Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Leptomeninges'
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Fowler, Mark Ian. "The role of the human leptomeninges in the inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403755.
Full textBERSAN, Emanuela. "Characterization of new stem cell niches with neuronal differentiation potential." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Verona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/341480.
Full textAdult neural stem cells (NSC), have been found in the main neurogenic regions of brain, i.e. hippocampus, sub ventricular zone (SVZ), olfactory bulb, and in some non-neurogenic regions, i.e. spinal cord. Other brain sites could host NSC niches and, in particular, considering the role of meninges in correct cortex development we were interested in exploring the region residing between arachnoide and the first layers of the cerebral cortex, called Leptomeninges. Aim of this project is characterized the leptomeningeal compartment as potential niche for neural stem cells with ex vivo and in vitro approaches. The leptomeningeal compartment has been characterized by immunohistochemistry at different rat ages, from embryo E20, postnatal day 0 (P0), P15 and adult. We found a(nestin) neuro-epithelial stem cells marker positive cells layer with decreasing thickness from embryo up to adult. Nestin positive cells were distributed outside the basal lamina (marked by laminin), and as a distinct population from astrocytes (stained with GFAP) and oligodendrocytes (stained with NG2). Nestin positive cells were dissected and expanded in vitro from P0, P15 and adult rats leptomeninges. We were able to culture them as homogeneus nestin positive cells population in adherent condition In neuronal differentiating conditions, nestin positive cells mainly differentiate into MAP2 positive cells but also GFAP and O4 (marker for mature oligodendrocyte) positive cells were detected in culture. As a first level of functional evaluation of differentiated cells, their ability to depolarize has been analyzed by calcium imaging assay after Fura-2 loading. In vitro differentiated neurones responded to fast applications of the depolarizing agent KCl suggesting the expression of voltage dependent calcium channels, similar to that of functional neurons. As following step, the in vivo neuronal differentiation potential was assessed by infusion of expanded EGFP LeSC in rat hippocampus. Engrafted LeSC were monitored by immunofluorescence up two months and during this period LeSC were able to survive after injection. About half of EGFP cells engrafted in hippocampus, expressed neuronal markers (DCX, MAP2, NeuN, Neurofilament-160, GAD67) and shown differentiated neuronal morphology. Because of the persistence of these cells up to adulthood, their proliferation capability in vitro, and their differentiation potential into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo, we suggest to name them leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells (LeSC) as a new population never described before. Since meninges cover whole brain, also Leptomeninges from rat spinal cord has been analyzed. Nestin positive cells were distributed as previously observed in the brain, outside the basal lamina, and as a distinct population from astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Cells were dissected and kept in culture as neurosphere and resulted positive for nestin, MAP2, GFAP, O4, and Oct4. A new study In collaboration with professor M. Schwartz group (Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel) is ongoing to understand the potential role of immune system in regulating leptomeninges and LeSC (as suggested by previous publications from Schwartz’s group). Preliminary results Comparison of LeSC proliferation and nestin expression by immunohistochemistry in SCID vs wt mice, revealed a significant decrease of nestin positive LeSC in SCID mice. However total cell number and proliferating cells in leptomeninges were not changed. Further characterizations are ongoing to understand the phenotype of proliferating nestin negative cells in meninges. The importance of Leptomeningeal stem cells reside in the easier reachable localization compared to the already known neural stem cell niches, and in their high neuronal differentiation potential. These characteristics will open novel studies in regenerative medicine.
Oostenbrugge, Robert Jan van. "Interphase cytogenetics in the cytodiagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1999. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6838.
Full textNeto, Sara Patrícia Dias. "Clínica de animais de companhia." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/19805.
Full textDelisle, Marie-Bernadette. "Les gliomatoses cérébro-méningées : discussion de leur place dans l'histoire des gliomes." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX21913.
Full textOTTAVIANI, LICIA. "L’uso della citometria a flusso facilita la diagnosi di meningosi occulta nelle neoplasie ematologiche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/209620.
Full textCytomorphology (CM) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fails to demonstrate malignant cells in up to 45% of patients in whom leptomeningeal disease is present. Flow cytometry (FC) is considered more sensitive than CM, but clinical implications of FC positivity/CM negativity are not established. CSF samples from 81 patients with haematologic malignancies were examined by CM and FC. Overall, 26 (32%) of 81 cases were FC positive; of these 26, 9 (35%) were also CM positive(FCpos/CMpos) while 17 (65%) were CM negative (FCpos/CMneg) (p=0.00002). Of 17 FCpos/CMneg patients, 7 were affected with various forms of aggressive lymphoproliferative disorders and 10 with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Five patients (71%) of 7 with lymphoproliferative diseases developed overt central nervous system (CNS) disease whereas only 1 (10%) of 10 patients with AML experienced overt leukaemic meningitis. None of FCneg/CMneg patients experienced overt CNS disease (p<0.0001). FCpos/CMneg patients showed a significantly shorter overall survival (OS) as compared to FCneg/CMneg cases (p=0.02). In conclusion our data suggest that in lymphoid malignancies, FC significantly improves detection of leptomeningeal occult localization and predict overt disease, conversely in AML, FC positivity does not appear to have clinical significance, likely due to the use of ARAC based regimens and biology of disease.
Tu, Qian. "Application de la technique CellSearch® Veridex pour la détection de cellules tumorales dans les liquides biologiques chez les patients atteints de cancers." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0066/document.
Full textThe introduction of CellSearch® technology allows to give sufficient sensitivity and specificity and to detect CTCs targeting specific markers in peripheral blood. The enumeration and morphological study of CTCs are widely used and validated. We described an adaptation of the CellSearch® method to detect tumor cells in LM (leptomeningeal metastases) patients with breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma, which appeared to achieve an improved sensitivity in comparison with conventional cytology. We also presented a case report for the detection of tumor cells in the ascites and blood of a patient with metastatic oesophageal cancer. Furthermore, the detection of tumor cells in aspirative drains after neck dissectionin from the patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer was also performed. Using this method, the results were not only quatitative but also quantitative with digital images of each cell, and sequential results were studied in some patients with breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma. The data showed dynamic changes of the numbers of tumor cells detected in CSF, but their correlation with the response to treatment or disease progression need additional more controlled studies with a large cohort of patients. The application would be important for the clinical diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer patients with CNS metastases and peritoneal metastases
Wu, Xianglei. "Évaluation concomitante des signatures fonctionnelles des réponses lymphocytaires T spécifiques des Antigènes Associés aux Tumeurs et des Cellules Tumorales Circulantes : Impact sur le pronostic des patients atteints de carcinome épidermoïde des voies aéro-digestives supérieures." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0037/document.
Full textWe have evaluated herein two important parameters in the immunomonitoring of cancer patients: circulating tumor cells (CTC) as an indicator of “tumoral antigenic load” and tumor-associated antigens (TAA) specific T-cells. We firstly evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic value of CTC in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) by a systematic review and meta-analysis. We came to the conclusion that current evidence identifies the CTC detection test as an extremely specific but low sensitive test in HNSCC. In addition, the presence of CTC indicates a worse disease-free disease (DFS). Also, we report for the first time a rare case of extremely high enumeration of circulating tumor cells detected in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity using the CellSearch® system. The absolute number of CTC could therefore predict a particular phase of cancer development as well as a poor survival, potentially contributing to personalized health. In addition, we describe an adaptation of the CellSearch® method that we have developed for detecting tumor cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with carcinomatous meningitis. This new approach reaches a significantly improved sensitivity compared to conventional cytology. CellSearch® technology, applied to limited sample volumes and allowing an increased pre-analytical time, may be of great interest in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases in patients with epithelial cancer. By a concomitant evaluation of CTC and TAA-specific lymphocyte responses in 24 HNSCC patients, we describe that CTC could be an independent indicator of immunogenic tumor burden. The absence of CTC, the presence of TAA-specific T-cells, or the combination of these, were all parameters showing a trend for a better overall survival or DFS. The amplitude and functional signatures of TAA-specific T-lymphocytes in patients with HNSCC were associated with the presence of CTC. These results suggest that a concomitant evaluation of these two parameters may be more pertinent for prognosis assessment as well as for treatment impact, especially in “checkpoint-inhibitors” new immunotherapies
Touat, Mahdi. "Mécanismes et implications thérapeutiques de l'hypermutation dans les gliomes Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications of Hypermutation in Gliomas Mismatch Repair Deficiency in High-Grade Meningioma: A Rare but Recurrent Event Associated With Dramatic Immune Activation and Clinical Response to PD-1 Blockade Buparlisib in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma Harboring Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway Activation: An Open-Label, Multicenter, Multi-Arm, Phase II Trial Hyman DM. BRAF Inhibition in BRAFV600-Mutant Gliomas: Results From the VE-BASKET Study Glioblastoma Targeted Therapy: Updated Approaches From Recent Biology Successful Targeting of an ATG7-RAF1 Gene Fusion in Anaplastic Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma With Leptomeningeal Dissemination Ivosidenib in IDH1-Mutated Advanced Glioma." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL071.
Full textHigh tumor mutational burden (hypermutation) is observed in some gliomas; however, the mechanisms by which hypermutation develops and whether it predicts chemotherapy or immunotherapy response are poorly understood. Mechanistically, an association between hypermutation and mutations in the DNA mismatch-repair (MMR) genes has been reported in gliomas, but most MMR mutations observed in this context were not functionally characterized, and their role in causing hypermutation remains unclear. Furthermore, whether hypermutation enhances tumor immunogenicity and renders gliomas responsive to immune checkpoint blockade (e.g. PD-1 blockade) is not known. Here, we comprehensively analyze the clinical and molecular determinants of mutational burden and signatures in 10,294 gliomas, including 558 (5.4%) hypermutated tumors. We delineate two main pathways to hypermutation: a de novo pathway associated with constitutional defects in DNA polymerase and MMR genes, and a more common, post-treatment pathway, associated with acquired resistance driven by MMR defects in chemotherapy-sensitive gliomas recurring after temozolomide. Experimentally, the mutational signature of post-treatment hypermutated gliomas (COSMIC signature 11) was recapitulated by temozolomide-induced damage in MMR-deficient cells. While MMR deficiency was associated with acquired temozolomide resistance in glioma models, clinical and experimental evidence suggest that MMR-deficient cells retain sensitivity to the chloroethylating nitrosourea lomustine. MMR-deficient gliomas exhibited unique features including the lack of prominent T-cell infiltrates, extensive intratumoral heterogeneity, poor survival and low response rate to PD-1 blockade. Moreover, while microsatellite instability in MMR-deficient gliomas was not detected by bulk analyses, single-cell whole-genome sequencing of post-treatment hypermutated glioma cells demonstrated microsatellite mutations. Collectively, these results support a model where differences in the mutation landscape and antigen clonality of MMR-deficient gliomas relative to other MMR-deficient cancers may explain the lack of both immune recognition and response to PD-1 blockade in gliomas. Our data suggest a change in practice whereby tumor re-sequencing at relapse to identify progression and hypermutation could inform prognosis and guide therapeutic management
PRETTO, Silvia. "The meningeal stem cell niche in health and disease." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/441538.
Full textOur group have demonstrated for the first time that a new niche for stem/precursor cells with neural differentiation potential resides in brain meninges (arachnoid and pia mater) of postnatal rats. Meningeal stem/progenitor cells express the neural stem progenitor marker nestin and can be extracted and expanded in vitro as neurospheres. Moreover, they can be induced to differentiate into neurons both in vitro and in vivo (Bifari et al., 2009). Thanks to their superficial location, meninges might represent a new easy accessible tissue hosting neural stem/progenitor cell in the Central Nervous system (CNS). This represents an important aspect that may open new perspective for the possible collection of Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) for regenerative medicine and autologous transplantation. Moreover, every parenchymal vessels inside the CNS are surrounded by a perivascular space (Virchow–Robin space) formed by the extroflexions of meninges filled with cerebrospinal fluid suggesting that meningeal stem/progenitor cells might be widely distributed also in CNS parenchyma. Thus, we hypothesized that meningeal stem/progenitor cells may contribute to CNS homeostasis in health and disease. Verifying this hypothesis could offer new insights for the generation of novel pharmacological approaches to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the great potential and the relevance of our previous finding, during my PhD period, I addressed the following main questions: How is the distribution of the meningeal stem/progenitor cell niche in adult brain and spinal cord? Is the meningeal stem/progenitor cell niche modified by pathological conditions? The experimental plan of these two years of PhD has been focused on the study of the meningeal stem/progenitor cells and the meningeal stem cell niche in healthy and disease animal models (rat and mice). To analyze the meningeal niche at the cellular and molecular levels, we used the combinations of different technical approaches such as immunofluorescence confocal microcopy, real time PCR, western blot and in vitro cell culture. To describe the molecular and cellular features of the meningeal stem/progenitor cells and the organization of the meningeal stem cell niche in adult animals, we analyzed the expression and 4 distribution of markers of stem/progenitor cells (nestin/dcx/cxcr4), proliferation (ki67), self renewal (oct4, BrdU) and extracellular matrix components (laminin, fibronectin, condroitin sulphate, collagen 1a). We found that stem/progenitor cells with self-renewal and proliferative properties are present in adult brain and spinal cord meninges. Moreover, we have shown that the presence of immature nestin/positive cells population is a conserved feature across species including human. The complex dynamic equilibrium present in healthy adult CNS also involves the participation of functional NSC niches. In CNS, various pathogenic events acting by different mechanisms may cause neural cell loss and chronic inflammation. Several agents and mediators sustaining these mechanisms also act on niche homeostasis and it is therefore expected that these conditions may have a deep impact on NSC biology and NSC niche properties. To investigate the influence of CNS disease conditions on the meningeal stem cell niche, we have analyzed meninges of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and spinal cord injured (SCI) rats. Meningeal stem cell niche in SCID mice was deeply changed. The number of the stem/progenitor cells was statistically significantly decreased associated with a dramatically increase in the cellular and extracellular matrix components related to fibrosis (i.e. fibroblasts, fibronectin and collagene). Furthermore, stem/progenitor cells of meninges have shown a lower proliferation rate in vitro. These data indicate that the lack of the adaptive immune system decreases the stemness properties of the meningeal stem cell niche. In SCI mice model we found that meningeal stem/progenitor cell niche is activated. Following the contusion the meningeal niche increase in thickens, stem/progenitor cells largely increase their proliferation and number. Moreover, we found that SCI induced a global increase in the stemness related gene expression profile. This observation suggests that SCI induces in spinal cord meninges an amplification of the stemness properties of the niche. In conclusion the main results of this work are: I) A stem/precursor cell population, is present in adult meninges and is conserved across species; II) The meningeal niche, including the immature nestin positive cell population, of adult mice brain result perturbed in immunodeficient animal model; 5 III) Meningeal niche is activated by contusive spinal cord injury: meningeal stem/precursor cells proliferate and increase in number. All together our data suggest a novel role for meninges as a potential niche harboring endogenous stem/precursor cells that can be functionally modulated in disease conditions. Depending on specific disease-related stimuli, the meningeal stem cell niche can react both by increasing or decreasing its stem cell properties. This differential response to specific conditions, suggests a potential role and contribution of the meningeal stem/progenitor cells in the physiopathological events occurring in CNS diseases. Further evaluation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the meningeal stem/progenitor cells contribution to the physiopathology of different diseases, will open new prospective for the research on pharmacological treatments and regenerative medicine applied to CNS disease.
VUOLO, LUISA. "Leptomeningeal and parenchymal MS lesions through MRI at different magnetic fields." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1043902.
Full textBIFARI, Francesco. "Characterization of a novel stem cell population with neuronal differentiation potential residing in the leptomeningeal niche." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337349.
Full textStem cells capable of generating neural differentiated cells are recognized by the expression of nestin and reside in specific regions of the brain, namely hippocampus, subventricular zone (SVZ), and olfactory bulb. Our work hypotesis is based on the assumption that other brain sites could host NSC niches. We were interested in exploring the region between leptomeninges and the first layers of the cerebral cortex. In this region, spatial-temporal interactions amongst environmental cells ensure the correct cortex development. In this work, we show that nestin-positive cells are present in rat leptomeninges during development up to adulthood. The newly identified nestin-positive cells can be extracted and expanded in vitro both as neurospheres, displaying high similarity with SVZ-derived neural stem cells, and as homogeneous cell population with stem cell features. In vitro expanded stem cell population can differentiate with high efficiency into excitable cells with neuronal phenotype and morphology. Once injected into adult brain, these cells survive and differentiate into neurons, thus showing that their neuronal differentiation potential is operational also in vivo. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that a specific population of immature cells endowed of neuronal differentiation potential is resident in the leptomeninges throughout the life. As leptomemniges cover the entire central nervous system, these findings could have relevant implications for studies on cortical development and for regenerative medicine applied to neurological disorders.
"Nanoparticle Drug Delivery to Brain Tumors: From Intravenous to Intrathecal." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.50587.
Full textDissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Engineering 2018
Berton, Valeria. "OLIGODENDROCYTES FROM SPINAL CORD MENINGES: AMPLIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND TRANSPLANTATION IN CONTUSIVE INJURY." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/909407.
Full textSpinal cord injury (SCI) is a single event with devastating effects on the life of patients both in physiological and psychological terms and for which only supportive and damage-limiting interventions are available at the moment. In the last decades, regenerative therapies based on cell transplantation have generated increasing attention as a potential therapeutic approach for degenerative diseases such as spinal cord injury. In addition, the discovery of neural stem cells in the adult central nervous system and the expansion of the knowledge of the mechanisms regulating their fate have increased the expectations for therapeutic application of these cells to spinal cord injury. Indeed, a considerable number of potential cell-based regenerative therapies have reached the stage of clinical trial, but a clear solution has not emerged yet. We have recently shown that the leptomeninges host a cell population with neural stem/progenitor properties both in vitro and in vivo: isolated leptomeningeal cells can be propagated in vitro as neurospheres and induced to differentiate into neurons and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, they have been shown to become activated by injury to both the brain and the spinal cord and to migrate in the parenchyma, where they participate in the reaction to the injury. Considering the easily accessible anatomical location of the meninges, leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells (LeSCs) represent a potential candidate for regenerative cell therapy for spinal cord injury. With this work, we provide a first evidence that leptomeningeal cells might indeed play a role in regenerative therapies applied to SCI. Considering the pathogenetic role of demyelination in SCI and that remyelination is a promising therapeutic approach, we first developed and optimized a method for efficient in vitro production of LeSCs and differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes; protein and gene expression analysis showed that by the end of the protocol cultured LeSCs acquired both the typical morphology of mature oligodendrocytes and the elevated expression of different myelin-specific genes. In addition, we performed a pilot study of the regenerative potential of LeSCs-derived oligodendrocyte precursors in an animal model of contusive spinal cord injury. In our conditions, cells transplantation was associated with a significant improvement of some of the motor functions, as determined by behavioural evaluation through BBB score and CatWalk gait analysis. This work indicates for the first time that leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells could represent an asset in both transplantational and pharmacological therapy for spinal cord injury and paves the way to further studies of regenerative medicine in human SCI.
Di, Trapani Mariano. "Comparative study of immune regulatory properties of stem cells derived from different tissues." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/910783.
Full textAllogeneic stem cell (SC)-based therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of a range of human degenerative and inflammatory diseases. Many reports highlighted the immune modulatory properties of some SC types, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), but a comparative study with SCs of different origin, to assess whether immune regulation is a general SC property, is still lacking. To this aim, we applied highly standardized methods employed for MSC characterization to compare the immunological properties of bone marrow (BM)-MSCs, olfactory ectomesenchymal SCs (OE-MSCs), leptomeningeal SCs (LeSCs), and three different c-Kit-positive SC types, that is, amniotic fluid SCs (AFSCs), cardiac SCs (CSCs), and lung SCs (LSCs). We found that all the analyzed human SCs share a common pattern of immunological features, in terms of expression of activation markers ICAM-1, VCAM-1, HLA-ABC, and HLA-DR, modulatory activity toward purified T, B, and NK cells, lower immunogenicity of inflammatory-primed SCs as compared to resting SCs, and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-activation as molecular inhibitory pathways, with some SC type-related peculiarities. Moreover, the SC types analyzed exert an anti- apoptotic effect toward not-activated immune effector cells (IECs). In addition, we found that the inhibitory behavior is not a constitutive property of SCs, but is acquired as a consequence of IEC activation, as previously described for MSCs. Thus, immune regulation is a general property of SCs and the characterization of this phenomenon may be useful for a proper therapeutic use of SCs.