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1
McMullen, John George II. "Comparative Phenotypic and Genomics Approaches Provide Insight into the Tripartite Symbiosis of Xenorhabdus bovienii with Steinernema Nematode and Lepidopteran Insect Hosts." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/596124.
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Nematodes are highly diverse animals capable of interacting with almost every other form of life on Earth from general trophic interactions to intimate and persistent symbiotic associations. Much of their recognition originates from their various parasitic lifestyles. From an agricultural standpoint, plant parasitic nematodes are widely known for the destruction they can cause to crop plants, such as the case of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, or livestock animals, like the Trichinella spiralis, which infects pigs and other animals. From a human health perspective, nematodes can cause many debilitating diseases, for example Wuchereria bancrofti, which is a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis. However, not all parasitic nematodes have bad implications for human health. For instance, the diverse interactions of insect parasitic nematodes can be used to our benefit. Many of these species have been considered as biological control alternatives to different insect pests that wreak havoc on human, animal, and plant health. There still remain many questions surrounding their evolution, ecology, and physiological capabilities. Many of these taxa are hard to cultivate in the lab due to their complex and intimate lifestyles. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are of great interest in agriculture because they vector insect pathogenic bacteria, which are capable of causing death to an insect host within 48 hours post-infection. Much of the molecular underpinnings in this system still remain to be discovered, from understanding the basic ability of these two organisms to associate with one another to genetically engineering more robust and host specific pathogens for application in the field. The focus of the research presented herein is on Steinernematidae nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. Specifically, it focused on the relationship between Xenorhabdus bovienii and its Steinernema hosts. Bioassays were designed to investigate insect virulence of X. bovienii alone in two Lepidoptera insect species with known differential susceptibility to Steinernema-Xenorhabdus pairs. A comparative genomic analysis was performed to compare different Xenorhabdus bovienii strains with observed variation in insect virulence. Results from this analysis demonstrated that virulent strains possess a type VI secretion system (T6SS) locus that is completely absent in strains with attenuated virulence. Bacterial competition assays between T6SS+ and T6SS- strains suggest this locus is involved in bacterial competition. Additionally, symbiont preference assays were carried out to investigate whether Steinernema hosts are able to discern between virulent and attenuated X. bovienii strains. Results from these assays revealed that Steinernema nematodes are able to distinguish between cognate and non-cognate X. bovienii symbionts, giving preference to virulent strains over those with attenuated virulence. Altogether these results provide further evidence that supports the notion that symbiont-switching events have occurred over the Steinernema-Xenorhabdus co-evolutionary history. Specifically, the competitive virulence of certain X. bovienii strains may have conferred them the ability to be selected by different Steinernema hosts, therefore contributing to the success of the nematode-bacterium partnership in being pathogenic to diverse insect hosts.
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Hauxwell, Irene Caroline. "Evaluation of potential baculovirus insecticides : studies of the infection process and host susceptibility." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312316.
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Allen, Geoffrey Rowland. "Behaviour and ecology of the primary parasitoids Cotesia urabae and Dolichogenidia eucalypti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and their host Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Title page, contents and preface only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha425.pdf.
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Hatcher, P. E. "Host plants and nutrition in conifer-feeding Lepidoptera." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234738.
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Engler, Helene Sari. "Chemical ecology of passion vine butterflies : sequestration of cyanogenic glycosides and patterns of host plant specialization by Heliconius butterflies /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Hicks, Joseph Paul. "The ecology of host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions in natural lepidopteran populations." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11447/.
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Understanding population dynamics and the biotic and abiotic processes that drive and influence them is one the most fundamental issues in ecology, and is vital for successful ecological management of populations in the face of global environmental change. Species interactions influence population processes, and natural enemies in particular can have important impacts on vital rates, and are thought to be capable of population regulation. This thesis investigated the host-natural enemy interactions and spatio-temporal dynamics of two Lepidoptera-parasitoid-pathogen communities, which were used as model systems in which to explore these issues. Using multi-year field data, potentially regulatory delayed density-dependent pathogen mortality was demonstrated in both the cyclical Operophtera brumata, but also unexpectedly in the non-cyclical Abraxas grossulariata. In addition, there was evidence that increasing temperature-related climatic conditions negatively influenced the interactions of O. brumata and its pathogen. Immune functioning was investigated in wild populations of the non-cyclical A. grossulariata, and unexpectedly found to be influenced by population density. Evidence consistent with trans-generational immune costs from defence against parasitism were also found. Scale-dependent effects of habitat fragmentation were investigated in the A. grossulariata-natural enemy community, and were found to have direct negative effects on host density at both small and large spatial scales, indirect negative effects on virus mortality at the largest scale, and, unexpectedly, direct positive effects on parasitism at small and medium scales. Finally, it was found that spatial population synchrony in O. brumata at the scale of Britain may be due to spatially correlated environmental processes, but that unlike O. brumata populations within mainland Europe there was no evidence for travelling waves in abundance within British populations, either driven by the mainland European travelling waves or occurring separately. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of current research, and potential areas for future research are also addressed.
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Drès, Michele Anne. "Gene flow between host races of the larch budmoth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249462.
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Nygren, Georg H. "Latitudinal patterns in butterfly life history and host plant choice /." Stockholm : Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-631.
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Davis, A. J. "The host finding behaviour of the parasitoids of lepidopteran Larvae feeding on stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.)." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380290.
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Nelson, Abigail J. "Host Densities and Parasitism Rates in a Forest Defoliator Across a Rural-Urban Landscape." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4483.
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Fall cankerworm (FCW) outbreaks have recently increased in frequency and intensity in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, especially around cities of Charlotte, NC and Richmond, VA. This study evaluated the effects of two landscape features associated with urbanization, impervious surface and forest cover, on population patterns of FCW and its parasitoids across eastern Virginia. Forest cover was positively related to parasitism rates while impervious surface was positively related to FCW abundance, suggesting that FCW outbreaks may be amplified in urban areas. FCW abundance declined over the two-year period of this study, but parasitism rate increased at most sites. Parasitism was highest at sites that experienced FCW outbreaks first, indicating that parasitoid populations are responding to moth abundances. It remains to be seen whether this outbreak was an aberrant occurrence, or represents a regime shift to more frequent defoliation in Virginia, similar to that in North Carolina urban areas.
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Rogers, Devon A. "Crambinae (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) of Ohio: Characterization, Host Associations and Revised Species Accounts." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408548889.
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Stuhl, Charles J. "Identifying host-strain behavioral differences of fall armyworm in Florida (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008964.
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Hunter, Alison F. (Alison Fiona). "Synchrony with host leaf emergence as a component of population dynamics in lepidopteran folivores." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70287.
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The connection between variable synchrony of insect eclosion with host budburst and variability in insect densities was investigated. Experiments with gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) larvae determined the duration of acceptable foliage after budbreak of nine hardwood species. Four competing conceptual models of environmental influences on the timing of budburst were compared and evaluated. The best budburst model was combined with an eclosion model to estimate the frequency of asynchrony and its correlation with density. Synchrony with budburst has a smaller effect than weather after hatch, on the population size of the gypsy moth, but neither is the driving force behind density changes. However, comparison of traits of 300 species of Macrolepidoptera showed that 50% of outbreak species, but only 24% of nonoutbreak species begin feeding at the time of budburst; this suggests a stronger relation between synchrony and population dynamics than was found with the gypsy moth.
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Lopes, Carolina Schultz. "Regulação do desenvolvimento e resposta imune de lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) por Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-16092008-161549/.
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Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hym.: Braconidae), como outros cenobiontes, é capaz de regular seu hospedeiro, criando um ambiente que sustenta e promove o desenvolvimento de suas larvas, comumente em detrimento do hospedeiro. Substâncias derivadas do trato reprodutivo das fêmeas (proteínas ovarianas, veneno e polidnavírus) são injetadas no hospedeiro, afetando a resposta imune e outros processos fisiológicos com o propósito de regular os níveis hormonais, nutrição e comportamento. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o papel dessas substâncias no crescimento e desenvolvimento de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), e avaliar como o parasitismo afeta a resposta imune do hospedeiro. Todas as substâncias derivadas da fêmea foram obtidas após a dissecação do parasitóide, através da coleta do reservatório de veneno ou dos ovários (proteínas ovarianas e polidnavírus) em tampão resfriado. As secreções foram processadas adequadamente e injetadas logo após a coleta. O veneno e as proteínas ovarianas + polidnavírus (PDV) foram injetados juntos ou separadamente em lagartas entre 0-12h do 6º instar. O efeito de cada um dos componentes isolados do parasitóide no desenvolvimento e crescimento do hospedeiro foi avaliado através de observações no ganho de peso, duração e viabilidade da fase larval e pupal. Os efeitos do parasitismo na resposta imune do hospedeiro foram avaliados tanto ao nível celular, através da contagem do número total de hemócitos e capacidade de encapsulação, como ao nível bioquímico, medindo-se a ativação da profenoloxidase e produção de óxido nítrico na hemolinfa das lagartas de D. saccharalis em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento do parasitóide (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 e 9 dias após o parasitismo). As proteínas ovarianas do parasitóide e o PDV sozinho, ou co-injetado com o veneno, suspenderam o desenvolvimento larval do hospedeiro, enquanto que o veneno, sozinho, afetou o processo de metamorfose. A resposta imune do hospedeiro também foi afetada por C. flavipes, de maneira dependente do tempo. Lagartas parasitadas apresentaram declínio no número total de hemócitos a partir do 3º dia e a capacidade de encapsulação foi afetada ao longo do desenvolvimento do parasitóide. A atividade da fenoloxidase do hospedeiro foi alterada apenas no final do desenvolvimento imaturo do parasitóide, enquanto que o óxido nítrico foi afetado nas 24 h iniciais após parasitismo.Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hym., Braconidae), as other koinobionts, is capable of regulating the host development to produce an suitable host environment to sustain and promote its own larval development at the host expenses. Female-derived substances from the reproductive tract (ovarian proteins, venom, polydnavirus) are injected into the host, affecting the host immune response and other physiological processes aiming to regulate the host hormone levels, nutrition and behavior. Our goal was to evaluate the role of these substances on Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) growth and development, and how the parasitism affects the host immune response. All female-derived substances were collected after parasitoid dissection by collecting the venom reservoir or the ovaries (ovarian proteins and polydnavirus). Dissections were carried out in ice-cold buffer, collected tissues were processed accordingly and the desired substances injected immediately after collection. Venom and ovarian proteins+polydnavirus (PDV) were injected jointly and separated in 0-12 hold 6th instars of D. saccharalis. The effect of these substances on host development and growth was evaluated by measuring the host weight gain, larval and pupal survivorship and developmental time. The effects of the parasitism on the host immune response was evaluated either at the cellular level, by measuring the total hemocyte count and the encapsulation capacity, and at the biochemical level, by measuring the prophenoloxidase activity and nitric oxide levels at different stages of parasitoid development (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days after parasitism). Parasitoid ovarian proteins and PDV alone or co-injected with the venom arrested the host larval development, while the venom by itself only affected the host metamorphosis process. The host immune response was also affected by C. flavipes at a time-dependent manner. The total hemocyte count dropped at day 3 of parasitism, while the host encapsulation capacity was reduced during parasitoid development. The host prophenoloxidase activity was also affected mainly towards the end of parasitoid larval development, while the nitric oxide at the first 24 h after parasitism.
15
Leppik, Ene. "Reproductive isolation and host plant specialization in European corn borer pheromone strains." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980568.
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The present PhD study investigates the aspect of chemical ecology in the European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, Lepidoptera: Crambidae): pherotypes reproductive isolation and host plant specialisation.All the experiences were designed to have ecologically relevant information about the chemical signals released or perceived by ECB moth during the reproduction period. Most of the work was conducted close to natural conditions and taking into account all the behavioural traits of ECB.First we investigated what can be the chemical landscape of maize field for host-seeking ECB moth. The whole volatile blends that make up the olfactory environment of maize field biotope was identified according to the ECB oviposition behaviour (Paper I). Secondly taking into account the diel periodicity of ECB behaviour we studied the diel changes of volatile profiles released from maize plant and from maize field (Paper II). Thirdly, we studied the process of host fidelity within the ECB host plants. The volatiles released from different host plants at the time of ECB oviposition flight were identified and the oviposition behaviour was studied in wind tunnel to evidence the host plant preferences of ovipositing females (Paper III). Fourthly, we address the question on assortative mating in ECB pherotypes and we investigated the chemical signals involved in the reproductive isolation in ECB pherotypes. We focused on the male pheromone produced by hairpencils and on courtship behaviour (Paper IV).
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Rebe, Makhosandile. "Lepidoptera stem borers on cultivated and wild host plants : implications of insect-plant interactions for pest management." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28637.
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Geraldo, Mariana. "Larvas de Geometridae (Lepidoptera) e seus parasitoides em sub-bosque nativo na Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2046.
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Geometridae larvae and their parasitoids were surveyed in a understory at Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, SP. Larvae were colected among April 2009 to April 2010, with an entomological umbrella in 18 native species plants. It obtained 863 larvae including 46 species and 24 genera belong to majority the Ennominae. The Larentiinae and Sterrhinae subfamilies were also represented for Eois and Cyclophora, respectively. The Ennominae genus obtained were: Certima, Glena, Herbita, Hymenomima, Iridopsis, Ischnopteris, Isochromodes, Lomographa, Macaria, Melanolophia, Microgonia, Microxydia, Nematocampa, Oxydia, Patalene, Pero, Phyllodonta, Physocleora, Prochoerodes, Sabulodes, Thyrinteina and Trotopera. Macaria rigidata was the more abundant species which represented 31%. It recorded 174 parasitized larvae from which 337 parasitoids emerged. They are distributed among Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) and Diptera, with Hymenoptera predominance. The obtained parasitoids were: Diolcogaster, Protapanteles, Glyptapanteles, Aleiodes, (Braconidae), Casinaria, Charops, Cryptophion, Diradops, Dusona, Jomine, Neotheronia, Podogaster, Polycyrtus, Mesochorinae (Ichneumonidae), Euplectrus (Eulophidae) and Tachinidae (Diptera). It recorded new parasitoids species of the genus: Diradops, Jomine and Neotheronia (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Geometridae larvae were present throughout the collection period and had increased occurrence at the end of rainy season.
Foi realizado um levantamento de larvas de Geometridae e de seus parasitoides em um subbosque localizado na Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, SP. As larvas foram coletadas, no período de abril de 2009 a abril de 2010, por meio de guarda-chuva entomológico em 18 espécies de plantas nativas. Foram coletadas 863 larvas incluindo 46 espécies e 24 gêneros pertencentes na maioria aos Ennominae. As subfamílias Larentiinae e Sterrhinae foram também representadas, respectivamente com os gêneros Eois e Cyclophora. Os gêneros de Ennominae obtidos foram: Certima, Glena, Herbita, Hymenomima, Iridopsis, Ischnopteris, Isochromodes, Lomographa, Macaria, Melanolophia, Microgonia, Microxydia, Nematocampa, Oxydia, Patalene, Pero, Phyllodonta, Physocleora, Prochoerodes, Sabulodes, Thyrinteina e Trotopera. A espécie mais abundante foi Macaria rigidata que representou 31%. Foram registradas 174 larvas parasitadas das quais emergiram 337 parasitoides distribuídos em Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) e Diptera, com a predominância de Hymenoptera. Os parasitoides obtidos foram: Diolcogaster, Protapanteles, Glyptapanteles, Aleiodes, (Braconidae), Casinaria, Charops, Cryptophion, Diradops, Dusona, Jomine, Neotheronia, Podogaster, Polycyrtus, Mesochorinae (Ichneumonidae), Euplectrus (Eulophidae) e Tachinidae (Diptera). Foram registradas novas espécies de parasitoides dos gêneros: Diradops, Jomine e Neotheronia (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). As larvas de Geometridae estiveram presentes em todo o período de coleta e apresentaram maior ocorrência no final do período chuvoso.
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Rojas-Leon, Julio Cesar. "Host-finding and oviposition behaviour of the cabbage-moth, Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389054.
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Fisher, Arthur Edwin Iain. "Host tree and competitor effects on the birch-leaf mining genus Eriocrania (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322472.
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Graham, Robert I. "The impact of viral pathogens upon host lepidopteran populations : the Winter moth and its natural enemies." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427074.
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Kuriachan, Indira. "Improvements in in vitro rearing methods of Toxoneuron nigriceps (viereck) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3745.
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This project focused on improving the in vitro rearing methods of Toxoneuron
nigriceps, an important biological control agent of Heliothis virescens, by supplementing
the rearing media with the host hemolymph. T. nigriceps larvae of different ages were
incubated in the artificial rearing media. The growth (increase in length and width),
development (molting), and survival of the incubated larvae were observed. Changes in
osmotic pressure of the rearing media before and after incubation were evaluated. The
protein profiles of day 1, 3 and 5 hemolymph samples of the parasitized and
unparasitized H. virescens fifth instar larvae, used in the artificial rearing media, were
determined.
Host hemolymph improved the growth and development of T. nigriceps larvae in
the artificial rearing media except in the case of new and early first instar larvae.
Osmotic pressure of all media showed a significant decrease after the incubation of the
larvae except media incubated with the new first instar larvae indicating that the older
larvae absorbed and utilized more of the nutrients from the rearing media than the
younger larvae. Growth and development was higher in the semisolid media than in the
liquid media. In the artificial rearing media, the late first instar T. nigriceps larvae
molted to second instars and a few of them molted to third instars. The early and late
second instar larvae incubated in the artificial media also grew well and molted to third
instars. Some of the in vitro reared third instar larvae demonstrated behavioral changes
that could be expressed as the preparation for cocoon formation or pupation, however
neither a cocoon nor pupation occurred.
No qualitative differences in the protein titers were detected between hemolymph
of the parasitized and unparasitized fifth instar H. virescens larvae. There was a
significant increase in the protein concentration in both unparasitized and parasitized H.
virescens larvae as the age increased. This increase in the protein concentration showed
a positive effect on the growth and development of T. nigriceps larvae indicating that
availability of nutrients was an important factor for the growth of T. nigriceps larvae
in vitro.
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Bucheli, Sibyl Rae. "Systematics of the megadiverse superfamily gelechioidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera)." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1124119415.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 389 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 332-345). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Aguirre-Gil, Oniel Jeremías [UNESP]. "Aspectos biológicos de Microcharops anticarsiae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitando Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144687.
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Outra
Microcharops anticarsiae é um eficiente parasitoide da lagarta-dasoja Anticarsia gemmatalis que, também, parasita lagartas de outras espécies como Chrysodeixis includens e Spodoptera eridania. O objetivo do trabalho foi (1) determinar o ínstar larval de A. gemmatalis preferencialmente parasitado por M. anticarsiae a partir de lagartas coletadas em campo, (2) determinar o efeito de criações sucessivas de M. anticarsiae nos parâmetros biológicos do parasitoide e (3) determinar o efeito da soja transgênica sobre a longevidade de adultos do parasitoide. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas de 2014/15 e 2015/16 na FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Para a coleta das lagartas em campo, foram semeadas duas áreas de soja transgênica, uma tolerante ao herbicida glifosato e a outra resistente a insetos. Os resultados indicam que (1) M. anticarsiae preferiu parasitar lagartas de A. gemmatalis de primeiro e segundo ínstar em soja tolerante ao glifosato em campo, (2) não houve diferenças nos parâmetros biológicos de M. anticarsiae criado durante três gerações sucessivas em laboratório e (3) a longevidade total de M. anticarsiae e a longevidade de fêmeas foi mais longa em soja tolerante ao glifosato e a longevidade dos machos foi mais curta em ambas as sojas, tolerante ao glifosato e resistente a insetos. Finalmente, conclui-se que M. anticarsiae parasita lagartas de A. gemmatalis de primeiro e segundo ínstar em campo, que os parâmetros biológicos de M. anticarsiae não são afetados quando criados durante três gerações em laboratório e que a soja resistente a insetos afeta negativamente a longevidade dos machos de M. anticarsiae.
Microcharops anticarsiae is an efficient parasitoid of Anticarsiagemmatalis and also parasitizes larvae of other species such as Chrysodeixis includens and Spodoptera eridania. This work aimed to (1) determine the larval ínstar of A. gemmatalis preferentially parasitized by M. anticarsiae from larvae collected in the field, (2) determine the effect of successive laboratory rearings of M. anticarsiae in the biological parameters of the parasitoid, and (3) determine the effect of transgenic soybean in the longevity of adults of the parasitoid. the experiments were carried out in the seasons 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 in the FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Two areas were sown with transgenic soybean, the first one tolerant to glyphosate and the second one resistant to insects. The results indicate that (1) M. anticarsiae preferred to parasitize A. gemmatalis larvae on the first and second larval ínstar in soybean tolerant to glyphosate in the field, (2) there were not differences in the biological parameters of M. anticarsiae reared during three successive laboratory rearings, and (3) the longevity total of M. anticarsiae and longevity of females was longer in soybean tolerant to glyphosate and the longevity of males was shorter in soybean tolerant to glyphosate and resistant to insects. Finally, we conclude that M. anticarsiae parasitize first and second ínstar larvae of A. gemmatalis in the field, the biological parameters of M. anticarsiae are not affected when reared during three generations in the laboratory, and the soybean resistant to insects affects negatively the longevity of males M. anticarsiae.
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Kunkel, Brian A. "Plant Fungal Endosymbionts Alter Host-Parasite Relationships Between Generalist Herbivores (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and An Entomopathogenic Nematode." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1047328087.
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Gaines, David N. "Seasonal abundance and biology of hyperparasites and their hosts associated with Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in the Brassica crop system." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06102009-063101/.
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Ansebo, Lena. "Odour perception in the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera torticidae): from brain to behaviour /." Alnarp : Dept. of Crop Science, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a474.pdf.
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Marques, Paulo. "Differences in male scent in the two host associated strains of spodoptera frugiperda and evidence of mate discrimination by females." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1072776712.
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Hitimana, Nicolas. "Host plant finding by Acraea acerata Hew. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), the sweet potato butterfly : implications for pest management." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28237.
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Phytophagous insects such as lepidopteran species utilise both olfactory and visual cues to locate their host-plants used as mating or oviposition sites, shelter or food. Larvae of Acraea acerata feed on sweet potato plant leaves causing more that 50% loss of sweet potato tuber yield in some East African countries. Attempting to elaborate a management strategy to control A. acerata suitable to a tropical resource-poor farming system, it was essential to investigate how the butterfly finds its hosts-plants. The results of a wind tunnel bioassay using glass-screened, muslin-screened and non-screened sweet potato plants suggested that sweet potato plant volatiles play an important role in attracting A. acerata to its host-plant. This was supported by both the distance moved by female A. acerata towards muslin-screened plants (olfactory cues) and the percentage of butterflies which landed on the screen. Visual stimuli seemed to have a negative effect. The attractiveness of sweet potato plant volatiles to A. acerata was later confirmed by the use of volatiles collected by headspace entrainment from sweet potato plants. The main components of sweet potato plant volatiles were tentatively identified by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography coupled with Spectrometry) analysis and electrophysiological responses were recorded for some of them. Compared to ethylbenzene, 3-carene and (-) trans-caryophyllene, 3-hexen-1-ol,(Z), a general green leaf alcohol, elicited far more substantial EAG (electroantennogram) responses in A. acerata. This result suggested that A. acerata might well respond to a specific blend of volatiles made up of the different chemical components of sweet potato plant volatiles instead of one or two specific chemical components. Considering the important role of sweet potato plant volatiles in attracting A. acerata, a number of plants reported to be repellent to herbivorous insects were mixed with sweet potato plants and screened for repelling/disorienting of female A. acerata in olfactometer and wind tunnel bioassays.
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Bruce, Toby Johann. "The olfactory basis for attraction of the bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to host-plant flowers." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2000. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8306/.
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The objective of this work was to investigate whether or not olfactory clues play a role in host plant location by the polyphagous moth, Helicoverpa armigera. Volatiles collected from flowers of African marigold, Tagetes erecta, and sweet pea, Lathyrus odouratus, were found to elicit electroantennographic (EAG) responses from the antennae of female H. armigera. Compounds active in GC-EAG analyses of T. erecta floral headspace samples, identified by GC-MS and comparison of retention times on polar and non-polar GC columns with authentic standards, were (E)-myroxide, benzaldehyde, (f)-linalool, phenylacetaldehyde and (-)- piperitone. EAG-active compounds in L. odouratus floral headspace samples were identified as diacetone, (-)-linalool, phenylacetaldehdyde and benzyl alcohol. Increases in upwind flight to air entrained extracts of floral odours indicated that these cues caused attraction when presented to female H. armigera. A synthetic T. erecta blend comprising benzaldehyde, (f)- linalool, phenylacetaldehyde and (+)-limonene gave significant increases in upwind flight approaches. Limonene (either (+)- or (-)-) was found to be important for the behavioural response despite having low EAG-activity. There was no significant difference in upwind flight response to odours from the live flower and the synthetic floral blend. Significant increases in upwind flight were also obtained when insects were presented with a synthetic L. odouratus blend which contained the four EAG-active compounds identified from GCEAG studies. In field trapping experiments in Israel there was a significant difference in H. armigera catches in traps with a standard 4-component T. erecta lure compared with unbaited traps over the whole season. Mean H. armigera catch per trap per night (both sexes) over the whole season in unbaited traps, floral odour traps, pheromone traps and light traps were 0.004,0.11,8.8 and 1.35 respectively. The floral baited traps were non-selective catching large numbers of Ilymenoptera and Diptera as well as other moth species. Field trapping experiments in Pakistan indicated that the floral lure was significantly attractive to Earias spp. and other Lepidoptera although very few H. armigera were caught due to low population density. Olfactory cues are discussed in relation to host-plant finding behaviour of H. armigera. They are involved in early stages of host seeking behaviour prior to alighting on the plant and stimulate searching behaviour.
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Favaris, Arodí Prado. "Isolamento do cairomônio de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) responsável pela atração do parasitoide Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-23012017-152532/.
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Cairomônios são semioquímicos envolvidos nas interações interespecíficas dos insetos, que beneficiam o receptor em detrimento do emissor. Uma destas interações envolve a busca hospedeira por parasitoides, que detectam estes compostos como estratégia para localizar seus hospedeiros. No caso do ectoparasitoide larval, Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), o \'frass\' de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) libera um cairomônio que atrai as fêmeas do parasitoide. Considerando que A. kuehniella é muito utilizada para produção de ovos, visando à criação de inimigos naturais, este cairomônio é indesejável, pois acaba favorecendo altas infestações por H. hebetor, podendo causar prejuízos expressivos ao longo do processo. Uma das soluções para o controle de tais infestações poderia ser o emprego de armadilhas com o semioquímico sintético. Entretanto, como o cairomônio ainda não foi identificado, este trabalho teve como objetivo o seu isolamento - a etapa inicial para sua identificação. O cairomônio foi extraído por meio da lavagem com solvente e aeração do \'frass\' de A. kuehniella. Os extratos foram, então, testados em olfatometria de quatro vias com fêmeas do parasitoide, registrando-se o tempo de permanência em cada tratamento. O extrato de lavagem ativo foi fracionado em coluna de sílica em cinco frações, cuja atratividade também foi averiguada para proceder com o isolamento do cairomônio. Os extratos e frações foram então analisados por cromatografia gasosa por ionização em chama (GC-FID) e espectrometria de massas (GC-MS), a fim de localizar compostos exclusivos nas amostras ativas. Além disso, as frações provenientes do extrato de lavagem foram aeradas para a extração de seus compostos voláteis e também analisadas por GC-MS. O cairomônio foi isolado na fração 75% éter, indicando ser um composto polar. Por comparação dos cromatogramas, apenas um pico na coluna HP-5ms foi selecionado como pertencente ao cairomônio. Em coluna Rtx-1ms, o pico bifurcou-se, indicando que, pelo menos, um dos compostos faz parte do cairomônio. As combinações metodológicas deste trabalho conduziram ao isolamento do cairomônio presente no \'frass\' de A. kuehniella e à seleção de pelo menos um composto que compõe o semioquímico responsável pela atração do parasitoide H. hebetor, resultando nas primeiras informações de sua estrutura química para sua futura identificação.Kairomones are semiochemicals involved in interspecific interactions of insects that benefit the receiver to the detriment of the emitter. One of these interactions is host searching by parasitoids which detect these compounds as a strategy to locate their hosts. In the case of the larval ectoparasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the \'frass\' of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) releases a kairomone that attracts females parasitoids. Considering that A. kuehniella has been used for egg production in order to keep natural enemy rearing, this kairomone is undesirable, because it may lead to high H. hebetor infestation and causes important losses during the rearing process. One of the attempts to control these infestations could be the use semiochemical-baited traps. However, as the kairomone is still unidentified, the aim of this work was to isolate it - the first step for its identification. The kairomone was extracted by solvent washing and aeration of A. kuehniella \'frass\'. Then the extracts were tested in a four-way olfactometer with female parasitoids, registering the time taken in each treatment. The active washing extract was fractionated in five fractions in a silica column, and its attractivity was evaluated to proceed to isolation. The extracts and fractions were then analysed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in order to locate exclusive compounds in active samples. Furthermore, the fractions from the washed extract were aerated to extract their volatile compounds that were also analysed by GC-MS. The kairomone was isolated in the 75% ether fraction, indicating that it is a polar compound. Comparing the chromatograms, only one peak on the HP-5ms column was selected as belonging to the kairomone. On the Rtx-1ms column, the peak bifurcated, indicating that at least one of the compounds is part of the kairomone. The methodological combinations of this work provided the isolation of the kairomone present in A. kuehniella \'frass\' and the selection of at least one compound that comprises the semiochemical that attracts H. hebetor parasitoid, resulting in the first source of information about its chemical structure for its future identification.
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Lima, Mauricio Silva de. "Interação do algodoeiro BT submetido ao estresse hídrico e Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/249.
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The genetically modified cotton to produce toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has the objective of offering plant resistance against lepidopteran larvae. The cotton crop cultivated in the Semiarid region can be subjected to the condition of water stress. Thus, this work investigated the expression of the Cry1Ac toxin in two varieties of Bt-cotton Acala 90B and NuOpal cultivated under the conditions of irrigated and water stress. In addition, the oviposition and feeding preference of adults and larvae of the cotton leafworm, Alabama Argillacea (Hübner), caged on these plants were studied. Cotton plants were cultivated under controlled conditions of irrigation to obtain water stress treatment in microparcels inside an open-sided greenhouse. Higher levels of Cry1Ac expression was found on top leaves of Bt-cotton for both varieties under water stress condition, and similar levels between plants with and without water stress in the other plant parts such as bracts, flower petals, and boll. Adults of A. argillacea did not exhibited preference for oviposition between Bt and non-Bt cotton plants. Likewise, 3- and 10-d-old A. argillacea larvae did not show food preference under a choice test comparing leaves of non-Bt and Bt-cotton plants. Otherwise, adults of A. argillacea showed lower oviposition on plants under water stress, and their larvae did not complete development fed non-Bt varieties cultivated under water stress condition. These results indicated that adults and larvae of A. argillacae do not recognize Bt-cotton plants to lay eggs and to feed, respectively. Further, cotton plants under water stress showed greater Cry1Ac toxin concentration on top leaves, interfered with the oviposition of A. argillacea irrespective of plant genotypes Bt and non-Bt, and with the larval development on non-Bt plants.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O algodoeiro geneticamente modificado para a produção de toxinas da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis (=Bt) tem como principal objetivo oferecer a planta resistência contra larvas de lepidópteros. O cultivo do algodoeiro Bt no Semiárido pode estar submetido a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas, principalmente, ao estresse hídrico. Assim, este estudo investigou a produção da toxina Cry1Ac em algodoeiro Bt variedades Acala 90B e NuOpal com plantas submetidas ou não ao estresse hídrico e a preferência para oviposição e alimentação de Alabama Argillacea (Hübner) confinadas sobre essas plantas. Plantas de algodão foram cultivadas em microparcelas em casa telada e submetidas ao controle de irrigação para a obtenção de plantas com estresse hídrico. A produção de Cry1Ac foi maior em folhas de plantas Bt de ambas as variedades submetidas ao estresse hídrico, e similar nas demais partes como brácteas, pétalas e casca de maçãs. Mariposas de A. argillacea não apresentaram preferência para ovipositar entre plantas de algodão Bt e não-Bt. Da mesma forma, as larvas com três ou 10 dias de idade não apresentaram preferência para alimentar em folhas de variedades não-Bt comparadas a Bt, em testes com chance de escolha. Por outro lado, mariposas de A. argillacea preferiram ovipositar em plantas sem estresse hídrico e larvas não completaram o desenvolvimento em plantas não-Bt sob estresse hídrico de ambas as variedades. Estes resultados mostram que tanto mariposas quanto as larvas de A. argillacea não foram capazes de reconhecer plantas de algodão Bt para ovipositar e alimentar, respectivamente. Também, que plantas de algodoeiro submetidas ao estresse hídrico apresentam diferenças quanto à quantidade da toxina Cry1Ac nas folhas, interferiram com a preferência de oviposição de A. argillacea, bem como com o seu desenvolvimento larval.
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Gingras, Daniel. "Effect of artificial and natural plant structures on host searching behavior of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma SPP. (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36939.
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Differences in plant structure and host abundance, distribution and density within and between plants may affect host finding success of searching parasitoids. The main objective of this research consisted in developing and validating a model that can predict parasitism by Trichogramma evanescens on various plant structures. Also, we evaluated the effect of both artificial and natural plant structures on host encountering success and on searching behavior of two species of Trichogramma.Size (S), heterogeneity (H) and connectivity (C) define plant structure. The development of the model of parasitism was based on laboratory experiments using three dimensional artificial plants of different combinations of S, H and C. The model was then validated with experiments, within greenhouse, using natural cruciferous plants of different structures. Significant regressions of observed values of parasitism as a function of those predicted by the model were obtained.
The effect of plant structure on two species of Trichogramma was studied by using three species of Lepidoptera and three structurally different but closely related crucifers. Also the distribution pattern of parasitized eggs according to leaf side and plant height was characterized. A repeated measure ANOVA in time where plant ages defined the repeated measures showed that all three main effects (plant, host, parasitoid) had significant effect on parasitism and only the parasitoid x plant structure interaction was significant. Mean percent of parasitism was higher on cabbage, intermediate on broccoli and lower on Brussels sprouts whereas cabbage appeared to be intermediate in plant structure, broccoli appeared to be the most simple and Brussels sprouts the most complex plant structure. On simple plant structure, both wasp species performed well on the three varieties of plant but T. evanescens outperformed T. pretiosum more often on the various plant structures. A doubly repeated measures ANOVA in space revealed significant effects of leaf side and plant height on parasitism, being greatest under leaf surface and at the base of the plant. The interaction between those two variables was not significant.
The effect of plant structure on searching behavior of T. evanescens was determined by direct observation of individual females searching on simple and complex plant structures during 1 hour. Time, frequence and sequence associated to activities and plant parts explored were obtained and analyzed. Plant structure had significant effect on time budget associated to activities (walking, resting, flying) and plant parts explored.
This study demonstrates that plant structure mediates ecological interactions by affecting host finding success and this may have important implications in population dynamics, evolution of hosts and parasitoids but also in biological control programs.
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Barthel, Andrea [Verfasser], David G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Heckel, Rolf G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Beutel, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Vilcinskas. "Ecological immunology and host plant adaptation in lepidopteran herbivores / Andrea Barthel. Gutachter: David G. Heckel ; Rolf Georg Beutel ; Andreas Vilcinskas." Jena : Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:27-20160107-141924-0.
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Barthel, Andrea [Verfasser], David G. Akademischer Betreuer] Heckel, Rolf G. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Beutel, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Vilcinskas. "Ecological immunology and host plant adaptation in lepidopteran herbivores / Andrea Barthel. Gutachter: David G. Heckel ; Rolf Georg Beutel ; Andreas Vilcinskas." Jena : Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1081366885/34.
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Barthel, Andrea Verfasser], David G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Heckel, Rolf G. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Beutel, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Vilcinskas. "Ecological immunology and host plant adaptation in lepidopteran herbivores / Andrea Barthel. Gutachter: David G. Heckel ; Rolf Georg Beutel ; Andreas Vilcinskas." Jena : Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1081366885/34.
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Godin, Claude 1970. "Seasonal occurrence and parasitism of lepidopterous pests of crucifers, and host age selection by a potential control agent: Trichogramma." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27327.
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During a two years study (1993-1994) in southwestern Quebec, Artogeia rapae and Plutella xylostella were found to be the most important lepidopterous pests of cruciferous crops, followed by Trichoplusia ni and four minor species. The relationship between plant sampling and the use of degree-days, pheromone traps (P. xylostella) or butterflies counts (A. rapae) was assessed for A. rapae and P. xylostella. Three generations of A. rapae were observed annually, with a duration of 319.7 degree-days above $ rm 10 sp circ C (DD sb{10}),$ while P. xylostella had three to four generations with a duration of 277.7 $ rm DD sb{10}.$ Captures of P. xylostella were not linked to the level of infestations. By the end of summer, A. rapae was the most abundant species, especially on broccoli, while P. xylostella was often abundant early in the season. The complex of lepidopterous pests' natural enemies was identified, and the data were analyzed using an illustrated parasitoid web. Fourteen parasitoid and three hyperparasitoid species (12 Hymenoptera, 2 Diptera) were identified. The most important parasitoid, Cotesia rubecula, is a larval parasitoid of A. rapae that is newly established in Quebec. Overall, parasitism of lepidopterous eggs is almost not existent, whereas parasitism and infection of larvae and pupae by pathogens are important, but not significant to reduce butterfly populations. In order to evaluate the potential of oophagous parasitoids, the parasitism of up to 42 species/strains of Trichogramma was studied with different development stages of P. xylostella, A. rapae and T. ni eggs. Generally, Trichogramma females attacked preferably young eggs of a given host species. Females modified the number of offspring according to host size and host age, as fewer offspring emerged from the smallest or the oldest hosts. Host age had no impact on sex allocation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Kariyawasam, Haputhanthri Kankanamge Tharanga Niroshini. "Taxonomy, distribution and pest status of Plutella species (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116545/1/Tharanga%20Niroshini_Kariyawasam%20Haputhanthri%20Kankanamge_Thesis.pdf.
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Plutella xylostella L. is a global pest of cruciferous crops. A new, closely-related Australian taxon, P. australiana, was identified in 2013, with significant potential impacts on market access and on introduction of biological control agents in Australia. Cytochrome oxidase 1 'barcode' sequencing and comparison of the genitalia of adults collected from 3 states in Australia (including Tasmania) and New Zealand identified significant morphological similarity between the two taxa, and two features that can be used to differentiate adult females of the two taxa. Larval collections identified two host plants of P. australiana of potential commercial importance.
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Zimba, Kennedy Josaya. "Using the larval parasitoid, Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for early detection of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infested fruit." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017186.
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Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the major citrus pests of economic importance for South Africa’s citrus industry. It is endemic to Africa, and therefore a phytosanitary pest with zero tolerance by most export markets. The cryptic nature of T. leucotreta makes visual inspection an inefficient method for detecting neonate larvae in fruit in the packhouse. Therefore, a more accurate method for sorting infested fruit at the packhouse, particularly for newly infested fruit could ensure market access. A recent study showed that fruit infested by T. leucotreta emit a chemical profile different from that of a healthy fruit. Several studies provide evidence that parasitoids locate their hosts feeding on fruit by exploiting the novel chemical profiles produced due to host herbivory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using the naturally occurring behaviour of a larval parasitoid Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for detection of T. leucotreta infested fruit, by determining which compound in infested fruit is attractive to parasitoids. Ytube olfactometer and flight-tunnel bioassays with healthy and T. leucotreta infested fruit showed a significantly stronger response of A. bishopi female parasitoids to infested fruit. Among the volatile compounds associated with T. leucotreta infested fruit, D-limonene elicited the strongest attraction to A. bishopi female parasitoids. Attraction of mated A. bishopi female parasitoids to T. leucotreta infested fruit and D-limonene significantly increased after oviposition experience. Behavioural responses of A. bishopi female parasitoids that were associated with T. leucotreta infested fruit were investigated to determine which behaviours are distinct and interpretable. Probing and oviposition behaviours were the most noticeable and were only elicited on infested fruit when parasitoids contacted T. leucotreta frass, indicating that chemical compounds in frass are short-range cues used for final host location. Since production of D-limonene by fruit is elevated due to herbivory by different pests including mechanical injury on fruit, response of A. bishopi female parasitoids to compounds in frass offers a more specific and potentially useful mechanism for development of a detection system for T. leucotreta infested fruit. Chemical analysis of T. leucotreta frass and conditioning A. bishopi parasitoids to respond behaviourally to compounds in frass is proposed.
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Abney, Mark Ray. "Population Dynamics of Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a Host-Species Rich Agroecosystem: Implications for Insecticide Resistance Management." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03302005-113849/.
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A three-year evaluation of crop host utilization by the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was conducted from 2001 to 2003 in the central coastal plain of North Carolina. Monitoring of commercial tobacco and non-Bt cotton fields revealed spatial and temporal patterns of host use, and showed that tobacco budworm may be produced in tobacco throughout the growing season. Small plot trials conducted in 2002 and 2003 demonstrated a strong oviposition preference by tobacco budworm for tobacco when located adjacent to alternate crop hosts. The bodies of individual moths were analyzed for the presence of a cotton-specific analyte, gossypol, using high-pressure liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MSMS). This technique provides a conservative estimate of tobacco budworm production on hosts other than cotton. Analysis of feral moths revealed that <10% of tobacco budworms collected in North Carolina contained gossypol. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analysis of 13C/12C ratios of moths reared on four crop-plant species and two common weed species revealed a range of d13C values within that expected for plants utilizing the C3 photosynthetic pathway. Feral tobacco budworm moths collected over three years were found to have carbon isotope ratios consistent with those having fed on C3 plants. No unique carbon isotope signature was discovered that would enable a reliable determination of natal origin of feral tobacco budworm with current IRMS technology. Dose-mortality studies were conducted in 2004 to determine the susceptibility of two North Carolina strains of tobacco budworm to cypermethrin. LD50 values were 4 and 9 times greater for tobacco budworms collected in June and August respectively than for a susceptible laboratory strain. Foliar applications of pyrethroid insecticides were made to flue-cured tobacco for control of the tobacco budworm in 2001, 2002, and 2003. Pyrethroids provided significant control of tobacco budworm when compared to untreated checks in all three years of the study; however, they were generally less efficacious than the standard insecticides tested.
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Pöykkö, H. (Heikki). "Host range of lichenivorous moths with special reference to nutritional quality and chemical defence in lichens." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:951427959X.
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Abstract
Host use and range of herbivorous insects are determined by several factors, of which nutritional quality and secondary chemistry have been shown to play very important roles. For herbivores feeding on lichens these traits are assumed to be more critical than for species feeding on higher plants, since lichens are nutritionally poor and often contain high concentrations of secondary metabolites. I examined the role of lichens' nutritional quality and secondary chemicals on the performance of lichen-feeding Lepidopteran larvae. I also tested whether females of lichenivorous species preferably oviposit on host species of the highest nutritional quality for the growth of larvae.
Larvae of Eilema depressum performed best on Melanelia exasperata, which is of the highest nutritional quality, as indicated by the high N concentration and the absence of lichen secondary metabolites compared to the other lichens studied. Host nutritional quality did not promote the production of an additional generation. Larvae of E. depressum needed fewer instars and grew bigger on a high-quality diet than larvae reared on a diet of poorer quality. However, the main factor contributing to the wide variation in the number of larval instars was the question of whether or not larvae overwintered. Growth of Cleorodes lichenaria at the beginning of the larval period matched equally the nutritional quality of the hosts. However, the final larval period was shortest on Ramalina species, which was preferred by both females ovipositing their eggs and larvae searching for a host. In the field, larvae were found almost exclusively on Ramalina species.
Larvae of E. depressum were not able to survive on intact thalli of Vulpicida pinastri and Hypogymnia physodes, but after removal of lichen's secondary metabolites, larval survival remained equally high as on other lichens. Larvae also showed a clear preference towards thalli with lowered concentrations of secondary metabolites in Parmelia sulcata, V. pinastri and H. physodes. Parietin in Xanthoria parietina was the only secondary metabolite that had no impact on the survival or host selection of E. depressum larvae.
The present results show that the nutritional quality and some lichen secondary chemicals are important factors for the growth, survival and host selection of lichen-feeding Lepidopteran larvae. The preference-performance hypothesis is at least partly able to explain the host range of C. lichenaria, although it seems that there are also other factors, such as larval dispersal and host selection or top-down forces, that might contribute to host range of lichenivorous Lepidopteran larvae. Moreover, lichenivorous larvae seem to be partly responsible for their own host selection.
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Santos, Natália Larissa da Silva. "Aspectos biológicos de Caligo illioneus (Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae) em espécies de Heliconia (Heliconiaceae)." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2009. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/241.
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The post-embryonic development of Caligo illioneus (Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolinae) feeding on leaves of Heliconia bihai (L.) L. (Heliconiaceae), in laboratory. This study involved the following aspects: determination of larval (duration the instars, in days) and pupal stadia; the sex ratio and the viability of the eggs under laboratory conditions. Eggs and larvaes of C. illioneus were collected in leaves of H. wagneriana Petersen and maintained in the laboratory to register the dates of biological events (hatching, ecdysis, death, pupation and emergence of adults), and larvae behavior. The post-embryonic period (in days, average ± standard error) was 54,58 ± 0,44. The larval period had 40,00 ± 0,43 days and this period were represented by five instars: L1= 7,88 ± 0,23; L2= 6,42 ± 0,16; L3= 5,19 ± 0,25; L4= 7,04 ± 0,19 and L5= 13,46 ± 0,28 (the active larval period was 12,46 ± 0,28 followed by an one day prepupal period). The pupal instar was 14,58 ± 0,20 and the inactive period of the post-embryonic development was 15,58 ± 0,20. Were obtained 26 adults (the sex ratio was 0,46), that represented 56,52% of the eggs viability and 76,47% of the neonates. The morphometric analysis indicates that it is possible estimate the larval development phase based on the width of cephalic capsules, considering intervals values (in mm): L1= 1,457―1,605; L2= 1,951―2,272; L3= 3,139―3,488; L4= 4,970―5,600; L5= 7,423―8,557. The biological control agents, that naturally parasitized the imatures (egg and pupae) of C. illioneus were specimens of Conura maculata (Fabricius, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidini) pupae parasitoids and a singly puparium (Diptera). For one egg were recorded specimens of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Caligo illioneus (Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolinae) alimentando-se de folhas de Heliconia bihai (L.) L. (Heliconiaceae), em laboratório. Este estudo foi desenvolvido visando os seguintes aspectos: a determinação dos estádios (duração de instares, em dias) dos períodos larval e pupal; a razão sexual e a viabilidade dos ovos, em condições de laboratório. Ovos e larvas de C. illioneus foram coletados em folhas de H. wagneriana Petersen e acompanhados em laboratório para o registro dos eventos biológicos (eclosão, ecdises, mortes, pupação e emergência dos adultos) e observação do com portamento de cinco larvas. O período pós-embrionário teve uma duração (média ± erro-padrão), em dias de 54,58 ± 0,44. O período larval foi de 40,00 ± 0,43 dias, sendo representado por cinco instares: L1= 7,88 ± 0,23; L2= 6,42 ± 0,16; L3= 5,19 ± 0,25; L4= 7,04 ± 0,19 e L5= 13,46 ± 0,28 (sendo o período larval ativo de 12,46 ± 0,28, seguido de apenas um dia de prepupa). O período pupal foi de 14,58 ± 0,20 e o período inativo do desenvolvimento pós-embrionário foi de 15,58 ± 0,20. Ao final do acompanhamento, foram obtidos 26 adultos (razão sexual de 0,46), o que representou uma viabilidade de 56,52% do total de ovos e de 76,47% dos neonatos obtidos. A análise morfométrica demonstrou que a indicação da fase de desenvolvimento larval de C. illioneus pode ser realizada com base na largura das cápsulas cefálicas, considerando os seguintes intervalos (em mm): L1= 1,457―1,605; L2= 1,951―2,272; L3= 3,139―3,488; L4= 4,970―5,600; L5= 7,423―8,557). Os agentes de controle biológico que naturalmente parasitaram os imaturos (ovo e pupa) da espécie C. illioneus foram parasitóides de pupa: Conura maculata (Fabricius, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidini) e um único pupário de Diptera. Apenas um ovo estava parasitado por espécimes da família Eulophidae (Hymenoptera).
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D'Cunha, Reju Francis. "Impact of host plants on the efficacy of nucleopolyhedrovirus as a biopesticide against insect pest Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2007. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6146/.
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The present study evaluated the effect of three host plants: chickpea, Cicer arietinum, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, on the efficacy of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV). The results showed that HearNPV was inactivated within one hour when sprayed on to the leaf surface of chickpea indicating that leaf surface factors on this plant were responsible for the effect. In contrast, virus that has been sprayed onto the leaf surface of cotton and tomato was not significantly affected compared to untreated HearNPV. This study also showed that HearNPV was inactivated on the chickpea leaf surface in field experiments. One compound was shown to be induced on the chickpea leaf surface in response to spraying with 0.02% Triton X-100 which was used as a surfactant. The induced compound was isolated and identified as sissotrin, and isoflavonoid. Sissotrin was shown to reduce the efficacy of HearNPV, although not by as much as when the virus was exposed to the chickpea leaf surface. The results indicated that sissotrin was partially responsible for the inactivation of HearNPV and that other compounds which accumulated on the leaf surface after spraying with HearNPV must also have an additional effect in combination with sissotrin. This is the first study to show that isoflavonoids reduce the efficacy of baculovirus against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Field trials were also conducted with different low cost additives mixed with HearNPV on chickpea crop and these increased the efficacy and persistence of HearNPV under field conditions. This study may therefore help to improve biopesticide based pest management on chickpea.
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Bogahawatte, Chitra N. L. "Glasshouse and field studies of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on host plant resistance in Brassica and biological control." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259920.
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Geraldo, Mariana. "Geometridae (Lepidoptera) e Hymenoptera parasitoides em área de Mata Estacional Semidecídua na Estação Ecológica de Jataí, Luiz Antônio - SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/9304.
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Larvae of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) were obtained with an entomological umbrella, from October 2013 to September 2015, in two areas of semi-deciduous forest (Mata/Cerradão and Mata) at Estação Ecológica de Jataí, Luiz Antônio, São Paulo state. The larvae of Geometridae were kept in the laboratory until the adult or parasitoid emergence. Especimens of the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae were obtained, from January 2014 to February 2015, with two Malaise traps located in the same local of collection of Geometridae larvae. The material obtained in the Malaise traps was sorted, the individuals of the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae were identified in subfamily level and the Microgastrinae, Cheloninae and Rogadinae, Campopleginae and Mesochorinae subfamilies were identified at the genus level. A total of 416 larvae of Geometridae weas collected, 190 in the Mata/Cerradão stretch and 226 in the Mata stretch, of which, 52 and 39, respectively, were parasitized. Among the Geometridae, the subfamily Ennominae was represented by individuals of 14 genera (Argyrotome, Glena, Hymenomima, Iridopsis, Ischnopteris, Lomographa, Macaria, Nepheloleuca, Patalene, Phrygionis, Physocleora, Prochoerodes, Rhomboptila and Trotopera), the subfamily Larentiinae by four (Eubaphe, Eupithecia, Euphyia and Pterocypha) and the subfamily Sterrhinae by two (Cyclophora and Idaea). A total of 91 larvae of Geometridae, from 11 genera, were obtained parasitized by 198 parasitoids. The parasitoids obtained belong to the families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae and Diptera. The Malaise traps provided 2720 individuals of the Ichneumonoidea superfamily, of these 1210 are Braconidae and 1510 are Ichneumonidae, in the Mata/Cerradão stretch, and 702 in the Mata stretch, of which 214 individuals of the Braconidae family and 488 individuals of the Ichneumonidae family. Among the Braconidae, the subfamily Microgastrinae was the most abundant, with 44.5% of individuals in the Mata/Cerradão stretch and 31.8% in the Mata stretch. Eighteen genera of Microgastrinae were recorded (Alphomelon, Apanteles, Choeras, Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Distatrix, Glyptapanteles, Hypomicrogaster, Iconella, Microplitis, Papanteles, Parapanteles, Pholetesor, Prasmodon, Promicrogaster, Protapanteles, Pseudapanteles and Rasivalva), five of Rogadinae (Aleiodes, Choreborogas, Rogas, Stiropius and Yelicones) and four of Cheloninae (Ascogaster, Chelonus, Microchelonus and Phanerotoma). Between the Ichneumonidae collected, 161 individuals were obtained from the subfamily Campopleginae in the Mata/Cerradão stretch and 35 in the Mata stretch. The genera of Campopleginae obtained were Campoletis, Campoplex, Casinaria, Charops, Cryptophion, Cymodusa, Diadegma, Dusona, Hyposoter, Microcharops and Venturia.
Larvas de Geometridae (Lepidoptera) foram obtidas por meio de guarda-chuva entomólogico, no período de outubro de 2013 a setembro de 2015, em duas áreas de mata estacional semidecídua (transecto Mata/Cerradão e transecto Mata) na Estação Ecológica de Jataí, Luiz Antônio, São Paulo. As larvas de Geometridae foram mantidas em laboratório até a emergência do adulto ou do parasitoide. Exemplares das famílias Braconidae e Ichneumonidae foram obtidos, no período de janeiro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015, por meio de duas armadilhas Malaise localizadas nos mesmos transectos de coleta das larvas de Geometridae. O material obtido nas armadilhas Malaise foi triado, os indivíduos das famílias Braconidae e Ichneumonidae foram identificados em nível de subfamília e as subfamílias Microgastrinae, Cheloninae e Rogadinae, Campopleginae e Mesochorinae foram identificados em nível de gênero. Foram coletadas 416 larvas de Geometridae, 190 no transecto Mata/Cerradão e 226 no transecto Mata, das quais, 52 e 39, respectivamente, estavam parasitadas. Entre os Geometridae, a subfamília Ennominae foi representada por indivíduos de 15 gêneros (Argyrotome, Cimicodes, Glena, Hymenomima, Iridopsis, Ischnopteris, Lomographa, Macaria, Nepheloleuca, Patalene, Phrygionis, Physocleora, Prochoerodes, Rhomboptila e Trotopera), a subfamília Larentiinae por quatro (Eubaphe, Eupithecia, Euphyia e Pterocypha) e a subfamília Sterrhinae por dois (Cyclophora e Idaea). Foram obtidas 91 larvas de Geometridae, de 11 gêneros, parasitadas por 198 parasitoides. Os parasitoides obtidos pertencem às famílias Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae e Diptera. As armadilhas Malaise forneceram 2720 indivíduos da superfamília Ichneumonoidea, destes 1210 Braconidae e 1510 Ichneumonidae, no transecto Mata/Cerradão e 702 no transecto Mata, dos quais 214 indivíduos da família Braconidae e 488 indivíduos da família Ichneumonidae. Entre os Braconidae, a subfamília Microgastrinae foi a mais abundante, com 44,5% de indivíduos no transecto Mata/Cerradão e 31,8% no transecto Mata. Foram registrados 18 gêneros de Microgastrinae (Alphomelon, Apanteles, Choeras, Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Distatrix, Glyptapanteles, Hypomicrogaster, Iconella, Microplitis, Papanteles, Parapanteles, Pholetesor, Prasmodon, Promicrogaster, Protapanteles, Pseudapanteles e Rasivalva), cinco de Rogadinae (Aleiodes, Choreborogas, Rogas, Stiropius e Yelicones) e quatro de Cheloninae (Ascogaster, Chelonus, Microchelonus e Phanerotoma). Entre os Ichneumonidae coletados, foram obtidos 161 indivíduos da subfamília Campopleginae no transecto Mata/Cerradão e 35 no transecto Mata. Os gêneros de Campopleginae obtidos foram Campoletis, Campoplex, Casinaria, Charops, Cryptophion, Cymodusa, Diadegma, Dusona, Hyposoter, Microcharops e Venturia.
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Vasconcelos, Cristina Jensen. "Desenvolvimento de uma dieta artificial para criação de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), hospedeiro alternativo de Trichogramma spp." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-18042017-174440/.
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Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar parâmetros biológicos de A. kuehniella em dietas artificiais com variações de composição, com vistas a otimizar sua criação massal, aumentando a quantidade e, consequentemente, a qualidade dos ovos produzidos para a criação de Trichogramma spp. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. Na primeira fase, foram avaliados parâmetros biológicos de A. kuehniella criada em dietas artificiais compostas por farinha integral de trigo de 6 diferentes variedades (97%) e levedura (3%); as variedades testadas foram Coodetec 150 (testemunha), BRS Parrudo, BRS Guamirim, BRS 327, BRS 328 e BRS 374. Na segunda fase, foram avaliados os mesmos parâmetros sobre dietas compostas por farinhas de trigo integral e de milho amarelo isoladamente (100%), farinha de trigo integral (50%) e farinha de milho amarelo (50%), e diferentes proporções de levedura adicionadas à farinha de trigo (3%, 5% e 8%). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: duração (dias) e viabilidade (%) do período ovo-adulto, peso (mg) de adultos (machos e fêmeas), razão sexual, longevidade (dias) de fêmeas e machos, ritmo diário de oviposição das fêmeas e viabilidade dos ovos produzidos. Concluiu-se que a produção de ovos da traça A. kuehniella independe da variedade de trigo utilizada na sua criação; as melhores dietas artificiais para a criação massal de A. kuehniella foram aquelas compostas por 97% de farinha de trigo integral e 3% de levedura (dieta 1), 50% de farinha de trigo integral e 50% de farinha de milho amarelo (dieta 2) e 100% de farinha de trigo integral (dieta 3); a dieta artificial de menor custo, que proporcionou o melhor desenvolvimento para A. kuehniella, foi aquela composta por 100% de farinha de trigo integral.The objective of this research was to evaluate biological parameters of A. kuehniella in artificial diets with composition variations, aiming to optimize its mass rearing, increasing the quantity and the quality of the produced eggs for Trichogramma spp. rearing. The research was divided into two phases. In the first one, biological parameters of A. kuehniella reared on artificial diets composed of whole wheat flour of 6 different varieties (97%) and yeast (3%) was evaluated; the tested varieties was Coodetec 150 (control), BRS Parrudo, BRS Guamirim, BRS 327, BRS 328 and BRS 374. In the second phase, the same parameters was evaluated on diets composed of wheat and yellow corn flour alone (100%), whole wheat flour (50%) and yellow corn flour (50%), and different proportions of yeast added to the wheat flour (3%, 5% and 8%). The evaluated biological parameters for both phases were: duration (days) and viability (%) of egg-adult period, adult male and female weights (mg), sex ratio, adult male and female longevity (days), daily rhythm of oviposition and viability of the produced eggs. It was concluded that the A. kuehniella eggs production is not correlated to the wheat variety used as component of the artificial diet for its rearing; the best artificial diets for the mass rearing of A. kuehniella are those composed by whole wheat flour (97%) and yeast (3%) (diet 1), whole wheat flour (50%) and yellow corn flour (50%) (diet 2) and whole wheat flour (100%) (diet 3); with regard to cost-benefit, the lowest cost artificial diet that provides the best development for A. kuehniella is that composed by whole wheat flour (100%).
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Merlin, Bruna Laís. "Regulação do hospedeiro Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pelo parasitoide Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): abordagens transcritômica e proteômica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-04022014-095555/.
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Parasitoides cenobiontes manipulam o crescimento e o desenvolvimento de seus hospedeiros visando colonizá-los e adequá-los nutricionalmente as suas próprias exigências nutricionais. Nesse processo de manipulação, parasitoides interferem com o funcionamento molecular e celular de seus hospedeiros, alterando inúmeros processos fisiológicos. Assim, este projeto buscou avaliar o efeito do parasitismo por Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) na atividade de transcrição gênica e de síntese de proteínas em larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento do parasitoide. O estudo envolveu a análise comparativa do transcritoma de lagartas de S. frugiperda via sequenciamento de nova geração (RNASeq - Illumina) e a validação dos resultados obtidos por PCR em tempo real (qPCR), além de incluir análise da composição quantitativa e qualitativa de proteínas disponíveis na hemolinfa do hospedeiro via análise em SDS-PAGE. Análises das alterações proteicas na hemolinfa de lagartas de S. frugiperda induzidas pelo parasitismo por C. flavicincta foi realizada após 1, 3, 5 7, e 9 dias do parasitismo (DAP). Foi verificado aumento significativo na concentração de proteínas na hemolinfa de lagartas parasitadas 3, 5 e 9 DAP, a síntese precoce de proteínas de 180 kDa e 75 kDa e sua manutenção até o final do desenvolvimento do parasitoide. Porém, não foi possível a visualização de proteínas específicas do parasitismo. As análises de expressão gênica diferencial foram concentradas nos estágios iniciais do parasitismo (06, 24 e 72 h após o parasitismo) e resultou na identificação de 1.189 transcritos expressos diferencialmente, dos quais 72,7% foram inibidos pelo parasitismo, sendo encontrados transcritos em quatro grupos funcionais importantes ao desenvolvimento do parasitoide: i) metabolismo de carboidratos; ii) proteínas de armazenamento, iii) síntese e degradação de hormônios e iv) respostas imunológicas. A expressão diferencial encontrada pela análise de RNA-Seq foi validada pela análise por qPCR de transcritos selecionados. Análises adicionais de montagens de transcritomas de novo também permitiram a identificação de 22 transcritos associados ao vírus de poli-DNA simbionte associado a C. flavicincta, os quais representavam quatro famílias gênicas virais: \"anquirina viral\", \"elemento repetido\", \"motivo-cisteína\" e \"família- N\". Esses transcritos apresentaram padrão específico de expressão temporal, sendo os transcritos de anquirina virais e de proteínas de motivo-cisteína os mais abundantes.Koinobiont parasitoids regulate the growth and development of their hosts in order to colonize and adequate their host to their own nutritional needs. Parasitoids interfere with several physiological processes at the molecular and cellular levels to regulate their hosts. Thus, this project evaluated the effects of the parasitization by Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on gene expression and protein availability at different stages of parasitization of larvae of the host Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Comparative gene expression was carried out by RNA-Seq analysis using next-generation sequencing tools (Illumina), with data validation by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Protein availability in the host hemolymph was checked by colorimetric and SDS-PAGE assays. Protein changes in the hemolymph were verified throughout parasitoid development at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days after parasitization. The parasitoid induced an increase in the total concentration of proteins from day 3 to 9, and induced the precocious synthesis of two proteins (180 kDa and 75 kDa) and their maintenance in the hemolymph until the end of parasitoid development. No parasitism specific proteins were detected. Differential gene expression analysis was concentrated at early parasitization (06, 24 and 72 h), and allowed the identification of 1.189 differentially expressed transcripts. The majority of these transcripts (72.7%) were down-regulated in parasitized larvae as compared to the nonparasitized. Analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts led to the identification of functionally important transcripts for the parasitoid development, belonging to i) sugar metabolism, ii) storage proteins, iii) hormone synthesis and degradation, and iv) immune response. qPCR experiments using selected transcripts validated the differential expression observed in RNA-Seq experiments. Additional analysis using the de novo transcriptome assembly also led to the identification of 22 transcripts associated with the genome of the polydnavirus of C. flavicincta distributed in four gene families: vankyrin, repeated-element, cysteine-motif and N-family. These transcripts had specific temporal patterns of expression, with the transcripts from vankyrins and cysteine-motif being the most abundant.
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Ryan, Sean F. "Intraspecific Variation in Natal Plant Secondary Chemistry Leads to Plasticity in Lepidopteran Oviposition Behavior." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1305253863.
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Tasin, Marco. "Sex, wine and chemical communication in grapevine moth Lobesia botrana /." Alnarp : Dept. of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200585.pdf.
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Sendoya, Echeverry Sebastian Felipe 1980. "Ecologia comportamental na interface inseto-planta : padrões de oviposição da borboleta Eunica Bechina em uma planta visitada por formigas." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316376.
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Orientador: Paulo Sergio Moreira Carvalho de Oliveira, Andre Victor Lucci FreitasDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: As larvas de Eunica bechina (Lepidóptera; Nymphalidae) se alimentam das folhas jovens do pequi Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), uma planta que apresenta nectários extraflorais (NEFs). Estes nectários são intensamente visitados por muitas espécies de formigas forrageadoras de néctar no cerrado brasileiro. As formigas exercem uma forte pressão seletiva nas larvas devido à predação e/ou remoção das lagartas na planta hospedeira. Este estudo examina experimentalmente se a presença de formigas nas plantas de C. brasiliense media as decisões de oviposição por fêmeas de E. bechina. O objetivo foi determinar a importância do espaço livre de inimigos para a seleção de locais de oviposição pela borboleta. Neste estudo desenvolvemos experimentos de oviposição em campo em ramos pareados de uma planta de C. brasiliense, desenhados para testar em campo as preferências da borboleta em relação à presença na planta de diferentes tipos de insetos, incluindo algumas espécies de formigas. A presença de um herbívoro especialista do pequi (Edessa rufomarginata, Pentatomidae), ou de uma formiga não agressiva e visitante da planta (Cephalotes pusillus), não influenciaram a oviposição por fêmeas de E. bechina quando comparadas com ramos sem insetos (controle). Por outro lado, detectamos uma redução significativa na freqüência de oviposição em ramos com qualquer uma de duas espécies de formigas do gênero Camponotus quando comparado com ramos controle sem insetos. A tendência de evitar locais da planta ocupados por formigas agressivas não foi afetada com o incremento na demanda de galhos para oviposição pelas fêmeas da população. Sugerimos que as fêmeas de E. bechina utilizam características como forma e tamanho dos insetos como sinais de reconhecimento para mediar a decisão de oviposição. O comportamento das fêmeas de evitar ramos com formigas agressivas pode reduzir a mortalidade da prole sobre a planta hospedeira Esta capacidade de discriminação, além de um conjunto de defesas morfológicas e comportamentais das larvas, aparentemente é fundamental para permitir à E. bechina se especializar em uma planta defendida por formigas tal como o pequi
Abstract: Larvae of Eunica bechina Lepidoptera (Nymphalidae) feed on young leaves of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), a shrub bearing extrafloral nectaries that is intensively visited by many nectar-gathering ant species in the Brazilian cerrados. Visiting ants exert strong predation pressure on the caterpillars of E. bechina on the host plant. This field study examines experimentally whether ant presence on C. brasiliense shrubs mediates oviposition decisions by E. bechina females. The aims of this study were to determine the importance of an enemy-free space for the selection of plant locations for oviposition by the butterfly. Oviposition experiments on paired branches of C. brasiliense were designed to test egg-laying preference by Eunica in relation to the presence or absence of different types of insects on the plant. Field experiments demonstrated that presence of a specialist insect herbivore of Caryocar (Edessa rufomarginata, Pentatomidae), or of the non-aggressive visiting ant Cephalotes pusillus, had not effect on oviposition by E. bechina females compared to insect-free control branches. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in oviposition frequency on branches with either of two aggressive ant species of the genus Camponotus compared to insect-free control branches. Avoidance of plant locations occupied by such aggressive ants persists even under high levels of oviposition sites demand by the females of the local population. We suggest that E. bechina butterflies use ant traits such as size and form as visual recognition cues to mediate oviposition decisions. By doing so, the egg-laying female reduces the probability of larval offspring encountering aggressive ants on the host plant. This discrimination capacity, in addition to an array of behavioral and morphological defenses of the caterpillars, is apparently crucial to permit the butterfly to specialize on such a risky, ant-defended host plant
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
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Santana, Alessandra Figueiredo Kikuda. "Performance e preferência de imaturos selvagens de Ascia monuste (Godart, 1819) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) na mudança e na privação de hospedeiros alimentares diferentes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-17042008-091705/.
Full textAbstract:
Lagartas de Ascia monuste (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) são especialistas em Brassicaceae, sendo uma das maiores consumidoras desta família da região Neotropical. No campo, uma grande proporção de lagartas migra para outros hospedeiros e freqüentemente deparam-se com variações nutricionais e espaciais de alimento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar a performance dos imaturos de A. monuste em quatro combinações de alimentações, com hospedeiros alimentares diferentes numa mesma fase ontogenética, utilizando-se três hospedeiros naturais: couve (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) e rúcula (Eruca sativa), e couve e repolho (B. oleracea var. capitata). Estas plantas diferem quanto ao conteúdo de nitrogênio, com couve e rúcula tendo quantidades semelhantes e maiores que o repolho. Além disso, foi avaliado, tanto em campo quanto em laboratório, se a experiência alimentar prévia influencia na escolha de alimento no instar larval subseqüente, e quais seriam os efeitos de um período de privação de 24 horas de alimento, antes da mudança de hospedeiro, sobre a performance do inseto. Apesar de pequenas diferenças digestórias, possivelmente causadas pela adequação às diferenças de nutrientes, o tempo de desenvolvimento não diferiu significativamente entre os tratamentos; houve uma porcentagem de emergência e fecundidade potencial altas. De acordo com os resultados encontrados no presente estudo, rúcula e repolho seriam os hospedeiros de valores nutritivos semelhantes e couve, o hospedeiro de valor nutritivo diferente (e mais adequado para a performance de A. monuste). Pupas originadas de lagartas alimentadas com rúcula e repolho apresentaram, de uma forma geral, menor quantidade de massa e menos oócitos, inclusive quando houve privação alimentar entre os hospedeiros. A preferência alimentar por rúcula, ao invés de couve, e por couve, ao invés de repolho, independente do alimento prévio, mostra que a experiência prévia não determina a escolha por hospedeiros em imaturos em A. monuste. A preferência em campo diferiu daquela encontrada em laboratório. A privação de 24 horas de alimento entre a mudança de hospedeiros não provocou danos adicionais na performance das lagartas alimentadas com couve e rúcula, mas aumentou as taxas de mortalidade dos grupos alimentados com couve e repolho.Ascia monuste (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) caterpillars are Brassicaceae specialists, being one of the most important comsumers of this plant family in the Neotropical region. In the field, a high proportion of immatures migrates to other hosts in order to develop properly, probably facing some variation in terms of nutritional value and location of their hosts. The main objective of this study was to investigate how the feeding of caterpillars of same ontogenetic phase on different hosts [kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) and rucola (Eruca sativa L.), and kale and cabbage (Brassica olerace L. var. capitata)], affects the corresponding performance of A. monuste. The hosts above mentioned differ in their nitrogen content: kale and rucola have similar nitrogen quantity, and kale has higher quantity than cabbage. In addition, it was evaluated whether the previous host would influence food choice in subsequent larval instar, in the field and in laboratory, as well as the effects of 24 hours of food deprivation on immature performance before switching the host. Beside few differences caused by host switching, possibly by the differences in nutrient levels, all the feeding tests originated similar performances and viable adults. When the preference was determined by the first caterpillar ingestion, previous experience did not influence host choice: caterpillars chose rucola instead of kale, and kale instead of cabbage, independently of previous host. But, when preference was determined by the total amount of ingested food, previous experience acted as a fagoestimulant in kale and rucola as hosts. It was not possible to detect what determine larval preference in the field. All plants tested were attractive for the caterpillars and the migration may occur for hosts that are close and easier to find. The 24 h food deprivation did not increase the effects of host change, but did present some differences. Rucola and cabbage could be less adequate hosts on final instars, because pupae whose larvae ingested these crucifers presented, in general, less pupal mass and also less oocytes, even when food deprivation does not occured.