions, ionizing radiation, patients of unknown origin, contact with high flow of people and animals, incorrect or incomplete information provided by animal tutors, absence of auxiliaries in some procedures and biological waste. Important biosafety measures pointed out by the participants were: obtain the patient's complete history, use protective equipment correctly, be more careful when carrying out routine procedures, adequate containment of all animals, pre-exposure vaccination of team members, awareness, and proper training and disposal of waste. By demonstrating a sense of the risks and dangers to which they are exposed and by the appropriate biosafety measures, practitioners and students are closer to an adequate level of biosecurity.
Médicos veterinários, professores, estudantes e funcionários que atuam em instituições de saúde como o Hospital Veterinário da Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás estão expostos a riscos ocupacionais diariamente, incluindo patógenos zoonóticos. Este estudo objetivou analisar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp., anti-Toxoplasma gondii e após vacinação antirrábica pré-exposição nos membros internos do Hospital Veterinário por meio das técnicas de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), do microteste simplificado de inibição de fluorescência (SFIMT), e da realização da prova de hemaglutinação indireta. Resposta aos sorovares Automnalis, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Butembo, Icterohaemorra-hagiae, Australis e Canícola foram detectadas em 6,15% (8/130). Dentre as 130 analisadas, 96,15% (125/130) apresentaram títulos de soro-neutralização para anticorpos anti-rábicos pós-vacinação pré-exposição para proteção imunológica individual e 3,85% (5/130) não. Em relação aos anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, 70% (91/130) apresentaram-se positivas. As principais atividades relatadas pelos participantes incluíram atendimentos clínicos, atividades de contenção, colheita e análises de amostras, diagnóstico por imagem, atividades na farmácia, aulas práticas, atendimentos emergenciais, atividades cirúrgicas, necropsias e limpeza do ambiente. Os fatores de risco relatados foram o contato com agentes patogênicos, acidentes com perfurocortantes, mordidas, bicadas, arranhões, coices, contato direto com secreções e excreções, radiações ionizantes, pacientes de origem desconhecida, contato com elevado fluxo de pessoas e animais, informações incorretas ou incompletas fornecidas pelos tutores dos animais, ausência de auxiliares em alguns procedimentos e resíduos biológicos. Já as medidas de biossegurança apontadas pelos participantes foram a obtenção do histórico completo do paciente, uso correto de equipamentos de proteção, maiores cuidados ao realizarem os procedimentos de rotina, contenção adequada de todos os animais, vacinação pré-exposição dos membros da equipe, conscientização e treinamento e descarte adequado dos materiais e resíduos. Ao demonstrarem noção dos riscos e perigos aos quais estão expostos e das medidas adequadas de biossegurança que podem colocar em prática, os profissionais e estudantes se encontram mais próximos de um nível de biosseguridade adequado.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Bruno Medrado.pdf: 1863730 bytes, checksum: 142fb795d040f53ab90b6225b9c56530 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-10
The main economic activity of the state of Tocantins, in Brazilian Amazon is cattle farms, with extensive breeding. Looking for contribution to cattle sanity, this study was devoted to the prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira in livestock of those farms, as production animals (cattle and equids), dogs and animal workers, from a rural governmental settlement in Aragominas, in the northwestern part of Tocantins. The statistically proofed sample was composed by 242 cows, 78 equids, 59 dogs and 41 animals workers, distributed in 38 small properties. All sampling was performed after informed consent, written in the case of human beings. For the diagnosis of leptospirosis, microscopic seroagglutination was performed in the Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Leptospirose do Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da Escola de Medicina Veterinária da UFG, Goiânia-GO. The seroprevalence for Leptospira spp in cattle was 76,5% [70,7% 81,7%], with serovar predominance of Hardjo (26,2%), followed by Wolffi (23,4%) Hebdomadis (14,1%), Castellonis (11,7%), Grippotyphosa (9,1%) e Pyrogenes (4,8%). In equids the seroprevalence was 79,3% [68,9% 87,4%], with agglutinins more intense to wild life serovars Castellonis (24,4%), Grippotyphosa (13,7%), Patoc (13,1%), Butembo (8,9%), Pomona (7,1%), Hardjo (6,6%), Pyrogenes (6,6%) e Wolffi (6,6%). Dogs presented seroprevalence of 30,5% [19,2 43,9], prevailing Canicola (26,3%), Hardjo (13,3%), Bratislava (10,0%) and Pyrogenes (10,0%). Human leptospirosis seroprevalence in animal workers was 31,7% [18,1%-48,1%], cwith detections of serovars Hardjo (26,3%), Grippotyphosa (15,8%), Pyrogenes (10,5%), Wolffi (10,5%), Autumnalis (10,5%) e Bratislava (10,5%). Looking for association with environmental and breeding conditions, the seroprevalence was associated in cattle to Bos indicus cattle (OR=7,51; [0,99-56,97]), in equids to the use of antihelminths (OR=7,64[0,95 61,50]) and for dogs with use for shepherd cattle (OR=4,44[1,35 14,58]). These data point to endemicity of Leptospira infection in the area and are highly suggestive of extensive environmental contamination with wildlife and production animal serovars. These results also emphasize the importance of the control of livestock leptospirosis, lowering environmental contamination and allowing better animal sanitation, with measures that could be implemented in new adequate settlements.
A exploração pecuária bovina constitui-se em uma atividade fundamental para o Estado do Tocantins, que tem sua economia pautada no agronegócio. Visando contribuir para a sanidade bovina na região, objetivou-se neste estudo determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em animais de interesse econômico (bovinos e equinos), em cães e em humanos que tinham contato direto com animais, oriundos de assentamento rural do município de Aragominas, Tocantins, Brasil. A amostragem estatisticamente representativa foi constituída por 242 bovinos, 78 equídeos, 59 cães e 41 humanos, distribuídos em 38 propriedades. As colheitas de sangue dos animais e a aplicação de questionários foram realizadas após o aceite dos proprietários e, no caso dos humanos, após a leitura e assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Para diagnóstico da leptospirose foi empregada a técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) realizada no Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Leptospirose do Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da Escola de Medicina Veterinária da UFG, em Goiânia-GO. A prevalência de infecção por Leptospira spp. em bovinos foi de 76,5% [70,7% 81,7%], com predominância de anticorpos aos sorovares Hardjo (26,2%), seguido do Wolffi (23,4%), Hebdomadis (14,1%), Castellonis (11,7%), Grippotyphosa (9,1%) e Pyrogenes (4,8%); em equídeos foi de 79,3% [68,9% 87,4%], com maior detecção de aglutininas para os sorovares Castellonis (24,4%), Grippotyphosa (13,7%), Patoc (13,1%), Butembo (8,9%), Pomona (7,1%), Hardjo (6,6%), Pyrogenes (6,6%) e Wolffi (6,6%). Já em cães, foi detectada soroprevalência de 30,5% [19,2 43,9], com maiores respostas aos sorovares Canicola (26,3%), seguido Hardjo (13,3%), Bratislava (10,0%) e Pyrogenes (10,0%) e em humanos constataram-se 31,7% [18,1%-48,1%] de reagentes, com detecção de anticorpos para os sorovares Hardjo (26,3%), Grippotyphosa (15,8%), Pyrogenes (10,5%), Wolffi (10,5%), Autumnalis (10,5%) e Bratislava (10,5%). Dentre os fatores avaliados, a prevalência mostrou-se associada na espécie bovina à raça zebu (OR=7,51; [0,99-56,97]), nos equídeos ao uso de vermífugo (OR=7,64[0,95 61,50]) e para cães a lida com gado (OR=4,44[1,35 14,58]). Os resultados encontrados apontam para uma situação de endemicidade e são sugestivos de alta contaminação ambiental por sorovares que possuem como hospedeiro natural animais de produção e silvestres; evidenciando a necessidade de controle da infecção animal, com a finalidade de diminuir a contaminação ambiental e a consequente infecção em seres humanos.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-12T12:13:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_InvestigacaoSoroepidemiologicaBrucelose.pdf: 308098 bytes, checksum: b3fd5f9507ad94e60dd1653ab755d98c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo do trabalho foi a detecção de anticorpos anti - Brucella abortus e anti – Leptospira interrogans em soros de eqüídeos e seus tratadores nos bairros das cidades de Belém e Ananindeua, abrangendo os meses de abril a agosto de 2005, utilizando para este fim, 195 soros sanguíneos de eqüídeos e 70 soros sanguíneos de homens que manipulavam os animais direta ou indiretamente. Para a pesquisa de animais sororeagentes à B. abortus, foram usadas as provas do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) como teste de triagem e a Soro Aglutinação Lenta em Tubos (SAL) e o teste do 2-Mercaptoetanol (2-ME), como teste confirmatórios. Para a Leptospirose, foi utilizada a prova de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), sendo realizada a triagem dos soros frente à 25 sorovares de L. interrogans, considerando-se positivos aquelas amostras com titulação igual ou maior que 100. De 195 amostras de soros sanguíneos de eqüídeos, 184 (94,87%) foram positivas para todos os sorovares analisados, sendo que os mais frequentemente encontrados foram: Patoc, Automnalis, Ictehaemohragiae, Pyrogenes e Bratislava. Para as amostras sanguíneas de homens, a positividade foi de 49 (70%) de soros reagentes, com os sorovares Patoc, Ictehaemohragiae, Bratislava, Butembo, Copenhageni e Automnalis os mais detectados. Das amostras positivas de animais e seus respectivos tratadores, 47/70 (67,14%) foram semelhantes para os mesmos sorovares de Leptospira spp., sendo que 2/70 (2,86%) amostras foram negativas em ambos os grupos pesquisados, 2/70 (2,86%) foram somente positivas em homens e 19/70 (27,14%) foram exclusivamente positivas nas amostras de soros de eqüídeos. Os bairros do Coqueiro, Guamá, 40 horas, Barreiro e Bengui apresentaram a maior percentagem de casos soropositivos. Não houve diferença significativa em relação às outras variantes estudadas, como: idade (animal e homem), tempo de serviço (animal e homem), espécie do animal, escore corporal do animal e grau de instrução do homem. Tanto nos animais quanto nos homens não foram detectadas reações positivas para B. abortus.
The objective of the work was the detention of antibodies anti - Brucella abortus and anti - Leptospira interrogans in serum of equines and equine workers of the quarters of the cities of Belém and Ananindeua, enclosing the months from April to August of 2005, using for this end, 195 sanguineous serum of eqquines and 70 sanguineous serum of men that manipulated the animals direct or indirectly. For the research of reagents serum of animals to B. abortus, the tests used had been Antigen Acidified Test (AAT), as a selection test, and slow seroagglutination (SAL) and and the 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME) as confirmatory tests. To Leptospirosis, the test used was of microscopical seroagglutination being carried through the selection of the serum front to the 25 serovars of L. interrogans, considering positive those samples with titulation equal or bigger that 100. Of 195 samples of equine sanguineous serum, 184 (94.87%) had been positive for all serovars analyzed, being that more frequent found: Patoc, Automnalis, Ictehaemohragiae, Pyrogenes and Bratislava. For the sanguineous samples of men, the positivity was of 49 (70%) of reacting serum, with the most detected serovars: Patoc, Ictehaemohragiae, Bratislava, Butembo, Copenhageni and Automnalis. Of the positive samples of equine and its respective workers, 47/70 (67.14%) were similar for same serovars of Leptospira spp., being that 2/70 (2.86%) samples had been negative in both the searched groups, 2/70 (2.86%) were only positive in humans and 19/70 (27.14%) were exclusively positive in the samples of equine serum. The quarters of Coqueiro, Guamá, 40 horas, Barreiro and Bengui had presented the biggest percentage of positive cases serum. It did not have significant difference in relation to the other studied variants, as: climate, age (animal and man), time of service (animal and man), species of the animal, props up corporal of the animal and degree of instruction of the man. As much in the animals how much in the men positive reactions for B. abortus had not been detected.

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The locally adapted breeds to different Brazilian ecosystems characterized as an alternative to food production, for presenting, among other characteristics, greater resistance to diseases.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of brucellosis and leptospirosis in nucleus of in situ conservation of Curraleiro and Pantaneiro bovine breeds in Cerrado and Pantanal biomes by serological and molecular diagnosis of these diseases in the livestock. We analyzed serum of 1,280 Curraleiro and 248 Pantaneiro animals on convenience sampling. We employed microscopic agglutination test, for the diagnosis of leptospirosis and the buffered acidified antigen test (Rose Bengal plate test) for brucellosis and 2-mercaptoethanol test for confirmation. The frequency of brucellosis in Curraleiro was 0.7% for animals and 25% for herds. In Pantaneiros, all animals tested were negative for Brucella abortus. The frequency of anti- Leptospira antibodies was 44.8% in Curraleiro and 51.2% in Pantaneiros, and 100% of the herds of both breeds showed positive animals. The factors associated with leptospirosis were access to wetland, abortions, vaccination against leptospirosis and practice of slaughtering in the propertyfor Curraleiro breed; and sex and age, with the highest risk for females aged between 12 and 24 months for Pantaneiro breed. Serological methods were employed above and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting infection by Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. in cattle, to evaluate the concordance of the results of such tests. Brucellosis shows low frequency in Curraleiro cattle and is controlled in Pantaneiro. Leptospirosis was widely disseminated in nucleus of in situ conservation. In both breeds the serovars Hardjo and Wolffi were the most prevalent, which reinforce the function of bovine as a source of infection in the herd. However, the presence of reactions to serovars characteristic of wild animals suggests the involvement of local wildlife in the epidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in these nuclei of in situ conservation. The correlation of results obtained by serology and PCR to identify infection by Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. was weak, which reinforces the idea that the diagnosis is more reliable when more than one method is employed.
As raças bovinas localmente adaptadas aos diferentes ecossistemas brasileiros caracterizam-se como uma alternativa para produção de alimentos, por apresentarem entre outras características, maior resistência a enfermidades. O objetivo geral foi avaliar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose e da leptospirose em núcleos de conservação de bovinos Curraleiros Pé Duro e Pantaneiros no Cerrado e Pantanal, utilizando métodos sorológicos e moleculares no diagnóstico de rebanho destas enfermidades. Foram testados soros de 1.280 bovinos Curraleiros e 248 bovinos Pantaneiros em amostragem de conveniência. Para diagnóstico de leptospirose empregou-se a soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e para brucelose adotou-se o teste de antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e confirmação pelo teste de soroaglutinação lenta e 2 mercaptoetanol (2 - ME). Além dos métodos sorológicos descritos, foi empregada a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detecção de infecção por Brucella spp. e Leptospira spp. em bovinos Curraleiros Pé Duro, para avaliar a concordância dos resultados de tais testes. A frequência de brucelose em bovinos Curraleiros foi de 0,7% para animais e 25% para rebanhos, enquanto os Pantaneiros foram soronegativos para Brucella abortus. A frequência anticorpos anti-Leptospira em bovinos Curraleiros foi de 44,8% e em Pantaneiros 51,2%. 100% dos rebanhos apresentaram animais soropositivos. Os fatores associados à leptospirose em bovinos Curraleiros foram acesso à área alagadiça, ocorrência de abortos, vacinação contra leptospirose e prática de abate na propriedade. Para bovinos Pantaneiros os fatores associados foram sexo e idade, com maior risco para fêmeas na faixa etária entre 12 e 24 meses. Conclui-se que a brucelose apresenta baixa frequência em bovinos Curraleiros Pé Duro e está controlada em Pantaneiros. A leptospirose revelou-se amplamente disseminada nos núcleos de criação de bovinos de raças localmente adaptadas. Nas duas raças os sorovares mais prevalentes foram Hardjo e Wolffi reforçando o papel dos bovinos como fonte de infecção no rebanho. A ocorrência de positividade para sorovares adaptados à fauna silvestre local sugere a participação da mesma na epidemiologia da leptospirose bovina nos núcleos de conservação das raças. A concordância dos resultados obtidos pela PCR em amostras sanguíneas e pela sorologia para identificação da infecção por Brucella spp. e Leptospira spp. foi fraca, o que reforça da necessidade de validação da PCR tendo em vista que o diagnóstico é mais confiável quando obtido por meio de vários métodos.

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Faz um levantamento sorológico para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp e Trypanosoma cruzi em primatas neotropicais mantidos em cativeiro. Amostras de 94 primatas neotropicais adultos, machos e fêmeas de diferentes espécies pertencentes ao criatório do Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP)-Ananindeua-PA, coletadas para a realização da Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), na qual foram utilizadas 84 amostras sorológicas, em que 35 (41,67%) apresentaram anticorpos contra leptospira e 49 (58,33%) foram soronegativas. De 11 espécies utilizadas na pesquisa, as maiores positividades estavam nas espécies de Cebus apella 69.23% (9/13), Aotus infullatus 33,33% (5/15), Callithrix penicillata 28,57% (4/14) e Saimiri sciureus 22,73 (5/22). De 35 amostras positivas, 11 (31,42%) reagiram contra o sorovar Cynopteri, oito (22,85%) foram reagentes para Andamana, seis (17,14%) contra o sorovar Hebdomadis, quatro (11,42%) para Copenhageni, três (8,57%) contra o sorovar Patoc, duas (5,71%) para o sorovar Cuíca, e o restante reagiram para pelo menos um sorovar (2,85%) sorovar Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Grippotyphosa e Autumnalis. Para detecção de anticorpos contra o T. cruzi, foram utilizadas 94 amostras sorológicas de primatas neotropicais. As amostras de cada animal foram submetidas aos exames sorológicos de Hemaglutinação Indireta (HAI) e Ensaio Imunoenzimático (ELISA). Das amostras avaliadas pela HAI, apenas uma fêmea da espécie Saguinus niger revelou resultado positivo, porém todas as amostras revelaram resultado negativo quando submetidas ao ELISA-recombinante. Com relação aos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos não foram observadas alterações que indicassem uma possível infecção. Conclui-se que a ocorrência de anticorpos contra as leptospiras nas espécies de primatas foi alta, mesmo não apresentando sintomas, e todos os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos estarem normais indicando que apesar destes animais encontrarem-se em cativeiro, possivelmente tiveram contato em vida livre com a bactéria e a infecção pode estar sendo mantida entre eles e casos de leptospirose e doença de Chagas em primatas neotropicais são raros, porém deve-se lembrar que os mesmos atuam como reservatórios de Leptospira spp e Tripanosma cruzi no ambiente silvestre.
Make a serological survey for antibodies against Leptospira spp and Trypanosome cruzi in Neotropical primates kept in captivity. 94 samples of neotropical primates adults, males and females of different species kept in captivity in the Primates National Center - Ananindeua- PA, collected for the accomplishment of the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), in the which was used 84 serum samples, of which 35 (41.67%) presented antibodies against leptospira and 49 (58.33%) were seronegative. From 11 species used in research, the highest positivity was in the species of Cebus apella (69.23%), Aotus infullatus (33.33%), Callithrix penicillata (28.57%) and Saimiri sciureus (22.73%). From 35 positive samples, 11 (31.42%) reacted against serovar Cynopteri, eight (22.85%) were reagents for Andaman, six (17.14%) against serovar Hebdomadis, four (11.42%) for Copenhagen, three (8.57%) against serovar Patoc, two (5.71%) to serovar Cuíca, and the remainder responded to at least one serovar (2.85%) serovar Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Grippotyphosa and Autumnalis. To detect the anticorpos against T. cruzi, were used 94 samples of neotropical primates. The samples of each animal were submitted to the Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA) and Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Of samples avaluated by IHA, only one female from the specie Saguinus niger showed result positive, but, all samples showed result negative when avaluated by ELISA. In relation to hematological and biochemical parametes, were not observed alterations that indicated a possible infection. It is concluded that the occurrence of antibodies against leptospires in species of primates was relatively high, even showing symptoms, and all hematological and biochemical parameters were normal indicating that although these animals find themselves in captivity, possibly had contact in the wild life with the bacterium, and the infection may be maintained between them and cases of leptospirosis e Chaga’s disease in neotropical primates are rares, but we should remember that they act with reservoir of Leptospira spp and Tripanosma cruzi at wild environment.

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by spirochaetes. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Brachyspira. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including leptospirosis, syphilis, non-venereal treponemes, and relapsing fevers. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

The leptospirosis vaccine is the main method of preventing the occurrence and spread of leptospirosis. Compliance with the standards of manufacturing, labeling, and storage is mandatory for immunological preparations. All stages of vaccine production must comply with the rules established by the Ministry of Industry and Trade and ensure its safety for humans. The article presents epidemiological data on leptospirosis in the Russian Federation in the period from 2013 to 2018. A method for producing a vaccine against human leptospirosis is described. The leptospirosis vaccine is polyvalent using membrane technologies and semi-synthetic culture media. It eliminates the use of foreign protein and does not require cleaning. The vaccine is an opalescent liquid with sediment and a pH of 7.2-7.6 and it is not allowed to contain live leptospira. Vaccination is carried out according to epidemiological indicators. Leptospirosis suspension forms specific immunity for 1 year.