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1
Charishma Devi, T. V. L., B. Mounika, SK Sharmila, Satheesh S. Gottipati, and P. Srinivas Babu. "A REVIEW ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF LEPTOSPIROSIS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13439.
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, it arises worldwide but it is most frequent in tropical and subtropical zone. It is one of the notifiable and treatable disease. Leptospirosis is a plague caused by species of bacteria called Leptospira the bacteria shed into the nature via urine of infected animals. Rats are the most recurrent source of human sepsis. Rivers are the assumption to be a predominant risk factor for transmission of disease to humans. It possesses an extensive variation of mechanisms that allow them to avoid the host immune system and cause infection. The infection is extremely vast ranging from subclinical to multi organ infection with elevated mortality. It is frequently mild but can be terminal, it is likely to be serious and the serious alignment form known as Weils disease and can easily steer to death. The mingling of renal failure, hemorrhage and jaundice is known as Weils disease. It is the most affection pattern associated with critical leptospirosis. It is accumulating as a serious problem worldwide and superficially existing as co-infections with various unrelated diseases, including malaria and dengue. Laboratory diagnostic tests are not always accessible and usually diagnosis is executed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serology and microscopic agglutination test, rapid test are also feasible. The MAT (microscopic agglutination test) is known as Gold standard. Serological tests are most frequently used for the diagnosis of leptospirois. The carcinogenesis of human disease and mechanism of cell membrane injuries which take place mainly due to the occupancy of leptospirosis along with their antigen in host tissues many molecules hand out to the ability of leptospira to invade, colonize and to adhere. In most of the cases antibiotics are preferred to reduce the symptoms of leptospirosis.
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Chancharoenthana, Wiwat, Asada Leelahavanichkul, Marcus J. Schultz, and Arjen M. Dondorp. "Going Micro in Leptospirosis Kidney Disease." Cells 11, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11040698.
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic and waterborne disease worldwide. It is a neglected infectious disease caused by Leptospira spp., as well as a reemerging disease and global public health problem with respect to morbidity and mortality both in humans and animals. Leptospirosis emerges as a leading cause of acute febrile illness along with hepatorenal injury in many countries, including Thailand. While most affected persons are symptomatic in acute disease, which is always difficult to differentiate from other tropical diseases, there is growing evidence of subtle manifestations that cause unrecognized chronic symptoms. The kidney is one of the common organs affected by Leptospires. Although acute kidney injury in the spectrum of interstitial nephritis is a well-described characteristic in severe leptospirosis, chronic kidney disease from leptospirosis is widely discussed. Early recognition of severe leptospirosis leads to reduce morbidity and mortality. Thus, in this review, we highlight the spectrum of characteristics involved in leptospirosis kidney disease and the use of serologic and molecular methods, as well as the treatments of severe leptospirosis.
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Yang, C. W., M. S. Wu, and M. J. Pan. "Leptospirosis renal disease." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 16, suppl 5 (July 1, 2001): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/16.suppl_5.73.
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Mulyani, Guntari Titik, Sri Hartati, Hastari Wuryastuty, Ida Tjahajati, Yuriadi Yuriadi, Irkham Widiyono, Yanuartono Yanuartono, et al. "Identifikasi Serovar Penyebab Leptospirosis pada Anjing di Yogyakarta." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 37, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.39201.
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global concern, and is caused by pathogenic serovar Leptospira interrogans. Canine Leptospirososis is widespread worldwide, dogs can act as incidental hosts or maintenance hosts for various serovars. The purpose of this research was to identify leptospire serovars that infect healthy and suspected leptospirosis dogs in Yogyakarta. A total of 56 dogs (36 healthy dogs and 20 suspect leptospirosis dogs) sera were taken from cephalica vein as much as 3 ml. Sera were examined for leptospirosis with Microscopic Aglutination Test (MAT) which conducted at the Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor. Microscopic Aglutination Test carried out on various Leptospire serovar, namely: Ichterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Celledoni, Ballum, Pyogenes, Cynopeteri, Rachmati, Australis, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Bataviae, Hardjo, and Tarrasovi. The results showed that Celledoni serovars infected 25% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, Javanica serovar infected 19% of healthy dogs, Bataviae serovars infected 15% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, Grippotyphosa serovar infected 11% of healthy dogs, Tarrasovi serovar infected 10% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, serovars Cynopteri infects 5% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, serovar Pyrogenes infects 5% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, and serovar Rachmati infects 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs. Seven healthy dogs (19%) and 2 suspect leptospirosis dogs (10%) were infected with more than 2 leptospire serovars. From the results of this study it can be concluded that Celledoni serovar of Leptospira interrogans infection causes subclinical leptospirosis, while Bataviae serovar infection causes clinical leptospirosis in dogs in Yogyakarta.
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P, Pati. "Leptospirosis One of the Risk Factor for Kidney Diseases." Open Access Journal of Urology & Nephrology 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajun-16000223.
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The disease leptospirosis is threatening both animals and humans. Leptospirosis can cause complications in multiple organs, including the kidneys early on, most often manifesting as tubulo-interstitial nephritis and tubular dysfunction. More than a million people are infected with leptospirosis every year, making it the most widespread zoonosis. Hotspots of leptospirosis and CKD are the agricultural intensive areas that are prone to flooding. Pallabi Pati Senior Research Fellow(SRF) Molecular Biology Division Regional Medical Research Centre(ICMR),Bhubaneswar. Lack of prompt treatment for acute leptospirosis can lead to chronic kidney damage and ultimately kidney failure. Because of the insidious nature for progression of CKD, the germs that cause it may be present in the kidney without causing any symptoms. Tubulointerstitial nephritis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy are histologic findings of leptospirosis renal disease. Leptospirosis in adult male workers is associated with proximal tubule dysfunction, hypokalemia, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
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Kozishkurt, E., K. Talalaev, O. Melnik, O. Sovirda, E. Gerasimenko, and L. Kostolonova. "Рredicting epizootic risks of leptospirosis." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.02.036.
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Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of humans and animals that is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. It is considered the most common zoonosis in the world and is associated with settings of poor sanitation and agricultural occupations involving contact with animals or water. The authors have analyzed the present day world and particular Ukrainian situation with leptospirorsis and pointed out the urgent measures which could prevent its prevalence.
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Boertjes, Emma, Stefanie Hillebrand, Janneke Elisabeth Bins, and Laurien Oswald. "Pulmonary haemorrhage in Weil’s disease." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 1 (January 2020): e227570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227570.
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Leptospirosisis a zoonosis caused by spirochaetes from the species Leptospira. The more severe form of leptospirosis, known as Weil’s disease, is characterised by the triad of jaundice, renal impairment and haemorrhages. Pulmonary involvement occurs in 20%–70% of the patients, with severity ranging from non-productive cough to respiratory failure mainly due to pulmonary haemorrhage. Recognition of Weil’s disease in patients presenting with pulmonary symptoms can be difficult. This case illustrates a classic case of pulmonary haemorrhagic involvement in Weil’s disease.
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Vinetz, Joseph, Alyssa N. Chetrick, Katie E. Steimel, Carla E. Devillers, Jean-Louis Excler, Jerome H. Kim, and Suneth Agampodi. "Getting leptospirosis onto the lists of neglected tropical diseases." Open Access Government 43, no. 1 (July 8, 2024): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-043-11310.
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Getting leptospirosis onto the lists of neglected tropical diseases Leptospirosis is a globally important infectious disease, but neglected to the extent that it’s not on WHO’s or FDA’s neglected tropical diseases lists; this needs to change. Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the bacterial genus Leptospira, poses a significant yet poorly recognized global public health threat. Incomprehensibly, this disease remains neglected by the global health agenda. Leptospirosis is estimated to cause more than a million cases and over 60,000 deaths annually, with case fatality rates of up to 20%. (1) Hence, leptospirosis is the most important zoonotic bacterial disease worldwide. It is common in tropical regions of low- and middle-income countries such as Brazil, India, China, Indonesia, Peru, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and it affects high-income countries, too, including the United States and Europe.
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Levett, Paul N. "Leptospirosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 296–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.2.296-326.2001.
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SUMMARY Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection with a much greater incidence in tropical regions and has now been identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases. The epidemiology of leptospirosis has been modified by changes in animal husbandry, climate, and human behavior. Resurgent interest in leptospirosis has resulted from large outbreaks that have received significant publicity. The development of simpler, rapid assays for diagnosis has been based largely on the recognition that early initiation of antibiotic therapy is important in acute disease but also on the need for assays which can be used more widely. In this review, the complex taxonomy of leptospires, previously based on serology and recently modified by a genotypic classification, is discussed, and the clinical and epidemiological value of molecular diagnosis and typing is also evaluated.
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Rahayu, Ingrit Ridha. "PEMODELAN MATEMATIKA PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT LEPTOSPIROSIS DENGAN PENGARUH TREATMENT." Journal of Mathematics UNP 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/unpjomath.v7i1.10923.
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Leptospirosis is a disease caused by bacteria and attack humans and animals. Leptospirosis transmitted from human to human, from animal to animal, from animal to human. In this study, a mathematical model transmitted of Leptospirosis disease with the effect of treatment. The purpose of this modelling is to determine the spread of Leptospirosis disease with the effect of treatment, to determine analysed of mathematical model spread of Leptospirosis disease with the effect of treatment, and to determine interpretation of mathematical model spread of Leptospirosis disease with the effect of treatment. This research begins by determining the variables, parameters, and assumptions related to the problem so that the mathematical model spread of Leptospirosis disease with the effect of treatment. After that model will be analyzed and interpreted. Based on the result of the analysis showed that this model is stable which shows that the point care remains disease-free.
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Phillips, Jennan A. "Leptospirosis." Workplace Health & Safety 67, no. 3 (December 21, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079918818582.
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Leptospirosis is a leading zoonotic disease for morbidity and mortality in humans globally. Occupational health nurses should teach workers and the public about leptospirosis and the importance of disrupting the infection source through rodent control, animal vaccination, and flood prevention.
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Calado, Enoque Júnio da Rocha, Vitória De Souza Oliveira, Fellipe Camargo Ferreira Dias, Aline Barbosa Lopes, Amanda Amâncio Oliveira, Victor Mateus Xavier De Santana, Kamile Eller Gusmão, Pedro Henrique Procópio Lobo, Aline Almeida Liberato, and Virgílio Ribeiro Guedes. "LEPTOSPIROSE NA REGIÃO NORTE DO BRASIL: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA E PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO COMPARATIVO." Revista de Patologia do Tocantins 4, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2446-6492.2017v4n2p65.
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A leptospirose é uma doença infecciosa negligenciada cujos dados epidemiológicos são deficientes em todo o mundo. Objetiva-se apresentar dados epidemiológicos desta patologia na região Norte, analisando-os comparativamente com valores obtidos em estudos de outras partes do país e do mundo. Realizou-se estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, clínico e epidemiológico dos casos notificados na região Norte do Brasil, entre 2012 a 2015 com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN. Observou-se média anual de 1074,25 casos de leptospirose na região Norte, predominantemente no sexo masculino (65,74%), entre 20-39 anos (41,56%), provenientes da zona urbana (79,69%), com contágio associado ao domicílio (70%) e com métododiagnóstico clínico-laboratorial (84%). A maioria dos pacientes na região evoluiu com cura da doença (89,53%). A região Norte é endêmica para leptospirose, apresentando dados deficitários. São necessários mais estudos na área e ações públicas direcionadas.Palavras-chave: leptospirose, epidemiologia, vigilância epidemiológica, região Norte.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease whose epidemiological data is worldwide deficient. Objective: To present epidemiological data about said disease in the Northern Region of Brazil, analysing them comparatively against values gathered from other regions of the country and of the world. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, clinical and epidemiological study was made from the cases registered in the Northern Region of Brazil between 2012 and 2015 with data from the National Notification Disease Information System – SINAN. Results: An annual average of 1074,25 leptospirosis cases were observed in the Northern Region, predominantly among males (65,74%), between the ages 20-39 (41,56%), inhabiting urban areas (79,69%), avocational exposure (70%) and the diagnosis method was mostly based upon clinical and laboratorial features (84%). Most patients in the region recovered from the infection (89,53%). Conclusion: The Northern Region of Brazil is endemic for leptospirosis, displaying insufficient data. Further studies and public actions regarding the subject are needed. Keywords: leptospirose, epidemiology, epidemiological surveillance, North Region.
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Dong, Wei-Hua, and Zhi Chen. "Leptospirosis with pulmonary haemorrhage and multiple organ failure: a case report and literature review." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 5 (May 2021): 030006052110196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211019665.
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Pulmonary haemorrhage is an important complication of leptospirosis. We herein report an uncommon case of severe pulmonary haemorrhage and multiple organ failure caused by leptospirosis in a 49-year-old man who was previously healthy. He was a farm worker who was admitted to the hospital because of haemoptysis. He had worked in a paddy field 4 days prior to admission. Chest computed tomography revealed pulmonary haemorrhage, which rapidly deteriorated into haemorrhagic shock and multiple organ failure. Based on the patient’s possible history of contact with contaminated water and the DNA sequence of Leptospira detected in his bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the patient was diagnosed with pulmonary haemorrhagic leptospirosis. Despite the administration of a fluid bolus, norepinephrine, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and haemostatics, and even with administration of a blood transfusion and extracorporeal life support, the pulmonary haemorrhage could not be controlled effectively. The patient eventually died of haemorrhagic shock. Leptospirosis can be a life-threatening disease despite aggressive treatment, even with extracorporeal life support. Next-generation sequencing can provide important diagnostic clues for patients with atypical leptospirotic symptoms.
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Terebova, Svetlana V., Guli G. Koltun, Victoria V. Podvalova, Nadezhda V. Momot, Igor L. Kamlia, and Margarita G. Simakova. "Analysis of the epizootic situation regarding bovine leptospirosis in Primorsky Region." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 11, no. 108 (2022): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202211013.
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Primorsky Region is not affected by leptospirosis. The disease is most often registered in settlements in southern Primorsky Krai, and it is seasonal. Laboratory tests have detected serogroups of Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae leptospirosis. From 2012 to 2021, there were two registered leptospirosis-free areas in cattle, and the total number of diseased animals was 23 heads. Vaccination allows the epizootic process of leptospirosis to be controlled, but the course of the disease is latent and asymptomatic. Circulation of the pathogen is ensured by natural, anthropogenic and mixed epizootic foci, as well as by wild, synanthropic animals.
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Aldisa, Rima Tamara, Sechan Alfarisi, and Mohammad Aldinugroho Abdullah. "Penerapan Metode Naïve Bayes Dalam Mendiagnosa Penyakit Leptospirosis." Journal of Computer System and Informatics (JoSYC) 3, no. 4 (September 5, 2022): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/josyc.v3i4.2205.
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There are still many people who are less concerned with environmental cleanliness, where this can lead to the accumulation of bad bacteria that cause disease. One of them is Leptospirosis, a disease caused by a bacterial infection, namely the Leptospira strain. Leptospirosis is a disease caused by the laying of bacteria in animals that is transmitted to humans. This disease is often ignored by the public due to lack of understanding about this disease and the high cost of conducting examinations and consulting a doctor or hospital. So that in overcoming this we need a way that is able to help the community in knowing and diagnosing Leptospirosis, one of which is by using an expert system. The expert system used in solving the problem of Leptospirosis is by using the Naïve Bayes method. The application of the Naïve Bayes method in diagnosing Leptospirosis is carried out by collecting data about Leptospirosis where this process aims to find out what symptoms are caused by Leptospirosis. The process of collecting data on this disease is done by interviewing an expert or doctor who handles the problem of Leptospirosis. The results of the diagnosis of Leptospirosis based on the calculation of the Naïve Bayes method with new user data samples get results with a definite level of accuracy where the user experiences Leptospirosis disease with mild symptoms of 63% and the results of the user experiencing Leptospirosis disease with severe symptoms of 37%. Naïve Bayes is able to diagnose with 100% accuracy seen from the total severe and mild symptoms
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Almeida, Rivelton, Gabriel Santos da Silva, Karollyne Thynally Serrão Barbosa, and Josy Janne Lopes da Silva. "Perfil Epidemiológico da Leptospirose no Estado do Amapá." UNICIÊNCIAS 27, no. 1 (October 4, 2023): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2023v27n1p52-57.
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Resumo A leptospirose é uma doença infecciosa febril transmitida por roedores através do contato direto ou indireto com urina, comumente propagada em aglomerados urbanos com acúmulo de lixo, inundações, alagamentos e infraestruturas de saneamento precárias. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar o perfil epidemiológico da leptospirose no estado do Amapá durante o período de 2013 a 2022. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo com dados disponibilizados pelo Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificações (SINAN) e pelo boletim epidemiológico da Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde do Amapá (SVS/AP). Foram analisados a prevalência da leptospirose e variáveis epidemiológicas como localidade de infecção, faixa etária, sexo e escolaridade no período proposto. Os resultados mostraram uma prevalência de 6,6 casos a cada 100.000 habitantes nos 10 anos avaliados, com destaque para os anos de 2016 e 2018 com 10.1 e 9,2 casos a cada 100.000 habitantes, respectivamente. O perfil epidemiológico encontrado indicou que a doença afetou principalmente homens com idade de 20 a 59 anos, residentes em Macapá, com escolaridade de ensino fundamental incompleto, notificados nos meses de fevereiro a maio. Estes resultados evidenciam a vulnerabilidade das populações de risco à doença, o que sugere a necessidade de um maior incentivo em programas de controle e monitoramento epidemiológico. Palavras-chave: Leptospirose. Epidemiologia. Leptospira spp. Amapá. Abstract Leptospirosis is a febrile infectious disease transmitted by rodents through direct or indirect contact with urine. It is commonly spread in urban clusters with garbage accumulation, flooding, poor sanitation infrastructure. The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiological profile of leptospirosis in the state of Amapá during the period from 2013 to 2022. A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted using data available from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) and the epidemiological bulletin of the Amapá State Health Surveillance Superintendence (SVS/AP). The prevalence of leptospirosis and epidemiological variables such as location of infection, age range, sex, and education were analyzed during the proposed period. The results showed a prevalence of 6.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in the 10-year period evaluated, with highlights in 2016 and 2018, with 10.1 and 9.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The epidemiological profile found indicated that the disease mainly affected men aged 20 to 59 years, living in Macapá, with incomplete primary education. These results highlight the vulnerability of at-risk populations to the disease, suggesting the need for greater encouragement in programs for control and epidemiological monitoring. Keywords: Leptospirosis. Epidemiology. Leptospira spp. Amapá.
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Nursitasari, Hanifah Agda. "The Analysis of Residents’ Behavior, The Condition of Ratproofing Houses and Their Effects on the Incidence of Leptospirosis Cases in Ponorogo Regency." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 11, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v11i3.2019.198-207.
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Leptospirosis is a disease with high fatality, it is transmitted by animals infected with Leptospira bacteria either through direct or indirect contact. Ponorogo is one of endemic areas to Leptospirosis whereas the incidence of this zoonotic disease reported annually. The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior of respondents and ratproofing house conditions against the incidence of leptospirosis in Ponorogo Regency. This research was an observational study with case control research design (ratio of 1: 3 with a comparison of the number of cases of 9 participants and control of 27 participants). The data were obtained by observation and interviews using observation sheets and questionnaires as instruments to obtain information about respondents' behavior and the condition of rats-free houses. The results of statistical tests using chi square showed that contact with standing water is significantly associated with the Leptospiroris incidence with OR = 10.0 (p value=0.03, 95% CI = 1,1 – 91,4) and condition of sewage system (SPAL) also significantly associated with OR = 0.10 (p value 0.02;) 95% CI: 0,01 – 0,79). Poor personal habits such as contact with standing water after working has positive association with odds ratio 10 times higher of causing leptospirosis and the condition of house sewage system (SPAL) that are covered by sewage nets to prevent the entry of mice into the house has negative association or a protective factor against the occurrence of leptospirosis. Suggestions that can be given are educating the general public within the observation area about the dangers of leptospirosis and its prevention, improving the diagnostic ability of Leptosirosis in the Primary Health Care (Puskesmas), improving daily residents behavior or habits by rinsing hands and feet in running water using soap, and closing wire gutters to prevent access rat into the house.
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Rajini KV and Vinay Khanna. "A concomitant infection of leptospirosis and filariasis." International Journal of Life Science Research Archive 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 021–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2023.4.1.0137.
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Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis & filariasis is a tropical disease. The causative agent of leptospirosis can be detected in blood, CSF, and urine depending upon the disease progression, while microfilariae are detected in peripheral blood, generally collected during the night. Both diseases are of significant concern as they can lead to serious conditions if untreated at the right time. Here we reported a case of a patient with leptospirosis & filariasis.
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Martinelli, Reinaldo, Marcos A. Luna, and Heonir Rocha. "Is rhabdomyolysis an additional factor in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in leptospirosis?" Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 36, no. 2 (April 1994): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651994000200003.
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Leptospirosis is an important cause of acute renal failure in our environment. Although several mechanisms are implicated, the role of rhabdomyolysis in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in leptospirosis has not been analysed. Sixteen patients with the diagnosis of leptospiroses consecutively admitted to the hospital were prospectively studied. The disease was characterized by sudden onset in all patients and, at admission, jaundice, conjunctival suffusion and myalgias. Mild to moderate proteinuria with unremarkable urinary sediment was recorded in 37.5% of the patients and abnormal levels of urea creatinine were found in 87.5% and 74.0%, respectively. Increased levels of aminotranspherase were documented in all 12 and CPK in all 10 patients studied. Serum myoglobin levels greater than 120µg/l recorded in 56.2%. A correlation between myoglobin and renal failure or severity of disease, however, could not be established.
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Lebreton, Thibault, Fréderic Aubrun, Jean-Yves Mabrut, Laurent Heyer, and Camille Perrin. "Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure Attributed to Leptospirosis: A Report of Two Cases." Case Reports in Critical Care 2019 (December 17, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5189542.
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Background. Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Although it may be limited to nonspecific fever, leptospirosis may also be responsible for neurological symptoms or fulminant diseases such as Weil’s disease. Diagnosis is challenging due to the difficulty in isolating the organism and the delays required for performing the serological test. Case Presentation. Two cases of leptospirosis are presented here. The clinical picture differed from a real Weil’s disease in the first case and from a neuro-leptospirosis in the second. However, both patients underwent liver transplantation because of the severity of the associated acute liver failure. Unfortunately, one of the cases had a fatal outcome. Conclusion. Antibiotic treatment for leptospirosis should not be delayed by the lack of a positive serology test for this potentially lethal disease. In the context of a history of exposure to risk factors for leptospirosis, a negative serology must be repeated 7 days to 2 weeks following the first test. Although not always present, acute liver injury may, in rare cases, require liver transplantation.
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FONTES, Raissa Matos, Luciano Pamplona de Góes CAVALCANTI, Augusto César Aragão OLIVEIRA, Laiane Fernanda de Melo BEZERRA, Almira Maria Monteiro GOMES, Jeová Keny Baima COLARES, and Danielle Malta LIMA. "A NEW POSSIBILITY FOR SURVEILLANCE: DO WE IDENTIFY ALL CASES OF LEPTOSPIROSIS?" Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57, no. 5 (October 2015): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652015000500014.
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SUMMARY Leptospirosis is a febrile disease with a typically underestimated global incidence, especially in regions where dengue is endemic. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately determine the number of leptospirosis cases in these areas, which contributes to significant under-reporting this disease. In this study, we estimated the number of possible leptospirosis cases among dengue-like cases that were reported during 2008, 2010, and 2012 in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil. Patients were evaluated for dengue and leptospirosis using immunoenzymatic tests for IgM antibodies that were specific to each pathogen. Among the suspected cases of dengue that resulted as negative in laboratory tests, 10.8% (2008), 19.2% (2010), and 30.8% (2012) were confirmed to be leptospirosis. Considering the cases reported by the surveillance authority as dengue that were subsequently discarded based on the laboratory test results, we estimate that the number of actual leptospirosis cases may be 26 to 49 times higher than those diagnosed and reported by the Health Services. Furthermore, we believe that approximately 20% of dengue-like cases may be leptospirosis cases in areas where the two diseases are endemic.
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Breneva, N. V., V. M. Korzun, I. V. Meltsov, A. A. Umanets, D. Yu Cusin, Yu S. Musatov, Т. V. Gromova, and А. V. Allenov. "Influence of Specific Leptospirosis Prevention to Epidemic Process." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 18, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2019-88-95.
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Aim of the study was to investigate the features of vaccine prevention of leptospirosis and its influence on morbidity.Materials and methods. The incidence of human leptospirosis in the Russian Federation in 1956–2016, 41 cases of disease in Siberia and the Far East in 2012–2016, official Rossel'khoznadzor data, volumes of laboratory studies and vaccination of animals in Primorsk Territory and Irkutsk Region were analyzed. Blood sera from 7315 humans, 2189 dogs, 481 bovine animals and 50 small cattle, 115 pigs, 88 horses were investigated to pathogenic Leptospira antibodies.Results. Essential significance of vaccinal leptospiroses prevention in farm animals and dogs to decrease the epizootic and epidemic process activities is demonstrated. Currently, the epidemic process in Siberia and at the Far East includes only sporadic cases, the immune stratum of the population is 3,7 ± 0,2%. Postvaccinal antibody titres in dogs, pigs and small cattle rarely exceed 1:100 while in bovine animals and horses it can reach 1:800 without disease signs.Conclusion. Human immunization in the antropurgic foci is impractical at effective specific prophylaxis for animals. The standard base for leptospiroses requires improvement. The concept of absolute and relative diagnostic antibody titer in microagglutination test is offered to use in clinical diagnostics. In veterinary the correction of diagnostic titer depending on the animal species and vaccination time is necessary.
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Lelitscewa, Raissa Bela Cruz, Camila Lima Alves, Isabella Andrade Vulcano, Argemiro Manoel Torres Novaes Bastos, and Olivia Maria Veloso Costa Coutinho. "UM CASO ATÍPICO DE LEPTOSPIROSE NO HOSPITAL GERAL PÚBLICO DE PALMAS." Revista de Patologia do Tocantins 5, no. 3 (September 9, 2018): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2446-6492.2018v5n3p52.
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RESUMO
Introdução: A Leptospirose é uma doença febril aguda, considerada uma importante zoonose, de baixa incidência no Estado do Tocantins. Relato do caso: A. M. S., 50 anos, masculino, pardo, residente em zona rural, agricultor. Deu entrada em pronto-socorro com quadro de febre há 30 dias, histórico de "olhos vermelhos", dores generalizadas. Foram solicitadas diversas sorologias; PPD, biópsia de linfonodo cervical com análise histopatológica e geneXpert (PCR). No 15° dia de internação, apresentou regressão da febre, apenas com sintomáticos e, após 24 horas afebril, foi iniciado tratamento empírico para leptospirose, com Ceftriaxone. Após cinco dias, apresentou febrícula, que cedia com dipirona. No 22° dia de internação o resultado da sorologia para leptospirose veio com IgM reagente na primeira amostra, e restante dos exames negativos. A análise histopatológica dos linfonodos mostrava achados de Hiperplasia folicular. O paciente apresentou melhora do estado geral, recebendo alta em D14 de Ceftriaxone, e com Leptospirose como único diagnóstico confirmado. Discussão: Na forma anictérica da Leptospirose ocorre uma síndrome febril, semelhante ao quadro da dengue clássica, com curso bifásico (aguda e imune), sendo que a febre dura no máximo 30 dias. Porém, na fase imune podem ocorrer algumas complicações, como febre prolongada. Encontramos sinais e sintomas característicos da forma anictérica desta zoonose: mialgia em panturrilhas e dorso, inclusive com dor a palpação; cefaleia frontal; astenia; febre alta e remitente, histórico de ‘olho vermelho’ antes da internação e linfadenopatia cervical. No entanto, o paciente permaneceu sem regressão total da febre durante os 30 dias de internação. Isso foge da duração comumente encontrada na fase imune desta doença. Conclusão: Apesar do paciente não se enquadrar no padrão clássico da doença, a leptospirose é a hipótese diagnostica que melhor se aplica ao caso.
Palavras-chave: Leishimaniose Visceral, Doenças Transmissiveis Emergentes. Zoonose.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Leptospirosis is an acute febrile disease, considered an important zoonosis, of low incidence in the State of Tocantins. Case report: A. M. S., 50 years old, male, brown, resident in rural, farmer. He entered the emergency room with fever for 30 days, a history of "red eyes", generalized pains. Several serologies were requested; PPD, cervical lymph node biopsy with histopathological analysis and geneXpert (PCR). On the 15th day of hospitalization, he presented a regression of the fever, with symptomatic only, and after 24 hours afebrile, empiric treatment for leptospirosis with Ceftriaxone was started. After five days, he presented fever, which gave him dipyrone. On the 22nd day of hospitalization the serology result for leptospirosis came with reagent IgM in the first sample, and the rest of the negative tests. Histopathological analysis of the lymph nodes showed findings of follicular hyperplasia. The patient presented an improvement in the general condition, receiving discharge in D14 of Ceftriaxone, and with Leptospirosis as the only confirmed diagnosis. Discussion: In the anicteric form of Leptospirosis, there is a febrile syndrome, similar to that of classical dengue fever, with a biphasic course (acute and immune), with fever lasting at most 30 days. However, in the immune phase some complications can occur, such as prolonged fever. We found signs and symptoms characteristic of the anicteric form of this zoonosis: myalgia in calves and back, including palpation pain; frontal headache; asthenia; high and remitting fever, 'red eye' history prior to hospitalization, and cervical lymphadenopathy. However, the patient remained without complete regression of the fever during the 30 days of hospitalization. This escapes the duration commonly found in the immune phase of this disease. Conclusion: Although the patient does not fit the classical pattern of the disease, leptospirosis is the diagnostic hypothesis that best applies to the case.
Keywords: Visceral Leishmaniasis, Emerging Transmissible Diseases. Zoonosis.
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ASLAN, IBRAHIM HALIL, DAVID BACA-CARRASCO, SUZANNE LENHART, and JORGE X. VELASCO-HERNANDEZ. "AN AGE STRUCTURE MODEL WITH IMPULSE ACTIONS FOR LEPTOSPIROSIS IN LIVESTOCK CATTLE." Journal of Biological Systems 29, no. 01 (March 2021): 75–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339021500042.
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As a zoonotic disease, leptospirosis has now been identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases. In this paper, we analyze the propagation of leptospirosis and find a schedule for control programs to eradicate the disease in a cattle ranch. A mathematical model has been built with ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to understand the epidemiology of leptospirosis and main factors on its transmission. We investigated the disease free equilibrium of the model and its stability using the basic reproduction number, [Formula: see text], and target reproduction number, [Formula: see text]. Then, the model incorporates vaccination and recruitment control programs in the form of impulse actions as measures to prevent the propagation of leptospirosis in the ranch. Parameter estimation and sensitivity analysis are presented as a part of this study.
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Ningsih, Ika, and Mardiastuti H. Wahid. "Leptospirosis Ditinjau dari Aspek Mikrobiologi." EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v7i1.3141.
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Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease in humans caused by Leptospira sp. This disease is classified as a zoonosis that usually occurs during the flood and is commonly transmitted through rat urine. Leptospirosis occurs through humans contact with animals or the environment that have been contaminated by Leptospira. There are wide spectrum clinical manifestations of leptospirosis varying from self-limited to severe disease. Leptospira commonly enters human body through conjunctiva or injured skin, food or beverage contaminated with urine’s rat containing Leptospira. This disease is very difficult to be distinguished from other diseases such as meningitis, malaria, dengue fever, hepatitis and enteric fever. Clinical symptoms of leptospirosis are nonspecific and due to the difficulties in conforming the diagnosis so that resulted to the misdiagnosis of this disease. Microbiological examination is done by Rapid Diagnostic Test, Microscopic Agglutination Test, Polymerase Chain Reaction test and others. Prevention can be done by inhibiting the entry of Leptospira to human body via implementing clean and healthy life and surrounding environment.
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Sunaryo, S., D. Marbawati, and B. Ikawati. "Spatial Model to Determine Environment-Based Disease: Leptospirosis Vulnerability Zones in Bantul District, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 887, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/887/1/012014.
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Abstract Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by Leptospira bacteria, transmitted through skin wounds or mucous with water or soil contaminated with leptospires from animal urine especially rodents. This paper aims to map spatially the distribution of leptospirosis and to determine a model of leptospirosis-vulnerability areas based on environment variables using the Geographic Information System. The method used was making a zoning map based on the scoring and weighting of the environmental risk variables of leptospirosis transmission. The spatial distribution of leptospirosis in Bantul District in 2019 is evenly distributed in each sub district, the most cases were in Bantul, Sewon, Kasihan sub districts. Leptospirosis vulnerability zones in the center and northern region of Bantul District. Intensive surveillance, treatment and control of leptospirosis as an early warning system in focus areas.
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Franco, Alieksandr Karnauchovas, José Victor Pronievicz Barreto, Bruna Fonseca Matias, Daiane Andreola, Francisco Thiago Vieira Oliveira, José Gustavo Monteiro Minguetto, Marcela Lucas de Lima, et al. "Leptospirose em Ovinos: Revisão Clínico Microbiológica." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 24, no. 5-esp. (February 19, 2021): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2020v24n5-esp.p462-468.
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A leptospirose é uma zoonose causada por uma bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Trata-se de uma enfermidade infecciosa de distribuição mundial, de ocorrência maior em países de clima tropical e subtropical, principalmente, nos períodos mais chuvosos, quando existem condições ambientais, que aumentam a sobrevivência da bactéria no ambiente. Esta enfermidade acomete os seres humano e, praticamente, todos os animais domésticos e selvagens, que podem se tornar portadores e contribuírem para a disseminação do micro-organismo na natureza. Nos ovinos, a enfermidade pode provocar falhas reprodutivas e abortamentos, morte de cordeiros, inanição, infecção grave, febre e insuficiência hepática e/ou renal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar importantes aspectos sobre a leptospirose em ovinos, abordando sobre o histórico, etiologia, epidemiologia, patogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico, tratamento, controle e prevenção. Foram lidos 58 trabalhos publicados, a busca ocorreu através de portais indexadores e livros, que citam como descritores as palavras: lepstospiras em animais, Leptospiras em ovinos, sorovares de Leptospiras, leptospirose em ovinos. A compreensão de todos os fatores envolvidos na leptospirose em ovinos é uma condição fundamental para a adoção de medidas estratégicas médicas e epidemiológicas, que possibilitem o controle e a prevenção da doença nos rebanhos, evitando assim queda na produtividade e redução dos prejuízos econômicos.
Palavras-chave: Leptospira spp. MAT Zoonoses.
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by a bacterium of the genus Leptospira. It is an infectious disease worldwidely distributed, occurring more frequently in countries with tropical and subtropical climates, especially in the rainiest periods, when there are environmental conditions that increase the bacteria survival in the environment. This disease affects humans and most of the domestic and wild animals, which can become carriers and contribute to the microorganism spread in nature. In sheep, the disease can cause reproductive failures and miscarriages, lamb death, starvation, severe infection, fever and liver and / or kidney failure. This work aimed to review important aspects about leptospirosis in sheep, addressing the history, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention. 58 published works were read, the search was performed through indexing portals and books that mention the words as descriptors: leptospirae in animals, leptospirae in sheep, serovars of leptospirae, leptospirosis in sheep. Understanding all the factors involved in leptospirosis in sheep is a fundamental condition for the adoption of strategic medical and epidemiological measures that enable the disease control and prevention in herds, thus avoiding a fall in productivity and a reduction in economic losses.
Keywords: Leptospira spp. MAT. Zoonosis.
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Al-orry, Waleed, Moustapha Arahou, Rachida Hassikou, and Zakaria Mennane. "A REVIEW OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LEPTOSPIROSIS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.14688.
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<p>Leptospirosis is an infectious disease affect human and animal. The diagnosis is challenging due to none specific clinical features, lack of awareness and poor access to health care. Therefore the disease becomes underreported. Early diagnosis is essential because antibiotic treatment is most effective when it is initiated early. However, laboratories tests for early diagnosis still lacking. The disease may be demonstrated by direct or indirect methods. Direct methods are the detection of the organism or its components and indirect methods are the detection of specific antibodies of the organism. This review highlights the major diagnostic techniques in leptospirosis with their advantages and disadvantages as well as the treatment. The search criteria focused on the thesis we obtained and searching in the websites (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and LibGen, etc.) using the keywords: leptospirosis, leptospira, zoonotic diseases, PCR, Elisa, MAT, SAT, Darkfield microscopic, leptospirosis diagnostic, leptospira treatment, Doxycycline and tropical diseases.</p>
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Sukeri, Surianti, Wan Mohd Zahiruddin, Mohd Nazri Shafei, Rukman Awang Hamat, Malina Osman, Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku Jamaluddin, and Aziah Binti Daud. "Perceived Severity and Susceptibility towards Leptospirosis Infection in Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176362.
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Background: Perceived severity and susceptibility refers to one’s belief of the seriousness and the risk of contracting a specific disease. It is an essential study in public health as it assists in the understanding of the motivating factors towards disease prevention. This qualitative study aimed to explore perceived severity and susceptibility towards leptospirosis infection among respondents in two states of Malaysia. Methods: Focus group discussions using the phenomenology approach was conducted involving 72 respondents in Selangor and Kelantan. Data were examined using content analysis. Results: Respondents perceived leptospirosis infection as severe due to its poor disease prognosis and complications. However, some rated it less severe when compared with other chronic diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Their perceptions were influenced by their knowledge about the disease, media portrayal and frequency of health campaigns by the government. All respondents believed they were not susceptible to the disease. Conclusion: The low perceived susceptibility of leptospirosis infection is a matter of concern as it may contribute to respondents’ lack of motivation towards preventing the disease. The study findings may provide the basis for health promotional activities designed to heighten public perceived threat towards leptospirosis infection and thereby improving preventive health behaviors for avoiding leptospirosis.
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S L Sigai, Erlina Ana, Dhany Budipratama, and Muhammad Ikhwan Nur. "MANAGEMENT OF WEIL'S DISEASE WITH SEPSIS AND MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME." Journal of Advanced Research in Medical and Health Science (ISSN 2208-2425) 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.61841/wng9f376.
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Leptospirosis is a common zoonotic disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations, specifically in tropical regions. Weil's disease is considered a severe form of leptospirosis seen in a minority of leptospirosis cases with considerable mortality. These patients typically developed multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) of acute kidney injury, jaundice, and ARDS. We reported a case of a 62-year-old male transferred to our intensive care unit due to sepsis, severe leptospirosis jaundice, acute respiratory distress, thrombocytopenia, and renal injury. The patient was successfully managed with appropriate antimicrobial treatment and other supportive management, including mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy. Moreover, leptospirosis should be considered in any location wherever risk factors are present, not just in epidemic and tropical areas. In this case, we pointed out that serious complications of leptospirosis, such as multiple organ dysfunction, may happen. In such cases, adopting an integrated multidisciplinary team approach is essential to prevent complications and reduce mortality.
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VAROUDIS (Λ.Β. ΒΑΡΟΥΔΗΣ), V. L., K. SAOULIDIS (Κ. ΣΑΟΥΛΙΔΗΣ), K. SARRIS (Κ. ΣΑΡΡΗΣ), A. ANTONIADIS (Α. ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑΔΗΣ), and S. C. KYRIAKIS (Σ.K. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ). "Swine leptospirosis: the disease and the relation with public health." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 51, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15651.
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Swine leptospirosis is an important bacterial disease known from the past century. At present its significance is underestimated contrary to the epidemiological and other scientific evidences. This review is dealing with aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical signs, post mortem findings, diagnosis, treatment and control measures of swine leptospirosis. Finally the relation of leptospirosis, in general, with public health is examined.
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ZUBACH, OLENA, OKSANA SEMENYSHYN, LILYA VASIUYNETS, OKSANA VELYCHKO, and ALEXANDER ZINCHUK. "Application of PCR for Specific Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in Humans in Ukraine." Polish Journal of Microbiology 69, no. 4 (December 2020): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-045.
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Leptospirosis remains one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world and Ukraine, in particular. Ukrainian clinicians have been faced with early detection of the disease due to the availability of only a serological method for routine diagnostics in Ukraine, namely the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). This paper demonstrates the first results of the complex application of MAT and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for routine verification of leptospirosis, which were first applied simultaneously in Lviv Oblast of Ukraine in 2016. We examined the sera of 150 patients clinically suspected of leptospirosis, 31 of whom were treated at the Lviv Oblast Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases (LOCHID). The application of PCR during the first seven days of the disease allowed increasing the share of confirmed leptospirosis cases by 16,1% in patients that were treated in LOCHID during 2016–2017.
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Orr, Bronwyn, Mark E. Westman, Richard Malik, Auriol Purdie, Scott B. Craig, and Jacqueline M. Norris. "Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease of pig-hunting dogs and humans in North Queensland." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): e0010100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010100.
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Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution, caused by pathogenic serovars in the genus Leptospira. Feral pigs are known carriers of Leptospira species and pig hunting using dogs is a common recreational activity in Queensland, Australia. Methodology and principal findings This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. serovars in pig-hunting dogs above the Tropic of Capricorn in Queensland and by establishing the geographic distribution, serovars and incidence of human cases of leptospirosis in Queensland, identify potential overlap between human and canine exposure. We also explored the knowledge and risk-taking behaviours of pig-hunting dog owners towards zoonotic diseases. Ninety-eight pig-hunting dogs deemed healthy by physical examination and owned by 41 people from Queensland had serum submitted for Microscopic Agglutination Testing (MAT) to determine antibody titres against Leptospira serovars, while 40/41 dog owners completed a survey on their knowledge of diseases relating to pig hunting. Human leptospirosis cases (n = 330) notified to Queensland Health between 2015–2018 were analysed. Approximately one quarter (23/87; 26%) of unvaccinated pig-hunting dogs were seropositive to Leptospira spp. Although harder to interpret, 8/11 (73%) vaccinated dogs were seropositive to Leptospira spp. Pig hunters may be more likely to contract leptospirosis compared with the general Queensland population, based on responses from surveyed hunters. The highest concentration of human leptospirosis was in the wet tropics region of Far North Queensland. There was little overlap between the serovars dogs were exposed to and those infecting humans. The dominant serovar identified in unvaccinated dogs was Australis (13/23; 57%), with serovar Arborea (36/330; 10.9%) responsible for the highest number of human leptospirosis cases. Topaz was the second most common serovar in both humans and dogs and was previously unrecorded in Australian dogs. Most hunters surveyed used hand washing as a zoonotic disease risk reduction technique. Conclusions Leptospirosis is an emerging disease of growing significance. The infection requires a ‘one health’ approach to understand its epidemiology. With shifting climatic patterns influencing human-animal-environment interactions, ongoing monitoring of diseases like leptospirosis is critical to helping prevent infection of individuals and disease outbreaks.
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T. Cordeiro, Carolina, Simone T. de O. Stedile, and Matheus Barbosa Gomes. "Leptospira spp. in cats – review." Clínica Veterinária XXIV, no. 138 (January 1, 2019): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46958/rcv.2019.xxiv.n.138.p.48-56.
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The leptospirosis is a disease not yet clearly understood in cats. Cats can produce response with specific antibodies, but data on the clinical disease is lacking. Serological studies show a prevalence of 4.1% to 33.3% of leptospirosis in cats, and several serovars have been described. Recently studies suggest a possible relationship between infection and chronic and acute kidney lesion. Considering that kidney disease is a common occurrence in cats, it's possible that leptospirosis could be an underdiagnosed cause of renal disease in this species. Cats can present lepstospiruria, and could be reservoirs for Leptospira. The exact risk of another mammals contamination by the cats' urine is yet unknown. Future studies focused on disease and treatment of leptospirosis in cats could greatly improve our understanding of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in cats.
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Manyullei, Syamsuar, Hasnawati Amqam, and Sri Indi Rahmadanti. "Identification of Leptospira Serovar in Leptospirosis Suspect Serum in Manggala Subdistrict, Makassar City." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, B (May 14, 2021): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5316.
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BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis or also commonly called Weil disease is an acute infectious disease that can attack humans and animals and is classified as a zoonotic disease. Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira found in rodents. The difficulty of the diagnosis process causes the case of leptospirosis less reported and is one of the neglected infectious diseases. Patient findings are often not optimal because of underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. AIM: This study aims to determine the presence of Leptospira serovar bacteria in blood serum of leptospirosis suspect using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) method. METHODS: This study is a descriptive observational using accidental sampling technique. Sample collection was performed in the Antang Community Health Center, Batua Health Center, and Bangkala Health Center in Manggala District. RESULTS: This study found that there were 31 serum samples. Results of MAT examination on blood serum yielded 11 positive samples of Leptospira (37%) with serovar Hebdomadis, Djasiman, Mini, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bangkingan, and Bataviae. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Leptospira bacteria in blood serum of suspected individuals using the MAT method obtained 11 samples of positive blood serum. Special counseling activities are required about leptospirosis and diagnosis enforcement in the community or workers who experience symptoms or leptospirosis suspect.
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Mundkur, Suneel C., Niharika Reddy, Karen Janice Moras, Divya Mary George, and Rochelle Anne Pereira. "Interesting case of acute pancreatitis secondary to leptospirosis." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 1137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20231857.
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Leptospirosis caused by Leptospira icterohemorrhagica is a severe, acute condition which can be complicated by multi-organ dysfunction renal failure, liver failure (jaundice), acute respiratory distress syndrome, rhabdomyolysis and bleeding manifestations such as petechiae, epistaxis, hematemesis, hemoptysis, malena, commonly we see characteristic conjunctival suffusion and may lead to fatal multiple organ dysfunction. Leptospirosis may be mistaken for diverse infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, rickettsial disease, ehrlichiosis or hantavirus infection which may mimic leptospirosis. We reported an interesting and rare case of leptospirosis with acute pancreatitis who had a prolonged course.
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Darshana, Nuwan, Amila Chandrasiri, Eranda Hettiarachchi, and Konara Somarathna. "Morbidity and mortality pattern of leptospirosis in Galle District, Sri Lanka: A descriptive analysis based on disease surveillance." Galle Medical Journal 28, no. 2 (September 20, 2023): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/gmj.v28i2.8200.
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Introduction: Leptospirosis is considered as one of the most common zoonotic diseases in Sri Lanka, which has a high case fatality rate. This study was conducted to assess the morbidity and mortality pattern of leptospirosis in the Galle District.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on information on leptospirosis in the Galle district obtained from the disease surveillance system. Data were extracted from the publicly available website of the Epidemiology unit which was collected through the routine disease surveillance system based on H 399, special surveillance forms and death investigation forms available at the Epidemiology unit, Galle district.Results: Data of monthly notified incident cases of leptospirosis had a trend and seasonality. Seasonal peak cannot be limited to a specific time duration. A rapid increment of notified incident cases of leptospirosis was reported in 2020. Elpitiya and Karandeniya medical officer of health (MOH) areas were identified as endemic areas for leptospirosis in Galle district while people involved in cinnamon cultivation were identified as a risk group additional to paddy workers. A total number of 75 deaths was reported for the past six years (2017 to 2022) while 2017 had the highest case fatality rates (4.3%). The majority of deaths(80.8%) occurred with complications of acute kidney injury followed by pulmonary haemorrhages (69.2%) while multi-organ failure was observed in 23.1% of deaths.Conclusion: Disease morbidity and mortality patterns had geographical variations. This should be considered during the implemention of preventive and curative measures in leptospirosis management.
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Chappel, Roderick J., and Lee D. Smythe. "Bats as a source of emerging zoonotic diseases – the interface with wildlife Leptospirosis – importance of a One Health approach." Microbiology Australia 33, no. 4 (2012): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12154.
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The term leptospirosis represents a spectrum of human and veterinary diseases caused by pathogenic serovars of the spirochaete genus Leptospira. It is of global significance as a cause of human mortality and morbidity, and of disease in domestic and production animals and in wildlife. A One Health approach to leptospirosis control is essential because human infection almost invariably results either from direct animal exposure or from exposure to environments contaminated by infected animals. The relationships between human and veterinary leptospirosis are illustrated by Australian experience. A major factor limiting control of the disease is poor communication and cooperation between those working from medical and veterinary perspectives. Leptospira shows great antigenic and genetic diversity, and so international leptospirosis reference laboratories are a vital but fragile resource. There is a compelling need to maximise cooperation between all professions with an interest in leptospirosis, to create outcomes, to communicate with governments and to ensure essential resources.
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Predescu, Alexandru, Sorina Diaconu, Nicoleta Tiuca, Adina Purcareanu, Alina Tomescu, Denisa Cuciureanu, Filip Petruta, Palan Ana Maria, Calota Carmen, and Corina Pop. "Leptospirosis - A Case Report." Internal Medicine 15, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/inmed-2018-0029.
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AbstractLeptospirosis is a spirochaetal zoonosis, with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild (febrile illness) to fulminant forms (systemic disease with jaundice and kidney failure – Weil's disease).We present the case of a 62 year old patient, with no personal pathological incidents, brought to the emergency room for fever, chills, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, for 14 days, with jaundice, shortness of breath, and confusion for 72 hours. Clinical examination revealed fever, confusion, jaundice, tachypnoea, tachycardia, irregular heart rhythm, hypotension, anuria, hepatomegaly, no clinical signs of liver cirrhosis or flapping tremor. Laboratory tests revealed leucocytosis with neutrophilia, hepatic cytolysis, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, while the imagistic investigations were normal. Serological tests were performed for viral, drug induced hepatitis, autoimmune diseases, other infectious diseases (Elisa and ultramicroscopic agglutination tests were positive for leptospirosis). Later, the patient's condition worsened, resulting in intubation and mechanical ventilation, persistence of febrile syndrome and jaundice, bilateral lower limb petechiae with hepatic encephalopathy. Broad spectrum antibiotics (Ceftriaxone and Penicillin G), dialysis, hydroelectrolytic rebalancing, Dopamine support, antiarrhythmic drugs were administered, and the hepatic encephalopathy was also treated. The outcome was favourable (extubation, resolution of febrile syndrome, inflammation, jaundice and hepatic encephalopathy).This case is an example of atypical, monophasic leptospirosis which is common in Weil's disease (the most severe form of leptospirosis), with onset as a febrile illness leading to multiple system organ failure.
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Schneider, Maria, Michel Jancloes, Daniel Buss, Sylvain Aldighieri, Eric Bertherat, Patricia Najera, Deise Galan, Kara Durski, and Marcos Espinal. "Leptospirosis: A Silent Epidemic Disease." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2013): 7229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10127229.
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Waitkins, S. A. "Leptospirosis as an occupational disease." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 43, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.43.11.721.
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Solbrig, M. V., J. H. Sher, and R. W. Kula. "Rhabdomyolysis in Leptospirosis (Weil's Disease)." Journal of Infectious Diseases 156, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 692–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/156.4.692.
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Safa, Jinnat Fatema Saira, Farhana Mahmood, Sheikh Md Hasan Mamun, Mohammad Ferdous, and Mohammad Jalaluddin. "An Experience with Severe Leptospirosis (Weils Disease): A Case Report." Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 15, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v15i2.31809.
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Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease is increasingly being recognized in developing countries. It is often underdiagnosed resulting in significant mortality as the presenting features mimic other commonly prevailing diseases like Malaria, Dengue, Acute hepatitis, Typhoid in developing world. We report a case of 32 yrs old male, sewer worker presented with acute febrile illness with icterus, hemorrhagic manifestation and pulmonary-renal involvement, diagnosed as Severe Leptospirosis (Weils disease) confirmed by ICT method. This experience highlights the importance of considering Leptospirosis early in the diagnosis of acute non specific febrile illness with multi-organ involvement to cutoff mortality from this fatal disease.Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.15 (2); Jul 2016; Page 61-64
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Mulyanti, Sri, and Athanasia Budi Astuti. "Effects of Health Education on Leptospirosis Prevention Through Dasawisma." Jurnal Ners 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v13i1.6341.
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Introduction: Globally, leptospirosis is still a major health problem in African and developing countries, including Indonesia. The best control effort is with prevention through health education. Health education with conventional methods is considered less effective, so there is a need to look for other health education methods.Methods: Aims of the research are to know the difference of effectiveness of health education methods between conventional classical method and dasawisma or peer group in (1) improvement of knowledge of leptospirosis disease prevention; (2) effectiveness in prevention of leptospirosis. Research is Quasi-Experimental research with a two-group control trial design. The sample consisted of 40 respondents treated by health education through dasawisma using a leptospirosis module as a media of Health Education, and 40 control group respondents who were given education using conventional method. Sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data were statistically analyzed with Independent T-Test.Results: (1) Meaning of treatment group = 21.77 higher than control group = 19.62 (2) Mean prevention effort of leptospirosis disease treatment group = 54.35 better than control group = 48.15 (3) Health education through dasawisma was effective to increase knowledge prevention of leptospirosis (t = 2.943; p = 0.004) (4) Health education through dasawisma was effective for increasing prevention effort of leptospirosis (t=4.695; p=0.001).Conclusion: Health education through dasawisma and leptospirosis module is significantly effective to improve knowledge of leptospirosis disease and in prevention efforts of leptospirosis.
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Ideris, Sufi Hafawati, Norshahida Shaadan, Syazreen Niza Shair, and Nor Azah Samat. "Leptospirosis Relative Risk Estimates based on Continuous-Time, Discrete-Space Stochastic SIR-L-SI Transmission Model." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 20, no. 1 (February 8, 2024): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v20n1.3182.
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Leptospirosis is a re-emerging global disease that has become endemic in Malaysia. The transmissions usually occur between animals especially rats to rats and rats to humans. Since, it is an easily contractable disease that can be transmitted directly through contact with infected rat’s urine or indirectly from the environment such as via water and soil, it is very challenging to curb this disease from infecting humans. Poor understanding of the disease and lack of epidemiological data also made leptospirosis is difficult to control. To cope with this problem, a leptospirosis disease transmission model is developed to study the mechanism of leptospirosis disease spread over continuous-time that may help to predict future caused of an outbreak. This study aims to construct a continuous-time and discrete-space stochastic SIR-L-SI (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered Humans-Leptospires in the Environment-Susceptible, Infectious Rats) of leptospirosis disease transmission to estimate the risk involved. A simple method of asymptotic and numerical analyses is applied as an alternative approach for solving simultaneous differential equations in the leptospirosis SIR-L-SI transmission model. The application of the proposed model is demonstrated using leptospirosis data for Malaysia. The results of asymptotic behaviour and numerical analysis provide useful information about susceptible and infective rat and human populations as well as offer relative risk estimates that can be used as one of the control measures in identifying hot-spot areas for this disease.
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Balakrishnan, Tharmmambal, Alice Moore, Sanjay Krishnamoorthy, Gary Davies, and Philip Ka Ho Lee. "Weil’s disease presenting as atypical pneumonia." Acute Medicine Journal 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0374.
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Leptospirosis is a disease caused by spp. Leptospira, also known as Weil’s disease if it manifests with jaundice. It can be associated with respiratory, renal, hepatic and haematological complications and most importantly carries a high mortality when untreated. We describe a case of a 53 year old man presenting with myalgia and fever in whom the diagnosis of leptospirosis was not initially considered. Following a deterioration in his condition a careful history revealed an apparent brief exposure to animal urine and subsequent grossly positive Leptospira serology. Treatment of his condition led to complete resolution after a brief stay on the intensive care unit. This case highlights the atypical nature of a presentation of Leptospirosis, its respiratory complications, and importance of serological testing in its diagnosis.
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Vidhya, V. R., R. Nepoleon, and N. Palaniappan. "Prevalence of Leptospirosis among the Patients with Fever Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kanyakumari District, India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1111.015.
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Leptospira causes zoonotic disease named leptospirosis. The disease is transmitted to humans by direct or indirect contact with water contaminated by the urine of carrier animals. Only few studies are available on the prevalence of leptospirosis in the kanyaKumari district of Tamil Nadu. Our study mainly highlights the prevalence of leptospirosis in the Kanya Kumari district. To determine the prevalence of Leptospirosis in Kanya kumari district of Tamil Nadu. A cross-sectional study stretched over 2 years involving 150 cases of clinically suspected leptospirosis were included, the serological test used in this study is IgM ELISA. Out of the 150 cases investigated for leptospirosis 35 patients were positive for IgM ELISA were as 115 cases were negative for IgM ELISA. A significant rise in the prevalance (23%) of leptospirosis cases were reported in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India.
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Priyankara, W. D. D., and E. M. Manoj. "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy in a Patient with Severe Leptospirosis Complicated with Pulmonary Haemorrhage, Myocarditis, and Acute Kidney Injury." Case Reports in Critical Care 2019 (December 18, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6498315.
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Severe leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) can give rise to multiorgan failure such as acute renal failure, liver dysfunction, coagulopathy, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary haemorrhage, and myocarditis. Leptospirosis is a biphasic disease characterised by leptospiraemic phase and immunological phase. Although neurological manifestations are rare in leptospirosis, aseptic meningitis, myeloradiculopathy, transverse myelitis, and cerebellar syndrome are well recognised. We report a rare case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a patient with severe leptospirosis during recovery phase of the illness.
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Nikulina, M. A., V. M. Granitov, S. F. Tanashkin, E. V. Volchkova, and E. A. Nemilostiva. "PROBLEMS FINDING IMPORTED CASE LEPTOSPIROSIS (CLINICAL OBSERVATION)." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 22, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40969.
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Leptospirosis can be up to 20-40% of infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and many others occurring in tropical regions. There is presented the description of the clinical case of leptospirosis in a patient arrived from Vietnam. The severity of the patient's disease is associated with an increase in respiratory symptoms and disease caused by the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome, which can occur not less than in 19.0% of patients, mostly in men and lead to the death in 14.2% of patients. Thus, after arrival from tropical countries patients with fever, signs of organ (respiratory, renal, hepatic, etc.) failure are to be tested for leptospirosis.
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Warnasekara, Janith, Parami Aberathna, Geetha Nanayakkara, Joseph Vinetz, and Suneth Agampodi. "Improving the leptospirosis disease burden assessment by including ambulatory patients from outpatient departments: a cross-sectional study." F1000Research 9 (September 14, 2020): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26202.1.
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Background: In Sri Lanka, the disease burden of leptospirosis is estimated based on a routine notification system, which is predominated by patients ill enough to be hospitalized. The notification system does not function well with ambulatory patients in outpatient departments (OPDs). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis in an OPD setting in a regional public hospital in Sri Lanka to provide further estimation of disease burden estimations Methods: This study was conducted in the OPD of the Rathnapura Provincial General Hospital from August to September 2017. Suspected leptospirosis patients were recruited based on standardized criteria and tested using the microscopic agglutination test and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The number of OPD patients was compared with the reported patient numbers with leptospirosis from the hospital during the same period as the denominator, and the 95% confidence interval was calculated for the proportions using Poisson distribution. Results: During the study period, of 2,960 fever patients presenting to the OPD, 33 (1.1%) were suspected to have leptospirosis; 8/33 suspected (22.3%) cases were confirmed as being due to leptospirosis. There were 82 notifications of leptospirosis cases from hospital inpatients during the same period, none from the OPD. The total missing proportion from the surveillance system was 28.6% (95% CI, 19.4-40.4%). Among OPD patients, 12 (36.4%) had been given antibiotics from a primary care center prior to the OPD visit. No OPD patient was admitted to the hospital for inward care. Conclusions: More than 25% of cases of leptospirosis were not identified because they were not sick enough to be admitted nor subjected to routine leptospirosis diagnostic testing. Antibiotics given without a specific, treatable diagnosis interferes with leptospirosis disease burden assessment. These data have public health implications if the sources of leptospirosis transmission are to be controlled.