Journal articles: 'Lepidopteran hosts'

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Shrestha, Bhushan, Eiji Tanaka, Min Woo Hyun, Jae-Gu Han, Chang Sun Kim, Jong Won Jo, Sang-Kuk Han, Junsang Oh, and Gi-Ho Sung. "Coleopteran and Lepidopteran Hosts of the Entomopathogenic Genus Cordyceps sensu lato." Journal of Mycology 2016 (February 22, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7648219.

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Entomophthoralean and ascomycetous fungi are the two major groups known to parasitize arthropods in almost every terrestrial habitat of the earth. Within Ascomycota, Cordyceps sensu lato is a large genus with more than 400 spp. described on numerous orders of Arthropoda. Among the hosts of Cordyceps, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera are the two major orders. Out of the estimated 200 Cordyceps spp. recorded on coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts, we have documented 92 spp. based on the available information of their host species. Among coleopteran hosts, Scarabaeidae and Elateridae are the two major families. Similarly, among lepidopterans, Hepialidae is the largest host family. Cordyceps militaris shows the widest host range, extending to 2 orders, 13 families, and 32 spp. We hope such accumulative work will be useful as a quick reference for interested biologists, forest ecologists, biocontrol researchers, and fungal and insect taxonomists to apprehend host range and host specificities of Cordyceps fungi.

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Gasmi, Laila, Edyta Sieminska, Shohei Okuno, Rie Ohta, Cathy Coutu, Mohammad Vatanparast, Stephanie Harris, et al. "Horizontally transmitted parasitoid killing factor shapes insect defense to parasitoids." Science 373, no. 6554 (July 29, 2021): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb6396.

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Interkingdom competition occurs between hymenopteran parasitoids and insect viruses sharing the same insect hosts. It has been assumed that parasitoid larvae die with the death of the infected host or as result of competition for host resources. Here we describe a gene family, parasitoid killing factor (pkf), that encodes proteins toxic to parasitoids of the Microgastrinae group and determines parasitism success. Pkfs are found in several entomopathogenic DNA virus families and in some lepidopteran genomes. We provide evidence of equivalent and specific toxicity against endoparasites for PKFs found in entomopoxvirus, ascovirus, baculovirus, and Lepidoptera through a mechanism that elicits apoptosis in the cells of susceptible parasitoids. This highlights the evolutionary arms race between parasitoids, viruses, and their insect hosts.

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Gudin, Filipe Macedo, and Isabela Maciel Monteiro Carneiro. "An overview of hosts of the New World genus Leschenaultia (Diptera: Tachinidae), with a new record for L. bicolor in Halysidota pearsoni (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Brazil." Canadian Entomologist 152, no. 6 (September 8, 2020): 734–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.46.

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AbstractSpecimens of the New World genus Leschenaultia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitise a wide range of lepidopteran hosts, including economically important pests. The female flies are attracted to volatile compounds released by host plants in response to the herbivory of caterpillars. They deposit microtype eggs on the leaves, which are then ingested by the hosts. We record a new host for L. bicolor (Macquart), obtained from Halysidota pearsoni Watson (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The record is described herein and a comparative diagnosis for the identification of this parasitoid is provided, with discussion on similar species of the genus. The male and female terminalia of L. bicolor are fully described and illustrated for the first time. We also review and update the host records for Leschenaultia in an annotated host catalogue. At least nine species of Leschenaultia are recorded from 53 species of Lepidoptera, including the families Apatelodidae, Erebidae, Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Saturniidae, and Sphingidae. Finally, we provide an overview of host use and host associations.

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Querino, Ranyse Barboa, Nadja Nara Pereira da Silva, and Roberto Antonio Zucchi. "Natural parasitism by Trichogramma spp. in agroecosystems of the Mid-North, Brazil." Ciência Rural 46, no. 9 (May 17, 2016): 1521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20151352.

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ABSTRACT: The micro-hymenopterans of genus Trichogramma are eggs parasitoids used in the biological control of lepidopteran pests. The objectives of this study was to record the interaction of species of Trichogramma and their hosts on crops in the Mid-North, in the states of Maranhão and Piauí, Brazil. Lepidopteran eggs were sampled on crops and non-crops. Trichogramma atopovirilia , T. manicobai , T. galloi and T. pretiosum occur naturally in eggs of eight lepidopteran species. Natural parasitism shown by Trichogramma species reveals the importance of these parasitoids as agents for biological control in the Mid-North region.

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Hiroyoshi, Satoshi, Jeffrey A. Harvey, Yutaka Nakamatsu, Hisashi Nemoto, Jun Mitsuhashi, Takayuki Mitsunaga, and Toshiharu Tanaka. "Potential Host Range of the Larval Endoparasitoid Cotesia vestalis (=plutellae) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." International Journal of Insect Science 9 (January 1, 2017): 117954331771562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179543317715623.

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Many parasitoid wasps are highly specialized in nature, attacking only one or a few species of hosts. Host range is often determined by a range of biological and ecological characteristics of the host including diet, growth potential, immunity, and phylogeny. The solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia vestalis, mainly parasitizes diamondback moth (DBM) larvae in the field, although it has been reported that to possess a relatively wide lepidopteran host range. To better understand the biology of C vestalis as a potential biological control of hosts other than the DBM, it is necessary to determine suitability for potential hosts. In this study, the potential host range of the wasp and its developmental capacity in each host larva were examined under laboratory conditions using 27 lepidopteran species from 10 families. The wasp was able to parasitize 15 of the 27 species successfully. Some host species were not able to exclude C vestalis via their internal physiological defenses. When parasitization was unsuccessful, most hosts killed the parasitoid at the egg stage or early first-instar stage using encapsulation, but some host species disturbed the development of the parasitoid at various stages. No phylogenetic relationships were found among suitable and unsuitable hosts, revealing that host range in some endoparasitoids is not constrained by relatedness among hosts based on immunity.

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Massarolli, Angélica, Ana Regina Lucena Hoffmann, Bruna Magda Favetti, and Alessandra Regina Butnariu. "Ichneumonids (Hymenoptera) and Tachinid Flies (Diptera) Associated to Leptidopterans in Soybean Crops." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 7 (June 8, 2018): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n7p167.

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Studies on natural enemies are important to find new species and to develop management strategies to preserve them to help control pests in biological control programs. For the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, which comprises the Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal biomes, few studies have been conducted on the diversity of these parasitoids, possible endemic and/or new species, as well as their potential as natural enemies. Thus, the present study was aimed at describing the diversity of parasitoids of the families Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) and Tachinidae (Diptera) associated with pest lepidopterans in soybean crops. Weekly sampling of pest lepidopterans was carried out during four soybean seasons (2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013). Parasitoid larvae were observed in the main lepidopteran pest species of soybean during the four soybean seasons. Three genera of the Ichneumonidae family, belonging to the genera Microcharops Roman, Ophionellus Westwood, and Podogaster Brullé. Six genera of the Tachinidae family occur in the state of Mato Grosso in soybean fields. The following genera were recorded: Archytas spp. Jaennicke, Phorocera spp. Robineau-Desvoidy, Gymnocarcelia spp. Townsend, Lespesia spp. Robineau-Desvoidy, Eucelatoria spp. Townsend, Chetogena spp. Rondani. These parasitoids were found parasitizing caterpillars of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), in species that had not yet been reported as hosts for the Neotropical region. Further studies are needed on the beneficial entomofauna and their preservation in agricultural environments.

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Barrett, J. W., T. R. Ladd, M. J. Primavera, A. Retnakaran, S. S. Sohi, and S. R. Palli. "NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS PATHOLOGY IN SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 5 (October 2000): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132581-5.

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AbstractChoristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV) expressing green fluorescent protein was used to study aspects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in the spruce budworm. The temporal and spatial distribution of fluorescence indicated that the virus infected the midgut, entered the tracheal system, and traveled to the epidermis, fat body, and muscles. In contrast to Autographa californica (Speyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) infection, hemocytes from infected C. fumiferana did not exhibit fluorescence until after CfMNPV had passed from the midgut into the tracheae. Therefore the role of hemocytes may be limited during CfMNPV infection. Also the fluorescence pattern spread from the tracheolar cells to tracheal epithelial cells throughout the tracheal system. Our results indicate that the temporal and spatial events involved in CfMNPV infection of C. fumiferana larvae are consistent with those observed in other lepidopteran hosts infected with AcMNPV Minor deviations between these two systems may be attributed to differences in virulence, infection rate, and possibly host range of the virus.

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PASTORI, PATRIK LUIZ, FABRICIO FAGUNDES-PEREIRA, GILBERTO SANTOS-ANDRADE, ROBSON OLIVEIRA-SILVA, JOSÉ COLA-ZANUNCIO, and ALEXANDRE ÍGOR AZEVEDO-PEREIRA. "Reproduction of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of two lepidopterans defoliators of eucalypt." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 38, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v38i1.8927.

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Biological control of lepidopteran defoliators using parasitoids is a promising alternative. The objective of this work was to evaluate the reproduction of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of the eucalypt defoliators Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Hylesia paulex (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Host pupae were individualized in glass tubes (14 x 2.2 cm) with six parasitoid females for 24 h under controlled conditions [25 ± 2ºC; 70 ± 10% (RH) and 14 h photo phase]. T. diatraeae parasitized 95.8 ± 2.85% pupae of T. arnobia and 79.2 ± 6.72% of H. paulex, with an emergence rate of 89.6 ± 5.03% and 69.8 ± 6.13%, respectively. However, H. paulex pupae yielded large parasitoid progenies. No difference in the parasitoid sex ratio, adult size and longevity were observed between both hosts. The successful parasitism and development of T. diatraeae in pupae of T. arnobia and H. paulex suggest that this parasitoid can be an alternative for the biological control of these defoliators in eucalyptus plantations.

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Zhang, Xiancui, Fan Zhang, and Xingmeng Lu. "Diversity and Functional Roles of the Gut Microbiota in Lepidopteran Insects." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061234.

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Lepidopteran insects are one of the most widespread and speciose lineages on Earth, with many common pests and beneficial insect species. The evolutionary success of their diversification depends on the essential functions of gut microorganisms. This diverse gut microbiota of lepidopteran insects provides benefits in nutrition and reproductive regulation and plays an important role in the defence against pathogens, enhancing host immune homeostasis. In addition, gut symbionts have shown promising applications in the development of novel tools for biological control, biodegradation of waste, and blocking the transmission of insect-borne diseases. Even though most microbial symbionts are unculturable, the rapidly expanding catalogue of microbial genomes and the application of modern genetic techniques offer a viable alternative for studying these microbes. Here, we discuss the gut structure and microbial diversity of lepidopteran insects, as well as advances in the understanding of symbiotic relationships and interactions between hosts and symbionts. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the function of the gut microbiota, including in host nutrition and metabolism, immune defence, and potential mechanisms of detoxification. Due to the relevance of lepidopteran pests in agricultural production, it can be expected that the research on the interactions between lepidopteran insects and their gut microbiota will be used for biological pest control and protection of beneficial insects in the future.

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Endara, María-José, Phyllis D. Coley, Gabrielle Ghabash, James A. Nicholls, Kyle G. Dexter, David A. Donoso, Graham N. Stone, R. Toby Pennington, and Thomas A. Kursar. "Coevolutionary arms race versus host defense chase in a tropical herbivore–plant system." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 36 (August 21, 2017): E7499—E7505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707727114.

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Coevolutionary models suggest that herbivores drive diversification and community composition in plants. For herbivores, many questions remain regarding how plant defenses shape host choice and community structure. We addressed these questions using the tree genus Inga and its lepidopteran herbivores in the Amazon. We constructed phylogenies for both plants and insects and quantified host associations and plant defenses. We found that similarity in herbivore assemblages between Inga species was correlated with similarity in defenses. There was no correlation with phylogeny, a result consistent with our observations that the expression of defenses in Inga is independent of phylogeny. Furthermore, host defensive traits explained 40% of herbivore community similarity. Analyses at finer taxonomic scales showed that different lepidopteran clades select hosts based on different defenses, suggesting taxon-specific histories of herbivore–host plant interactions. Finally, we compared the phylogeny and defenses of Inga to phylogenies for the major lepidopteran clades. We found that closely related herbivores fed on Inga with similar defenses rather than on closely related plants. Together, these results suggest that plant defenses might be more evolutionarily labile than the herbivore traits related to host association. Hence, there is an apparent asymmetry in the evolutionary interactions between Inga and its herbivores. Although plants may evolve under selection by herbivores, we hypothesize that herbivores may not show coevolutionary adaptations, but instead “chase” hosts based on the herbivore’s own traits at the time that they encounter a new host, a pattern more consistent with resource tracking than with the arms race model of coevolution.

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Ganguly, Sudershan, Harry Kaya, and Albrecht Koppenhöfer. "Ecological characterisation of Steinernema monticolum, a cold-adapted entomopathogenic nematode from Korea." Nematology 2, no. 4 (2000): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100509268.

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AbstractThis study describes the basic ecological characteristics of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema monticolum that was originally isolated from soil in a mountain forest on Mount Jiri, Republic of Korea. Under laboratory conditions, S. monticolum infected a wide range of insect species but appeared best adapted to lepidopteran larvae as hosts. It uses an intermediate foraging strategy with a low attachment rate to mobile hosts on the soil surface and poor infection of sedentary hosts placed at  5 cm soil depth. S. monticolum infected hosts over a wide range of soil moisture ranging from 1500 kPa to 3 kPa. It has a wide thermal activity range with optimum infectivity from 12 to 25°C. When stored in water over a 6 month period, S. monticolum persisted well from 5 to 25°C. Its infectivity also remained high when stored from 5 to 15°C but declined faster at 25°C. Because of its foraging strategy and adaptation to cool temperatures, S. monticolum has potential for the control of pests, especially Lepidoptera, that hibernate in the upper soil layer or soil litter. Zusammenfassung – Ökologische Charakterisierung des entomopathogenen Nematoden Steinernema monticolum aus Korea – Die grundlegenden ökologischen Merkmale des entomopathogenen Nematoden Steinernema monticolum , einer Art, die ursprüglich aus dem Boden eines Bergwaldes am Jiri Berg in Korea isoliert worden ist, werden beschrieben. Unter Laborbedingungen infizierte S. monticolum einen weiten Bereich von Insektenarten, schien jedoch am besten an Larven von Lepidoptera angepasst zu sein. Dieser Nematode verfügt über ein intermediäres Wirtssuchverhalten mit einer niedrigen Anheftungsrate an bewegliche Wirte auf der Bodenoberfläche und einer niedrigen Infektionsrate von sedentären Wirten in  5 cm Bodentiefe. S. monticolum infizierte Wirte in einem weiten Bereich von Bodenfeuchtigkeiten ( 1500 kPa bis 3 kPa). Diese Art hat einen weiten thermischen Aktivitätsbereich mit optimaler Infektiösität von 12 bis 25°C. Bei Lagerung in Wasser über einen Zeitraum von sechs Monaten zeigte S. monticolum hohe Überlebensraten bei Temperaturen von 5 bis 25°C. Die Infektiösität blieb ebenfalls hoch im Bereich von 5 bis 15°C, nahm bei Lagerung bei 25°C aber schneller ab. Wegen seines Wirtssuchverhaltens und seiner Anpassung an kühle Temperaturen erscheint S. monticolum ein hohes Potentential für die Bekämpfung von Schadinsekten, inbesondere Lepidoptera, die in den oberen Bodenschichten oder im Streu überwintern, zu haben.

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Doucet, Daniel, Anic Levasseur, Catherine Béliveau, Renée Lapointe, Don Stoltz, and Michel Cusson. "In vitro integration of an ichnovirus genome segment into the genomic DNA of lepidopteran cells." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82314-0.

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Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are dsDNA viruses transmitted by ichneumonid and braconid endoparasitoids to their lepidopteran hosts during oviposition. Wasp carriers are asymptomatic and transmit the virus to their progeny through the germ line; replication is confined to the calyx region of the wasp ovary, where the virus accumulates in the fluid bathing the eggs. In the lepidopteran host, however, no virus replication takes place, but PDV gene expression is essential for successful parasitism. Sustained gene expression in the absence of virus replication thus requires that the circular PDV genome segments persist for days within host cells. Available evidence suggests that most genome segments persist as episomes, but recent studies have indicated that some genome segments may undergo integration within lepidopteran genomic DNA, at least in vitro. In the present study, an integrated form of a Tranosema rostrale ichnovirus (TrIV) genome segment was cloned from genomic DNA extracted from infected Choristoneura fumiferana CF-124T cells and junction regions on either side of the viral DNA sequence were sequenced. This is the first proven example of integration of an ichnovirus genome segment in infected lepidopteran cells. Interestingly, circular forms of this genome segment do not appear to persist in these cells; none the less, a gene (TrFrep1) carried by this genome segment displays long-term transcription in infected cultured cells.

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Bernardo, U., P. A. Pedata, and G. Viggiani. "Phenotypic plasticity of pigmentation and morphometric traits inPnigalio soemius(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, no. 1 (February 2007): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307004816.

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AbstractSpecies of the genusPnigalioSchrank are ectoparasitoids on several pest insects. Most species are polyphagous parasitoids of lepidopteran and dipteran leafminers. Despite their potential economic importance, information on intraspecific phenotypic variability is insufficient.Pnigalio soemius(Walker) was reared at five different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C) on mature larvae of one of its natural hosts,Cosmopterix pulchrimellaChambers (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae), to investigate the influence of temperature on size, colour and other morphological traits, and to measure the range of variation of several characters. Thermal developmental reaction norms, which represent the effect of temperature during growth and development on the value of some adult traits, were produced. The results confirmed the influence of temperature on numerous characters and that these characters had a larger range of variation than realized previously in the construction of taxonomic keys to species. In particular, the number and position of the costulae on the propodeum and colour of the gaster were affected by rearing temperature.

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Hernández-Crespo, Pedro, Steven M. Sait, Rosemary S. Hails, and Jenny S. Cory. "Behavior of a Recombinant Baculovirus in Lepidopteran Hosts with Different Susceptibilities." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 1140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.3.1140-1146.2001.

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ABSTRACT Insect pathogens, such as baculoviruses, that are used as microbial insecticides have been genetically modified to increase their speed of action. Nontarget species will often be exposed to these pathogens, and it is important to know the consequences of infection in hosts across the whole spectrum of susceptibility. Two key parameters, speed of kill and pathogen yield, are compared here for two baculoviruses, a wild-type Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV), AcNPV clone C6, and a genetically modified AcNPV which expresses an insect-selective toxin, AcNPV-ST3, for two lepidopteran hosts which differ in susceptibility. The pathogenicity of the two viruses was equal in the less-susceptible host, Mamestra brassicae, but the recombinant was more pathogenic than the wild-type virus in the susceptible species, Trichoplusia ni. Both viruses took longer to kill the larvae of M. brassicae than to kill those of T. ni. However, whereas the larvae of T. ni were killed more quickly by the recombinant virus, the reverse was found to be true for the larvae ofM. brassicae. Both viruses produced a greater yield inM. brassicae, and the yield of the recombinant was significantly lower than that of the wild type in both species. The virus yield increased linearly with the time taken for the insects to die. However, despite the more rapid speed of kill of the wild-type AcNPV in M. brassicae, the yield was significantly lower for the recombinant virus at any given time to death. A lower yield for the recombinant virus could be the result of a reduction in replication rate. This was investigated by comparing determinations of the virus yield per unit of weight of insect cadaver. The response of the two species (to both viruses) was very different: the yield per unit of weight decreased over time for M. brassicae but increased for T. ni. The implications of these data for risk assessment of wild-type and genetically modified baculoviruses are discussed.

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Soldevila, Ana I., and Davy Jones. "Expression of a parasitism-specific protein in lepidopteran hosts ofChelonus sp." Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 24, no. 3 (1993): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940240305.

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Kroemer, Jeremy A., and Bruce A. Webb. "Iκβ-Related vankyrin Genes in the Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus: Temporal and Tissue-Specific Patterns of Expression in Parasitized Heliothis virescens Lepidopteran Hosts." Journal of Virology 79, no. 12 (June 15, 2005): 7617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.12.7617-7628.2005.

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ABSTRACT Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are unusual insect viruses that occur in obligate symbiotic associations with parasitic ichneumonid (ichnoviruses, or IVs) and braconid (bracoviruses, or BVs) wasps. PDVs are injected with eggs, ovarian proteins, and venom during parasitization. Following infection of cells in host tissues, viral genes are expressed and their products function to alter lepidopteran host physiology, enabling endoparasitoid development. Here we describe the Campoletis sonorensis IV viral ankyrin (vankyrin) gene family and its transcription. The seven members of this gene family possess ankyrin repeat domains that resemble the inhibitory domains of the Drosophila melanogaster NF-κβ transcription factor inhibitor (Iκβ) cactus. vankyrin gene expression is detected within 2 to 4 h postparasitization (p.p.) in Heliothis virescens hosts and reaches peak levels by 3 days p.p. Our data indicate that vankyrin genes from the C. sonorensis IV genome are differentially expressed in the tissues of parasitized hosts and can be divided into two subclasses: those that target the host fat body and those that target host hemocytes. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a fat-body targeting vankyrin detected a 19-kDa protein in crude extracts prepared from the 3 days p.p. fat body. Vankyrin-specific Abs localized to 3-day p.p. fat-body and hemocyte nuclei, suggesting a role for vankyrin proteins in the nuclei of C. sonorensis IV-infected cells. These data are evidence for divergent tissue specificities and targeting of multigene families in IVs. We hypothesize that PDV vankyrin genes may suppress NF-κβ activity during immune responses and developmental cascades in parasitized lepidopteran hosts of C. sonorensis.

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Gielen, Robin, Hendrik Meister, Toomas Tammaru, and Kadri Põldmaa. "Fungi Recorded on Folivorous Lepidoptera: High Diversity Despite Moderate Prevalence." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010025.

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The knowledge about the diversity and ecological role of entomopathogenic fungi is primarily based on agroecosystems whereas information derived from natural insect populations is much more limited. To contribute to filling this gap, we recorded the prevalence of fungal infections in laboratory rearing experiments with five species of Lepidoptera, and in a field rearing experiment including one of these moths. The diversity of detected fungi was found to be high; we isolated 25 species of fungi from insects that had died in the course of these experiments. Six species belonged to the family Cordycipitaceae known to include unambiguous insect pathogens. The trophic niche of the representatives of other taxa is less clear and requires further studies. Regarding the most abundant species, Cordyceps farinosa, in which this question could be addressed, there was no indication of specialization on particular insect hosts, whereas several of the less common species may have been recorded from lepidopteran hosts for the first time. Across the subsets of the data, the prevalence of fungal infections generally remained below 5%. Our results are thus consistent with the idea that entomopathogenic fungi are always present in insect populations but rarely reach epizootic levels. The detected species richness shows that much is to be gained from mapping the diversity of fungal species associated with folivorous insects in natural populations.

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Yokoi, Kakeru, Seiichi Furukawa, Rui Zhou, Akiya Jouraku, and Hidemasa Bono. "Reference Genome Sequences of the Oriental Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 17, 2022): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121172.

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Lepidopteran insects are an important group of animals, including those used as biochemical and physiological model species in the insect and silk industries as well as others that are major agricultural pests. Therefore, the genome sequences of several lepidopteran insects have been reported. The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, is an agricultural pest commonly used to study insect immune reactions and interactions with parasitoid wasps as hosts. To improve our understanding of these research topics, reference genome sequences were constructed in the present study. Using long-read and short-read sequence data, de novo assembly and polishing were performed and haplotigs were purged. Subsequently, gene predictions and functional annotations were performed. To search for orthologs of the Toll and Immune Deficiency (IMD) pathways and for C-type lectins, annotation data analysis, BLASTp, and Hummer scans were performed. The M. separata genome is 682 Mbp; its contig N50 was 2.7 Mbp, with 21,970 genes and 24,452 coding sites predicted. All orthologs of the core components of the Toll and IMD pathways and 105 C-type lectins were identified. These results suggest that the genome data were of sufficient quality for use as reference genome data and could contribute to promoting M. separata and lepidopteran research at the molecular and genome levels.

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Bitra, Kavita, Gaelen R. Burke, and Michael R. Strand. "Permissiveness of lepidopteran hosts is linked to differential expression of bracovirus genes." Virology 492 (May 2016): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.023.

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Caron, V., J. H. Myers, and D. R. Gillespie. "The failure to discriminate: superparasitism ofTrichoplusia niHübner by a generalist tachinid parasitoid." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 3 (July 9, 2009): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990198.

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AbstractParasitoids are dependent on their hosts, which provide all of the resources for larval development. Parasitoid fitness, therefore, is directly related to the host quality, as determined by host size, age and health (e.g. parasitisation status); and this can only be assessed by the female parasitoid during host selection. Most studies of parasitoid-host interactions have focused on hymenopteran parasitoids rather than dipterans that are believed to be less discriminating during host selection. We assessed the impact of host quality and superparasitism on parasitoid fitness inCompsilura concinnataMeigen, a gregarious tachinid dipteran parasitoid, and its lepidopteran host the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia niHübner.FemaleC. concinnataparasitised all host stages ofT. nithat were presented to them, but emergence rates were higher from older hosts. Females readily superparasitised hosts. The number of flies emerging was higher from hosts parasitised at later instars, and flies emerged earlier from heavily superparasitised hosts. Superparasitism decreased parasitoid pupal weight and development time, indicating intra-host competition between parasitoid larvae and skewed the parasitoid sex ratio in favour of males.Host discrimination does not seem to be well developed inC. concinnata. Hosts are superparasitised despite the effects of superparasitism on offspring and sex ratio. This could be due to the wide host range ofC. concinnata; avoiding high superparasitism could occur naturally due to host switching and, therefore, developing host discrimination mechanisms for one host species may not be crucial.

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Schneider, Sean E., and James H. Thomas. "Accidental Genetic Engineers: Horizontal Sequence Transfer from Parasitoid Wasps to Their Lepidopteran Hosts." PLoS ONE 9, no. 10 (October 8, 2014): e109446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109446.

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MAZZOTTA, GABRIELLA M., FEDERICA SANDRELLI, MAURO A. ZORDAN, MOYRA MASON, CLARA BENNA, PAOLA CISOTTO, EZIO ROSATO, CHARALAMBOS P. KYRIACOU, and RODOLFO COSTA. "The clock gene period in the medfly Ceratitis capitata." Genetical Research 86, no. 1 (August 2005): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672305007664.

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We have isolated the clock gene period (per) from the medfly Ceratitis capitata, one of the most economically important insect pest species. The overall pattern of conserved, non-conserved and functional domains that are observed within dipteran and lepidopteran per orthologues is preserved within the coding sequence. Expression analysis from fly heads revealed a daily oscillation in per mRNA in both light[ratio ]dark cycles and in constant darkness. However PER protein levels from head extracts did not show any significant evidence for cycling in either of these two conditions. When the Ceratitis per transgene under the control of the Drosophila per promoter and 3′UTR was introduced into Drosophila per-null mutant hosts, the transformants revealed a low level of rescue of behavioural rhythmicity. Nevertheless, the behaviour of the rhythmic transformants showed some similarities to that of Ceratitis, suggesting that Ceratitis per carries species-specific information that can evidently affect the Drosophila host's downstream rhythmic behaviour.

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VALERIO, A. A., J. B. WHITFIELD, and D. H. JANZEN. "Review of world Parapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae), with description of fourteen new Neotropical species and the first description of the final instar larvae." Zootaxa 2084, no. 1 (April 27, 2009): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2084.1.1.

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Currently only two Neotropical species are known for Parapanteles Ashmead (1900): Parapanteles aletiae (Riley), described from the U.S., Cuba and Puerto Rico, and P. paradoxus (Muesebeck), described from Costa Rica. In the present paper we describe 14 new species from the New World (Parapanteles complexus n.sp., P. continua n.sp., P. em n.sp., P. lincolnii n.sp., P. mariae n.sp., P. nephos n.sp., P. noae n.sp., P. polus n.sp., P. rarus n.sp., P.scotti n.sp., P. sicpolus n.sp., P. tessares n.sp., P. thrix n.sp., P. tlinea n.sp.) and provide an illustrated key for the world species. In addition, we present a synopsis of the ecology of species in the genus using new rearing records and previously published host records. Eighteen species in 11 lepidopteran families are known to be hosts for Parapanteles species, and these hosts feed on plants from 21 families totaling at least 43 species.

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WHITFIELD, JAMES B. "Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Pholetesor Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." Zootaxa 1144, no. 1 (March 10, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1144.1.1.

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The nearctic species of the microgastrine braconid wasp genus Pholetesor are revised for the first time, based on examination of museum specimens and on the results of a broad rearing survey of leafmining moths (the recorded hosts), especially in the western U. S. Twenty one valid species are recognized, two of which (P. viminetorum (Wesmael) and P. circumscriptus (Nees) were previously recorded only from the Palearctic Region, and eleven of which are described as new: P. caloptiliae n. sp., P. chiricahuensis n. sp., P. dixianus n. sp., P. longicoxis n. sp., P. masoni n. sp., P. pinifoliellae n. sp., P. powelli n. sp., P. rhygoplitoides n. sp., P. thuiellae n. sp., P. variabilis n. sp., and P. zelleriae n. sp. Teremys Mason is tentatively placed in synonymy with Pholetesor, thus transferring T. masneri Mason (and the neotropical T. hanniae Valerio and Whitfield) into Pholetesor. Pholetesor is divided into eight species groups, some of which appear to be restricted to the Nearctic Region. All species of the genus are found to attack leafmining or needlemining lepidopteran larvae except P. powelli, which attacks concealed lepidopteran leaf skeletonizers.

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Sparks, Wendy O., Amy Rohlfing, and Bryony C. Bonning. "A peptide with similarity to baculovirus ODV-E66 binds the gut epithelium of Heliothis virescens and impedes infection with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 1051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.028118-0.

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Baculoviruses infect their lepidopteran hosts via the midgut epithelium through binding of occlusion-derived virus (ODV) and fusion between the virus envelope and microvillar membranes. To identify genes and sequences that are involved in this process, a random phage display library was screened for peptides that bound to brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) derived from the midgut epithelium of Heliothis virescens. Seventeen peptides that bound to BBMV were recovered. Two of these, HV1 and HV2, had sequence similarity to the ODV envelope protein ODV-E66 that is found in five species of alphabaculoviruses. Chemically synthesized versions of HV1 and HV2, and two peptides (AcE66A and AcE66B) derived from similar sequences of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) ODV-E66, bound to unfixed cryosections of whole midgut tissues. AcE66A, but not HV1, bound to H. virescens gut BBMV proteins on a far-Western blot. Competition assays with HV1 and purified AcMNPV ODV resulted in decreased mortality of H. virescens larvae at a dose of 1 LD50, and a significant increase in survival time at higher virus concentrations. These results suggest a role for ODV-E66 in baculovirus infection of lepidopteran larval midgut epithelium.

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Kasman, L. M., and L. E. Volkman. "Filamentous actin is required for lepidopteran nucleopolyhedrovirus progeny production." Microbiology 81, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-7-1881.

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Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is the prototypical member of the Nucleopolyhedrosis genus of the Baculoviridae, a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that are highly diverse. Nucleocapsid morphogenesis of AcMNPV and others in the Nucleopolyhedrovirus genus takes place within the nuclei of infected host cells. Previously, we showed that filamentous actin (F-actin) is essential for this process to occur in AcMNPV-infected cells, an unprecedented finding for a DNA virus that replicates within the nucleus. Because of the fundamental importance of this requirement to our understanding of virus–host interactions, and because of the diversity of viruses included within the Nucleopolyhedrovirus genus, we were compelled to determine whether the replication of other nucleopolyhedroviruses was also F-actin dependent. We report here that progeny virus production of six other lepidopteran nucleopolyhedroviruses, representing both phylogenetic groups I and II within the genus, is also F-actin dependent. The six viruses studied (Spodoptera frugiperda MNPV, Bombyx mori NPV, Orgyia pseudotsugata MNPV, Lymantria dispar MNPV, Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV and Helicoverpa zea SNPV) were unable to produce progeny in the presence of either cytochalasin D or latrunculin A, two actin-binding agents that interfere with F-actin-dependent processes but differ in their modes of action. F-actin-dependent progeny morphogenesis, therefore, appears to be a characteristic common among viruses in this genus that have lepidopteran hosts.

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BAYRAMOĞLU, Zeynep, Dönüş GENÇER, and İsmail DEMİR. "Bioactivity of a betabaculovirus, Hyphantria cunea granulovirus, in six lepidopteran insects as potential hosts." Turkish Journal of Entomology 45, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/entoted.974579.

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Hajek, Ann E., Melanie J. Filotas, and Debbie C. Ewing. "Formation of appressoria by two species of lepidopteran-pathogenic Entomophthorales." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-143.

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Fungal pathogens frequently form appressoria, specialized hyphal swellings on the surfaces of hosts. Production of appressoria by two entomophthoralean species that infect lepidopteran larvae, Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper and Furia gastropachae (Raciborski) Filotas, Hajek & Humber, was investigated in vitro 68 h after conidial discharge. Entomophaga maimaiga appressoria were elongate, irregularly swollen structures located adjacent to the conidium or at the ends of short germ tubes. The highest percentages of appressoria were formed on hard surfaces such as polystyrene (21.5 ± 4.6%) and mylar (22.2 ± 4.3%). Nutrients or chemical stimuli were not required for appressorial formation but could stimulate growth as germ tubes. The contribution of surface hydrophobicity to appressorium formation was questionable; while appressoria were formed on hydrophobic surfaces, they were also formed to a lesser extent on glass, which is hydrophilic. When conidia of F. gastropachae were exposed to similar substrates and conditions, appressoria were never made, supporting the hypothesis that stimuli for appressorium formation can be species specific.Key words: appressorium, entomopathogenic fungi, infection process, Entomophthorales.

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Walter, M., F. J. L. Stavely, R. B. Chapman, J. K. Pell, T. R. Glare, P. A. Alspach, and S. M. Zydenbos. "Mortality of various lepidopteran larvae infected by New Zealand Zoophthora radicans isolates from different hosts." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6038.

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Zoophthora radicans an entomophthoralean fungus is a potential biocontrol agent for a wide range of insect pests The mortality of six insect species inoculated with twelve Z radicans isolates from different hosts found in New Zealand was evaluated using a bioassay Zoophthora radicans isolates originating from the host being tested were generally but not always more effective than isolates originating from other species For example lightbrown apple moth (LBAM) was highly susceptible to isolates Z2 and Z6 from leafrollers (96 and 89 mortality respectively) but was not susceptible to any isolates from diamondback moth (DBM) (mortality lt;5 Plt;0001) DBM was highly susceptible to all isolates from DBM (gt;96 mortality) but only moderately susceptible to leafroller isolates (lt;66 Plt;0001) Although resting spore production was low overall some isolates produced more resting spores in certain hosts such as Z2 and Z6 in LBAM (Plt;0001) and Z8 and Z5 in DBM (Plt;005)

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Zhang, Jiqiang, Shanshan Gao, Fangqiang Zheng, and Ningxin Wang. "Intestinal Bacterial Diversity and Functional Analysis of Three Lepidopteran Corn Ear Worm Larvae." Insects 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080740.

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Insects, as the most abundant animal group on earth, and their symbionts help their hosts to adapt to various environments. Conogethes punctiferalis, Ostrinia furnacalis and Helicoverpa armigera are three main pests co-occurring in the ear stage of corn, which significantly affect the yield and quality of corn. The purpose of this study was to compare the diversity and function of the intestinal bacteria of the three co-occurring lepidopteran pests, C. punctiferalis, O. furnacalis and H. armigera, and to explore the reason of their prevalence from the microbiota’s view. Our results showed the difference of diversity and abundance of the gut bacteria of three co-occurring lepidopteran pests at the ear stage. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla, and the Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae were the dominant families in the three pests. Compared with the other two pests, Bacteroidetes was found much more in C. punctiferalis. In addition, C. punctiferalis showed more correlation and similarity in bacteria composition with corn endophytic bacteria, as well as had obvious advantages in metabolic, environmental information processing, cellular processes and organic systems function pathways. Our findings may provide insight into the prevalence of corn earworm larvae from the perspective of gut microbiota and function prediction.

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Ndemah, R., F. Schulthess, B. Le Rü, and I. Bame. "Lepidopteran cereal stemborers and associated natural enemies on maize and wild grass hosts in Cameroon." Journal of Applied Entomology 131, no. 9-10 (December 2007): 658–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2007.01219.x.

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Lozan, Aurel, Karel Spitzer, and Josef Jaroš. "Isolated peat bog habitats and their food connections: parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and their lepidopteran hosts." Journal of Insect Conservation 16, no. 3 (July 16, 2011): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-011-9425-4.

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Mosson, H. J., G. C. Marris, and J. P. Edwards. "The comparative biology of the pupal endoparasitoidPsychophagus omnivorus (Hym.:Pteromalidae) on three candidate lepidopteran hosts." Entomophaga 42, no. 3 (September 1997): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02769830.

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Rasoolizadeh, Asieh, Frédéric Dallaire, Don Stewart, Catherine Béliveau, Renée Lapointe, and Michel Cusson. "Global transcriptional profile of Tranosema rostrale ichnovirus genes in infected lepidopteran hosts and wasp ovaries." Virologica Sinica 24, no. 5 (October 2009): 478–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12250-009-3050-3.

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Dorn, Nathan J., Greg Cronin, and David M. Lodge. "Feeding preferences and performance of an aquatic lepidopteran on macrophytes: plant hosts as food and habitat." Oecologia 128, no. 3 (August 2001): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420100662.

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Soldevila, Ana I., and Davy Jones. "Characterization of a novel protein associated with the parasitization of lepidopteran hosts by an endoparasitic wasp." Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 24, no. 1 (January 1994): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-1748(94)90120-1.

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Xiao, Hai-Yan, Dan-Lu Chen, Ting-Ting Lu, Yu-Juan Yao, and Nai-Yong Liu. "The UDP-Glycosyltransferase Gene Family in Achelura yunnanensis (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae): Identification, Phylogeny, and Diverse Expression Patterns." Diversity 14, no. 5 (May 21, 2022): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050407.

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The caterpillars of the Lepidoptera are important herbivores as most of them belong to serious agricultural and forestry pests. To adapt to their habitats and feeding host plants, the larvae utilize uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) to metabolize plant defensive compounds and insecticides. However, information on the UGT gene family in Achelura yunnanensis remains scarce. Here, we characterized the UGT genes through gene identification, phylogenic analyses, and comprehensive expression profiles regarding sexes, tissues, and stages. Transcriptome analyses led to the yields of 50 transcripts encoding UGTs in A. yunnanensis, representing a comparable gene number compared to those in other lepidopteran species. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed a low amino acid identity of 28.23% among 31 full-length AyunUGTs, but some members shared relatively high conservation (>50% identities) with a phylogenetically clustered distribution. In addition, the majority of AyunUGTs possessed conserved residues involved in the catalysis and sugar-donor binding. Combining RNA sequencing and PCR approaches, a number of AyunUGTs were found to have the expression in chemosensory or detoxification tissues, possibly associated with the sensing of odorant molecules and the metabolism of toxic chemicals. More importantly, at least 27 AyunUGTs displayed detectable expression in reproductive tissues of both sexes. This study identifies candidate A. yunnanensis UGTs responsible for detoxification, olfaction, and reproduction, allowing us to address putative roles of UGTs in the adaptation of larvae to the habitats and feeding hosts.

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Valigurová, A., V. Michalková, P. Koník, M. L. Dindo, M. Gelnar, and J. Vaňhara. "Penetration and encapsulation of the larval endoparasitoid Exorista larvarum (Diptera: Tachinidae) in the factitious host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 2 (December 20, 2013): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000655.

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AbstractThe tachinid fly Exorista larvarum (L.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) is a polyphagous larval endoparasitoid that deposits its eggs on the host exoskeleton of lepidopteran and tenthredinid larvae. The attachment of larval E. larvarum and the formation of the respiratory funnel were studied during infestation in the last larval instar of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The tachinid larvae burrow through the host integument after hatching, using their robust cephalopharyngeal skeleton, leaving a dark spot at the point of their penetration as a result of host cuticle melanization. Endoparasitoid penetration induces the host cellular defence, resulting in the formation of a haemocyte capsule consisting of multi-cellular sheaths. This enveloping capsule later undergoes melanization, which is mostly obvious towards the posterior part of the endoparasitoid. The endoparasitoid uses the host encapsulation response to build a respiratory funnel from the modified host integument, leading to the host surface. The encapsulated larva remains attached to the respiratory funnel via an anal hook and cuticular spines until fully developed. Additional immunohistochemical analyses were used to study host–parasitoid interactions. Indirect immunofluorescence showed no labelling of potential tachinid antigens and confirmed no effect on the surrounding host tissues. A simulated parasitization with coated polybead microspheres revealed the mortal impact of tachinid antigens to the host. Hosts injected with antigen-coated polybeads died as a consequence of an acute and extensive immunological response to the tachinid antigens and not due to the trauma caused by foreign objects inside their body.

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Horgan, Crisol Martínez, Stuart, Bernal, de Cima Martín, Almazan, and Ramal. "Effects of Vegetation Strips, Fertilizer Levels and Varietal Resistance on the Integrated Management of Arthropod Biodiversity in a Tropical Rice Ecosystem." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100328.

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Integrated biodiversity management aims to conserve the beneficial species components of production ecosystems and reduce the impacts of pests. In 2011 and 2013, experiments were conducted at Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, to compare arthropod communities in rice plots and on levees with and without vegetation strips. Vegetation strips included spontaneous weeds, sesame and okra (2011), or mung bean (2013). The plots were treated with one of three nitrogen levels and in one experiment were planted with planthopper-resistant (IR62) and susceptible (IR64) rice varieties. Parasitoids and predators of lepidopteran pests and of the ricebug, Leptocorisa oratorius, were more abundant in high-nitrogen rice plots where their prey/hosts also had highest densities. Planthoppers and leafhoppers were more abundant in low-nitrogen plots. Weedy and sesame/okra bunds provided habitat for a range of natural enemies including spiders, parasitoids and predatory bugs, but did not have higher pest numbers than cleared bunds. Higher abundances of the predator Cythorhinus lividipennis and higher parasitism of planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) eggs by Anagrus sp. were associated with sesame/okra bunds in late season rice plots. Mung bean also provided habitat for key predators and parasitoids that spilled over to adjacent rice; however, mung bean was also associated with higher numbers of lepidopteran and grain-sucking pests in the adjacent rice, albeit without increased damage to the rice. For ricebug in particular, damage was probably reduced by higher parasitoid:pest ratios adjacent to the vegetation strips. Varietal resistance and mung bean strips had an additive effect in reducing abundance of the planthopper Sogatella furcifera and the leafhopper Nephotettix virescens. Reduced numbers of these latter pests close to vegetation strips were often compensated for by other plant-sucking bugs, thereby increasing the intensity of potentially stabilizing interspecific interactions such as competition. We highlight the benefits of diversifying rice landscapes and the need to optimize vegetation strips, e.g., by including lepidopteran trap-plants, for intensive rice production systems.

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Afonso, C. L., E. R. Tulman, Z. Lu, C. A. Balinsky, B. A. Moser, J. J. Becnel, D. L. Rock, and G. F. Kutish. "Genome Sequence of a Baculovirus Pathogenic forCulex nigripalpus." Journal of Virology 75, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 11157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.22.11157-11165.2001.

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ABSTRACT In this report we describe the complete genome sequence of a nucleopolyhedrovirus that infects larval stages of the mosquitoCulex nigripalpus (CuniNPV). The CuniNPV genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of 108,252 bp and is predicted to contain 109 genes. Although 36 of these genes show homology to genes from other baculoviruses, their orientation and order exhibit little conservation relative to the genomes of lepidopteran baculoviruses. CuniNPV genes homologous to those from other baculoviruses include genes involved in early and late gene expression (lef-4, lef-5, lef-8,lef-9, vlf-1, and p47), DNA replication (lef-1, lef-2,helicase-1, and dna-pol), and structural functions (vp39, vp91, odv-ec27,odv-e56, p6.9, gp41,p74, and vp1054). Auxiliary genes include homologues of genes encoding the p35 antiapoptosis protein and a novel insulin binding-related protein. In contrast to these conserved genes, CuniNPV lacks apparent homologues of baculovirus genes essential (ie-1 and lef-3) or stimulatory (ie-2, lef-7, pe38) for DNA replication. Also, baculovirus genes essential or stimulatory for early-late (ie-1, ie-2), early (ie-0 and pe-38), and late (lef-6,lef-11, and pp31) gene transcription are not identifiable. In addition, CuniNPV lacks homologues of genes involved in the formation of virogenic stroma (pp31), nucleocapsid (orf1629, p87, and p24), envelope of occluded virions (odv-e25, odv-e66,odv-e18), and polyhedra (polyhedrin/granulin,p10, pp34, and fp25k). A homologue of gp64, a budded virus envelope fusion protein, was also absent, although a gene related to the other category of baculovirus budded virus envelope proteins, Ld130, was present. The absence of homologues of occlusion-derived virion (ODV) envelope proteins and occlusion body (OB) protein (polyhedrin) suggests that both CuniNPV ODV and OB may be structurally and compositionally different from those found in terrestrial lepidopteran hosts. The striking difference in genome organization, the low level of conservation of homologous genes, and the lack of many genes conserved in other baculoviruses suggest a large evolutionary distance between CuniNPV and lepidopteran baculoviruses.

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Baur, M. E., and K. V. Yeargan. "Behavioral Interactions Between the Hyperparasitoid Mesochorus discitergus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Four Species of Noctuid Caterpillars: Evasive Tactics and Capture Efficiency." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.3.420.

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The hyperparasitoid, Mesochorus discitergus (Say), oviposits into larvae of primary parasitoids while the latter are developing inside various lepidopteran hosts. To accomplish hyperparasitism, M. discitergus must capture the lepidopteran larvae. We studied the evasive behaviors of 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th instar Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (corn earworm), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (soybean looper), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (fall armyworm), and 2nd- and 4th-instar Plathypena scabra (Fabricius) (green cloverworm), as well as the effectiveness of these tactics in eluding capture by M. discitergus females. Most individuals of all instars of corn earworm and fall armyworm made minimal efforts to escape. Although not commonly used by corn earworm and fall armyworm, their occasional vigorous responses were effective in deterring M. discitergus females. Dropping from a leaf, either unattached or attached by a thread, was also effective for preventing capture of those two noctuid species. Soybean loopers and green cloverworms responded much more actively. Second-instars of both species dropped off the leaf on a thread, while 3rd- and 4th-instar soybean loopers commonly used vigorous responses. Fourth-instar green cloverworms used vigorous responses and dropping off the leaf. Overall, 68% of the caterpillars using the vigorous response were captured, while 39% of those dropping on a thread and about 26% of those dropping off a leaf, unattached by a thread, were captured. Green cloverworms and soybean loopers were more difficult to capture than corn earworms and fall armyworms.

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Trudeau, Dominique, Jan O. Washburn, and Loy E. Volkman. "Central Role of Hemocytes in Autographa californica M Nucleopolyhedrovirus Pathogenesis in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea." Journal of Virology 75, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 996–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.2.996-1003.2001.

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ABSTRACT Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) can infect and kill a wide range of larval lepidopteran hosts, but the dosage required to achieve mortal infection varies greatly. Using a reporter gene construct, we identified key differences between AcMNPV pathogenesis in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea, a fully permissive and a semipermissive host, respectively. Even though there was more than a 1,000-fold difference in the susceptibilities of these two species to mortal infection, there was no significant difference in their susceptibilities to primary infections in the midgut or secondary infections in the tracheal epidermis. Foci of infection within the tracheal epidermis of H. zea, however, were melanized and encapsulated by 48 h after oral inoculation, a host response not observed in H. virescens. Further, H. zeahemocytes, unlike those of H. virescens, were highly resistant to AcMNPV infection; reporter gene expression was observed only rarely even though virus was taken up readily, and nucleocapsids were transported to the nucleus. Collectively, these results demonstrated that hemocytes—by removing virus from the hemolymph instead of amplifying it and by participating in the encapsulation of infection foci—together with the host's melanization response, formed the basis of H. zea's resistance to fatal infection by AcMNPV.

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Bideshi, Dennis K., Marie-Véronique Demattei, Florence Rouleux-Bonnin, Karine Stasiak, Yeping Tan, Sylvie Bigot, Yves Bigot, and Brian A. Federici. "Genomic Sequence of Spodoptera frugiperda Ascovirus 1a, an Enveloped, Double-Stranded DNA Insect Virus That Manipulates Apoptosis for Viral Reproduction." Journal of Virology 80, no. 23 (September 20, 2006): 11791–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01639-06.

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ABSTRACT Ascoviruses (family Ascoviridae) are double-stranded DNA viruses with circular genomes that attack lepidopterans, where they produce large, enveloped virions, 150 by 400 nm, and cause a chronic, fatal disease with a cytopathology resembling that of apoptosis. After infection, host cell DNA is degraded, the nucleus fragments, and the cell then cleaves into large virion-containing vesicles. These vesicles and virions circulate in the hemolymph, where they are acquired by parasitic wasps during oviposition and subsequently transmitted to new hosts. To develop a better understanding of ascovirus biology, we sequenced the genome of the type species Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a (SfAV-1a). The genome consisted of 156,922 bp, with a G+C ratio of 49.2%, and contained 123 putative open reading frames coding for a variety of enzymes and virion structural proteins, of which tentative functions were assigned to 44. Among the most interesting enzymes, due to their potential role in apoptosis and viral vesicle formation, were a caspase, a cathepsin B, several kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and especially several enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, including a fatty acid elongase, a sphingomyelinase, a phosphate acyltransferase, and a patatin-like phospholipase. Comparison of SfAV-1a proteins with those of other viruses showed that 10% were orthologs of Chilo iridescent virus proteins, the highest correspondence with any virus, providing further evidence that ascoviruses evolved from a lepidopteran iridovirus. The SfAV-1a genome sequence will facilitate the determination of how ascoviruses manipulate apoptosis to generate the novel virion-containing vesicles characteristic of these viruses and enable study of their origin and evolution.

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Bigot, Yves, Karine Stasiak, Florence Rouleux-Bonnin, and Brian A. Federici. "Characterization of repetitive DNA regions and methylated DNA in ascovirus genomes." Journal of General Virology 81, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 3073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-12-3073.

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The accompanying phylogenetic study of large double-stranded DNA viruses based on their δ DNA polymerase genes suggests that ascoviruses (family Ascoviridae) and iridoviruses (family Iridoviridae) are closely related and may share a common ancestor. This relationship was unexpected because of marked differences between these viruses. Iridoviruses produce icosahedral virions and occur broadly among vertebrates and invertebrates, whereas ascoviruses typically produce reniform or bacilliform virions and are restricted to insect hosts, primarily lepidopterans. Detailed comparisons of these two virus types are not possible because fundamental information on the properties of the virions and their genomes is lacking, especially for ascoviruses. To facilitate further investigation of the putative evolutionary relationship between ascoviruses and iridoviruses, the genomes of representative viruses from each family were compared with respect to physical configuration, presence of DNA repeats and degree of DNA methylation. Genomes from Spodoptera frugiperda (SfAV1), Heliothis virescens (HvAV3) and Diadromus pulchellus (DpAV4) ascoviruses were all found to be circular and partially superhelical and to contain large interspersed repeats of 1–3 kbp. Mosquito (IV type 3), lepidopteran (IV type 6) and isopod (IV type 31) iridovirus genomes were all linear and lacked large regions of repetitive DNA. Ascovirus and iridovirus genomes were methylated and one, DpAV4, had the highest degree of methylation of any reported animal DNA virus. The major differences in the physical and biochemical characteristics of ascoviruses and iridoviruses reported here provide a foundation for further studies of their relatedness while making their possible close relationship and divergence during evolution of even greater interest.

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Adams, Byron, Jean-François Silvain, and Orville Marti. "Speciation in the Acugutturidae (Nematoda: Aphelenchida)." Nematology 4, no. 4 (2002): 489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854102760290473.

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AbstractEctoparasitic nematodes (Acugutturus, Vampyronema and Noctuidonema) of the family Acugutturidae from 13 species of Lepidoptera (moths) and one species of Blattodea (cockroaches) were collected, measured and analysed by discriminant analysis in order to identify conspecifics and to determine which morphological characters were useful in defining differences between nematodes on different host species. The position of the excretory pore posterior to the metacorpus clearly differentiates Acugutturus parasiticus from Noctuidonema and Vampyronema. Two populations of A. parasiticus on Periplaneta americana from the West Indian islands of St Lucia and Guadeloupe are conspecific. Nematodes resembling Vampyronema, collected from two genera of Sphingidae in Guadeloupe are characterised by extremely long stylets, equal to ca 37% of the body length, and may represent a new genus. Noctuidonema from four species of Spodoptera (Noctuidae) are conspecific. However, a somewhat different Noctuidonema from the noctuid Pseudaletia unipuncta may represent a new species, based primarily on its shorter stylet length. Simple spicule structure, a smaller V percentage, and a shorter stylet in Vampyronema are characters that best define its differences from Noctuidonema. Nematodes on the noctuids Anicla infecta and Eulepidotis addens probably represent two new species of Vampyronema. There was no clear differentiation between nematodes on the noctuids Mocis disseverans, M. latipes, Agrapha oxygramma and Orthodes crenulata, and they are all probably conspecific with V.dibolia. Thus far, Noctuidonema has been found only on the trifine noctuids Spodoptera and Pseudaletia, whereas Vampyronema has been found on both trifine and quadrifine noctuids. We found evidence for sequential evolution, but not co-evolution, between these ectoparasitic nematodes and their lepidopteran hosts.

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Thomson, L. J., D. C. Glenn, and A. A. Hoffmann. "Effects of sulfur on Trichogramma egg parasitoids in vineyards: measuring toxic effects and establishing release windows." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 8 (2000): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00074.

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Trichogramma parasitoids are a commonly released biological control agent against Lepidopteran pests. In vineyards in south-eastern Australia, Trichogramma carverae is released to control lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), a pest of grapevines. Sulfur is also sprayed on the vines to control powdery mildew and mites. Our experiments aimed to assess the potential impact of sulfur use on released and resident Trichogramma species (T. carverae, T. funiculatum) and to devise a protocol to maximise the potential of Trichogramma and optimally integrate the use of chemicals with biocontrol. Laboratory and field studies indicate that sulfur is harmful to adults and to immature stages contained within hosts where it increases mortality and reduces fitness of the emerged wasps. Persistence trials showed that release of Trichogramma 6 days after sulfur spraying will reduce the effects on released organisms. To reduce the impact on resident Trichogramma, other chemicals will need to be used.

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Getu, E., W. A. Overholt, E. Kairu, and C. O. Omwega. "Evidence of the establishment of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of cereal stemborers, and its host range expansion in Ethiopia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 2 (April 2003): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003226.

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AbstractThree lepidopteran cereal stemborers, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae), Busseola fusca Fuller, and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) were collected from maize and sorghum in Ethiopia. The noctuid stemborers are indigenous to Africa while C. partellus is an introduced species from Asia. In 1999, the Asian stemborer parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Braconidae) was found to be widespread in Ethiopia, even though it had never been released in the country. In addition to attacking Chilo partellus, Cotesia flavipes was reared from B. fusca and S. calamistis. The origin of C. flavipes in Ethiopia may have been Somalia where it was released in 1997 near the border with eastern Ethiopia. Percent parasitism of borers by C. flavipes was higher in eastern Ethiopia than other surveyed regions, and parasitism was higher in 2000 than 1999. Parasitism was higher when cereals were intercropped with other plants and when wild grass hosts of stemborers were present.

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McClintock, J. Thomas, and Charles F. Reichelderfer. "In Vivo Treatment of a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Autographa californica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Chemical Mutagens: Determination of Changes in Virulence in Four Lepidopteran Hosts." Environmental Entomology 14, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/14.6.691.

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Yang, Fei-Ying, Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed Saqib, Jun-Hui Chen, Qian-Qian Ruan, Liette Vasseur, Wei-Yi He, and Min-Sheng You. "Differential Profiles of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Associated with Host Shift of Plutella xylostella." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 30, 2020): 6283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176283.

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Evolutionary and ecological forces are important factors that shape gut microbial profiles in hosts, which can help insects adapt to different environments through modulating their metabolites. However, little is known about how gut microbes and metabolites are altered when lepidopteran pest species switch hosts. In the present study, using 16S-rDNA sequencing and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, we analyzed the gut microbiota and metabolites of three populations of Plutella xylostella: one feeding on radish (PxR) and two feeding on peas (PxP; with PxP-1 and PxP-17 being the first and 17th generations after host shift from radish to peas, respectively). We found that the diversity of gut microbes in PxP-17 was significantly lower than those in PxR and PxP-1, which indicates a distinct change in gut microbiota after host shift. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the functions of energy metabolism, signal transduction, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were increased in PxP-17, suggesting their potential roles in host adaptation. Metabolic profiling showed a significant difference in the abundance of gut metabolites between PxR and PxP-17, and significant correlations of gut bacteria with gut metabolites. These findings shed light on the interaction among plants, herbivores, and symbionts, and advance our understanding of host adaptation associated with gut bacteria and metabolic activities in P. xylostella.

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Kim, Ju Il, Min Kwon, Si Hyeock Lee, and Yonggyun Kim. "Parasitism and survival rate of Diadegma fenestrale (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and DfIV gene expression patterns in two lepidopteran hosts." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 459, no. 4 (April 2015): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.150.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lepidopteran hosts'

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