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1

Fowler, Mark Ian. "The role of the human leptomeninges in the inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403755.

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2

BERSAN, Emanuela. "Characterization of new stem cell niches with neuronal differentiation potential." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Verona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/341480.

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Staminali neuronali adulte (NSC), sono state trovate nelle primcipali aree neurogeniche del cervello, per esempio ippocampo, regione subventricolare (SVZ), bulbi olfattivi, e in alcune regioni non neurogeniche come ad esempio il midollo spinale. Altre regioni del cervello possono ospitare nicchie di NSC e, in particolare, considerando il ruolo delle meningi nel corretto sviluppo della corteccia cerebrale, è nostro interesse esplorare la regione delle leptomeningi che si estende dall’aracnoide fino al primo strato della corteccia cerebrale. Lo scopo di questo progetto è caratterizzare le leptomeningi come potenziale nicchia di cellule staminali neuronali. La regione delle leptomeningi è stata caratterizzata mediante immunoistochimica, in ratti di diversa età, dall’embrione E20, a ratti in età postnatale P0, P15 e nell’adulto. Cellule positive per il marcatore di cellule staminali neuronali nestina, sono state individuate in leptomeninge. Queste cellule sono distribuite fuori dalla membrane basale (positive per il marker Laminina), come una popolazione distinta dagli astrociti (cellule GFAP positive) e dai precursori oligodendrocitari (cellule NG2 positive ), che risiedono nel tessuto circostante. Le cellule nestine positive sono state prelevate dale leptomeningi di ratti P0, P15 e adulti ed espanse in vitro. Le cellule così prelevate sono state espanse in aderenza come una popolazione omogena di cellule nestina positive. Se sottoposto a stimuli differentiativi neuranali, le cellule nestine positive sono in grado di differenziare principalmente in neuroni (positive per MAP2), ma anche in astrociti ed oligodendrociti (positive per O4). Come primo approcio di analisi funzionale delle cellule differenziate in vitro, è stata valutata la loro capacità di rispondere a stimuli depoarizzanti mediante calico imaging, dopo incubazione delle cellule con Fura2. I neuroni ottenuti dal differenziamento in vitro delle cellule nestine positive sono in grado di rispondere all’applicazione dell’agente depolarizzante KCl, suggerendo l’espressione di canali del calico voltaggio dipendenti, come i neuroni funzionali. Il potenziale differenziativo in vivo di queste cellule è stato valutato mediante infusione stereotassica in ippocampo di ratti adulti, di cellule nestine positive estratte dalle leptomeningi di ratti transgenici EGFP. L’ippocampo dei ratti iniettati sono stati analizzati mediante immunofluorescenza a due mesi dall’iniezione delle cellule EGFP. Circa metà delle cellule EGFP identificate in ippocampo esprimevano markers neuronali (DCX, MAP2, NeuN, Neurofilament-160, GAD67). Vista la persistenza di queste cellule nestina positive nelle meningi di ratto durante lo sviluppo fino all’età adulta, dato il loro potenziale proliferativo in vitro ed il loro potenziale differenziativo neuronale sia in vitro che in vivo, queste cellule sono state proposte come nuova entità con il nome di Leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells (LeSC). Dall’anatomia delle meningi si evince che ricoprono l’intero sistema nervosa centrale, il che comprende anche il midollo spinale. Per questo motivo sono state analizzate anche le leptomeningi che ricoprono il midollo spinale. Come osservato in precedenza per il cervello, cellule positive per il marcatore delle cellule staminali neuronali nestina, sono state individuate in leptomeninge. Queste cellule sono distribuite fuori dalla membrane basale (positive per il marker Laminina), come una popolazione distinta dagli astrociti (cellule GFAP positive) e dai precursori oligodendrocitari (cellule NG2 positive ), che risiedono nel tessuto circostante. Un nuovo studio in collaborazione con la professoressa M. Schwartz group (Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel) è in corso sul potenziale ruolo del sistema immunitario nel regolare le leptomeningi ed in particolare le LeSC (come suggerito da precedenti pubblicazioni del gruppo della prof. Schwartz). Risultati preliminary sul confronto ex vivo della proliferazione delle LeSC in topi SCID e wt, mostrano una significativa diminuzione dl numero di LeSC nestinepositive in topi SCID. Nonostante questa diminuzione di cellule nestine positive, il numero totale di cellule che risiedono in leptomeninge è comparabile in entrambi I topi SCID e wt. E’ in corso una più estensiva caratterizzazione delle leptomeningi dei topi SCID e wt per capire la natura delle cellule nestine negative che risiedono nelle leptomeningi dei topi SCID. L’importanza delle LeSC risiede nella posizione facilmente raggiungibile rispetto alle già note nicchie di staminali neuronali, ed inoltre nell’elevato potenziale differenziativo neuronale. Queste peculiarità apriranno nuovi studi nell’ambito della medicina rigenerativa
Adult neural stem cells (NSC), have been found in the main neurogenic regions of brain, i.e. hippocampus, sub ventricular zone (SVZ), olfactory bulb, and in some non-neurogenic regions, i.e. spinal cord. Other brain sites could host NSC niches and, in particular, considering the role of meninges in correct cortex development we were interested in exploring the region residing between arachnoide and the first layers of the cerebral cortex, called Leptomeninges. Aim of this project is characterized the leptomeningeal compartment as potential niche for neural stem cells with ex vivo and in vitro approaches. The leptomeningeal compartment has been characterized by immunohistochemistry at different rat ages, from embryo E20, postnatal day 0 (P0), P15 and adult. We found a(nestin) neuro-epithelial stem cells marker positive cells layer with decreasing thickness from embryo up to adult. Nestin positive cells were distributed outside the basal lamina (marked by laminin), and as a distinct population from astrocytes (stained with GFAP) and oligodendrocytes (stained with NG2). Nestin positive cells were dissected and expanded in vitro from P0, P15 and adult rats leptomeninges. We were able to culture them as homogeneus nestin positive cells population in adherent condition In neuronal differentiating conditions, nestin positive cells mainly differentiate into MAP2 positive cells but also GFAP and O4 (marker for mature oligodendrocyte) positive cells were detected in culture. As a first level of functional evaluation of differentiated cells, their ability to depolarize has been analyzed by calcium imaging assay after Fura-2 loading. In vitro differentiated neurones responded to fast applications of the depolarizing agent KCl suggesting the expression of voltage dependent calcium channels, similar to that of functional neurons. As following step, the in vivo neuronal differentiation potential was assessed by infusion of expanded EGFP LeSC in rat hippocampus. Engrafted LeSC were monitored by immunofluorescence up two months and during this period LeSC were able to survive after injection. About half of EGFP cells engrafted in hippocampus, expressed neuronal markers (DCX, MAP2, NeuN, Neurofilament-160, GAD67) and shown differentiated neuronal morphology. Because of the persistence of these cells up to adulthood, their proliferation capability in vitro, and their differentiation potential into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo, we suggest to name them leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells (LeSC) as a new population never described before. Since meninges cover whole brain, also Leptomeninges from rat spinal cord has been analyzed. Nestin positive cells were distributed as previously observed in the brain, outside the basal lamina, and as a distinct population from astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Cells were dissected and kept in culture as neurosphere and resulted positive for nestin, MAP2, GFAP, O4, and Oct4. A new study In collaboration with professor M. Schwartz group (Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel) is ongoing to understand the potential role of immune system in regulating leptomeninges and LeSC (as suggested by previous publications from Schwartz’s group). Preliminary results Comparison of LeSC proliferation and nestin expression by immunohistochemistry in SCID vs wt mice, revealed a significant decrease of nestin positive LeSC in SCID mice. However total cell number and proliferating cells in leptomeninges were not changed. Further characterizations are ongoing to understand the phenotype of proliferating nestin negative cells in meninges. The importance of Leptomeningeal stem cells reside in the easier reachable localization compared to the already known neural stem cell niches, and in their high neuronal differentiation potential. These characteristics will open novel studies in regenerative medicine.
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3

Oostenbrugge, Robert Jan van. "Interphase cytogenetics in the cytodiagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1999. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6838.

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4

Neto, Sara Patrícia Dias. "Clínica de animais de companhia." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/19805.

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O presente relatório é resultado do estágio curricular, 11º semestre do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária. Este decorreu em duas instituições de referência veterinária em Barcelona (Hospital ARS Veterinária e Hospital Veterinari Montjuïc) e permitiu melhorar e integrar os conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo do curso. O relatório é composto por três partes: introdução, que situa temporal e espacialmente, relatório de casuística, que abrange todas as atividades realizadas e assistidas, e monografia. A monografia consiste na descrição de uma afeção neurológica, muito comum em Cavalier king charles spaniel, designada de siringomielia. A monografia inicia-se com uma revisão bibliográfica e termina com o relato de quatro casos clínicos acompanhados no Hospital ARS Veterinário; ABSTRACT: Small animal practice This report is the result of the traineeship in the 11th semester of the Integrated Master degree in Veterinary Medicine. It took place in two veterinary reference institutions in Barcelona (hospital ARS veterinary and hospital Veterinari Montjuïc) and contributed to improve and integrate the knowledge acquired throughout the course. The report consists in three parts: Introduction, which locates temporally and spatially, the sample report covering all activities, and monograph. The monography is the description of a neurological disorder, very common in Cavalier king charles spaniel, designated syringomyelia. The monography begins with a literature review and ends with the description of four clinical cases followed in ARS veterinary hospital.
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5

Delisle, Marie-Bernadette. "Les gliomatoses cérébro-méningées : discussion de leur place dans l'histoire des gliomes." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX21913.

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6

OTTAVIANI, LICIA. "L’uso della citometria a flusso facilita la diagnosi di meningosi occulta nelle neoplasie ematologiche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/209620.

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Scopo del lavoro. L’analisi citomorfologica (CM) del liquor cefalorachidiano (LCR) fallisce nell’evidenziare la presenza di cellule maligne in circa il 45% dei casi, mentre l’analisi citofluorimetrica (CFM) sembra essere più sensibile nella rilevazione di cellule neoplastiche nel liquor. L’obbiettivo del nostro studio è stato quello di valutare la superiorità della CFM rispetto alla CM nella diagnosi di localizzazione meningea nelle patologie ematologiche, e di valutare, inoltre, l’impatto clinico della positività dell’ esame citofluorimetrico in assenza di cellule blastiche morfologicamente riconoscibili. Materiali e metodi. Sono stati pertanto analizzati 81 campioni di LCR di pazienti affetti da neoplasie ematologiche: 39 pazienti con Leucemia Mieloide Acuta (LMA), 13 Leucemia Linfatica Acuta-B (LLA-B), 2 Leucemia/Linfoma linfoblastico T (LL-T), 2 Linfoma di Burkitt (LB), 1 Leucemia Plasmacellulare (LP), e 17 Linfoma non-Hodgkin diffuso a grandi cellule B (LNH-GC). I campioni sono stati studiati mediante: esame chimico, conta cellulare, CM e CMF. Risultati. Ventisei campioni sono risultati essere CFM positivi, di questi 9 (35%) risultavano essere anche CM positivi (CFMpos/CMpos), invece 17 (65%) erano CM negativi (CFMpos/CMneg). Dei 17 pazienti (CFMpos/CMneg) 7 erano affetti da disordini linfoproliferativi aggressivi e 10 da Leucemia Mieloide Acuta (LMA), 5 (71%) dei 7 pazienti affetti da disordini linfoproliferativi hanno sviluppato recidiva meningea manifesta nonostante la somministrazione profilattica di farmaci per via intratecale, e solo 1 (10%) dei 10 pazienti affetti da LMA, è andato incontro a recidiva al SNC, sebbene non sia stata effettuata nessuna profilassi in questo gruppo di pazienti. Nessuno tra i pazienti CFM negativi ha sviluppato recidiva meningea (p<0.0001). Abbiamo inoltre osservato una differenza statisticamente significativa nella sopravvivenza globale (SG) con una più lunga SG nei pazienti doppi negativi e una più breve SG in quelli doppi positivi. I pz (CFMpos/CMneg) mostravano una SG intermedia (p=0.02) Discussione e conclusioni. Il nostro studio conferma la maggiore sensibilità della CFM rispetto alla CM nell’analisi del LCR. In particolare, nelle patologie linfoproliferative la citofluorometria sembra incrementare la diagnosi di localizzazioni leptomeningee occulte e predire lo sviluppo di meningosi conclamate. Di contro, il significato della sola positività della CFM nelle LMA non sembra avere lo stesso impatto clinico e questo potrebbe dipendere dalle caratteristiche biologiche della malattia stessa e dai regimi terapeutici basati sull’uso della Citarabina ad alte dosi o in infusione continua nelle LMA.
Cytomorphology (CM) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fails to demonstrate malignant cells in up to 45% of patients in whom leptomeningeal disease is present. Flow cytometry (FC) is considered more sensitive than CM, but clinical implications of FC positivity/CM negativity are not established. CSF samples from 81 patients with haematologic malignancies were examined by CM and FC. Overall, 26 (32%) of 81 cases were FC positive; of these 26, 9 (35%) were also CM positive(FCpos/CMpos) while 17 (65%) were CM negative (FCpos/CMneg) (p=0.00002). Of 17 FCpos/CMneg patients, 7 were affected with various forms of aggressive lymphoproliferative disorders and 10 with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Five patients (71%) of 7 with lymphoproliferative diseases developed overt central nervous system (CNS) disease whereas only 1 (10%) of 10 patients with AML experienced overt leukaemic meningitis. None of FCneg/CMneg patients experienced overt CNS disease (p<0.0001). FCpos/CMneg patients showed a significantly shorter overall survival (OS) as compared to FCneg/CMneg cases (p=0.02). In conclusion our data suggest that in lymphoid malignancies, FC significantly improves detection of leptomeningeal occult localization and predict overt disease, conversely in AML, FC positivity does not appear to have clinical significance, likely due to the use of ARAC based regimens and biology of disease.
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7

Tu, Qian. "Application de la technique CellSearch® Veridex pour la détection de cellules tumorales dans les liquides biologiques chez les patients atteints de cancers." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0066/document.

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L’apparition de la technique CellSearch® a permis d’obtenir la sensibilité et la spécificité suffisantes et de détecter les CTCs en ciblant les marqueurs spécifiques dans le sang périphérique. Elle permet la numération et l’étude morphologique des CTCs qui est largement utilisée et validée. Nous décrivons une adaptation de la méthode CellSearch® pour détecter les cellules tumorale chez les LM (métastases leptoméningées) patients atteints de cancers du sein, du poumon et mélanomes, qui semble atteindre une sensibilité améliorée en comparaison avec la cytologie conventionnelle. Nous présentons également un cas clinique pour la détection de cellules tumorales dans l’ascite et du sang chez un patient avec le cancer de l’oesophage métastatique. De plus, la détection des cellules tumorales dans le redon chez les patients subis une chirurgie de la tête et du cou a été également réalisée. En utilisant cette méthode, les résultats sont non seulement quatitatifs, mais aussi quantitatifs avec des images numériques de chaque cellule, et des résultats séquentiels ont été étudiés chez certains patients atteints de cancer du sein, de cancer du poumon et de mélanome. Les données ont montré des changements dynamiques des nombres de cellules tumorales détectées dans le LCR, mais leurs corrélations avec la réponse au traitement ou la progression de la maladie ont besoin des études supplémentaires plus contrôlées avec une grande cohorte de patients. La mise en évidence de cette application serait importante en clinique pour le diagnostic, le pronostic et le traitement des patients atteints de cancer avec des métastases aux niveaux du SNC, du péritoine
The introduction of CellSearch® technology allows to give sufficient sensitivity and specificity and to detect CTCs targeting specific markers in peripheral blood. The enumeration and morphological study of CTCs are widely used and validated. We described an adaptation of the CellSearch® method to detect tumor cells in LM (leptomeningeal metastases) patients with breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma, which appeared to achieve an improved sensitivity in comparison with conventional cytology. We also presented a case report for the detection of tumor cells in the ascites and blood of a patient with metastatic oesophageal cancer. Furthermore, the detection of tumor cells in aspirative drains after neck dissectionin from the patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer was also performed. Using this method, the results were not only quatitative but also quantitative with digital images of each cell, and sequential results were studied in some patients with breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma. The data showed dynamic changes of the numbers of tumor cells detected in CSF, but their correlation with the response to treatment or disease progression need additional more controlled studies with a large cohort of patients. The application would be important for the clinical diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer patients with CNS metastases and peritoneal metastases
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8

Wu, Xianglei. "Évaluation concomitante des signatures fonctionnelles des réponses lymphocytaires T spécifiques des Antigènes Associés aux Tumeurs et des Cellules Tumorales Circulantes : Impact sur le pronostic des patients atteints de carcinome épidermoïde des voies aéro-digestives supérieures." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0037/document.

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Nous avons abordé dans l’ensemble de nos travaux deux paramètres importants pour l’immunomonitoring des patients atteints d’un cancer : les cellules tumorales circulantes (CTC) comme un indicateur de la « charge antigénique tumorale » et la réponse immune lymphocytaire T spécifique d’antigènes associés aux tumeurs (AAT). Nous avons évalué d’abord la valeur diagnostique et pronostique des CTC dans les cancers des voies aérodigestives supérieures (« HNSCC » en anglais) par une revue systématique et meta-analyse de la littérature. Les preuves actuelles identifient le test de détection de CTC comme un test extrêmement spécifique, mais de faible sensibilité dans les HNSCC. En outre, la présence de CTC indique une DFS (« disease free survival ») inférieure. Nous rapportons également pour la première fois un cas rare d’énumération extrêmement élevée de CTC détectées par le système CellSearch® chez un patient présentant un carcinome épidermoïde de la cavité buccale en utilisant. Le nombre absolu de CTC pourrait donc prédire une phase particulière de développement du cancer ainsi qu'une mauvaise survie, contribuant potentiellement à une prise en charge médicale personnalisée. De plus, nous décrivons une adaptation de la méthode CellSearch® qui nous avons développée pour détecter les cellules tumorales dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien de patients atteints de méningites carcinomateuses. Cette nouvelle approche permet une sensibilité nettement améliorée en comparaison avec la cytologie conventionnelle. La technologie CellSearch®, appliquée à des volumes limités des échantillons et permettant une augmentation du temps pré-analytique, pourrait ainsi avoir un grand intérêt dans le diagnostic de métastases leptoméningées chez les patients atteints d’un cancer d’origine épithéliale. Par une évaluation concomitante des CTC et des réponses lymphocytaires spécifiques aux AAT chez 24 patients avec HNSCC, nous avons trouvé que les CTC pourraient être un indicateur indépendant de la charge tumorale immunogène. L'absence de CTC, la présence de lymphocytes T spécifiques aux AAT, ou la combinaison de ceux-ci, étaient tous des paramètres montrant une tendance pour une meilleure survie globale ou une survie sans maladie. L’amplitude et les signatures fonctionnelles des lymphocytes T spécifiques aux AAT chez les patients atteints de HNSCC étaient associées à la présence de CTC. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une évaluation concomitante de ces deux paramètres pourrait être plus informative sur le pronostic et potentiellement sur l’impact des traitements (notamment dans la perspective d’un traitement par des « immune checkpoints »)
We have evaluated herein two important parameters in the immunomonitoring of cancer patients: circulating tumor cells (CTC) as an indicator of “tumoral antigenic load” and tumor-associated antigens (TAA) specific T-cells. We firstly evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic value of CTC in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) by a systematic review and meta-analysis. We came to the conclusion that current evidence identifies the CTC detection test as an extremely specific but low sensitive test in HNSCC. In addition, the presence of CTC indicates a worse disease-free disease (DFS). Also, we report for the first time a rare case of extremely high enumeration of circulating tumor cells detected in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity using the CellSearch® system. The absolute number of CTC could therefore predict a particular phase of cancer development as well as a poor survival, potentially contributing to personalized health. In addition, we describe an adaptation of the CellSearch® method that we have developed for detecting tumor cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with carcinomatous meningitis. This new approach reaches a significantly improved sensitivity compared to conventional cytology. CellSearch® technology, applied to limited sample volumes and allowing an increased pre-analytical time, may be of great interest in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases in patients with epithelial cancer. By a concomitant evaluation of CTC and TAA-specific lymphocyte responses in 24 HNSCC patients, we describe that CTC could be an independent indicator of immunogenic tumor burden. The absence of CTC, the presence of TAA-specific T-cells, or the combination of these, were all parameters showing a trend for a better overall survival or DFS. The amplitude and functional signatures of TAA-specific T-lymphocytes in patients with HNSCC were associated with the presence of CTC. These results suggest that a concomitant evaluation of these two parameters may be more pertinent for prognosis assessment as well as for treatment impact, especially in “checkpoint-inhibitors” new immunotherapies
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Touat, Mahdi. "Mécanismes et implications thérapeutiques de l'hypermutation dans les gliomes Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications of Hypermutation in Gliomas Mismatch Repair Deficiency in High-Grade Meningioma: A Rare but Recurrent Event Associated With Dramatic Immune Activation and Clinical Response to PD-1 Blockade Buparlisib in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma Harboring Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway Activation: An Open-Label, Multicenter, Multi-Arm, Phase II Trial Hyman DM. BRAF Inhibition in BRAFV600-Mutant Gliomas: Results From the VE-BASKET Study Glioblastoma Targeted Therapy: Updated Approaches From Recent Biology Successful Targeting of an ATG7-RAF1 Gene Fusion in Anaplastic Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma With Leptomeningeal Dissemination Ivosidenib in IDH1-Mutated Advanced Glioma." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL071.

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Une élévation majeure de la charge mutationnelle (hypermutation) est observée dans certains gliomes. Néanmoins, les mécanismes de ce phénomène et ses implications thérapeutiques notamment concernant la réponse à la chimiothérapie ou à l'immunothérapie sont encore mal connus. Sur le plan du mécanisme, une association entre hypermutation et mutations des gènes de la voie de réparation des mésappariements de l'ADN (MMR) a été rapportée dans les gliomes, cependant la plupart des mutations MMR observées dans ce contexte n'étaient pas fonctionnellement caractérisées, et leur rôle dans le développement d’hypermutation restait de ce fait incertain. De plus, l'impact de l'hypermutation sur l'immunogénicité des cellules gliales et sur leur sensibilité au blocage des points de contrôles immunitaires (par exemple par traitement anti-PD-1) n’est pas connu. Dans cette étude, nous analysons de manière exhaustive les déterminants cliniques et moléculaires de la charge et des signatures mutationnelle dans 10 294 gliomes, dont 558 (5,4%) tumeurs hypermutées. Nous identifions deux principales voies responsables d'hypermutation dans les gliomes : une voie "de novo" associée à des déficits constitutionnels du système MMR et de la polymérase epsilon (POLE), ainsi qu'une voie "post-traitement", plus fréquente, associée à l'acquisition de déficits MMR et de résistance secondaire dans les gliomes récidivant après chimiothérapie par temozolomide. Expérimentalement, la signature mutationnelle des gliomes hypermutés post-traitement (signature COSMIC 11) était reproduite par les dommages induits par le témozolomide dans les cellules MMR déficientes. Alors que le déficit MMR s'associe à l'acquisition de résistance au témozolomide, des données cliniques et expérimentales suggèrent que les cellules MMR déficientes conservent une sensibilité à la nitrosourée lomustine. De façon inattendue, les gliomes MMR déficients présentaient des caractéristiques uniques, notamment l'absence d'infiltrats lymphocytaires T marqués, une hétérogénéité intratumorale importante, une survie diminuée ainsi qu’un faible taux de réponse aux traitements anti-PD-1. De plus, alors que l'instabilité des microsatellites n'etait pas détectée par des analyses en bulk dans les gliomes MMR déficients, le séquençage du génome entier à l'échelle de la cellule unique de gliome hypermuté post-traitement permettait de démontrer la presence de mutations des microsatellites. Collectivement, ces résultats supportent un modèle dans lequel des spécificités dans le profil mutationnel des gliomes hypermutés pourraient expliquer l’absence de reconnaissance par le système immunitaire ainsi que l’absence de réponse aux traitements par anti-PD-1 dans les gliomes MMR déficients. Nos données suggèrent un changement de pratique selon lequel la recherche d’hypermutation par séquençage tumoral lors de la récidive après traitement pourrait informer le pronostic et guider la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients
High tumor mutational burden (hypermutation) is observed in some gliomas; however, the mechanisms by which hypermutation develops and whether it predicts chemotherapy or immunotherapy response are poorly understood. Mechanistically, an association between hypermutation and mutations in the DNA mismatch-repair (MMR) genes has been reported in gliomas, but most MMR mutations observed in this context were not functionally characterized, and their role in causing hypermutation remains unclear. Furthermore, whether hypermutation enhances tumor immunogenicity and renders gliomas responsive to immune checkpoint blockade (e.g. PD-1 blockade) is not known. Here, we comprehensively analyze the clinical and molecular determinants of mutational burden and signatures in 10,294 gliomas, including 558 (5.4%) hypermutated tumors. We delineate two main pathways to hypermutation: a de novo pathway associated with constitutional defects in DNA polymerase and MMR genes, and a more common, post-treatment pathway, associated with acquired resistance driven by MMR defects in chemotherapy-sensitive gliomas recurring after temozolomide. Experimentally, the mutational signature of post-treatment hypermutated gliomas (COSMIC signature 11) was recapitulated by temozolomide-induced damage in MMR-deficient cells. While MMR deficiency was associated with acquired temozolomide resistance in glioma models, clinical and experimental evidence suggest that MMR-deficient cells retain sensitivity to the chloroethylating nitrosourea lomustine. MMR-deficient gliomas exhibited unique features including the lack of prominent T-cell infiltrates, extensive intratumoral heterogeneity, poor survival and low response rate to PD-1 blockade. Moreover, while microsatellite instability in MMR-deficient gliomas was not detected by bulk analyses, single-cell whole-genome sequencing of post-treatment hypermutated glioma cells demonstrated microsatellite mutations. Collectively, these results support a model where differences in the mutation landscape and antigen clonality of MMR-deficient gliomas relative to other MMR-deficient cancers may explain the lack of both immune recognition and response to PD-1 blockade in gliomas. Our data suggest a change in practice whereby tumor re-sequencing at relapse to identify progression and hypermutation could inform prognosis and guide therapeutic management
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PRETTO, Silvia. "The meningeal stem cell niche in health and disease." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/441538.

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Il nostro gruppo ha dimostrato per la prima volta che una nuova nicchia di cellule precursori/staminali con potenziale di differenziamento neuronale risiede nelle meningi cerebrali di ratti in età postnatale. Grazie alla loro locazione superficiale, le meningi possono rappresentare una un nuovo ed accessibile tessuto ospitante cellule neuronali precursori/staminali nel Sistema Nervoso Centrale (SNC). Questo rappresenta un importante aspetto che può aprire nuove prospettive per la possibile estrazione e collezione di Cellule Staminali Neuronali (CSN) per la medicina rigenerativa e il trapianto autologo. Inoltre, ogni vaso nel SNC è circondato dallo Spazio Perivascolare (spazio di Virchow-Robin) formato da estroflessioni delle meningi e riempito da liquido cerebrospinale. Ciò suggerisce che le cellule precursori/staminali possono essere ampiamente distribuite anche nel parenchima del SNC. Per questo, noi ipotizziamo che le cellule neuronali precursori/staminali residenti nelle meningi possono contribuire alla omeostasi del SNC in situazioni normali e di malattia. La verifica di questa ipotesi può offrire nuove prospettive per la generazione di nuovi approcci farmacologici per il trattamento di malattie neurodegenerative. Basandosi sugli ottimi potenziali e sulla rilevanza delle nostre precedenti scoperte, durante il mio PhD, ho indirizzato i miei studi nelle seguenti principali domande: Come si distribuiscono le cellule meningee precursori/staminali nel cervello e nel midollo spinale di adulto? La nicchia meningea di cellule precursori/staminali è modificata da condizioni patologiche? Il piano sperimentale di questi due anni di PhD è stato focalizzato nello studio delle cellule meningee precursori/staminali e nella nicchia staminale meningea di organismi modello (ratti e topi). Al fine di analizzare la nicchia meningea a livello cellulare e molecolare, abbiamo usato la combinazione di diverse tecniche come la microscopia confocale ad immunofluorescenza, la real time PCR, il western blot e la coltura di cellule in vitro. Per descrivere le caratteristiche cellulari e molecolari della nicchia staminale meningea, abbiamo analizzato l’espressione e la distribuzione di markers per le cellule progenitrici/staminali (nestina, dcx, cxcr4), per la proliferazione (ki67), l’auto-rinnovamento (oct4, BrdU) e per la matrice extracellulare (laminina, fibronectina). Abbiamo trovato che cellule precursori/staminali con capacità di auto-rinnovamento sono presenti nelle meningi del cervello adulto. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che la presenza di una popolazione di cellule immature nestina positive è una caratteristica conservata tra le speci, compresa quella umana. Il complesso equilibrio presente nel CNS adulto include anche la partecipazione di nicchie NSC funzionali. per studiare l'influenza del SNC in condizioni di malattia nella nicchia staminale meningea, abbiamo analizzato le meningi del cervello di topi affetti da una severa immunodeficienza (SCID) e le meningi del midollo spinale di ratti lesionati (SCI). La nicchia staminale meningea nei topi SCID era profondamente cambiata. Il numero di cellule precursori/staminali era statisticamente diminuita e ciò era associato ad un drammatico aumento delle componenti della matrice cellulare ed extracellulare (fibroblasti, fibronectina e collagene). Oltre a questo, le cellule precorsori/staminali delle meningi di topi SCID hanno dimostrato una velocità proliferativa diminuita in vitro. Questi risultati indicano che la mancanza del sistema immunitario adattativo porta ad una diminuzione delle proprietà staminali della nicchia staminale meningea. Nei ratti SCI abbiamo invece trovato che la nicchia di cellule precursori/staminali aumenta in spessore, e queste cellule aumentano la loro capacità proliferativa e il loro numero. Inoltre, la lesione induce un globale aumento della staminalità legata al profilo di espressione genica. Questa osservazione suggerisce che la SCI induce nelle meningi del midollo spinale un'amplificazione delle proprietà di staminalità della nicchia. In conclusione, i principali risultati di questo lavoro sono: 1) Una popolazione di cellule Precursori/staminali è presente nelle meningi adulte ed è conservata tra le specie. 2) La nicchia meningea, compresa la popolazione di cellule nestina positive del cervello di topo adulto risulta perturbata in modelli di immunodeficienza; 3) La nicchia meningea del midollo spinale di ratto adulto è attivata da un trauma di natura contusiva: le cellule precursori/staminali proliferano ed aumentano in numero. Tutti assieme questi risultati suggeriscono un nuovo ruolo delle meningi come una potenziale nicchia di cellule precorsori/staminali endogene che possono essere modificate in condizione di malattia. Sarà necessaria un ulteriore valutazioni dei meccanismi molecolari coinvolti in condizioni fisiopatologiche delle cellule precursori/staminali delle meningi. Altri risultati potranno aprire interessanti prospettive nella ricerca di nuovi trattamenti farmacologici e nella medicina rigenerativa applicata alle malattie del SNC.
Our group have demonstrated for the first time that a new niche for stem/precursor cells with neural differentiation potential resides in brain meninges (arachnoid and pia mater) of postnatal rats. Meningeal stem/progenitor cells express the neural stem progenitor marker nestin and can be extracted and expanded in vitro as neurospheres. Moreover, they can be induced to differentiate into neurons both in vitro and in vivo (Bifari et al., 2009). Thanks to their superficial location, meninges might represent a new easy accessible tissue hosting neural stem/progenitor cell in the Central Nervous system (CNS). This represents an important aspect that may open new perspective for the possible collection of Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) for regenerative medicine and autologous transplantation. Moreover, every parenchymal vessels inside the CNS are surrounded by a perivascular space (Virchow–Robin space) formed by the extroflexions of meninges filled with cerebrospinal fluid suggesting that meningeal stem/progenitor cells might be widely distributed also in CNS parenchyma. Thus, we hypothesized that meningeal stem/progenitor cells may contribute to CNS homeostasis in health and disease. Verifying this hypothesis could offer new insights for the generation of novel pharmacological approaches to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the great potential and the relevance of our previous finding, during my PhD period, I addressed the following main questions: How is the distribution of the meningeal stem/progenitor cell niche in adult brain and spinal cord? Is the meningeal stem/progenitor cell niche modified by pathological conditions? The experimental plan of these two years of PhD has been focused on the study of the meningeal stem/progenitor cells and the meningeal stem cell niche in healthy and disease animal models (rat and mice). To analyze the meningeal niche at the cellular and molecular levels, we used the combinations of different technical approaches such as immunofluorescence confocal microcopy, real time PCR, western blot and in vitro cell culture. To describe the molecular and cellular features of the meningeal stem/progenitor cells and the organization of the meningeal stem cell niche in adult animals, we analyzed the expression and 4 distribution of markers of stem/progenitor cells (nestin/dcx/cxcr4), proliferation (ki67), self renewal (oct4, BrdU) and extracellular matrix components (laminin, fibronectin, condroitin sulphate, collagen 1a). We found that stem/progenitor cells with self-renewal and proliferative properties are present in adult brain and spinal cord meninges. Moreover, we have shown that the presence of immature nestin/positive cells population is a conserved feature across species including human. The complex dynamic equilibrium present in healthy adult CNS also involves the participation of functional NSC niches. In CNS, various pathogenic events acting by different mechanisms may cause neural cell loss and chronic inflammation. Several agents and mediators sustaining these mechanisms also act on niche homeostasis and it is therefore expected that these conditions may have a deep impact on NSC biology and NSC niche properties. To investigate the influence of CNS disease conditions on the meningeal stem cell niche, we have analyzed meninges of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and spinal cord injured (SCI) rats. Meningeal stem cell niche in SCID mice was deeply changed. The number of the stem/progenitor cells was statistically significantly decreased associated with a dramatically increase in the cellular and extracellular matrix components related to fibrosis (i.e. fibroblasts, fibronectin and collagene). Furthermore, stem/progenitor cells of meninges have shown a lower proliferation rate in vitro. These data indicate that the lack of the adaptive immune system decreases the stemness properties of the meningeal stem cell niche. In SCI mice model we found that meningeal stem/progenitor cell niche is activated. Following the contusion the meningeal niche increase in thickens, stem/progenitor cells largely increase their proliferation and number. Moreover, we found that SCI induced a global increase in the stemness related gene expression profile. This observation suggests that SCI induces in spinal cord meninges an amplification of the stemness properties of the niche. In conclusion the main results of this work are: I) A stem/precursor cell population, is present in adult meninges and is conserved across species; II) The meningeal niche, including the immature nestin positive cell population, of adult mice brain result perturbed in immunodeficient animal model; 5 III) Meningeal niche is activated by contusive spinal cord injury: meningeal stem/precursor cells proliferate and increase in number. All together our data suggest a novel role for meninges as a potential niche harboring endogenous stem/precursor cells that can be functionally modulated in disease conditions. Depending on specific disease-related stimuli, the meningeal stem cell niche can react both by increasing or decreasing its stem cell properties. This differential response to specific conditions, suggests a potential role and contribution of the meningeal stem/progenitor cells in the physiopathological events occurring in CNS diseases. Further evaluation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the meningeal stem/progenitor cells contribution to the physiopathology of different diseases, will open new prospective for the research on pharmacological treatments and regenerative medicine applied to CNS disease.
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11

VUOLO, LUISA. "Leptomeningeal and parenchymal MS lesions through MRI at different magnetic fields." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1043902.

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12

BIFARI, Francesco. "Characterization of a novel stem cell population with neuronal differentiation potential residing in the leptomeningeal niche." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337349.

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Cellule staminali con potenzialità differenziativa neurale sono cararatterizzate dall’espressione di nestina e risiedono in specifiche aree dell’encefalo, quali l’ippocampo, la zona sottoventricolare (SVZ) e il bulbo olfattivo. Questo lavoro si basa sul’ipotesi che altre strutture encefaliche possano contenere nicchie di cellule staminali neurali. Noi ci siamo focalizzati nell’esplorare la porzione comprendente i primi strati corticali e le leptomeningi, poichè in questa regione, interazioni spazio-temporali tra le cellule assicurano la corretta corticogenesi. Il nostro lavoro ha identificato la presenza di una popolazione di cellule nestina-positive nelle leptomeningi di ratto durante lo sviluppo fino all’età adulta. Queste cellule nestina-positive possono essere estratte ed espanse in vitro sia come neurosfere, mostrando elevata similitudine con le neurosfere ottenute da staminali neurali di SVZ, che come coltura omogenea di cellule con caratteristiche di staminalità. La popolazione di cellule staminali espansa in vitro può essere indotta a differenziare con elevata efficienza in cellule eccitabili con fenotipo e morfologia neuronale. Trapiantate in un encefalo di ratto adulto, queste cellule sopravvivono e differenziano in neuroni, mostrando quindi che il potenziale differenziativo neurale è mantenuto anche in vivo. In conclusione, questi dati evidenziano l’esistenza di una popolazione di cellule immature con potenziale differenziativo neuronale residenti nelle leptomeningi per tutta la durata della vita. Considerando che le leptomeningi ricoprono l’intero sistema nervoso centrale, questi risultati potrebbero avere ripercussioni importanti nell’ambito della medicina rigenerativa applicata alle patologie neurologiche e per studi concernenti lo sviluppo corticale.
Stem cells capable of generating neural differentiated cells are recognized by the expression of nestin and reside in specific regions of the brain, namely hippocampus, subventricular zone (SVZ), and olfactory bulb. Our work hypotesis is based on the assumption that other brain sites could host NSC niches. We were interested in exploring the region between leptomeninges and the first layers of the cerebral cortex. In this region, spatial-temporal interactions amongst environmental cells ensure the correct cortex development. In this work, we show that nestin-positive cells are present in rat leptomeninges during development up to adulthood. The newly identified nestin-positive cells can be extracted and expanded in vitro both as neurospheres, displaying high similarity with SVZ-derived neural stem cells, and as homogeneous cell population with stem cell features. In vitro expanded stem cell population can differentiate with high efficiency into excitable cells with neuronal phenotype and morphology. Once injected into adult brain, these cells survive and differentiate into neurons, thus showing that their neuronal differentiation potential is operational also in vivo. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that a specific population of immature cells endowed of neuronal differentiation potential is resident in the leptomeninges throughout the life. As leptomemniges cover the entire central nervous system, these findings could have relevant implications for studies on cortical development and for regenerative medicine applied to neurological disorders.
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13

"Nanoparticle Drug Delivery to Brain Tumors: From Intravenous to Intrathecal." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.50587.

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abstract: Achieving effective drug concentrations within the central nervous system (CNS) remains one of the greatest challenges for the treatment of brain tumors. The presence of the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier severely restricts the blood-to-CNS entry of nearly all systemically administered therapeutics, often leading to the development of peripheral toxicities before a treatment benefit is observed. To circumvent systemic barriers, intrathecal (IT) injection of therapeutics directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the brain and spinal cord has been used as an alternative administration route; however, its widespread translation to the clinic has been hindered by poor drug pharmacokinetics (PK), including rapid clearance, inadequate distribution, as well as toxicity. One strategy to overcome the limitations of free drug PK and improve drug efficacy is to encapsulate drug within nanoparticles (NP), which solubilize hydrophobic molecules for sustained release in physiological environments. In this thesis, we will develop NP delivery strategies for brain tumor therapy in two model systems: glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and deadly malignant primary brain tumor, and medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric brain tumor. In the first research chapter, we developed 120 nm poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) NPs encapsulating the chemotherapy, camptothecin, for intravenous delivery to GBM. NP encapsulation of camptothecin was shown to reduce the drug’s toxicity and enable effective delivery to orthotopic GBM. To build off the success of intravenous NP, the second research chapter explored the utility of 100 nm PEGylated NPs for use with IT administration. Using in vivo imaging and ex vivo tissue slices, we found the NPs were rapidly transported by the convective forces of the CSF along the entire neuraxis and were retained for over 3 weeks. Based on their wide spread delivery and prolonged circulation, we examine the ability of the NPs to localize with tumor lesions in a leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) model of medulloblastoma. NPs administered to LM bearing mice were shown to penetrate into LM mets seeded within the meninges around the brain. These data show the potential to translate our success with intravenous NPs for GBM to improve IT chemotherapy delivery to LM.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Engineering 2018
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14

Berton, Valeria. "OLIGODENDROCYTES FROM SPINAL CORD MENINGES: AMPLIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND TRANSPLANTATION IN CONTUSIVE INJURY." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/909407.

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Nonostante le lesioni traumatiche del midollo spinale siano abbastanza frequenti e comportino una grave sofferenza per l’individuo (sia livello fisico che psicologico) e pesanti costi di assistenza diretta ed indiretta, per questa patologia la terapia è ancora limitata ad interventi di minimizzazione del danno in fase acuta e di supporto e sostegno fisico nella fase cronica. Lo sviluppo della medicina rigenerativa ha ovviamente prodotto una grande aspettativa in questo settore; la scoperta della presenza di cellule neurali staminali nel sistema nervoso centrale dell’adulto e l’ampliarsi della conoscenza dei meccanismi che ne regolano il destino hanno infatti fatto intravedere la possibilità di applicazioni terapeutiche di queste cellule nel danno al midollo spinale. Di conseguenza, un buon numero di trials clinici basati sul trapianto di cellule staminali di diversa origine è stato attivato anche se, al momento, non è ancora emersa una soluzione definitiva. La maggior parte dei trapianti sperimentati è stata condotta sinora con cellule staminali non neurali in quanto queste sono di facile reperimento anche da individui adulti; per quanto infatti le cellule staminali neurali siano efficientemente prelevabili da blastocisti e da embrioni, nell'adulto le uniche fonti consistenti sono rappresentate solo da alcune nicchie localizzate in vicinanza dell'ippocampo e dei ventricoli, quindi in zone di difficile accesso per un prelievo autologo o in donatore vivente. Il nostro gruppo ha recentemente dimostrato che le leptomeningi ospitano una popolazione di cellule con proprietà staminali neurali presenti nel roditore anche in età adulta. Queste cellule possono essere coltivate ed espanse in vitro come neurosfere e possono essere indotte a differenziare in neuroni ed oligodendrociti. Se trapiantate in area ippocampale o ventricolare, queste cellule si integrano con il tessuto normale, entrando apparentemente a far parte dell'esistente rete neuronale. Inoltre, a seguito di danno traumatico del midollo spinale, le cellule delle leptomeningi si attivano e migrano all’interno del parenchima, dove partecipano alla reazione al trauma. Considerata la facile accessibilità chirurgica delle meningi e la loro presenza in età adulta, le cellule staminali delle leptomeningi (LeSCs) rappresentano un potenziale candidato per la terapia rigenerativa del danno al midollo spinale; altrettanto importante è l'osservazione che le LeSCs possono essere isolate anche da biopsie di meningi umane prelevate nel corso di interventi neurochirurgici (asportazione di tumori). Questo progetto di tesi indaga in profondità la possibile applicazione di LeSCs per terapie rigenerative di traumi del midollo spinale; considerato il fatto che i fenomeni di demielinizzazione post-traumatica giocano un ruolo fondamentale nella patogenesi del danno al midollo spinale e che studi condotti con cellule di diversa origine hanno dimostrato come un approccio di medicina rigenerativa basato sulla stimolazione dei processi di rimielinizzazione possa portare a risultati promettenti, nel mio lavoro ho innanzitutto sviluppato ed ottimizzato un metodo in grado di amplificare le LeSCs in vitro e di differenziarle efficacemente in oligodendrociti. É stato quindi messo a punto un protocollo innovativo di crescita e differenziamento delle LeSCs e, mediante l’analisi dell’espressione proteica e genica, è stato analizzato e dimostrato come queste cellule acquisiscano sia la tipica morfologia degli oligodendrociti, sia un’elevata espressione di diversi geni mielina-specifici. Il potenziale rigenerativo degli oligodendrociti derivati dalle LeSCs è stato quindi verificato in vivo in un modello animale di danno contusivo al midollo spinale. Nelle nostre condizioni sperimentali il trapianto degli oligodendrociti è associato ad un significativo aumento del recupero di alcune funzioni motorie, come determinato dalla valutazione con BBB score e analisi CatWalk. In conclusione, questo lavoro suggerisce per la prima volta che le cellule staminali delle leptomeningi possono rappresentare una risorsa nella terapia cellulare del danno del midollo spinale e apre la strada per futuri studi di medicina rigenerativa applicabili all’uomo.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a single event with devastating effects on the life of patients both in physiological and psychological terms and for which only supportive and damage-limiting interventions are available at the moment. In the last decades, regenerative therapies based on cell transplantation have generated increasing attention as a potential therapeutic approach for degenerative diseases such as spinal cord injury. In addition, the discovery of neural stem cells in the adult central nervous system and the expansion of the knowledge of the mechanisms regulating their fate have increased the expectations for therapeutic application of these cells to spinal cord injury. Indeed, a considerable number of potential cell-based regenerative therapies have reached the stage of clinical trial, but a clear solution has not emerged yet. We have recently shown that the leptomeninges host a cell population with neural stem/progenitor properties both in vitro and in vivo: isolated leptomeningeal cells can be propagated in vitro as neurospheres and induced to differentiate into neurons and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, they have been shown to become activated by injury to both the brain and the spinal cord and to migrate in the parenchyma, where they participate in the reaction to the injury. Considering the easily accessible anatomical location of the meninges, leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells (LeSCs) represent a potential candidate for regenerative cell therapy for spinal cord injury. With this work, we provide a first evidence that leptomeningeal cells might indeed play a role in regenerative therapies applied to SCI. Considering the pathogenetic role of demyelination in SCI and that remyelination is a promising therapeutic approach, we first developed and optimized a method for efficient in vitro production of LeSCs and differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes; protein and gene expression analysis showed that by the end of the protocol cultured LeSCs acquired both the typical morphology of mature oligodendrocytes and the elevated expression of different myelin-specific genes. In addition, we performed a pilot study of the regenerative potential of LeSCs-derived oligodendrocyte precursors in an animal model of contusive spinal cord injury. In our conditions, cells transplantation was associated with a significant improvement of some of the motor functions, as determined by behavioural evaluation through BBB score and CatWalk gait analysis. This work indicates for the first time that leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells could represent an asset in both transplantational and pharmacological therapy for spinal cord injury and paves the way to further studies of regenerative medicine in human SCI.
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15

Di, Trapani Mariano. "Comparative study of immune regulatory properties of stem cells derived from different tissues." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/910783.

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Abstract:
La terapia mediante l’uso di cellule staminali allogeniche è una potenziale alternativa per la cura di malattie infiammatorie e degenerative. Vari gruppi di ricerca hanno messo in luce le proprietà immunomodulatorie di varie cellule staminali, come per esempio le cellule mesenchimali stromali, ma al momento non è stato ancora fatto uno studio comparativo mostrante differenze qualitative e quantitative delle proprietà immunoregolatorie di staminali di diversa origine. Lo scopo del lavoro è stato quindi quello di confrontare le proprietà immunologiche di varie cellule staminali, tra cui cellule mesenchimali stromali di origine midollare, cellule staminali olfattorie, cellule staminali isolate da leptomeningi, e tre tipi di cellule staminali esprimenti il recettore c-Kit, ovvero cellule staminali del fluido amniotico, cellule staminali cardiache e cellule staminali polmonari. Tutte queste tipologie cellulari mostravano caratteristiche immunologiche comuni, come per esempio l’espressione dei marcatori attivatori ICAM-1, VCAM-1, HLA-ABC, e HLA-DR, e quando coltivate con linfociti T, NK e B purificati, erano in grado di regolarne la proliferazione. Il trattamento con citochine infiammatorie riduceva l’immunogenicità delle staminali analizzate nei confronti di linfociti NK rispetto alle cellule controllo, e induceva l’espressione dell’indolamina-2,3 diossigenasi (IDO) responsabile dell’immunosoppressione dei linfociti T. Infine, tutte le cellule staminali analizzate mostravano un effetto anti-apoptotico nei confronti delle cellule effettrici immuni non stimolate. Inoltre, in questo lavoro abbiamo mostrato che l’effetto immunosoppressivo non è una proprietà costitutiva delle cellule staminali, ma è una conseguenza dell’induzione mediata da citochine infiammatorie, effetto precedente mostrato per le cellule mesenchimali stromali. L’immunoregolazione è una proprietà condivisa da vari tipi di cellule staminali, e una caratterizzazione più approfondita di questo meccanismo potrebbe essere fondamentale per il loro uso terapeutico.
Allogeneic stem cell (SC)-based therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of a range of human degenerative and inflammatory diseases. Many reports highlighted the immune modulatory properties of some SC types, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), but a comparative study with SCs of different origin, to assess whether immune regulation is a general SC property, is still lacking. To this aim, we applied highly standardized methods employed for MSC characterization to compare the immunological properties of bone marrow (BM)-MSCs, olfactory ectomesenchymal SCs (OE-MSCs), leptomeningeal SCs (LeSCs), and three different c-Kit-positive SC types, that is, amniotic fluid SCs (AFSCs), cardiac SCs (CSCs), and lung SCs (LSCs). We found that all the analyzed human SCs share a common pattern of immunological features, in terms of expression of activation markers ICAM-1, VCAM-1, HLA-ABC, and HLA-DR, modulatory activity toward purified T, B, and NK cells, lower immunogenicity of inflammatory-primed SCs as compared to resting SCs, and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-activation as molecular inhibitory pathways, with some SC type-related peculiarities. Moreover, the SC types analyzed exert an anti- apoptotic effect toward not-activated immune effector cells (IECs). In addition, we found that the inhibitory behavior is not a constitutive property of SCs, but is acquired as a consequence of IEC activation, as previously described for MSCs. Thus, immune regulation is a general property of SCs and the characterization of this phenomenon may be useful for a proper therapeutic use of SCs.
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