Journal articles: 'Leptospira kirschneri Serovar Grippotyphosa'

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Gunawan, Gunawan, Tri Wibawa, Mahardika Agus Wijayanti, and Hayani Anastasia. "Detection of Leptospira spp. in kidney tissues isolated from rats in the Napu and Bada Highlands of Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province." Jurnal Vektor Penyakit 14, no. 1 (June 2, 2020): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/vektorp.v14i1.1965.

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Leptospirosis is still a global health problem because it affects human health in rural and urban areas, both in industrialized and developing countries. The aim of the study was to detect Leptospira spp. bacteria in kidney tissues isolated from rats in the Napu and Bada Highlands of Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province. Kidneys sample from 63 rats were collected from Napu and Bada Highlands of Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province in MayJune 2018. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to detect Leptospira. The molecular characterizations were conducted based on the 16SrRNA and LipL32 genes. Data were analyzed descriptively to describe the presence of pathogenic Leptospira DNA. Analysis phylogenetic was performed using MEGA 6.2 software. A total of 63 rats was successfullycaught during the study consisting of males and female for 36 (57.1%) and 27 (42.9%), respectively. The species of rats were R. exulans, R. tanezumi, R. argentiventer, R. norvegicus, M. Musculus, Paruromys dominator, Maxomys sp., and Rattus sp. The pathogenic of Leptospira DNA was detected in rats with R. argentiventer and Paruromys dominatorspecies using the 16S rRNA and LipL32 gene. Sample sequences using LipL32 target gene is a close similarity with L. interrogans serovar Hardjo, serovar Autumnalis, Lai, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Balico, Grippotyphosa, Mini, Canicola, Hebdomadis; L. noguchii serovar Pomona and L. kirschneri whereas the sample sequence using 16S rRNA targetgene showed similarity with L. interrogans serovar Canicola, Copenhagen, Autumnalis, Pyrogenes, Javanica, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Manilae, Bratislava, Linhae, Hebdomadis, and L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa. The PCR method with the target gene 16SrRNA and LipL32 are able to detect Leptospira spp. in rats R. argentiventer and P. dominator species Keywords: Leptospira, 16S rRNA, LipL32, PCR, Kidney’s Rat Leptospirosis masih merupakan masalah kesehatan global karena mempengaruhikesehatan manusia di daerah pedesaan dan perkotaan, baik di negara industri maupun mnegara berkembang. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendeteksi bakteri Leptospira spp di jaringan ginjal dari tikus di Dataran Tingi Napu dan Bada Kabupaten Poso, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Ginjal tikus sebanyak 63 sampel dikoleksi dari Dataran Tinggi Napu dan Bada Kabupaten Poso, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah pada bulan Mei – Juni 2018. PCR digunakan untuk mendeteksi Leptospira. Karakterisasi molekuler dilakukan berdasarkan gen 16SrRNA dan LipL32. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan keberadaaN Leptospira yang patogenik. Analisis filogenetik dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Mega 6.2. Sebanyak 63 tikus berhasil ditangkap selama penelitian yang terdiri dari jantan dan betina, masing masing 36 ekor (75,1%) dan 27 ekor (42,9%). Spesies tikus adalah R. exulans, R. tanezumi, R. argentiventer, R. norvegicus, M. Musculus, Paruromys dominator, Maxomys sp, dan Rattus sp. DNA Leptospira patogenik terdeteksi pada tikus dengan spesies R. argentiventer dan Paruromys dominator menggunakan gen 16SrRNA dan LipL32 Sekuen sampel dengan target gen LipL32 menunjukkan kesamaan dengan L. interrogans serovar Hardjo, serovar Autumnalis, Lai, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Balico, Grippotyphosa, Mini, Canicola, Hebdomadis; L. noguchii serovar Pomona dan L. kirschneri. Sedangkan sekuen sampel dengan target gen 16S rRNA menunjukkan kesamaan dengan L. interrogans serovar Canicola,Copenhagen, Autumnalis, Pyrogenes, Javanica, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Manilae, Bratislava, Linhae, Hebdomadis, dan L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa. Metode PCR dengan target gen 16SrRNA dan LipL32 mampu mendeteksi Leptospira spp. pada tikus dengan spesies R. argentiventer dan P. dominator. Kata kunci: Leptospira, 16S rRNA, LipL32, PCR, Ginjal Tikus

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Murillo, Andrea, Rafaela Cuenca, Emmanuel Serrano, Goris Marga, Ahmed Ahmed, Salvador Cervantes, Cristina Caparrós, Verónica Vieitez, Andrea Ladina, and Josep Pastor. "Leptospira Detection in Cats in Spain by Serology and Molecular Techniques." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051600.

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Leptospirosis is the most neglected widespread zoonosis worldwide. In Spain, leptospirosis reports in people and animals have increased lately. Cats can become infected with Leptospira, as well as be chronic carriers. The aim of this study was to determine serological antibody prevalence against Leptospira sp., blood DNA, and shedding of DNA from pathogenic Leptospira species in the urine of cats in Spain. Microagglutination tests (MAT) and blood and urine TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed. Leptospira antibodies were detected in 10/244 cats; with 4.1% positive results (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1–7.18%). Titers ranged from 1:20 to 1:320 (serovars Ballum; Bataviae; Bratislava; Cynopteri; Grippotyphosa Mandemakers; Grippotyphosa Moskva; Pomona; and Proechimys). The most common serovar was Cynopteri. Blood samples from 1/89 cats amplified for Leptospira DNA (1.12%; 95% CI: 0.05–5.41%). Urine samples from 4/232 cats amplified for Leptospira DNA (1.72%; 95% CI: 0.55–4.10%). In conclusion free-roaming cats in Spain can shed pathogenic Leptospira DNA in their urine and may be a source of human infection. Serovars not previously described in cats in Spain were detected; suggesting the presence of at least 4 different species of pathogenic leptospires in the country (L. borgpetersenii; L. interrogans; L. kirschneri; and L. noguchii).

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Romero Becerra, Liseth Rocio, and Luis Carlos Veloza. "Leptospirosis bovina como causa de enfermedad reproductiva." Revista Sistemas de Producción Agroecológicos 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 97–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22579/22484817.657.

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La leptospirosis es una enfermedad infecciosa de carácter zoonótico y de distribución mundial, es caudada por espiroquetas del género Leptospira, especies: L. interrogans y L. biflexa (según clasificación fenotípica) o L. interrogans, L. biflexa y L. kirschneri (según clasificación genotípica). Los factores de virulencia asociados a Leptospiras patógenas son endotoxinas, hemolisinas esfingomielinasa, fosfolipasa y proteínas superficiales de adherencia. En los bovinos se ha encontrado Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar hardjo, tipo hardjo bovis como un serovar adaptado, y Leptospira interrogans Serovar hardjo, tipo hardjo prajitmo de la especie interrogans, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. canicola y L. grippotyphosa como un serovares no adaptados. A nivel mundial Leptospira hardjo no es el único agente patógeno asociado a las fallas reproductivas y tampoco es la única serovariedad de Leptospira encontrada en bovinos. La inmunidad presentada frente a la leptospirosis es de tipo humoral, con un periodo de incubación de 4 a 10 días, se disemina en hígado, riñones, pulmones, tracto reproductor (placenta) y líquido cefalorraquídeo, produciendo daño al endotelio de los vasos sanguíneos, isquemia localizada en los órganos, necrosis tubular renal, daño hepatocelular y pulmonar, meningitis, miositis y placentitis. Las sustancias toxicas causan lisis de los eritrocitos y atraviesan la barrera placentaria produciendo la muerte fetal por anoxia terminando en aborto 1 o 2 días después.

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Nau, L. H., A. Obiegala, N. Król, A. Mayer-Scholl, and M. Pfeffer. "Survival time of Leptospira kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa under different environmental conditions." PLOS ONE 15, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): e0236007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236007.

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Krecic, Matthew R. "Antibodies produced by dogs successfully challenged with live Leptospira spp. did not cross-react to Brucella antigen in a commercial rapid slide agglutination test that detects antibodies to Brucella canis." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638718820908.

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Brucella canis is a cause of canine infertility and abortion. Veterinarians and veterinary laboratorians screen for antibodies to B. canis with serologic tests including a rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT; D-Tec CB, Zoetis, San Diego, CA). False-positive results are possible because of cross-reactivity to antibodies to some gram-negative bacteria. Cross-reactivity has been reported between antibodies of Brucella abortus and Leptospira spp. with serologic tests for bovine brucellosis; however, this has not been documented with serologic tests for canine brucellosis, to the author’s knowledge. The RSAT was evaluated with the sera from dogs experimentally challenged with 1 of 4 serovars of Leptospira spp.: L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa, or L. interrogans serovars Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, or Pomona. Experimental infections were confirmed through results of microscopic agglutination testing and/or lateral flow immunochromatography testing. The sera of 32 dogs collected at day 0 and days 7, 10, and 14 yielded negative results with the RSAT. Antibodies produced through experimental infections to these 4 serovars of Leptospira spp. did not cross-react with Brucella antigen with the RSAT; therefore, cross-reactivity of anti-leptospiral antibodies may not be of concern for B. canis rapid slide agglutination testing of dogs.

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Grosenbaugh, Deborah A., and Maria Camila Pardo. "Fifteen-month duration of immunity for the serovar Grippotyphosa fraction of a tetravalent canine leptospirosis vaccine." Veterinary Record 182, no. 23 (February 19, 2018): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104694.

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Forty-four specific pathogen-free beagles, median age 65 days, received two subcutaneous doses of either a commercially available, five-way combination vaccine or the same vaccine in combination with a tetravalent Leptospira bacterin (Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona). They were subsequently challenged with a pathogenic strain L kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa 470 days following completion of the vaccination protocol. Titres of agglutinating serum antibodies were determined at various time points before and after both vaccination and challenge, along with postchallenge reisolation of the challenge organisms from blood and urine, and evaluation of renal histopathology. Clinical signs of generalised leptospirosis were not observed in any of the dogs after challenge. In order to demonstrate efficacy, leptospirosis was defined as having at least one positive urine sample and a positive renal histopathology score; or, in the absence of renal pathology, multiple positive urine samples. Leptospiremia was not demonstrated in any of the vaccinated dogs versus 27 per cent of the controls; leptospiruria was noted in 5 per cent of the vaccinates compared with 76 per cent of controls; and renal lesions were observed in 15 per cent of the vaccinates and 65 per cent controls. Using these criteria, the vaccine was able to significantly prevent leptospirosis (P=0.0001) in the vaccinated animals. This study establishes duration of immunity of at least 15 months for the prevention of disease and renal excretion of leptospires for the Leptospira serovar Grippotyphosa fraction of a quadrivalent Leptospira vaccine.

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Alvarado-Esquivel, Cosme, Anabel Cruz-Romero, Dora Romero-Salas, Ángel Osvaldo Alvarado-Félix, Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez, José Luis Ochoa-Valencia, Domingo Alvarado-Esquivel, Jesús Hernández-Tinoco, José Alfredo Zamarripa-Barboza, and Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano. "Apparently high Leptospira antibody seropositivity in donkeys for slaughter in three municipalities in Durango, Mexico." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 30, no. 6 (September 21, 2018): 929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638718800358.

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We determined the seropositive percentage and the determinants of Leptospira exposure in domestic donkeys presented for slaughter in the State of Durango, Mexico. We examined 194 donkeys in 4 gathering premises. Sera of donkeys were analyzed for anti- Leptospira IgG antibodies using a microscopic agglutination assay with a panel of 7 Leptospira antigens. The association between Leptospira seropositivity and general characteristics of donkeys was assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Antibodies against Leptospira (for at least 1 of the 7 Leptospira serovars examined) were found in 151 of 194 (77.8%) donkeys. Seropositive donkeys were found in all regions, municipalities, and premises examined. The predominant serovar was L. interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae ( n = 117; 60.3%), followed by L. interrogans Sejroe ( n = 96; 49.5%), L. interrogans Canicola ( n = 10; 5.2%), L. kirschneri Grippotyphosa ( n = 6; 3.1%), L. borgpetersenii Ballum ( n = 5; 2.6 %), L. biflexa Semaranga ( n = 3; 1.5%), and L. noguchii Panama ( n = 2; 1%). Leptospira seropositivity was associated with gathering premises (OR = 2.64; 95% CI: 1.27–5.46; p = 0.009) and municipalities (OR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01–0.78; p = 0.02). Our results demonstrate an apparently high seropositive percentage of Leptospira infection in the donkeys studied in Mexico.

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Matsunaga, James, Tracy A. Young, Jeanne K. Barnett, Dean Barnett, Carole A. Bolin, and David A. Haake. "Novel 45-Kilodalton Leptospiral Protein That Is Processed to a 31-Kilodalton Growth-Phase-Regulated Peripheral Membrane Protein." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 1 (January 2002): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.1.323-334.2002.

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ABSTRACT Leptospiral protein antigens are of interest as potential virulence factors and as candidate serodiagnostic and immunoprotective reagents. We identified leptospiral protein antigens by screening a genomic expression library with serum from a rabbit hyperimmunized with formalin-killed, virulent Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. Genes expressing known outer membrane lipoproteins LipL32 and LipL41, the heat shock protein GroEL, and the α, β, and β′ subunits of RNA polymerase were isolated from the library. In addition, a new leptospiral gene that in Escherichia coli expressed a 45-kDa antigen with an amino-terminal signal peptide followed by the spirochetal lipobox Val−4-Phe−3-Asn−2-Ala−1↓Cys+1 was isolated. We designated this putative lipoprotein LipL45. Immunoblot analysis of a panel of Leptospira strains probed with LipL45 antiserum demonstrated that many low-passage strains expressed LipL45. In contrast, LipL45 was not detected in high-passage, culture-attenuated strains, suggesting that LipL45 is a virulence-associated protein. In addition, all leptospiral strains tested, irrespective of culture passage, expressed a 31-kDa antigen that was recognized by LipL45 antiserum. Southern blot and peptide mapping studies indicated that this 31-kDa antigen was derived from the carboxy terminus of LipL45; therefore, it was designated P31LipL45. Membrane fractionation studies demonstrated that P31LipL45 is a peripheral membrane protein. Finally, we found that P31LipL45 levels increased as Leptospira entered the stationary phase, indicating that P31LipL45 levels were regulated. Hamsters infected with L. kirschneri formed an antibody response to LipL45, indicating that LipL45 was expressed during infection. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry of kidneys from infected hamsters indicated that LipL45 was expressed by L. kirschneri that colonized the renal tubule. These observations suggest that expression of LipL45 responds to environmental cues, including those encountered during infection of a mammalian host.

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Wasiński, Bernard, Jacek Sroka, Angelina Wójcik-Fatla, Violetta Zając, Ewa Cisak, Józef P. Knap, Anna Sawczyn, and Jacek Dutkiewicz. "Occurrence of Leptospirosis in Domestic Animals Reared on Exposed or Non-Exposed to Flood Areas of Eastern Poland." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10213-012-0086-1.

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Abstract Blood serum samples collected from randomly selected groups of 32 pigs and 41 cows reared in farms belonging to the rural community “A” located in eastern Poland and exposed to the Vistula river floods, and serum samples from groups of 41 pigs and 40 cows from farms belonging to the rural community “B” located also in eastern Poland but not in the area exposed to floods, were examined by the microscopic agglutination test for the presence of antibodies against 18 Leptospira serovars. The percentage of serum samples presenting positive results with at least one serovar were higher in pigs and cows from community “A” comparing to community “B” (34.4% vs. 4.9% and 26.8% vs. 15.0%, respectively). In the case of pigs, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.0015). The reactions with 12 Leptospira serovars (Australis, Bataviae, Bratislava, Canicola, Hardjo, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Poi, Cynopteri, Grippotyphosa, Celledoni,), belonging to four species (L. interrogans, L.borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, L. weili) were found in the examined animals. In community “B”, six reactions with one serovar and two reactions with two serovars were noted whereas in community “A” - 19 reactions with one serovar, one reaction with two serovars and two reactions with six serovars were observed. The titres in animals reared in community “A” were significantly higher (up to 25,600) compared to community “B” (up to 200, P=0.0094). The obtained results suggest that the exposure to flooding may increase the infection rate in pigs and cows from afflicted areas to some extent.

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Greenlee, Justin J., Carole A. Bolin, David P. Alt, Norman F. Cheville, and Claire B. Andreasen. "Clinical and pathologic comparison of acute leptospirosis in dogs caused by two strains of Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa." American Journal of Veterinary Research 65, no. 8 (August 2004): 1100–1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1100.

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Haake, David A., Mary K. Mazel, Adam M. McCoy, Frank Milward, Garlo Chao, James Matsunaga, and Elizabeth A. Wagar. "Leptospiral Outer Membrane Proteins OmpL1 and LipL41 Exhibit Synergistic Immunoprotection." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 6572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.12.6572-6582.1999.

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ABSTRACT New vaccine strategies are needed for prevention of leptospirosis, a widespread human and veterinary disease caused by invasive spirochetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. We have examined the immunoprotective capacity of the leptospiral porin OmpL1 and the leptospiral outer membrane lipoprotein LipL41 in the Golden Syrian hamster model of leptospirosis. Specialized expression plasmids were developed to facilitate expression of leptospiral proteins inEscherichia coli as the membrane-associated proteins OmpL1-M and LipL41-M. Although OmpL1-M expression is highly toxic inE. coli, this was accomplished by using plasmid pMMB66-OmpL1, which has undetectable background expression without induction. LipL41-M expression and processing were enhanced by altering its lipoprotein signal peptidase cleavage site to mimic that of the murein lipoprotein. Active immunization of hamsters with E. coli membrane fractions containing a combination of OmpL1-M and LipL41-M was found to provide significant protection against homologous challenge with Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. At 28 days after intraperitoneal inoculation, survival in animals vaccinated with both proteins was 71% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53 to 89%), compared with only 25% (95% CI, 8 to 42%) in the control group (P < 0.001). On the basis of serological, histological, and microbiological assays, no evidence of infection was found in the vaccinated survivors. The protective effects of immunization with OmpL1-M and LipL41-M were synergistic, since significant levels of protection were not observed in animals immunized with either OmpL1-M or LipL41-M alone. In contrast to immunization with the membrane-associated forms of leptospiral proteins, hamsters immunized with His6-OmpL1 and His6-LipL41 fusion proteins, either alone or in combination, were not protected. These data indicate that the manner in which OmpL1 and LipL41 associates with membranes is an important determinant of immunoprotection.

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Mgode, G. F., R. S. Machang'u, M. G. Goris, M. Engelbert, S. Sondij, and R. A. Hartskeerl. "New Leptospira serovar Sokoine of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae from cattle in Tanzania." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63278-0.

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The prevalence of leptospirosis is generally high in domestic animals and rodents in Tanzania. Identification of Leptospira isolates from cattle was carried out to establish prevalent Leptospira serovars. Serological typing was done based on monoclonal antibodies and the standard cross-agglutination absorption test. Molecular typing involved pathogenic- and saprophytic-specific PCRs and a PCR specifically amplifying DNA from the species Leptospira kirschneri. DNA fingerprinting with primers derived from sequences of insertion elements IS1500 and IS1533 was carried out. Both serological and molecular characterization indicated that one of the Leptospira isolates, coded RM1, represents a new serovar of the species L. kirschneri of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. The serovar name Sokoine is proposed for this new Leptospira isolate.

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Cilia, Giovanni, Fabrizio Bertelloni, Ivana Piredda, Maria Nicoletta Ponti, Barbara Turchi, Carlo Cantile, Francesca Parisi, et al. "Presence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in the reproductive system and fetuses of wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0008982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008982.

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Leptospirosis is a re-emerging and globally spread zoonosis caused by pathogenic genomospecies of Leptospira. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) are an important Leptospira host and are increasing in population all over Europe. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate Leptospira spp. infection in the reproductive systems of wild boar hunted in two Italian regions: Tuscany and Sardinia. From 231 animals, reproductive system tissue samples (testicles, epididymides, uteri) as well as placentas and fetuses were collected. Bacteriological examination and Real-Time PCR were performed to detect pathogenic Leptospira (lipL32 gene). Leptospires were isolated from the testicles and epididymides of one adult and two subadult wild boar. Four isolates from the two subadult males were identified as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis by MLST, whereas Leptospira kirschneri serogroup Grippotyphosa was identified from the adult testicles and epididymis. Using Real-Time PCR, 70 samples were positive: 22 testicles (23.16%) and 22 epididymides (23.16%), 10 uteri (7.35%), 3 placentas (6.66%), and 13 fetuses (28.88%). Amplification of the rrs2 gene identified L. interrogans and L. kirschneri species. The results from this investigation confirmed that wild boar represent a potential source of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Isolation of Leptospira serogroups Australis and Grippotyphosa from the male reproductive system and the positive Real-Time PCR results from both male and female samples could suggest venereal transmission, as already demonstrated in pigs. Furthermore, placentas and fetuses were positive for the lipL32 target, and this finding may be related to a possible vertical transmission of pathogenic Leptospira.

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Donahue, James M., Barbara J. Smith, Judy K. Donahoe, Cindy L. Rigsby, Robert R. Tramontin, Kockanda B. Poonacha, and Mark A. Wilson. "Prevalence and Serovars of Leptospira Involved in Equine Abortions in Central Kentucky during the 1990 Foaling Season." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4, no. 3 (July 1992): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879200400309.

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A study to determine the prevalence of leptospira-induced abortions in the central Kentucky equine population during the 1990 foaling season and to determine the leptospira serovars responsible was conducted. From July 1, 1989 through June 30, 1990, 32 (4.4%) of 726 submissions (fetuses, stillborn foals, and/or placentas) were diagnosed as leptospirosis by the fluorescent antibody test and/or microscopic agglutination test. Attempts were made to isolate leptospires from the fetal tissues and/or the dam's urine in 31 of these cases. Leptospira interrogans serovar kennewicki was isolated from 11 (35.5%) and serovar grippotyphosa from 2 (6.5%) of the 31 cases. Of 12 cases that were culture negative with serologically positive fetal fluids, 8 had titers against serovar pomona, 1 against bratislava, 1 against grippotyphosa, 1 against hardjo, and 1 against both bratislava and pomona.

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Noach, Steffanie Merlin Clyricia, and Yakob Robert Noach. "PREVALENCE RATE AND CAUSES OF LEPTOSPIROSIS SEROVAR ON CATTLE AT GIWANGAN’S ABATTOIR OF YOGYAKARTA." Journal of Tropical Animal Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32938/jtast.v2i1.597.

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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. The disease was spreadout arround the world, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions included Indonesia. The International Leptospirosis Society has established Indonesia is the country with high incidence of leptospirosis. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta is one of the regions in Indonesia with endemic of leptospirosis. Leptospirosis infection in humans can occur through direct or indirect contact with the urine of infected animals. Cattle is one of the source of transmission leptospirosis to human and other animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of leptospirosis and identify serovar caused of leptospirosis in cattle at Giwangan’s abattoir Yogyakarta. Blood collection taken from ten heads of cattle via jugular vein and the serum was separated for leptospirosis examination by Microscopic Aglutination Test (MAT) which taken placed at Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit (B2P2VRP), Salatiga. Microscopic Aglutination Test carried out on various Leptospira serovar, namely: Bangkinang, Canicola, Pyrogenes, Robinsoni, Hardjo, Djasiman, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorragie, Pomona, Bataviae, Rama, Mini, Sarmin and Manhao. The prevalence rate detemine by compared between the number of MAT positive and samples examined. Positive agglutination indicated the serovar types that caused leptospirosis in cattle. The results showed that two samples were positive against antigen serovar Grippotyphosa (1/2), Hebdomadis (2/2) dan Mini (1/2). It can be concluded that the prevalence rate of leptospirosis in cattle at Giwangan’s abattoir Yogyakarta were 20%. The cause of leptospirosis in cattle at Giwangan’s abattoir Yogyakarta namely Leptospira interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis and Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Mini.

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BERTELLONI, F., B. TURCHI, D. CERRI, P. PINZAUTI, and F. FRATINI. "Leptospira spp. and Brucella ovis seroprevalence in sheep: preliminary results of one year surveillance program." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 68, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.16053.

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In order to assess the diffusion of brucellosis by Brucella ovis and leptospirosis in sheep flocks in Tuscany, 410 blood samples were collected from males of 76 breeding farms from January to December 2015. All sera resulted negative for B. ovis. A percentage of 17.80% sera was found positive for Leptospira spp. Among all breeding farms, 34.21% resulted positive. The most represented serovars were Pomona (6.34%), Hardjo (4.14%), Grippotyphosa (3.17%) and Bratislava (1.70%). The highest antibody titers were detected for serovar Hardjo (1:25600) and serovars Pomona and Grippotyphosa (1:1600). These results confirm the role of sheep as maintenance host for serovar Hardjo and highlight the spreading of serovar Grippotyphosa in the study area. Constant field investigation, especially on farm animals, could be useful to determine trends and diffusion of some occupational re-emerging diseases, such as leptospirosis.

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Suescún Carrero, Sandra Helena, Dina Paola Heredia Montoya, Yoryany Mulato Bolaños, and Martín Orlando Pulido Medellín. "Seroprevalencia de infección por Leptospira y factores de riesgo en estudiantes de una universidad de Colombia." Nova 15, no. 27 (August 10, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/24629448.1964.

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<p>Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia de Leptospira spp y factores de riesgo en estudiantes de medicina veterinaria y zootecnia de la Universidad de Tunja, Colombia. Método. Se utilizó la prueba de microaglutinación (MAT) para 13 serovares de Leptospira en sueros de 51 estudiantes. Los datos epidemiológicos y factores de riesgo, se recogieron a través de una encuesta. Resultados. La seroprevalencia de Leptospira fue 25,5% (IC95% 13,1 - 36,8). La edad promedio de los estudiantes fue 26,2 años; DE = 4,15). La prevalencia fue mayor en hombres que en mujeres (36,6% vs. 20%, p > 0,05) sin diferencia estadística. La reactividad a los serovares de Leptospira fue 5,88% para Australis (serovar bratislava), Grippotyphosa (serovar Grippotyphosa), Sejroe (serovar<br />Hardjo Prajitno), Pomona (serovar Pomona) y Tarassovi (serovar Tarassovi); y de 1.96% para Canicola (serovar Canicola), Icterohaemorragiae (serovar Copenhageni) y Shermani (serovar Shermani). Se encontró que trabajar o tener práctica clínica durante los seis meses anteriores a la toma de la muestra representó un riesgo de 2,25 (0,1209 – 2,1342) veces para presentar leptospirosis y el haber tenido accidentes laborales en el desarrollo de las actividades como salidas de campo o en la práctica clínica, representó 2,69 (0,6393 – 11,3892) veces el riesgo de presentar seropositividad. Las variables de riesgo asociadas no fueron significativas (p=0,05). Conclusión. De acuerdo con los resultados se puede observar que la Leptospirosis es una enfermedad de gran importancia y de elevada seropositividad en el departamento de Boyacá, principalmente en la población que se encuentra constantemente en riesgo ocupacional al trabajar con animales.</p>

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PYSKUN, ANTON, VITALII UKHOVSKYI, OLENA PYSKUN, VITALII NEDOSEKOV, VYACHESLAV KOVALENKO, SERHIY NYCHYK, MYKOLA SYTIUK, and WOJCIECH IWANIAK. "Presence of Antibodies Against Leptospira interrogans Serovar hardjo in Serum Samples from Cattle in Ukraine." Polish Journal of Microbiology 68, no. 3 (September 2019): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2019-031.

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The article presents data on serological studies of 573 sera samples of cattle that were collected from the farms affected by leptospirosis in different regions of Ukraine in the period of 2014–2015. Samples were investigated by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which was conducted within eight serological groups of Leptospira and nine serovars: Sejroe (serovars polonica and hardjo), Hebdomadis (serovar kabura), Tarassovi (serovar tarassovi), Pomona (serovar pomona), Grippotyphosa (serovar grippotyphosa), Canicola (serovar canicola), Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovar copenhageni), and Australis (serovar bratislava). The circulation of L. interrogans serovar hardjo among cattle has been observed in all 11 regions of Ukraine investigated within 25.8–60.0% of the leptospirosis-positive serum samples in these regions.Antibodies in the cattle sera against serovar hardjo (serogroup Sejroe) were detected in 139 of the 370 cows reacting positively in MAT. Overall, they were detected in 24.3% animals out of the total of 573 cows investigated. These are the preliminary results, however, in our opinion, they should allow to include the serovar hardjo in a standard panel of strains for MAT in Ukraine.

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Moreno, Luisa Z., Frederico S. Kremer, Fabiana Miraglia, Ana P. Loureiro, Marcus R. Eslabao, Odir A. Dellagostin, Walter Lilenbaum, and Andrea M. Moreno. "Comparative genomic analysis of Brazilian Leptospira kirschneri serogroup Pomona serovar Mozdok." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 111, no. 8 (July 11, 2016): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760160174.

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Soares, Pollyanna M., Dayane O. Gomes, Fernando P. Macedo, Mayara M. Soares, Karla R. Lemes, Lauren H. Jaeger, Walter Lilenbaum, and Anna M. C. Lima. "Serological and molecular characterization of Leptospira kirschneri serogroup Grippotyphosa isolated from bovine in Brazil." Microbial Pathogenesis 138 (January 2020): 103803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103803.

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Breneva, N. V., A. V. Allenov, M. B. Sharakshanov, E. Yu Kiseleva, V. N. Krasnoshchekov, N. S. Gordeyko, V. P. Borzov, et al. "Examination of Primorsk Territory for Current Natural Focal Infections." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 15, no. 5 (October 20, 2016): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-5-38-42.

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Territory of Primorsk is endemic for tularemia, leptospirosis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and tick-borne infections. Human (146) and animal (373) samples were examined by bacteriological, serological and molecular-genetic methods. Seroprevalence in humans is weakly expressed except tularemia (14.0-40.4%). Lack of tularemia antibody in cattle (n = 40) indicates low significance of blood-sucking insects as the infection vectors. Small mammals (n = 333) were infected with Francisella (34.1%), Leptospira (38.4%) and Hantaviruses of Puumala and Hantaan genotypes (8.7%). Two cultures: L. borgpetersenii and L. kirschneri serogroups Javanica and Grippotyphosa were isolated. High activity of the infection natural foci requires appropriate preventive measures.

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Mulyani, Guntari Titik, Sri Hartati, Hastari Wuryastuty, Ida Tjahajati, Yuriadi Yuriadi, Irkham Widiyono, Yanuartono Yanuartono, et al. "Identifikasi Serovar Penyebab Leptospirosis pada Anjing di Yogyakarta." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 37, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.39201.

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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global concern, and is caused by pathogenic serovar Leptospira interrogans. Canine Leptospirososis is widespread worldwide, dogs can act as incidental hosts or maintenance hosts for various serovars. The purpose of this research was to identify leptospire serovars that infect healthy and suspected leptospirosis dogs in Yogyakarta. A total of 56 dogs (36 healthy dogs and 20 suspect leptospirosis dogs) sera were taken from cephalica vein as much as 3 ml. Sera were examined for leptospirosis with Microscopic Aglutination Test (MAT) which conducted at the Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor. Microscopic Aglutination Test carried out on various Leptospire serovar, namely: Ichterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Celledoni, Ballum, Pyogenes, Cynopeteri, Rachmati, Australis, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Bataviae, Hardjo, and Tarrasovi. The results showed that Celledoni serovars infected 25% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, Javanica serovar infected 19% of healthy dogs, Bataviae serovars infected 15% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, Grippotyphosa serovar infected 11% of healthy dogs, Tarrasovi serovar infected 10% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, serovars Cynopteri infects 5% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, serovar Pyrogenes infects 5% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, and serovar Rachmati infects 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs. Seven healthy dogs (19%) and 2 suspect leptospirosis dogs (10%) were infected with more than 2 leptospire serovars. From the results of this study it can be concluded that Celledoni serovar of Leptospira interrogans infection causes subclinical leptospirosis, while Bataviae serovar infection causes clinical leptospirosis in dogs in Yogyakarta.

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da Cunha, Carlos Eduardo Pouey, Cláudia Pinho Hartleben, Amilton Clair Pinto Seixas Neto, Leonardo Garcia Monte, Márcia de Oliveira Nobre, Odir Antonio Dellagostin, Frederico Schmitt Kremer, et al. "Infection with Leptospira kirschneri Serovar Mozdok: First Report from the Southern Hemisphere." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 94, no. 3 (March 2, 2016): 519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0505.

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Senthil, N. R., K. M. Palanivel, and R. Rishikesavan. "Seroprevalence of Leptospiral Antibodies in Canine Population in and around Namakkal." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2013 (July 9, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/971810.

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Leptospirosis is a reemerging and a complex zoonotic bacterial disease, caused by pathogenic serovars of Leptospira interrogans. A total of 124 sera samples of dogs belonging to different categories like vaccinated, unvaccinated-semiowned, and stray dogs were subjected to sampling. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was conducted by using Leptospira culture. Out of 42 vaccinated dogs, 24 (57%) were positive to one or more serovars. Of the 24, 22 (52.3%), 11 (26.19%), 4 (9.5%), 1 (3%), and 2 (4.7%) were positive to icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa, and autumnalis, respectively. Of the 48 unvaccinated semiowned dogs, 10 (28.8%) showed positive agglutination to one or more serovars. Of the 10 samples, 7 (14.5%), 2 (4.1%), 3 (6.2%), 3 (6.2%), and 5 (10.2%) were positive to icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa, and autumnalis, respectively. Among the 34 stray dogs, 12 showed positive agglutination to one or more leptospiral antibodies. Of the 12 samples, 6 (17.6%) showed positive agglutination to icterohaemorrhagiae, 2 (5.8%) to canicola, 5 (14.7%) to pomona, 7 (20.5%) to grippotyphosa, and 5 (4.7%) to autumnalis. This study emphasized the changing trends in the epidemiology of leptospirosis with higher prevalence of serovar L. grippotyphosa in street dogs.

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ARENT, Z. J., S. ANDREWS, K. ADAMAMA-MORAITOU, C. GILMORE, D. PARDALI, and W. A. ELLIS. "Emergence of novel Leptospira serovars: a need for adjusting vaccination policies for dogs?" Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 6 (September 24, 2012): 1148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812002087.

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SUMMARYA total of 855 sera from dogs in Greece were tested for antibodies to strains belonging to the Pomona, Grippotyphosa and Australis serogroups of Leptospira to assess exposure levels to these serogroups, possible associations with clinical disease and to evaluate whether these findings support the inclusion of additional serovars in dog vaccines. Antibodies were detected in 110 (12·9%) dogs. The highest seroprevalence (4·9%) was to the proposed novel serovar Altodouro belonging to the Pomona serogroup. This serovar also showed a statistically significant association with clinical disease. Serovar Bratislava antibodies were found in 3·4% of sera. Consideration should be given to the inclusion of serovars belonging to the Pomona serogroup and serovar Bratislava in future dog vaccines for the Greek market.

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ESPI, A., J. M. PRIETO, M. FERNANDEZ, and M. ALVAREZ. "Serological prevalence to six leptospiral serovars in cattle in Asturias (Northern Spain)." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 3 (June 2000): 599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003969.

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The prevalence of antibody to six serovars of Leptospira interrogans in cattle in Asturias (Northern Spain) was determined by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Using 50% agglutination or lysis at a dilution of 1[ratio ]10 or more as the criteria for seropositivity, 371 of 3578 (10·36%) animals were found to react with one serovar. The most commonly detected serovars were pomona (5·59%) and grippotyphosa (2·37%), whilst serovar hardjo (0·75%), icterohaemorrhagiae (0·64%), poi (0·64%) and autumnalis (0·36%) were found at lower frequencies.

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Slavica, A., D. Dezdek, D. Konjevic, Z. Cvetnic, M. Sindicic, D. Stanin, J. Habus, and N. Turk. "Prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population of Croatia." Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 4 (May 5, 2011): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3151-vetmed.

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Over a period of five years (2005–2010) a total of 358 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) serum samples were collected during regular hunting procedures, mostly in the continental part of Croatia. All samples were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the presence of specific antibodies (Ab) to 12 Leptospira spp. pathogenic serovars. Specific antibodies for 11 different Leptospira spp. serovars (Australis, Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Saxkoebing, Grippotyphosa, Tarassovi, Ballum, Pomona, Poi, Batavie, and Canicola) were detected in 121 red fox serum samples (33.8%). Among the positive samples antibodies for serovar Australis were found most frequently (32.1%), followed by Abs for serovar Sejroe (18.2%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (13.2%). The highest Ab titre (1 : 3200) was recorded for serovar Australis and together with serovars Sejroe and Icterohaemorrhagiae this serovar showed a statistically significant frequency in cross-reactions (recorded in 23.1% cases). High Ab titres for serovars Grippotyphosa and Tarassovi (1 : 800) were detected for the first time in red foxes from the continental part of Croatia. The significant percentage (≈ 35%) of seropositive reactions to Leptospira spp. serovars implies the presence of pathogenic agents in the natural habitats of red foxes in Croatian low-land territories. The high Ab prevalence for specific serovars (Australis and Sejroe) detected in the fox population suggests predator-prey chain transmission of leptospirosis between red foxes and small terrestrial mammals, whilst the high Ab prevalence for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae indicates an occasional contact of red foxes with rats. Red foxes can be thought of as susceptible hosts for serovars Australis and Sejroe and a possible link in leptospirosis transmission to other wild carnivores such as martens, weasels and ferrets. In contrast, this serologic survey revealed no evidence of serovar Canicola interchange between domestic carnivores (dogs) and red foxes. It can be concluded that red foxes are reliable sentinels for the epidemiological monitoring of leptospirosis, especially in lowland habitats.

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Cilia, Giovanni, Fabrizio Bertelloni, Marta Angelini, Domenico Cerri, and Filippo Fratini. "Leptospira Survey in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Hunted in Tuscany, Central Italy." Pathogens 9, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050377.

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Leptospirosis is a re-emerging, worldwide zoonosis, and wild boar (Sus scrofa) are involved in its epidemiology as the reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Leptospira with serological, bacteriological, and molecular assays in wild boar hunted in Tuscany (Italy) during two hunting seasons. In total, 287 specimens of sera, kidneys, and liver were collected to perform microscopic agglutination tests (MATs), isolation, and RealTime PCR to detect pathogenic (lipL32 gene), intermediate (16S rRNA gene), and saprophytic (23S rRNA gene) Leptospira. Within sera, 39 (13.59%) were positive to the MAT, and Australis was the most represented serogroup (4.88%), followed by Pomona (4.18%), and Tarassovi (3.14%). Moreover, four Leptospira cultures were positive, and once isolates were identified, one was identified as L. borgpetersenii serovar Tarassovi, and three as L. interrogans serovar Bratislava. Pathogenic Leptospira DNA were detected in 32 wild boar kidneys (11.15%). The characterization through the amplification of the rrs2 gene highlighted their belonging to L. interrogans (23 kidneys), L. borgpetersenii (four), and L. kirschneri (one), while nine kidneys (3.14%) were positive for intermediate Leptospira, all belonging to L. fainei. The results of this study confirmed the importance of wild boar in the epidemiology of leptospirosis among wildlife in Central Italy.

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Sonja, Obrenović, Radojičić Sonja, Stević Nataša, Bogunović Danica, Vakanjac Slobodanka, and Valčić Miroslav. "Seroprevalence of Cat Leptospirosis in Belgrade (Serbia)." Acta Veterinaria 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2014-0047.

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Abstract With its epizootiological characteristics, the territory of the municipality of Belgrade city is a potentially important locality for the maintenance and spreading of a number of serovars of Leptospira interrogans. In order to evaluate the epizootiological situation as far as animal leptospirosis in the Belgrade region is concerned, from January 2012 until June 2013 the prevalence of cat leptospirosis has been evaluated. The standard microagglutination test (MAT) was used to determine animals sero positive to different serovars that belong to L. interrogans sensu lato complex. The antigens used were: Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Canicola, Bratislava, Batavie, Sejroe, Pyrogenes, Australis and Autumnalis. Out of the total number of tested animals, there were 43 (26.7%) positive to one, two or three serovar(s). Out of a total of 43 positive sera 20 (46.5%) samples were positive to more than one leptospira serovar

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Schafbauer, Theresa, Anou Dreyfus, Benedikt Hogan, Raphael Rakotozandrindrainy, Sven Poppert, and Reinhard K. Straubinger. "Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. Infection in Cattle from Central and Northern Madagascar." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 6, 2019): 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112014.

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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance, especially in tropical countries. The current Leptospira spp. seroprevalence in cattle from central and northern Madagascar is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence resulting from infections with pathogenic Leptospira spp. in zebu cattle from these areas. Serum samples from 194 animals were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using a panel of 12 serovars as antigens. Samples with a titer of ≥1:100 were considered positive. The overall seroprevalence was 59.3% (95% CI; 52.0–66.2%) with titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:1600. Among the seropositive animals, the most frequent antibody reactions were against serovar L. Tarassovi (serogroup L. Tarassovi) with 40.2% (33.3–47.5%), followed by L. Hardjo (L. Sejroe) with 13.9% (9.5–19.8%), L. Grippotyphosa (L. Grippotyphosa) with 9.8% (6.2–15.1%), L. Pomona (L. Pomona) with 7.7% (4.5–12.7%) and L. Autumnalis (L. Autumnalis) with 5.2% (2.6–9.5%). Less than 5% of the samples reacted positively against the remaining serovars. These results indicate a very high exposure of Malagasy cattle to Leptospira spp. which, consequently, poses a definite risk for people working with cattle acquiring this zoonotic infection.

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Bouvet, J., L. Lemaitre, C. Cariou, M. Scotto, C. Blain, F. Oberli, L. Cupillard, and P. M. Guigal. "A canine vaccine against Leptospira serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola and Grippotyphosa provides cross protection against Leptospira serovar Copenhageni." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 219 (January 2020): 109985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109985.

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ABDOLLAHPOUR, G., AW ENGLISH, and J. TASLER. "Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa from a heifer in New South Wales." Australian Veterinary Journal 73, no. 3 (March 1996): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb09990.x.

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Haake, D. A., E. M. Walker, D. R. Blanco, C. A. Bolin, M. N. Miller, and M. A. Lovett. "Changes in the surface of Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa during in vitro cultivation." Infection and Immunity 59, no. 3 (1991): 1131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.59.3.1131-1140.1991.

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Jayasundara, Dinesha, Indika Senavirathna, Janith Warnasekara, Chandika Gamage, Sisira Siribaddana, Senanayake Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage Kularatne, Michael Matthias, et al. "12 Novel clonal groups of Leptospira infecting humans in multiple contrasting epidemiological contexts in Sri Lanka." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e0009272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009272.

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Leptospirosis is a ubiquitous zoonotic disease and a major clinical challenge owing to the multitude of clinical presentations and manifestations that are possibly attributable to the diversity of Leptospira, the understanding of which is key to study the epidemiology of this emerging global disease threat. Sri Lanka is a hotspot for leptospirosis with high levels of endemicity as well as annual epidemics. We carried out a prospective study of Leptospira diversity in Sri Lanka, covering the full range of climatic zones, geography, and clinical severity. Samples were collected for leptospiral culture from 1,192 patients from 15 of 25 districts in Sri Lanka over two and half years. Twenty-five isolates belonging to four pathogenic Leptospira species were identified: L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. weilii, and L. kirschneri. At least six serogroups were identified among the isolates: Autumnalis (6), Pyrogenes (4), Icterohaemorrhagiae (2), Celledoni (1), Grippotyphosa (2) and Bataviae (1). Seven isolates did not agglutinate using available antisera panels, suggesting new serogroups. Isolates were sequenced using an Illumina platform. These data add 25 new core genome sequence types and were clustered in 15 clonal groups, including 12 new clonal groups. L. borgpetersenii was found only in the dry zone and L. weilii only in the wet zone. Acute kidney injury and cardiovascular involvement were seen only with L. interrogans infections. Thrombocytopenia and liver impairment were seen in both L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii infections. The inadequate sensitivity of culture isolation to identify infecting Leptospira species underscores the need for culture-independent typing methods for Leptospira.

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Fagre, Anna C., Christie E. Mayo, Kristy L. Pabilonia, and Gabriele A. Landolt. "Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in Colorado equids and association with clinical disease." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 5 (July 25, 2020): 718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720943155.

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Detection of Leptospira interrogans is difficult as a result of intermittent leptospiruria and brief leptospiremia. Hence, diagnosis relies heavily on serologic testing, the reference method of which is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In horses, clinical leptospirosis has been associated with abortion, recurrent uveitis, and sporadic cases of hepatic and renal disease. Little information exists on the seroprevalence of antibodies to L. interrogans in equids in the United States; past nationwide studies suggest that the seroprevalence in some areas is as high as 77% (reciprocal titer ≥ 100). We tested sera from 124 apparently healthy horses previously submitted for equine infectious anemia (EIA) serology using MAT for 6 serovars—Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona. When using a reciprocal MAT titer cutoff of ≥ 100, 102 of 124 (82%) of the samples were positive for at least one serovar. Seropositivity was significantly associated with increasing age. Query of specimens from clinical cases submitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for MAT since 2010 indicated significantly greater seroprevalence ( p = 0.015) of pathogenic serovar Pomona in clinical cases compared to sera submitted from healthy equids for routine EIA testing. Information from our diagnostic laboratory submission forms also suggests a correlation between uveitis or other ophthalmic problems and serovar Pomona.

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Warshawsky, Bryna, L. Robbin Lindsay, and Harvey Artsob. "Leptospira Infections in Trappers from Ontario." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 11, no. 1 (2000): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/392419.

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BACKGROUND: Four trappers presented to the Middlesex-London Health Unit in November, 1997 with similar clinical presentations. All four complained of fever, chills and headache, and three of the four had severe muscle aches. All gave histories of trapping raccoons before the onset of illness. Three of the four men exhibited diagnostic seroconversions toLeptospira grippotyphosa.OBJECTIVE: To describe the four suspected cases of leptospira infections and to determine whether raccoons might serve as a reservoir of infection using field studies.DESIGN: Raccoon serology were undertaken using the microscopic agglutination test against eight serovars ofLeptospira interrogansincludingL grippotyphosa. Raccoons were trapped using Tomahawk live traps, anaesthetized with intramuscular injection of ketamine and acepromazine, bled by cardiac puncture and released.RESULTS: Forty-two raccoons were trapped in Middlesex (n=36) and Kent counties (n=6) from April 25 to May 2, 1998, and 10 (23.8%) of these animals had antibodies toL grippotyphosa.CONCLUSIONS: Infections due toL grippotyphosaor a closely related serovar are a risk for trappers in Ontario, and raccoons are a likely reservoir of this bacterium.

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Parra Solano, Jessica Alexandra, Germán Rodríguez Martínez, and César Augusto Díaz Rojas. "Estudio preliminar serológico de Leptospira spp. en un rebaño ovino de la sabana de Bogotá." Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, no. 32 (June 14, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/mv.3851.

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El objeto de la investigación fue realizar un estudio serológico de la leptospirosis en un rebaño ovino de la sabana de Bogotá, con el propósito de detectar la presencia de este agente y ampliar el conocimiento sobre su tendencia en nuestro medio. Se realizaron dos visitas a la granja, una durante el periodo seco (enero) y otra en la época lluviosa (mayo), donde se chequearon 250 animales en cada uno de los dos periodos, pertenecientes a 100 machos y 150 hembras de diferentes razas existentes en la granja. Se evaluó la presencia de anticuerpos contra los seis serovares que se han reconocido como los más frecuentes en Colombia en las diferentes especies domésticas. La prueba utilizada fue la de microaglutinación. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio indicaron que el serovar más frecuente en los ovinos fue L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, seguido por L. interrogans serovar Bratislava, L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, L. interrogans serovares Canicola, Pomona y Grippotyphosa. Se concluye que la leptospirosis en ovinos asociada a los títulos reportados para los diferentes serovares, a pesar de no haberse reportado casos clínicos durante el estudio, hace pensar en la presencia del agente en el rebaño, lo que orientaría nuevos estudios tendientes a profundizar en el efecto que tendría en la reproducción.

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Msemwa, Betrand, Mariam M. Mirambo, Vitus Silago, Juma M. Samson, Khadija S. Majid, Ginethon Mhamphi, Joseph Genchwere, et al. "Existence of Similar Leptospira Serovars among Dog Keepers and Their Respective Dogs in Mwanza, Tanzania, the Need for a One Health Approach to Control Measures." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2021): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050609.

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This study investigated seroepidemiology of Leptospira serovars among the dog keepers and their dogs in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania. A total of 205 dog keepers and 414 dogs were tested for Leptospira antibodies using a microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The median age of the dog keepers was 26 (inter quartile range (IQR): 17–40) years and median duration of keeping dogs was 36 (IQR: 24–120) months. The seropositivity of Leptospira antibodies was (33/205 (16.1%, 95% CI: 11.0–21.1) among dog keepers and (66/414 (15.9%, 95% CI: 12.4–19.4) among dogs, p = 0.4745. Among the serovars tested (Sokoine, Grippotyphosa, Kenya, Pomona and Hebdomadis), the most prevalent serovar was Sokoine in both dog keepers and their dogs (93.9% (31/33) vs. and 65.1% (43/66), p = 0.009). Thirty-one out of thirty-three seropositive dog keepers (93.9%) had dogs positive for Leptospira antibodies with 28 (84.9%) having similar serovars with their respective seropositive dogs. Having tertiary education (AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07–0.84, p = 0.026) independently protected individuals from being Leptospira seropositive. More than three quarters of dog keepers had similar serovars as their dogs, necessitating one health approach to control measures in endemic areas.

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Soltani, M. S., P. Khaki, S. Moradi Bidhendi, and M. H. Shahhosseiny. "Cloning and Sequencing of Gene Encoding Outer Membrane Lipoprotein LipL41 of Leptospira Interrogans Serovar Grippotyphosa." Alborz University Medical Journal 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.aums.3.4.221.

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Wasiński, Bernard, Katarzyna Paschalis-Trela, Jan Trela, Michał Czopowicz, Jerzy Kita, Monika Żychska, Anna Cywińska, Iwona Markowska-Daniel, Craig Carter, and Lucjan Witkowski. "Serological Survey of Leptospira Infection in Arabian Horses in Poland." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060688.

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Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonotic infections worldwide, including in most livestock, some companion animals, horses, wildlife, and humans. Epidemiological estimation of its prevalence in all species is difficult due to the variety of clinical presentations and challenges regarding laboratory diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to measure the seroprevalence of leptospiral infection in Arabian horses kept in the largest breeding farms in Poland, representing over 15% of the Polish Arabian horse population. Leptospira antibodies were detected by MAT (cut-off 1:100) in 33.2% of serum samples (204 of 615 animals) (CI 95%: 29.6–37.0%), most frequently reacting with the serovar Grippotyphosa, similar to previous reports in populations of randomly selected horses. These results indicated high Leptospira seropositivity, thus, although any form of clinical leptospirosis is rare, it may be postulated that the leptospiral exposure is widespread.

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Tonin, Alexandre Alberto, Felipe Da Silva Krawczak, Jéssica Carolina Gomes Noll, Camila Tochetto, Jorge Luiz Rodrigues Martins, Manoel Renato Teles Badke, Marcelo Bahia Labruna, and Aleksandro Schafer Da Silva. "Leptospira Seroprevalence in Capybaras from a Brazilian Urban Area." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81100.

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Background: Leptospirosis remains the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world. As a clinical entity it is strongly associated with regional occupational and environmental exposures. While the exact global disease burden remains unknown, recent estimates by the leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (LERG) at the World Health Organization have set the number of human cases of severe leptospirosis to over 500,000 per year. This number almost certainly represents an under-representation due to poor surveillance and difficult diagnosis. Leptospira spp. belong to the order Spirochaetales, family Leptospiraceae, composed by 13 pathogenic Leptospira species with more than 260 serovars. Wildlife species are commonly considered to be important epidemiological carriers, mainly because of their frequent reactivity to Leptospira serovars native to their habitat. Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), a known leptospirosis host, is a widespread species in South America. However, reports regarding the importance of this animal in the epidemiology of leptospirosis are rare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to report the results of leptospirosis serological survey of capybaras from a residential park area in southeastern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 172 capybaras were sampled at Itú Municipality, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, from December 2012 to May 2013. Sera samples were examined for Leptospira antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using live antigens grown in liquid medium (EMJH). A complete panel of 7 serogroups (including 10 reference serovars) was used as antigens: serogroup Sejroe (serovars Hardjo and Wolffi), serogroup Grippotyphosa (serovar Grippotyphosa), serogroup Canicola (serovar Canicola), serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni), serogroup Australis (serovars Australis and Bratislava), serogroup Pomona (serovar Pomona), and serogroup Autumnalis (serovar Butembo). As a results, 46 (26.75%) were serologically positive: 29 (63.05%) for serogroup Sejroe, 7 (15.22%) for serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae; 9 (19.56%) were seropositive for serogroups Sejroe and Icterohaemorrhagiae; and 1 (2.17%) was positive for serogroups Sejroe and Grippotyphosa.Discussion: L. interrogans sensu stricto is responsible for the most frequent and severe cases of human and animal leptospirosis. Considering the results of our serological survey, it is important to reinforce that in tropical countries, mainly Brazil, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia and Barbados, serovars belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni) are generally the most prevalent. Therefore, the report of different serogroups in capybaras (as observed in our study) it is an important observation reported. Human leptospirosis is usually due to serovars that are maintained by the animal populations of a region, which spread the bacterium on the environment; thus, it may represent an important additional risk factor for human population. Our study identified a greater serum reactivity to strains that belongs to serogroup Sejroe. In Brazil this serogroup is highly predominant in livestock; thus, our main hypothesis is that some animals were contaminated with Sejroe serovars when they were at their natural habitat and, once in the park, they maintained these serovars through cross transmission. Therefore, based on our results, it was possible to observe a significant prevalence of serovars belonging to serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, and there was also a high prevalence of samples positive to serogroup Sejroe. Thus, our serologic survey showed that capybaras living in an urban area could represent a risk factor for leptospirosis for the human population eventually exposed.

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Ukhovskyi, V. V., N. B. Vydayko, G. B. Aliekseieva, M. V. Bezymennyi, I. M. Polupan, and I. P. Kolesnikova. "Comparative analysis of incidence of leptospirosis among farm animals and humans in Ukraine." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 3 (July 28, 2018): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021861.

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Leptospirosis remains one of the most widespread natural-focal, zoonotic infectious diseases in the world and in Ukraine. Leptospirosis is enzootic in the entire territory of Ukraine. Cases of diseases are registered in all regions of Ukraine. We initiated a study of comparative analysis of territorial distribution of leptospirosis outbreaks among animals and incidence in humans in Ukraine covering the years 2009–2016 inclusive. This study of the incidence of leptospirosis in Ukraine shows a significant circulation of leptospirosis both among humans and animals. Among cattle herds in Ukraine the percentage of positive animals was found to be 4.2% of the surveyed population. The dominant serovars of Leptospira were kabura (12.4%) and polonica (9.5%). Positive reactions with other serovars were observed less frequently: tarassovi – 5.1%, bratislava – 4.9%, copenhageni – 4.1%, grippotyphosa – 2.4%, pomona – 1.1%, canicola – 1.0%. In pigs, the percentage of positive animals amounted to 3.2%, the dominant serovars of Leptospira were bratislava (29.1%) and copenhageni (25.1%). Positive reactions with other serovars were observed less frequently: tarassovi – 4.3%, canicola – 3.0%, pomona – 2.7%, grippotyphosa – 1.3%, polonica – 1.2%, kabura – 0.6%. In horses, the percentage of positive animals amounted to 9.5% of the surveyed population. The serological range of Leptospira in horses was as follows: copenhageni – 14.2%, bratislava – 12.1%, canicola – 6.8%, grippotyphosa – 4.8%, tarassovi – 4.7%, pomona – 2.1%, kabura – 1.4%, polonica – 1.3%. Analysis of the results of research indicates extensive circulation of leptospirosis among humans in Ukraine as evidenced by the percentage of humans positively responding to MAT – 12.1% of the studied samples. The etiological structure of leptospirosis cases includes all the 14 serovars of the diagnostic set. The basis of the etiological spectrum was the serovar copenhageni – 37.3%. The share of other serovars as the etiological factor of leptospirosis in humans was different in different spans of the considered period. Most frequently, those were kabura – 12.3%, grippotyphosa – 11.7%, canicola – 9.5%, pomona – 9.1%. We mapped annual incidence of leptospirosis in animals and humans. Choropleth maps of annual leptospirosis incidence and cluster maps show opposite spatial patterns for animals and humans. The highest human rates were in the western and central parts of the country while the highest animal rates were mainly in the eastern part.

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Bregoli, Marco, Stefano Pesaro, Martina Ustulin, Denis Vio, Paola Beraldo, Marco Galeotti, Monia Cocchi, et al. "Environmental Exposure of Wild Carnivores to Zoonotic Pathogens: Leptospira Infection in the First Free Living Wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) Found Dead in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052512.

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Leptospirosis is a worldwide-spread zoonosis causing disease and death in dogs and in humans. A Leptospiral infection has been recorded in several wild carnivore species in Europe, but tissue pathological changes were not commonly described. The Grey wolf (Canis lupus) has been expanding its distribution range in north-eastern Italy during the last decade. A young wolf, representing the first individual handled in the region, was found road-killed and then submitted to necropsy. Pathological changes included erosive lesions of gingival mucosa, mild liver enlargement, and multifocal degenerative-necrotic areas along with hyperemic reactive lesions; multifocal interstitial nephritis and multifocal lung hemorrhages were observed. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) able to detect pathogenic species of Leptospira performed on a kidney sample was positive. Serological reactions for serogroup Gryppotyphosa (1:6400), Pomona (1:800), and Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:200) were evidenced by MAT. Genotyping by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) performed on detected Leptospira characterized it as belonging to Sequence Type (ST) 117, which refers to L. kirschneri, serogroup Pomona, serovar Mozdok. Regardless of the role of Leptospira infection as an eventual predisposing factor to the road killing of this wolf, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of Leptospira-induced pathology in a wolf in Europe. Surveys on Leptospira infection in free-ranging wildlife species should be pursued in order to achieve further epidemiological knowledge on the circulation of the Leptospira strain.

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Nepeřený, Jiří, Josef Chumela, and Vladimír Vrzal. "Determination of an infectious dose of Leptospira for the performance of challenge test in assessing the efficacy of Leptospira vaccines." Acta Veterinaria Brno 80, no. 3 (2011): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201180030263.

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The efficacy of vaccines against leptospiral disease can be determined objectively by challenge test in experimental animals. Selection of suitable leptospiral challenge strains and determination of an optimal challenge dose to prove exactly that the given vaccine Leptospira serotype induces protective immunity in vaccinated dogs is a critical point in performing challenge experiments. The aim of our study was to verify and determine an appropriate challenge dose for efficacy tests in dogs for the following Leptospira serovars: L. grippotyphosa, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola. The appropriate challenge dose was determined on the basis of pathognomonic symptoms of infection, Leptospira capture at cultivation and pathological changes in dogs infected experimentally with various doses (5 × 104 - 5 × 108) of Leptospira serovars. A dose of 5 × 106 of each respective serovar administered intraperitoneally was determined to be a suitable challenge dose. The dogs infected with the selected dose showed the typical symptoms of the disease and met the requirements of an objective and standard evaluation of the vaccine efficacy according to the pharmacopoeial monograph. A study of such extent was done for the first time in the Czech Republic.

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Barr, Stephen C., Patrick L. McDonough, Roberta L. Scipioni-Ball, and Jennifer K. Starr. "Serologic responses of dogs given a commercial vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona andLeptospira kirschneriserovar grippotyphosa." American Journal of Veterinary Research 66, no. 10 (October 2005): 1780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1780.

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Rajeev, Sreekumari, Kanae Shiokawa, Alejandro Llanes, Malavika Rajeev, Carlos Mario Restrepo, Raymond Chin, Eymi Cedeño, and Esteban Ellis. "Detection and Characterization of Leptospira Infection and Exposure in Rats on the Caribbean Island of Saint Kitts." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020350.

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In this study, we detected and characterized Leptospira infection and exposure in rats on the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts for the first time. We detected Leptospira infection in 17/29 (59%), 14/29 (48)%, and 11/29 (38)% of rats by RT-PCR, culture, and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and analysis and serogrouping of 17 Leptospira strains isolated from rats revealed their close relationship with L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 10) and L. borgpetersenii serogroup Ballum (n = 7). WGS, serogrouping, and additional PCR tests on rat kidneys confirmed mixed infections with L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii in the kidneys of three rats. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was positive for 25/29 (87%) of the rats tested, and the response was restricted to serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae {24/29(83%)}, Mankarso {4/29(14%)}, Copenhageni {4/29(14%)}, Grippotyphosa {2/29(7%)}, and Wolffi {1/29(3%)}. Interestingly, there was no agglutinating antibody response to serovar Ballum. We observed a similar pattern in the serologic response using Leptospira isolates obtained from this study with each of the rat sera, with strong response to L. interrogans isolates but minimal reactivity to L. borgpetersenii isolates. Our findings suggest the use of multiple complementary diagnostic tests for Leptospira surveillance and diagnosis to improve the accuracy of the data.

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Agudelo-Flórez, Piedad, Berta Nelly Restrepo-Jaramillo, and Margarita Arboleda-Naranjo. "Situación de la leptospirosis en el Urabá antioqueño colombiano: estudio seroepidemiológico y factores de riesgo en población general urbana." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, no. 9 (September 2007): 2094–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007000900017.

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Leptospirosis es una zoonosis de gran incidencia en regiones tropicales. Su prevalencia es desconocida en la región del Urabá colombiano. Entre marzo y octubre del año 2000 se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte para determinar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra Leptospira spp. y describir algunos factores de riesgo en nueve municipios del Urabá. La población incluida fue de 582 personas a las cuales se les tomó una muestra de sangre y se le aplicó una encuesta sobre factores de riesgo. La detección de anticuerpos contra Leptospira spp. fue realizada por inmunofluorescencia indirecta y por microaglutinación. La seroprevalencia general en la zona fue 12,5% (IC95%: 10,01-15,5). No hubo diferencias en cuanto al sexo, raza, oficio, edad, años de residencia en la zona y características de la vivienda. L. interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa fue la especie más prevalente, identificándose en 53 de los seropositivos. En 38 seropositivos los títulos detectados fueron iguales o mayores a 1:400. En conclusión, existe alta prevalencia de anticuerpos contra Leptospira spp. Es necesario orientar las medidas de control para disminuir el riesgo de exposición ambiental a leptospirosis por parte de los habitantes de la zona.

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Poonacha, K. B., J. M. Donahue, R. C. Giles, C. B. Hong, M. B. Petrites-Murphy, B. J. Smith, T. W. Swerczek, R. R. Tramontin, and P. A. Tuttle. "Leptospirosis in Equine Fetuses, Stillborn Foals, and Placentas." Veterinary Pathology 30, no. 4 (July 1993): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589303000405.

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Leptospirosis was diagnosed in 51 equine fetuses and 16 stillborn foals with gestational ages from 3½ to 11 months. Diagnosis was based on one or more of the following: positive fetal antibody titer, positive fluorescent antibody test, demonstration of spirochetes in kidney and/or placental sections stained by the Warthin-Starry technique, high leptospiral titers in aborting mares, or isolation of Leptospira spp. from fetal organs. Gross lesions were observed in 80.3% of the fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas. Gross placental lesions included nodular cystic allantoic masses, edema, areas of necrosis of the chorion, and necrotic mucoid exudate coating the chorion. The liver (23 cases) was enlarged, mottled, and pale to yellow. The kidneys (seven cases) were swollen and edematous with pale white radiating streaks in cortex and medulla. Microscopic lesions were observed in 96% of fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas. Placental lesions consisted of thrombosis, vasculitis, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration of the stroma and villi, cystic adenomatous hyperplasia of allantoic epithelium, and villous necrosis and calcification. Fetal lesions included hepatocellular dissociation, mixed leukocytic infiltration of the portal triads, giant cell hepatopathy, suppurative and nonsuppurative nephritis, pulmonary hemorrhages, pneumonia, and myocarditis. Spirochetes were demonstrated with the Warthin-Starry stain in the allantochorion and/or kidney of 69 of the 71 cases. Using the direct fluorescent antibody technique, 56/60 cases tested positively for leptospires. Leptospires were isolated from fetal tissues in 20/42 cases. Sixteen of the isolates were identified by restriction enzyme analysis as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona serovar kennewicki; case Nos. 36 and 41 were serovar grippotyphosa. The other two isolates were not identified. Microagglutination titers against leptospires were demonstrated in the body fluid of 47/67 cases tested and titers ranged from 1:50 to greater than 1:1,638,400 against Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, grippotyphosa, copenhageni, hardjo, canicola, and bratislava. Sixty-two of 71 aborting mares tested had titers ranging from 200 to greater than 3,276,800. Leptospiral antibody titers in the body fluid and gross and histopathologic lesions did not differ with age, breed, or sex or between fetuses and stillborn foals.

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Surujballi, Om, and Maria Mallory. "Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection ofLeptospira interrogans Serovar pomona Antibodies in Bovine Sera." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.1.40-43.2001.

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ABSTRACT A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a specific monoclonal antibody (M898) was developed for detection of bovine antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. This assay was evaluated using field sera (n = 190) with serovar pomona microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titers of ≥100 as the positive population (group A); field sera (n = 1,445) which were negative in the MAT (1:100 dilution) for serovar pomona (group B); and sera (from a specific-pathogen-free cattle herd [n = 210]) which were negative in the MAT (1:100 dilution) for serovars canicola, copenhageni, grippotyphosa, hardjo, pomona, and sejroe (group C). At the cutoff point recommended by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the combined ELISA results of serum groups A, B, and C, the sensitivity and specificity values were 93.7 and 96.3%, respectively. The value for the area under this ROC curve was 0.977, indicating a high level of accuracy for the ELISA. Similar results were obtained from the analysis of the combined results of serum groups A and B and from the analysis of the combined results of serum groups A and C.

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Cariou, Carine, Gaëtan Herbet, Prescillia Ripart, Nathalie Martin-Cagnon, Jérôme Bouvet, Michèle Schneider, Anne-Laure Guiot, and Lionel Cupillard. "Development of antibody ELISA specific of Leptospira interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa, Canicola, and Icterohaemorrhagiae to monitor vaccine immunogenicity." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 219 (January 2020): 109960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109960.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Leptospira kirschneri Serovar Grippotyphosa'

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