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1
Reif, Theresa M., Sabine Zikeli, Ann-Marleen Rieps, Carina P. Lang, Jens Hartung, and Sabine Gruber. "Reviving a Neglected Crop: A Case Study on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris) Cultivation in Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010133.
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Cultivation of lentils had ended by mid-20th century in Germany, but a revival was initiated in the first decade of this millennium in Southwest Germany. However, knowledge of lentil cultivation was almost lost, and today’s yields are still low. To gain an overview of current farm practices and of factors that can help lentil cultivation thrive, 25 lentil farmers (21 organic, 4 conventional) from SW Germany answered questionnaires for agronomic data on lentil cultivation in the years 2015, 2016, and 2017. Eleven farmers took part in additional semi-structured interviews about their motivation and the most important factors (economic, ecological, and social) that encouraged them to grow lentils. Neither the lentil variety (Anicia, Späth’s Alblinse I and II), nor the companion crop for the usual mixed cropping (spring barley, oat, and camelina), significantly influenced lentil yield. If lentil cultivation is to further expand, data from more farmers could be evaluated and factors that contribute to crop thriving analyzed more clearly. The cultivation techniques currently practiced are diverse, and lentils integrate well into existing structures. Farmers appear motivated to grow lentils by good examples of colleagues, by availability of marketing channels, and by the desire to promote lentils’ ecological and social benefits.
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Parihar, A. K., Ashwani K. Basandrai, D. R. Saxena, K. P. S. Kushwaha, S. Chandra, K. Sharma, K. D. Singha, Deepak Singh, H. C. Lal, and Sanjeev Gupta. "Biplot evaluation of test environments and identification of lentil genotypes with durable resistance to fusarium wilt in India." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 11 (2017): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17258.
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Fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis) is the most crucial limiting variable for decreasing yield levels of lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) around the world. A set of 20 diverse lentil genotypes comprising breeding lines and released varieties was evaluated, along with susceptible controls, for resistance to fusarium wilt through natural incidence for two continuous years (2010–11 and 2011–12) in six diverse lentil-growing environments in India. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of genotype (G) and environment (E) for disease incidence was highly significant. Among the three sources of variation, the biggest contribution in disease occurrence was accounted for by environment (54.68%), followed by G × E interaction (17.32%). The high G × E variation necessitated assessment of the genotypes at different locations (environments). GGE biplot analysis of the studied genotypes revealed that genotype PL 101 and released cultivar L 4076 had low levels of disease incidence. The sources of resistance to fusarium wilt have great potential for use in lentil-breeding programs. Another biplot of relationships among environments demonstrated that, among the test locations, Sehore and Faizabad, were the most effective for differentiation of genotypes. On the basis of discriminating ability and representativeness, the Sehore location appeared an ideal testing site for natural incidence of F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis.
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Kaiser, W. J., B. C. Wang, and J. D. Rogers. "Ascochyta fabae and A. lentis: Host Specificity, Teleomorphs (Didymella), Hybrid Analysis, and Taxonomic Status." Plant Disease 81, no. 7 (July 1997): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.7.809.
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Isolates of Ascochyta fabae from faba bean (Vicia faba) and A. lentis from lentil (Lens culinaris) collected from different countries were used in this study. The Didymella teleomorph (sexual state) of each fungus was induced to develop and mature on inoculated sterile lentil stems. Both fungi were heterothallic, with two mating types, designated MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. When certain isolates of A. fabae and A. lentis were crossed, hybrid pseudothecia developed. Growth, sporulation, colony appearance, morphology, and pathogenicity of the hybrid progeny frequently differed greatly from the parent isolates. Inoculations with single-ascospore progeny from matings among compatible isolates of A. fabae caused disease in faba bean but not in lentil; inoculations with single-ascospore progeny from matings among compatible isolates of A. lentis incited disease in lentil but not in faba bean. Inoculations with single-ascospore progeny from crosses between faba bean and lentil isolates did not induce disease in either host. Asci from crosses between A. fabae and A. lentis mostly contained fewer than eight ascospores that were, on average, larger than those from eight-spored asci. Matings among certain isolates of A. fabae resulted in production of pseudothecia with ascospores considerably larger than is typical for D. fabae. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) banding patterns of Ascochyta isolates from faba bean and lentil are clearly different, and banding patterns from hybrid progeny from crosses between A. fabae and A. lentis confirmed hybridity. RAPD markers proved useful in supporting identifications of ascospore isolates from faba bean to known Ascochyta species. Dendrogram analysis indicated similarity between the two fungal species was low. The pathogenicity tests, morphological characteristics, and RAPD markers indicate that A. fabae and A. lentis represent distinct taxa. D. lentis, with its anamorph, A. lentis, is proposed as a new species that is distinct from D. fabae, with its anamorph, A. fabae.
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Zagoruyko, M. G., M. Ye Chaplygin, and S. A. Davydova. "Diversification of lentil production." E3S Web of Conferences 193 (2020): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019301022.
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Production and processing of lentil as a valuable leguminous crop with a high content of beneficial nutrients (fiber, protein, minerals and vitamins), a low glycemic index, and a low-calorie content (295 kcal per 100 grams of raw lentils) has great potential for domestic economy. The world market of lentil is analyzed, prospects for increasing the level of its use in domestic markets are identified. An evaluation of the crop processing by an extrusion method is given. The statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service, the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, information materials of Russian and foreign research organizations and companies are studied. The methods of complex structural-dynamic analysis and the expert-analytical method of data processing are used. It is found that lentils contain the largest amount of protein among the rest of the plants, which is a source of essential amino acids (isoleucine and lysine), and that the use of this crop in feed production along with soya bin is promising and appropriate. Based on the analysis of gross yields of lentil in federal districts of Russia in 2010-2019 and export supplies of the crop revealed that the domestic lentil export market expanded 6.1 times, but the country’s lentil consumption decreased 1.18 times. Thus, in the current economic conditions, the issue of finding the use of lentils as a raw export product and expanding the potential for using lentils in the domestic market is relevant. It is proposed to expand the possibilities of using lentils by extruding it, which will allow to have high quality products with good biological value and consumer properties on the domestic market.
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Podder, Rajib, Mahmudul Hassan Al Imam, Israt Jahan, Fakir Md Yunus, Mohammad Muhit, and Albert Vandenberg. "Sensory Acceptability of Dual-Fortified Milled Red and Yellow Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Dal in Bangladesh." Foods 9, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9080992.
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This study evaluated the sensory properties of uncooked and cooked milled lentils that were fortified with varying concentrations of Fe and Zn in the form of NaFeEDTA and ZnSO4.H2O, respectively. Our study was carried out among 196 lentil consumers residing in rural Bangladesh who experience with growing, processing, and marketing lentils. A nine-point hedonic scale was used to rate the appearance, odor, taste, texture and overall acceptability of three uncooked and two cooked lentil (dal) samples made from each of the three milled lentil product types (LPTs), red football, red split and yellow split. Preferences for sensory properties were found to be significantly different among all uncooked lentil samples, but not significantly different for cooked samples, with a few exceptions. This means that the fortification process minimally affects dual-fortified lentil sample (fortified with 16 mg of Fe and 8 mg of Zn per 100 g of lentil), which was compared to another cooked sample (unfortified control), in terms of consumers liking for all four attributes (appearance, odor, taste, and texture).
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Khamidova, F. Y., D. Y. Yormatova, K. Kh Majidov, and M. M. Bokijonov. "Features of physico-chemical parameters of local varieties of lentil grains in Uzbekistan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1068, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012023.
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Abstract In Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to the cultivation of lentils and such types of grain are characterized by high quality indicators and physicochemical characteristics. In Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to the cultivation of lentils. Such types of grain are characterized by high quality indicators and physicochemical characteristics. The physico-chemical parameters of local varieties of lentil grains were studied. The technological characteristics of lentil grains were established, the distinctive characteristics of lentil grains in comparison with well-known varieties have been determined. It was found that in the process of deep processing of lentil grain to obtain a protein isolate, proteins retain their native conformation, as evidenced by the position of the absorption bands Amide I, Amide II and Amide III in the analysis of IR spectra.
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Gossen, B. D., and D. A. Derksen. "Impact of tillage and crop rotation on ascochyta blight (Ascochyta lentis) of lentil." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-088.
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Two trials were conducted from 1996 to 1999; one at Indian Head, SK, to examine the impact of tillage management on the severity of ascochyta blight of lentil, caused by Ascochyta lentis (teleomorph Didymella lentis), and a second at Saskatoon, SK, to assess the impact of crop rotation. In 1995, the blight-susceptible lentil cv. Eston was seeded across both sites and later inoculated with blight-infested lentil residue to provide a uniform level of infection. Treatments were initiated in the spring of 1996. Ascochyta blight severity was assessed on each lentil plot during the growing season. Seed quality and yield were assessed each year. A split-block design was used to minimize movement of inoculum among plots over years. In the tillage management trial at Indian Head, the main plot treatments were 0, 1, or 2 yr between lentil crops, with spring wheat as the alternate crop; the subplot treatments were zero-till vs. conventional tillage. Ascochyta blight severity was substantially higher under zero-till than under conventional tillage in the continuous lentil treatment when conditions were conducive to blight development. However, tillage management had little effect on severity when there were 2 yr between successive lentil crops. We conclude that tillage management is unlikely to have an important impact on blight severity, except in rotations with short re-cropping intervals. In the crop rotation study at Saskatoon, the main plot treatments were two rotation sequences and the subplot treatments were three crop species (canola, barley, pea) planted in 1996. Rotation 1 was seeded to cv. Eston in 1997 and barley in 1998; Rotation 2 was seeded to barley in 1997 and cv. Eston in 1998. Both rotations were seeded to cv. Eston in 1999. Also, a plot seeded continuously to cv. Eston was included at one end of each replicate block as a control. Blight was more severe in continuous lentil than in the other crop rotations, and ascochyta blight levels in 1999 were lowest where barley followed the 1996 lentil crop for both Rotation 1 and 2. However, the intervening nonhost crop had little impact on seed infection or seed yield. We conclude that at least two nonhost crops between successive lentil crops are required to substantially reduce inoculum of A. lentis following a disease outbreak. Key words: Didymella lentis, zero-till management, fusarium root rot, Lens culinaris, barley, canola, field pea
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Vandenberg, A., F. A. Kiehn, C. Vera, R. Gaudiel, L. Buchwaldt, K. J. Kirkland, R. A. A. Morrall, J. Wahab, and A. E. Slinkard. "CDC Milestone lentil." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-043.
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CDC Milestone is a high-yielding, yellow cotyledon lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar developed by the Crop Development Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It is intended for cultivation in all lentil production areas of western Canada. CDC Milestone was evaluated for yield, resistance to ascochyta blight (Ascochyta lentis Vassilievsky) and agronomic performance as breeding line 512-2 in the Lentil Co-operative Yield Trials in 1995 and 1996. It has small seeds with pale green seed coat and is acceptable in the small green market class of lentil. CDC Milestone was granted official registration (#4836) as a cultivar in Canada by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency on 8 December 1998. Key words: Lentil, cultivar description, Lens culinaris
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Sharma, Harshita, Naleeni Ramawat, and Charu Gupta. "Nutritive content of lentil." Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering 12, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2022.12.00351.
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Lentil (Lens culinaris) is a very important nutritious crop, grown, consumed throughout the world due to its high macro and micronutrients contents, including all the minerals. The nutritive components of lentil have several beneficial influences on human health. The current review aims to highlight the present knowledge on the mineral, amino acid, lipids, vitamins and carbohydrate composition of lentils. Thereby, a literature search was conducted using reliable sources: Elsevier, Research gate, Springer, etc to understand the overall nutritive status of lentils. The proximate composition of lentils is similar when compared with other legumes but the seed contains low concentrations of fat, fiber. Lentils supply a reasonably balanced range of all minerals. Lentils contain a number of anti-nutritive factors and these may be controlled either by processing or possibly by plant breeding programs. Anti-nutritive factors are less important In human diets because of cooking and processing which normally occur prior to eating, Lentils have a potential as a protein concentrate and could be processed to produce many products similar to those produced from soya beans. Lentils should be used for a variety of purposes, mainly towards eliminating malnutrition, on the condition of being well-balanced. Lentils should be incorporated either in snacks or while preparing household, school, or hospital meals, particularly in developing countries.
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Gela, Tadesse S., Sabine Banniza, and Albert Vandenberg. "Lack of effective resistance to the virulent race of Colletotrichum lentis in Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 18, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262120000027.
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AbstractAnthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lentis is an important fungal disease of lentil in western Canada. Two known pathogenic C. lentis races, race 0 and race 1 have been identified and current cultivars of lentil have little or no resistance to the virulent race 0. Seven Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris landrace accessions were previously reported to have resistance to C. lentis race 0. In this study, accession VIR-2633, with reported resistance to both races of C. lentis, and seven accessions were assessed for race 0 resistance relative to LR-59-81, an interspecific line derived from a L. culinaris subsp. culinaris × Lens ervoides cross. The results showed a lack of effective resistance to race 0 among the tested L. culinaris accessions when compared to that of LR-59-81. A few sublines displayed modest improvements in resistance compared to the susceptible check ‘Eston’, but were significantly more susceptible than LR-59-81. Moreover, screening of the sublines of accession VIR-2633 identified 12 sublines with resistance to race 1, but all VIR-2633 sublines were susceptible to race 0. The study underlined the importance of wild lentil germplasm for broadening the genetic base of cultivated lentil and their usefulness in disease screening experiments as positive checks.
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Yang, Tony, Kui Liu, Lee Poppy, Alick Mulenga, and Cindy Gampe. "Minimizing Lentil Harvest Loss through Improved Agronomic Practices in Sustainable Agro-Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041896.
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Lentils are one of the most common legume crops used to diversify the cereal-oilseed cropping system in semi-arid environments. Lentils are a major source of protein and fiber for human consumption worldwide. However, the morphological characteristics of lentil plants—such as a short stem and low pod positioning—and complicated combine harvesting methods often result in yield loss. This also increases the susceptibility of a lentil crop to disease and render it less competitive against weeds. As a result, producers have resorted to using pesticides in order to mitigate the effects of weeds and disease. As a consequence, there have been undesirable negative environmental impacts on sustainable agroecosystems. Although land rolling, stubble management, and pesticide usage are common agronomic practices used to increase lentil yield and mitigate the issues associated with its morphology, their comprehensive effects on lentil growth and harvest loss are still not fully understood. In this study, we examined the impact of stubble management, the timing of land rolling, and the application of common fungicides and herbicides on lentil growth and yield. We found that stubble management and the timing of rolling modified lentil morphological structures, and thus impacted lentil yield and seed loss. These results were influenced by environmental factors, such as precipitation during the growing season. Although the results did not show significant interaction between fungicide application and lentil growth and yield, herbicide applications, stubble management, and the timing of rolling, along with common pesticide application strategies tested in our study, showed effects that were dependent on environmental conditions. Based on our results, we concluded that stubble management and the timing of rolling, combined with pesticide applications, can affect lentil seed loss and yield by modifying plant morphology. This was largely influenced by environmental conditions such as precipitation.
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Makkouk, Khaled M., Muhammad Bashir, and Roger Jones. "First Record of Faba Bean Necrotic Yellows Virus and Beet Western Yellows Luteovirus Affecting Lentil and Chickpea in Pakistan." Plant Disease 82, no. 5 (May 1998): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.5.591d.
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In an intensive survey of lentil and chickpea fields and Research Station plots in the Punjab province of Pakistan, more than 6,505 samples were collected and tested for presence of 14 different viruses by the tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) procedure (2). All antisera used were virus specific, including those for faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) (1) and beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV) (ATCC 647). Counting plants with virus symptoms greatly underestimated virus incidence in lentil crops but was a better guide to virus occurrence in chickpeas. Overall, about 1 in 5 plants of lentil were virus infected with 15% of fields having incidence over 50%. In contrast, levels of infection were mostly low in chickpea. Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) followed by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), both of which are aphid- and seed-borne, were the most abundant viruses in lentils, but also occurred in chickpea. PSbMV incidence was 17% in lentil and 0.1% in chickpea fields, whereas CMV incidence was 1% in lentil and 0.1% in chickpea fields. The other viruses found on both lentil and chickpea were FBNYV, BWYV, chickpea chlorotic dwarf geminivirus, chickpea luteovirus, and alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus. Because of yield losses associated with PSbMV infection, the high levels of infection in lentils are cause for concern. This is the first record of FBNYV and BWYV affecting lentil and chickpea in Pakistan, but their incidence in the fields where they have been detected was low (less than 1%). FBNYV was detected in three of the 33 lentil and two of the 34 chickpea fields surveyed. BWYV was detected in two of the 33 lentil and three of the 34 chickpea fields surveyed. References: (1) A. Franz et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 128:255, 1996. (2) K. M. Makkouk and A. Comeau. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:71, 1994.
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Zaitsev, Sergey, Dmitriy Volkov, Oksana Nosko, and Vera Bychkova. "Lentil as a breeding object." АгроЭкоИнфо 1, no. 49 (January 22, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202121108.
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In the Lower Volga region, there are quite favorable conditions for growing lentils, which makes it possible to expand the area under crops to solve the food program. The study of breeding material and the creation of new varieties of lentil makes it possible to form and supplement the gene pool of high-protein crops. A brief description of the breeding work with lentils in the Russian Research Institute for Sorghum and Maize “Rossorgo” as well as a description of the varieties obtained, included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements, is given. Keywords: LENTIL, VARIETY, YIELD, SEEDS, PROTEIN, SELECTION
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Castro García, Alex, and Sarly Jácome Reyes. "Evaluation of a vegetable meat made with Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth), Lentils (Lens culinaris Medik) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L.)." Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 39, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): e223942. http://dx.doi.org/10.47280/revfacagron(luz).v39.n3.08.
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The nutritional values of pigeon pea, lentils and chia are factors to consider promoting nutrition and providing healthy alternatives, seeking to improve people's quality of life. The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional contribution, physicochemical, sensory and microbiological parameters of a vegetable meat made from pigeon pea and lentils, fortified with chia and vacuum-packed. Quantitative variables (pH, humidity, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, ashes and fiber), qualitative (color, smell, taste and texture) and microbiologicals (total coliforms, molds and yeasts) were evaluated. The treatments were T1 (55 % lentil, 40 % pigeon pea and 5 % chia), T2 (50 % lentil, 45 % pigeon pea and 5 % chia) T3 (40 % lentil, 55 % pigeon pea and 5 % chia) and T4 (control, 50 % lentil and 50 % pigeon pea). 30 experts were considered for sensory acceptance in terms of color, smell, taste and texture. The vegetable meat from pigeon pea, lentil and chia vacuum-packed, had a great nutritional contribution. T3 had the best values of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, ashes, fiber and acceptable values of pH and humidity, being the best treatment. The lentil used in the highest percentage (T3), obtained greater sensory acceptance, presenting better characteristics in terms of color, smell, flavor and texture, demonstrating positive organoleptic properties in the final product. The microbiological analysis performed showed values that are within the provisions of the respective standard.
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Żuchowski, Jerzy, Agata Rolnik, Weronika Adach, Anna Stochmal, and Beata Olas. "Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Hemostasis by Flavonoids from Lentil Aerial Parts." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020497.
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While specific metabolites of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) seeds and their biological activity have been well described, other organs of this plant have attracted little scientific attention. In recent years, green parts of lentils have been shown to contain diverse acylated flavonoids. This work presents the results of the research on the effect of the crude extract, the phenolic fraction, and seven flavonoids obtained from aerial parts of lentils on oxidative damage induced by H2O2/Fe to lipid and protein constituents of human plasma. Another goal was to determine their effect on hemostasis parameters of human plasma in vitro. Most of the purified lentil flavonoids had antioxidant and anticoagulant properties. The crude extract and the phenolic fraction of lentil aerial parts showed antioxidant activity, only at the highest tested concentration (50 μg/mL). Our results indicate that aerial parts of lentils may be recommended as a source of bioactive substances.
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Anoma, A., R. Collins, and D. McNeil. "The value of enhancing nutrient bioavailability of lentils: The Sri Lankan scenario." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 14, no. 67 (December 22, 2014): 9529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.67.13640.
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Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medic.) is a pulse crop that belongs to the family Leguminosae . Lentils are rich in proteins, have 18 of the 20 amino acids including all 8 essential amino acids and provide a number of essential minerals and vitamins. Thus, lentils occupy an important place in the human diet, especially in developing countries, as a rich source of protein, vitamins and minerals. Although in many developing countries in Asia rice contributes significantly to human daily energy and nutritional requirements, its amino acid profile shows that rice lacks some essential amino acids. Therefore, given their rich composition of amino acids, lentils could act as an ideal supplement for rice-based diets. Although all red lentils are imported, they are the most widely consumed pulse among Sri Lankans. Red lentil consumption levels are significantly greater in the estate sector where the prevalence of under nutrition is high. Thus, t his review was undertaken to understand the potential role of lentils in the Sri Lankan diet and how lentils can potentially be utilized to meet the nutritional needs of Sri Lankans. The study was based on an extensive literature review and information obtained thro ugh personal interviews with key participants in the red lentil industry of Sri Lanka. It was evident that red lentils are a rich source of nutrients, especially micro-nutrients, but their bioavailability is poor due to the presence of multiple anti-nutritive factors such as protease inhibitors, phenolic compounds and phytates. Although bioavailability of nutrients can be enhanced by changing food processing techniques, fortification and bio-fortification, lentil cooking patterns in Sri Lanka pose difficulties in adopting changed food processing techniques and fortification. Thus, bio-fortification would be the most viable option for enhancing nutrient availability in lentils. Since Sri Lanka does not produce lentils, such initiatives may have to be undertaken in exportin g countries or in collaboration with international agricultural research centres. Any strategic investments in breeding new lentil varieties with high bioavailability would provide exporting countries a unique competitive edge in export markets. Such improvements would meet the nutritional needs, not only of Sri Lankans, but also of mil lions other Asian consumers who face similar nutritional challenges.
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Fedoruk, L. K., E. N. Johnson, and S. J. Shirtliffe. "The Critical Period of Weed Control for Lentil in Western Canada." Weed Science 59, no. 4 (December 2011): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00051.1.
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Weed control in lentil is difficult because lentil is a poor competitor with weeds and few POST broadleaf herbicides are available. Imadazolinone-tolerant lentils have more herbicide options, but the optimum timing for herbicide application is not known. The critical period of weed control (CPWC) is the period in a crop's life cycle when weeds must be controlled in order to prevent yield loss. The objective of this research was to determine the CPWC for lentil. We made lentil remain weedy or weed-free from 0 to 11 aboveground nodes to investigate the durations of weed interference and weed-free period, respectively. It was found that lentil has a CPWC beginning at the five-node stage and continuing to the 10-node stage. There was an inverse relationship between weed biomass and lentil yield; that is, lentil yield was highest when weed biomass is minimal. We propose that the CPWC begins when weeds start to accumulate significant biomass and ends with crop canopy closure. Therefore, to maximize lentil yields, growers should consider using a POST residual herbicide that can control weeds during the CPWC.
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Çabuk, Metin, Serdar Eratak, and Hatice Basmacioğlu Malayoğlu. "Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Lentil Byproduct on Performance and Oxidative Stability of Eggs in Laying Quail." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/742987.
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One hundred and sixty-eight 11-week-old laying quails(Coturnix coturnix japonica)were fed one of the following three diets: (1) control: basal diet with no lentil(Lens culinaris L.)byproduct; (2) inclusion of 10% lentil byproduct; (3) inclusion of 20% lentil byproduct. In the recent years, colour sorting machines are used in order to separate red lentils according to their colours. The goal is to select the items which are discoloured, not as ripe as required, or still with hull even after dehulling of lentil seed. During the sorting, a new byproduct called “sorting byproduct” leftover is obtained. The byproduct is cleaner and is of a higher quality than other lentil byproducts. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of the inclusion of different levels of lentil byproduct on laying quail performance. The experimental treatment included 10% or 20% lentil byproduct in the diet, and this was fed to quails aged between 11 and 22 weeks. The inclusion of 10% and 20% levels of lentil byproduct in the diet significantly increased egg production, but feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected. Egg weight decreased significantly following the inclusion of 20% lentil byproduct. The inclusion of lentil byproduct in the diet increased the deposition of yellow yolk pigments and decreased malonaldehyde formation in the yolk.
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Trummer, Jonas, Hellen Watson, Jessika De Clippeleer, and Aleksander Poreda. "Brewing with 10% and 20% Malted Lentils—Trials on Laboratory and Pilot Scales." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 9817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11219817.
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Lentils, a popular foodstuff worldwide, are gaining more interest for their use in alternative diets. In addition, we are observing an ever-growing demand for new raw materials in the malting and brewing industry and an overall rising interest in a low-gluten lifestyle. Therefore, in this study, malt was produced from green lentils and used in both laboratory- and pilot-scale brewing trials. Malted lentils were used as 10% and 20% adjuncts at the laboratory scale, following the Congress mash procedure, and the most important parameters (e.g., filtration time, pH, color, extract, fermentability) of the wort and beer samples were analyzed with a special focus on the concentrations of metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe) in wort. The production of beer with lentil malt as an adjunct was then scaled up to 1 hl, and several beer parameters were analyzed, including the gluten content and foam stability. The results showed that the gluten content was decreased by circa 35% and foam stability was enhanced by approximately 6% when adding 20% lentil malt. Furthermore, the use of lentil malt reduced the filtration time by up to 17%. A trained panel evaluated the sensorial qualities of the produced beers. Overall, the use of green lentil malt shows promising results for its potential use in brewing.
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Reznik, V., and S. Moshkovska. "Control of butters in lines culinaris medic." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 3-4 (March 20, 2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.3-4.9-12.
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Goal. To develop an effective system for the protection of crops of lentils from weeds by chemical methods. Objective: to investigate the dynamics of the processes of weed infestation, the species composition of weeds, the structure, number and mass of weeds; to study the factors of the negative impact of weeds on lentil plants in the process of their joint vegetation; search and evaluation in field conditions of the effectiveness of herbicides and their compositions on edible lentil crops.
Methods. Common and special methods: field — the study of the influence of growing conditions and winter hardiness on the performance indicators of edible lentils; laboratory — determination of quantitative and qualitative signs; statistical — the establishment of mathematical models and statistical dependencies between the studied factors and processes.
Results. It has been established that with the use of the herbicide Zenkor, 70WG, the consumption rate of 0.6 kg / ha of edible lentil yield was 1.45 t / ha and was the highest in the experience with the use of herbicides.
Conclusion. Edible lentil weeds are dangerous competitors for life factors of plant crops. The presence of weeds in crops during the entire vegetation can reduce the yield of seeds by 86.7%. For a high yield of lentil seed, reliable protection against weeds is a prerequisite.
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Stoddard, FL, DR Marshall, and SM Ali. "Variability in grain protein concentration of peas and lentils grown in Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 6 (1993): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931415.
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Protein and yield data were obtained from South Australian and Interstate pea and lentil variety trials conducted between 1986 and 1989, covering 94 pea and 58 lentil genotypes. Crude protein concentration varied significantly across sites and averaged 25.0% in peas and 24.4% in lentils. Protein concentration was not significantly correlated with yield at most individual sites. Minimum protein concentration in peas was 1.6% below the mean of three check cultivars in line RA155, while the maximum was 2.3% above that mean in lines P255-2 and P262-1. In lentils the range was 1.2% above the check mean in ILL5562 and 1.0% below in ILL6017. A further lentil genotype, 'Chilean', was 6.0% above controls, but was inadequately replicated in these trials. Genotypic variation in pea and lentil protein concentration was lower than in many other species, but the lack of correlation between protein and yield suggests that independent selection of both characters during breeding is possible and should be successful without the rate of gain in one trait being reduced by that in the other.
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Ghosheh, H. Z., H. Z. Ghosheh, M. K. El-Shatnawi, and M. K. El-Shatnawi. "Influence of volunteer durum wheat ( Triticum durum ) cultivars and density on lentils ( Lens culinaris )." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.54.2006.1.10.
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Greenhouse experiments were conducted for two consecutive seasons to investigate the influence of volunteer durum wheat cultivars and density on lentil growth and yield. It is speculated that interference may be severe whenever wheat and lentils are rotated in semi-arid regions. Lentil:durum wheat ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6 were evaluated utilizing two durum wheat cultivars, Hourani and ACSAD 65. The results indicated that wheat interference did not influence lentil growth for the first 80 days after crop emergence, but afterwards, the lentil height, straw and seed yield were affected by the presence of wheat. A 50% reduction in either lentil straw or seed yield was estimated from the interference of a single plant per pot. The semi-tall cultivar Hourani had more adverse effects on lentil growth and yield than the semi-dwarf cultivar ACSAD 65.
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Mamakhai, A. K., and M. G. Zagoruiko. "Territorial Prospects for Growing Lentils." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 032089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/3/032089.
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Abstract We assessed the prospects of lentil cultivation in the Russian Federation and the most favorable regions for this. The following tasks were set: we assessed the importance of lentils in the country’s economy, identified promising regions for growing lentils, taking into account agronomic and economic conditions. When analyzing suitable regions for lentil cultivation, not only the agrotechnical conditions of cultivation were taken into account, but also economic factors, for example, the proximity and volume of sales markets, including exports. The selection of promising regions for growing lentils was made on the basis of its agrobiological properties, existing cultivation volumes and agro-climatic conditions of the regions of the Russian Federation. The impact of global climate change and the dynamics of lentil cultivation volumes in recent years were taken into account. Canada, as one of the world leaders in growing lentils, is located at the same latitude with the regions of the Saratov and Volgograd regions. In Russia, the Saratov and Volgograd regions are in good soil and climatic conditions for growing lentils. The high gross harvest was the result of an increase in the acreage under lentils, the value of which in 2019 amounted to 274 thousand hectares, which is 3 thousand hectares more than last year. The production of lentils is going on with a noticeable increase, which is due to the significant orientation of the cultivation of this crop for export. According to the AB-center, in 2015, export deliveries of lentils amounted to 7.4 thousand tons; in 2016-17.2; in 2017-64.6 thousand tons, 2018-77.9 thousand tons; 2019 – 79.8 thousand tons. In the course of research, it was found out that lentils play an important role in the national economy of the country. It is determined that the regions of the Saratov and Volgograd regions are the most promising for expanding lentil production both in terms of agro-climatic conditions and economic potential.
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Hajas, Lívia, László Sipos, Éva Csajbókné Csobod, Márta Veresné Bálint, Réka Juhász, and Csilla Benedek. "Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Flour Varieties as Promising New Ingredients for Gluten-Free Cookies." Foods 11, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11142028.
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Monotony in a gluten-free (GF) diet can be a challenge because of a limited choice of acceptable cereal sources. This study investigates the potential of five types of differently coloured lentils in the development of GF cookies using rice flour as a reference. Raw materials (lentil flours) and cookies were characterised in terms of physicochemical parameters (e.g., crude protein content, total phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant properties, colour, pH); additionally, geometry, baking loss and texture profile were determined for the cookies. A sensory acceptance test was also conducted to find out consumer preferences regarding rice versus different lentil cookies. Results showed that lentil cookies were superior to rice control in terms of higher crude protein (12.1–14.8 vs. 3.8 g/100 g), phenolic (136.5–342.3 vs. 61.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g) and flavonoid (23.8–75.9 vs. 13.1 mg catechin equivalents/100 g) content and antioxidant capacity (0.60–1.81 vs. 0.35 mmol trolox equivalents/100 g), as well as lower hydroxymethyl-furfural content (<1 vs. 26.2 mg/kg). Consumers preferred lentil cookies to rice ones (overall liking: 6.1–7.0 vs. 5.6, significant differences for red and brown lentils), liking especially their taste (6.3–7.0 vs. 5.5). Depending on the target parameter, whether physicochemical or sensory, these lentil flours can be promising raw materials for GF bakery products.
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Cappelli, C., R. Buonaurio, and R. Torricelli. "First Report of Lentil Ascochyta Blight Caused by Ascochyta lentis in Italy." Plant Disease 83, no. 1 (January 1999): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.1.77c.
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In May 1997, ascochyta blight incited by Ascochyta lentis Vassiljevsky was observed at an incidence of less than 5% in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) fields in Umbria (Central Italy). Symptoms appeared on leaves and stems as tan spots surrounded by a dark margin. Small black pycnidia that produced a pink exudate containing hyaline, 1 septate, 14.2 to 15.8 × 3.5 μm conidia under high humidity were visible in the center of the spots. The fungus was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar from diseased leaves or stems. To satisfy Koch's postulates, a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml) of the fungus was sprayed on leaves of 20-day-old lentil plants (landrace Castelluccio) that were maintained in a humidity chamber for 96 h after inoculation. Lesions resembling symptoms that occurred in the field were observed on plants 3 weeks after inoculation. Symptoms were not observed on control plants sprayed with water. The fungus reisolated from the diseased plants was identical to the original isolates. Based on morphological characteristics of pycnidia and conidia as well as pathogenicity, the fungus was identified as A. lentis. A deep-freeze blotter method (2) was used to detect A. lentis in lentil seeds of 20 local landraces used by Umbrian farmers and two accessions from Canada and Turkey, as well as in seed collected from infected fields. The fungus was present only in the two lentil accessions with an incidence of about 5%. Although the fungus had been isolated from Italian seed germplasm in 1986 (1), this is the first report of ascochyta blight occurring in lentil crops in Italy. The heavy rainfalls that characterize the first stage of lentil cultivation in Umbria are favorable for disease development while hot and dry conditions that usually occur during flowering and maturation prevent the dissemination of inoculum and the infection of the seeds. For these reasons, some Umbrian areas could be more suitable for production of ascochyta-free lentil seeds. References: (1) W. J. Kaiser and R. M. Hannan. Phytopathology 76:355, 1986. (2) T. Limonard. Proc. Int. Seed Test. Assoc. 33:343, 1968.
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Yigezu, Yigezu Atnafe, M. Wakilur Rahman, Tamer El-Shater, Arega D. Alene, Ashutosh Sarker, Shiv Kumar, and Aymen Frija. "Plot-level impacts of improved lentil varieties in Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): e0262146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262146.
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The advent of improved lentil varieties (ILVs) in the mid-1990s solved the disease problem which almost halted lentil production in Bangladesh. Levels of adoption of ILVs have been documented in the literature, but little is known about their impacts. Applying an instrumental variables regression to data collected from a sample of 1,694 lentil plots and DNA fingerprinting for varietal identification, this study provides estimates of the plot-level impacts of adoption of ILVs in Bangladesh. Model results show that adoption of ILVs is associated with 14.3% (181.14 kg/ha) higher yields and 17.23% (US$169.44/ha) higher gross margins. Since 45% of lentil area is under ILVs, they generated over 8.77 tones (6%) more supply of lentils from domestic sources, saving the country US$8.22 million in imports in 2015 alone. By investing in the generation and scaling of ILVs, Bangladesh and other South Asian countries with similar agro-ecologies can increase production and decrease dependency on lentil imports.
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FRIESEN, G. H., and D. A. WALL. "TOLERANCE OF LENTIL (Lens culinaris Medik.) TO HERBICIDES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-017.
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Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) was tolerant to trifluralin, ethalfluralin, triallate, metolachlor and metribuzin applied preplant soil incorporated at rates of 1.1, 1.1, 1.7, 2.6 and 0.28 kg (a.i.)/ha, respectively. Chloramben and EPTC applied in a similar manner at rates of 2.0 and 3.0 kg (a.i.)/ha, respectively, injured lentils. Diclofop methyl, sethoxydim, fluazifop butyl, haloxyfop methyl and several experimental grass-specific herbicides were tolerated by lentil but propanil and flam-prop methyl were phytotoxic to this crop. Lentil was also tolerant to tank mixtures of trifluralin and triallate, trifluralin and metribuzin, metolachlor and metribuzin, and sequential treatments of dinitroaniline-type herbicides applied preplant incorporated followed by a post-emergence application of metribuzin or dinoseb. Lentil seed density was reduced by triallate in 1983 and seed size was reduced by flamprop methyl in 1982 and by trifluralin, triallate, metolachlor, EPTC, chloramben, metribuzin and trifluralin + metribuzin mixtures in 1983.Key words: Herbicides, lentil, preplant incorporated, postemergence, seed quality, sequential treatments
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Adhikari, Anjana D., Kathleen A. Nielsen, Robert M. Harveson, Christopher Graham, Ruth Beck, and Febina M. Mathew. "Bacterial Blight of Lentil (Lens culinaris) Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae." Plant Health Progress 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-11-17-0073-br.
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In June 2017, plants were observed in a commercial lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) field in Central South Dakota with brown, circular lesions on the foliage leaves that had dried, torn centers resembling “shot holes.” The pathogen was confirmed to be Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. This is the first known report of bacterial blight caused by P. syringae pv. syringae on lentil anywhere lentils are grown.
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Jao, Cheng-Hsun, Chieh-Yi Lin, Chao-Jung Chen, and Jung-Feng Hsieh. "Effects of Calcium Sulfate and Chitosan on Textural Modification and Microstructure of Tofu Made from Lentils (Lens Culinaris)." Processes 10, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10102000.
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This study investigated calcium sulfate and chitosan on the textural modification and microstructure of tofu made from lentils. The addition of varying amounts of calcium sulfate (0–12 mM) and chitosan (0–1.0%) into lentil milk could affect the gel properties of lentil-based tofu. The gel properties, including the hardness and cohesiveness, of lentil-based tofu significantly increased with the addition of 12 mM calcium sulfate, exhibiting a slightly discontinuous network structure and a slightly regular pore network. However, the gel properties including hardness and cohesiveness significantly decreased with the addition of 1.0% chitosan, presenting a slightly continuous network structure with pores. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that the aggregation of the vicilin, legumin acidic unit and legumin basic unit proteins in lentil milk was induced both by 12 mM calcium sulfate and 1.0% chitosan. Our results suggested that calcium sulfate and chitosan could affect the gel properties, such as hardness and cohesiveness, of lentil-based tofu. Therefore, calcium sulfate and chitosan can be used as practical food additives for the development of texture-modified lentil-based tofu.
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Mustafa, Ahmed M., Doaa Abouelenein, Laura Acquaticci, Laura Alessandroni, Simone Angeloni, Germana Borsetta, Giovanni Caprioli, Franks Kamgang Nzekoue, Gianni Sagratini, and Sauro Vittori. "Polyphenols, Saponins and Phytosterols in Lentils and Their Health Benefits: An Overview." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15101225.
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The lentil (Lens culinaris L.) is one of the most important legumes (family, Fabaceae). It is a natural functional food rich in many bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, saponins and phytosterols. Several studies have demonstrated that the consumption of lentils is potentially important in reducing the incidence of a number of chronic diseases, due to their bioactive compounds. The most common polyphenols in lentils include phenolic acids, flavan-3-ol, flavonols, anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins, and anthocyanins, which play an important role in the prevention of several degenerative diseases in humans, due to their antioxidant activity. Furthermore, lentil polyphenols are reported to have antidiabetic, cardioprotective and anticancer activities. Lentil saponins are triterpene glycosides, mainly soyasaponins I and βg. These saponins have a plasma cholesterol-lowering effect in humans and are important in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Moreover, high levels of phytosterols have been reported in lentils, especially in the seed coat, and β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol are the most abundant. Beyond their hypocholesterolemic effect, phytosterols in lentils are known for their anti-inflammatory activity. In this review, the current information on the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds including polyphenols, saponins and phytosterols, and their associated health-promoting effects are discussed.
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Rebollo-Hernanz, Miguel, Yolanda Aguilera, Teresa Herrera, L. Tábata Cayuelas, Montserrat Dueñas, Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez, David Ramiro-Cortijo, Silvia M. Arribas, and María A. Martín-Cabrejas. "Bioavailability of Melatonin from Lentil Sprouts and Its Role in the Plasmatic Antioxidant Status in Rats." Foods 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030330.
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Melatonin is a multifunctional antioxidant neurohormone found in plant foods such as lentil sprouts. We aim to evaluate the effect of lentil sprout intake on the plasmatic levels of melatonin and metabolically related compounds (plasmatic serotonin and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin), total phenolic compounds, and plasmatic antioxidant status, and compare it with synthetic melatonin. The germination of lentils increases the content of melatonin. However, the phenolic content diminished due to the loss of phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols. The flavonol content remained unaltered, being the main phenolic family in lentil sprouts, primarily composed of kaempferol glycosides. Sprague Dawley rats were used to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of melatonin after oral administration of a lentil sprout extract and to evaluate plasma and urine melatonin and related biomarkers and antioxidant capacity. Melatonin showed maximum concentration (45.4 pg/mL) 90 min after lentil sprout administration. The plasmatic melatonin levels increased after lentil sprout intake (70%, p < 0.05) with respect to the control, 1.2-fold more than after synthetic melatonin ingestion. These increments correlated with urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin content (p < 0.05), a key biomarker of plasmatic melatonin. Nonetheless, the phenolic compound content did not exhibit any significant variation. Plasmatic antioxidant status increased in the antioxidant capacity upon both lentil sprout and synthetic melatonin administration. For the first time, we investigated the bioavailability of melatonin from lentil sprouts and its role in plasmatic antioxidant status. We concluded that their intake could increase melatonin plasmatic concentration and attenuate plasmatic oxidative stress.
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Clarke, Sandra T., Sidra Sarfaraz, Xinye Qi, Davin G. Ramdath, Gregory C. Fougere, and D. Dan Ramdath. "A Review of the Relationship between Lentil Serving and Acute Postprandial Blood Glucose Response: Effects of Dietary Fibre, Protein and Carbohydrates." Nutrients 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14040849.
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Pulse consumption has been shown to confer beneficial effects on blood glucose and insulin levels. Lentil consumption, in particular, consistently lowers acute blood glucose and insulin response when compared to starchy control foods. The mechanism by which lentils lower postprandial blood glucose response (PBGR) and insulin levels is unclear; however, evidence suggests that this effect may be linked to macronutrients and/or the amount of lentils consumed. This review attempts to consolidate existing studies that examined lentil consumption and glycemic and/or insulinemic responses and declared information on macronutrient composition and dietary fibre content of the foods tested. Collectively, these studies suggest that consumption of lentils reduces PBGR, with the minimum effective serving being ~110g cooked to reduce PBGR by 20%. Reductions in PBGR show modest-to-strong correlations with protein (45–57 g) and dietary fibre (22–30 g) content, but has weaker correlations with available carbohydrates. Increased lentil serving sizes were found to moderately influence relative reductions in peak blood glucose concentrations and lower the area under the blood glucose curve (BG AUC). However, no clear relationship was identified between serving and relative reductions in the BG AUC, making it challenging to characterize consistent serving–response effects.
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Sprout, Sharon L., Louise M. Nelson, and James J. Germida. "Influence of metribuzin on the Rhizobium leguminosarum–lentil (Lens culinaris) symbiosis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-058.
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The effects of the triazine herbicide metribuzin (Sencor) on the lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) - Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae symbiosis were studied in Leonard jars and growth pouches. Lentils inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 128C54 or 128C84, and noninoculated lentils grown in plant nutrient solution supplemented with 5 mM KNO3, had metribuzin applied to the plants at either 8 or 13 days after planting. When sprayed at 8 days, metribuzin had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) negative effect on plant weight, number of nodules, taproot growth, and acetylene reduction activity. Five to 10 days after spraying, the plants began to recover from the inhibitory effects. When spraying was delayed to 13 days after planting, metribuzin had little effect on plant growth. The R. leguminosarum strain used as inoculant affected the degree of inhibition of lentil growth and the rate of plant recovery. Less than 0.2% of foliarly applied metribuzin was translocated to the root. Thus the detrimental effects of metribuzin application to lentils were mainly due to direct effects on the plant, which resulted in indirect effects on nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Key words: Rhizobium leguminosarum, lentil, metribuzin.
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Shrivastava, Priyanshu, Karan Singh, and Ashish Pancham. "Classification of Grain s and Quality Analysis u sing Deep Learning." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 11, no. 1 (October 30, 2021): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a3213.1011121.
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There are various varieties of Rice and lentils. Price fabrication and adulteration have been some of the various issues faced by the consumers, farmers and wholesale retailers. Traditional methods for Identification of these similar types of grains and their quality analysis are crude and inaccurate. Methods were tried to implemented earlier but due to financial inability and low efficiency, they weren’t successful. To overcome this problem, the project proposes a method that uses a machine learning technique for identification and quality analysis of these grains. Rice and Lentils which have the maximum consumption have been selected. Lentils are designated into classes based on colors. The technique of determining the elegance of a lentil is with the aid of seed coat shade. Red lentils can be confirmed through the cotyledon coloration. Lentil types may also have a huge variety of seed coat colors from inexperienced, red, speckled inexperienced, black and tan. The cotyledon colour may be red, yellow or inexperienced. The size and color of every Indian Lentil type (i.e. Red, Green, and Yellow, Black, White) are decided to be large or Medium or small, then size and colour end up part of the grade name. An smart machine is used to perceive the kind of Indian lentils from bulk samples. The proposed machine allows kernel length and coloration size using picture processing techniques. These Lentil size measurements, when combined with color attributes of the sample, classify three lentil varieties commonly grown in India with the highest accuracy. Rice is one of most consumed grains in India so its quality is of utmost importance. In this project, we identify and grade five types of rice and grade them with the help of their distinguished features such as size, color, shape, and surface. The project works in three phases viz., Feature Extraction, Training, and Testing. Various rice grain has a different shape, size, surface and various lentils come in different colors, Hence the feature that will be extracted is texture and colors. The method of regression will be adopted for the grading mechanism where the output will be in terms of percentage purity. The methodology for the extraction of the feature will be GLCM and Edge Detection where for supervised learning SVM and Back Propagation will be utilized. The project provides an efficient replacement for the traditional grading mechanism and standardizes the pricing of farm products based on their quality only.
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., S. Hussain, M. Nasir ., M. Hanif ., and B. A. Malik . "Screening of Lentil Accessions Against Ascochyta Lentis." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 1, no. 2 (March 15, 1998): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.1998.101.102.
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Benmeziane-Derradji, Farida, Doha Aoufi, Nour El Houda Ayat, and Lynda Djermoune-Arkoub. "Determination of the mineral profile of raw and roasted lentil flour after addition to yogurt." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 5, no. 12 (July 25, 2021): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.5.12.75-78.
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Introduction: Lentil (Lens culinaris) is a pulse largely consumed in the world, especially in Algeria. This legume can be consumed in different forms (pottage, soup), but also flour can be produced after roasting treatment of the lentils. Resulted flour can be used as a food or ingredient in the formulation of food products. Aims: The main objective of this study is to determine the variation in the main mineral content of lentil flour. The flour was analyzed at its native state (raw), after roasting, raw before addition to yogurt, and roasted after addition in yogurt as a functional ingredient at a rate of 4%. Material and Methods: The lentil flours analysis was carried out by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) associated with Dispersive X-ray Energy (EDX) microanalysis (SEM-EDX). Results: The results show that the roasting treatment does not have a marked effect on the mineral content of lentil flours. However, the addition to the yogurt made it possible to raise the mineral content of the raw and roasted lentil flour remarkably. Conclusions: Adding lentil flour to yogurt is an effective way to increase the mineral content of yogurts made from these flours. Keywords: Lens culinaris, flour, roasting, SEM-EDX, mineral.
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Brodie, Graham, Dorin Gupta, and Saeedeh Taheri. "Heat Uniformity Study and Viability of Red Lentil at Different Seed Moisture Contents after Low-Dose Microwave Treatment." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13002.
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Abstract. Microwave processing has recently gained attention for seed treatment to eradicate pests and pathogens. However, there is a lack of data on the effect of microwave treatment on legume viability, as well as heat uniformity after microwave treatment. To clarify this matter, 50 g of red lentils at four moisture contents (MC) from 9% to 21% wet basis (w.b.) were treated in a microwave oven with full output power of 1100 W (producer information) or 3.33 W g-1 (based on calorimetric method) at power levels of 30%, 40%, and 50% and exposure times of 30 and 60 s. Final temperature distribution was captured using an infrared thermal camera, and absorbed power (W g-1) and energy (J g-1) were calculated using thermal properties of lentil. Lentil viability was negatively affected at absorbed energy higher than 70 J g-1 at any moisture content. For high moisture contents, more than 70 J g-1 were absorbed at power levels of 40% and 50% after 60 s exposure time. However, the viability of dry lentils was not affected after exposure to 50% power for 60 s, which raised the average temperature to 55°C. Germination and vigor of lentil at 21% MC treated with 30% power for 30 s increased by 8.6% and 20%, respectively, and conductivity after two months storage decreased by 15%, which shows the stimulating effect of microwave on lentil seeds. Keywords: Disinfection, Heat uniformity, Legume, Lentil, Microwave, Quality, Seed enhancement, Temperature distribution, Viability.
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Fedoruk, L. K., and S. J. Shirtliffe. "Herbicide Choice and Timing for Weed Control in Imidazolinone-Resistant Lentil." Weed Technology 25, no. 4 (December 2011): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00079.1.
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Conventional lentil, because it is relatively noncompetitive, requires effective weed control. In conventional lentil, metribuzin should be applied by the four-node stage to avoid crop injury. This is earlier than the critical period of weed control (CPWC) of lentil, which is between the five- and 10-node stage. However, imidazolinone herbicides potentially can be applied later in imidazolinone-resistant lentil, which might allow lentil to be kept weed-free for the CPWC. The objective of this experiment was to determine the best herbicide choice and application timing necessary to achieve the CPWC in lentil. To do this we tested herbicides differing in efficacy and residual control. The herbicides imazethapyr/imazamox, imazamox, and metribuzin + sethoxydim were applied at the two- and six-node lentil stage. Of the three herbicide treatments, metribuzin + sethoxydim resulted in grain yield that was on average 31% lower than the other herbicides. This occurred because of greater broadleaf biomass (composed primarily of wild mustard) in lentils treated with these herbicides regardless of application timing. Because of this, the CPWC was not attained with metribuzin + sethoxydim. Late applications of imazethapyr/imazamox or imazamox resulted in grain yields 30% higher than with early application of these herbicides. Early applications of the imidazolinone herbicides gave poor control of grass weeds (wild oat and green foxtail), but late applications resulted in grass weed control equivalent to metribuzin + sethoxydim. Imazethapyr/imazamox or imazamox should be applied at the five- to six-node stage of lentil to achieve the CPWC.
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McDonald, G. K., K. L. Hollaway, and L. McMurray. "Increasing plant density improves weed competition in lentil (Lens culinaris)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 1 (2007): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05168.
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Lentil (Lens culinaris) is an important pulse crop in the southern and western cropping zones. Weed management can be difficult in lentil because of its poor early growth and the limited range of safe selective post-emergent herbicides available. Experiments were conducted at Minlaton, South Australia, and Horsham, Victoria, to examine the effects of early vigour on the ability of lentil to compete against a broadleaf weed. Early growth in lentil was manipulated by selecting genotypes with different levels of early vigour and by using a range of sowing rates. Canola (Brassica napus cv. Beacon) was used to mimic the growth of a cruciferous weed and it was sown at 0, 0.25 (Minlaton only), 0.5, 1 or 2 kg/ha. Lentil genotypes were selected that represented the range in early vigour currently available within the breeding program. Another experiment examined the effect of plant density of lentils with different degrees of early vigour on the yield of canola. Grain yield of lentil declined as the density of canola increased. The initial reduction in canola yield over sites was about 4%/plant.m2, but was as high as 12%/plant.m2 in one treatment. This yield loss is similar to that reported for other grain legume crops, but is much higher than the initial yield loss reported for wheat. The differences in early vigour between genotypes were insufficient to affect the competitive ability of lentil. In contrast, increasing the sowing rate of lentil significantly reduced canola grain yield and increased lentil grain yield. When the density of canola was low (10 plants/m2), doubling the lentil plant density to 200 plants/m2 limited the yield loss to 10%. The results suggest the level of variation in early vigour among the present genotypes is insufficient to increase the competitive ability of the crop. Increasing the plant population of lentil is a more effective means of suppressing weed growth and increasing grain yield.
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Hajas, Lívia, Csilla Benedek, Éva Csajbókné Csobod, and Réka Juhász. "Development of Protein- and Fiber-Enriched, Sugar-Free Lentil Cookies: Impact of Whey Protein, Inulin, and Xylitol on Physical, Textural, and Sensory Characteristics." Foods 11, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 3819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11233819.
Full textAbstract:
Gluten-free (GF) diets often become nutritionally imbalanced, being low in proteins and fibers and high in sugars. Preparing GF foods with improved nutritional value is therefore a key challenge. This study investigates the impact of different combinations of whey protein (11.9%), inulin (6.0%) as dietary fiber, and xylitol (27.9%) as a sweetener used in the enrichment of green- and red-lentil-based gluten-free cookies. The cookies were characterized in terms of baking loss, geometric parameters, color, texture, and sensory profile. The results showed that these functional ingredients had different impacts on the lentil cookies made of different (green/red) lentils, especially regarding the effect of fiber and xylitol on the volume (green lentil cookies enriched with fiber: 16.5 cm3, sweetened with xylitol: 10.9 cm3 vs. 21.2 cm3 for control; red lentil cookies enriched with fiber: 21.9 cm3, sweetened with xylitol: 21.1 cm3 vs. 21.8 cm3 for control) and color (e.g., b* for green lentil cookies enriched with fiber: 13.13, sweetened with xylitol: 8.15 vs. 16.24 for control; b* for red lentil cookies enriched with fiber: 26.09, sweetened with xylitol: 32.29 vs. 28.17 for control). Regarding the textural attributes, the same tendencies were observed for both lentil products, i.e., softer cookies were obtained upon xylitol and whey protein addition, while hardness increased upon inulin enrichment. Stickiness was differently influenced by the functional ingredients in the case of green and red lentil cookies, but all the xylitol-containing cookies were less crumbly than the controls. The interactions of the functional ingredients were revealed in terms of all the properties investigated. Sensory analysis showed that the addition of whey protein resulted in less intensive “lentil” and “baked” aromas (mostly for red lentil cookies), and replacement of sugar by xylitol resulted in crumblier and less hard and crunchier products. The application of different functional ingredients in the enrichment of lentil-based gluten-free cookies revealed several interactions. These findings could serve as a starting point for future research and development of functional GF products.
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Martínez-Martín, Iván, Miriam Hernández-Jiménez, Isabel Revilla, and Ana M. Vivar-Quintana. "Prediction of Mineral Composition in Wheat Flours Fortified with Lentil Flour Using NIR Technology." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031491.
Full textAbstract:
Lentil flour is an important source of minerals, including iron, so its use in food fortification programs is becoming increasingly important. In this study, the potential of near infrared technology to discriminate the presence of lentil flour in fortified wheat flours and the quantification of their mineral composition is evaluated. Three varieties of lentils (Castellana, Pardina and Guareña) were used to produce flours, and a total of 153 samples of wheat flours fortified with them have been analyzed. The results show that it is possible to discriminate fortified flours with 100% efficiency according to their lentil flour content and to discriminate them according to the variety of lentil flour used. Regarding their mineral composition, the models developed have shown that it is possible to predict the Ca, Mg, Fe, K and P content in fortified flours using near infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, these models can be applied to unknown samples with results comparable to ICP-MS determination of these minerals.
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Graf, Daniela, Jennifer M. Monk, Dion Lepp, Wenqing Wu, Laurel McGillis, Kyle Roberton, Yolanda Brummer, Susan M. Tosh, and Krista A. Power. "Cooked Red Lentils Dose-Dependently Modulate the Colonic Microenvironment in Healthy C57Bl/6 Male Mice." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081853.
Full textAbstract:
Dietary pulses, including lentils, are protein-rich plant foods that are enriched in intestinal health-promoting bioactives, such as non-digestible carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets supplemented with cooked red lentils on the colonic microenvironment (microbiota composition and activity and epithelial barrier integrity and function). C57Bl/6 male mice were fed one of five diets: a control basal diet (BD), a BD-supplemented diet with 5, 10 or 20% cooked red lentils (by weight), or a BD-supplemented diet with 0.7% pectin (equivalent soluble fiber level as found in the 20% lentil diet). Red lentil supplementation resulted in increased: (1) fecal microbiota α-diversity; (2) abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (e.g., Prevotella, Roseburia and Dorea spp.); (3) concentrations of fecal SCFAs; (4) mRNA expression of SCFA receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR 41 and 43) and tight/adherens junction proteins (Zona Occulden-1 (ZO-1), Claudin-2, E-cadherin). Overall, 20% lentil had the greatest impact on colon health outcomes, which were in part explained by a change in the soluble and insoluble fiber profile of the diet. These results support recent public health recommendations to increase consumption of plant-based protein foods for improved health, in particular intestinal health.
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Vohra, Kripi, Vandana Garg, and Harish Dureja. "Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Lens culinaris Medikus Seeds: An Update." Current Nutrition & Food Science 15, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666170925155508.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The seeds of Lens culinaris Medikus belong to family Leguminosae and are commonly known as masoor pulses, Lentils, and Lens esculenta Moench. Objective: The present review provides an up-to-date information on the therapeutic potential of Lentil seeds including its synonyms, taxonomical classification, geographical distribution, cultivation, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and reported biological uses. Updated Information: Geographically, L. culinaris seeds are grown throughout North India. They are lens shaped, grayish brown in color with mucilaginous taste and characteristic odor. They are well known for their nutritional properties and are also considered as a vital part of a balanced diet. Besides their contribution to health due to the presence of essential macro- and micro- nutrients, they also contain various bioactive phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, saponins, etc. which are responsible for exhibiting various pharmacological properties. The Lentil seeds are traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal problems such as dysentery, diarrhea, constipation, strangury, cardiac disorders, skin diseases, anemia, etc. Due to such an attractive ethnopharmacological profile, various studies have been conducted on Lentil seeds which recommend the use of Lentil seeds as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal antihyperlipidemic, etc. Conclusion: This would assist the researchers to get a better insight into Lentil seeds.
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Bautista-Expósito, Sara, Albert Vandenberg, Montserrat Dueñas, Elena Peñas, Juana Frias, and Cristina Martínez-Villaluenga. "Selection of Enzymatic Treatments for Upcycling Lentil Hulls into Ingredients Rich in Oligosaccharides and Free Phenolics." Molecules 27, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 8458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238458.
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In this study, the comprehensive chemical characterization of red lentil hulls obtained from the industrial production of football and split lentils was described. The lentil hulls were rich in dietary fiber (78.43 g/100 g dry weight with an insoluble to soluble fiber ratio of 4:1) and polyphenols (49.3 mg GAE/g dry weight, of which 55% was bound phenolics), which revealed the suitability of this lentil by-product as a source of bioactive compounds with recognized antioxidant and prebiotic properties. The release of oligosaccharides and phenolic compounds was accomplished by enzymatic hydrolysis, microwave treatment and a combination of both technologies. The key role played by the selection of a suitable enzymatic preparation was highlighted to maximize the yield of bioactive compounds and the functional properties of the lentil hull hydrolysates. Out of seven commercial preparations, the one with the most potential for use in a commercial context was Pectinex® Ultra Tropical, which produced the highest yields of oligosaccharides (14 g/100 g lentil hull weight) and free phenolics (45.5 mg GAE/100 g lentil hull weight) and delivered a four-fold increase in terms of the original antioxidant activity. Finally, this enzyme was selected to analyze the effect of a microwave-assisted extraction pretreatment on the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis and the content of free phenolic compounds and oligosaccharides. The integrated microwave and enzymatic hydrolysis method, although it increased the solubilization yield of the lentil hulls (from 25% to 34%), it slightly decreased the content of oligosaccharides and proanthocyanidins and reduced the antioxidant activity. Therefore, the enzymatic hydrolysis treatment alone was more suitable for producing a lentil hull hydrolysate enriched in potential prebiotics and antioxidant compounds.
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Bailey, K. L., B. D. Gossen, D. A. Derksen, and P. R. Watson. "Impact of agronomic practices and environment on diseases of wheat and lentil in southeastern Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-007.
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To determine the effect of tillage and rotation on plant diseases, their severity and prevalence were monitored on spring wheat, lentil, and field pea grown in rotation with zero and conventional tillage at Indian Head, SK, from 1992 to 1995. Root disease severity of wheat was less under zero tillage than conventional tillage, but leaf spot severity was unchanged. Incidence of the causal agents from roots was variable, such that Fusarium spp. were higher under zero tillage than conventional and Bipolaris sorokiniana was lower. Pyrenophora triticirepentis was the only foliar pathogen more prevalent under zero tillage than conventional. Rotation did not affect the pathogens causing root disease. However, the rotation of canaryseed-sunola-wheat-lentil had higher disease severity and levels of Septoria tritci on wheat compared with wheat-canola-wheat-lentil or wheat-pea-wheat-lentil. Neither crop rotation nor tillage practice had a measurable impact on lentil diseases, but epidemics of Ascochyta lentis and Botrytis cinerea were most severe in treatments with the densest plant stands. Multivariate analyses explored trends of tillage, rotation, and environment over years demonstrating that regardless of tillage or crop rotation practices, the annual environment was the most important factor limiting the severity of disease and the prevalence of causal agents in the complex. Key words: Rotation, tillage, root rot, leaf spot, wheat, lentil
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Alshehry, Garsa, Rokayya Sami, Eman Algarni, Huda Aljumayi, Nada Benajiba, Amina A. M. Al-Mushhin, Manjeet Kumar Singh, and Sarah Alharthi. "Development and Characterization of Novel Macaroni Product Prepared from Grain and Legume." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2022.2160.
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In the current research the functional and value added macaroni was prepared with fortification of lentil, millet, and white rice flour as ingredients with wheat semolina. The proximate composition, physico-chemical analysis such as phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the raw materials were investigated. The cooking quality, color, and sensory properties of different macaroni blends were also estimated. The results showed that the lentil had significant (p < 0.05) higher amounts of nutritional compositions such as crude protein (25.38%) and crude fiber (12.47%). The maximum carbohydrate content (91.47%) was found in rice followed by durum wheat semolina (81.83%) respectively. The significantly (p < 0.05) higher phenolic content (12.51 mg/g), flavonoid content (10.32 mg/g), and antioxidant activity such as ABTS (6.59 Mmol TEACg−1), DPPH (4.69 Mmol TEACg−1) and FRAP (8.62 Mmol TEACg−1) were recorded in millets followed by lentil. The solubility decreased steadily from 3.25% in a blend (5) to 1.52% in control semolina flour. The swelling powder of macaroni was decreased with increasing proportion of lentils. The optimal cooking time was also increased with increasing proportion of lentils. The cooking time range was 5.28 min (control) to 7.12 min (blend 5). Therefore, it could be recommended that the use of a small amount of lentils at 10% and 20% are potential to obtaining macaroni with high consumer acceptability. Moreover, the macaroni blends from lentils at 30% blend (4) had medium acceptability.
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Ahmadi, Abdol Reza, Saeed Shahbazi, and Marjan Diyanat. "Efficacy of Five Herbicides for Weed Control in Rain-Fed Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)." Weed Technology 30, no. 2 (June 2016): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-15-00125.1.
Full textAbstract:
Lentil is vulnerable to weed competition because of its short stature, slow establishment, and limited vegetative growth. Although the vast majority of lentil production is under rain-fed conditions, there is a little published information on weed control with herbicides in rain-fed lentils. Field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of nine herbicide treatments including fomesafen, imazethapyr, linuron, pendimethalin, and pyridate alone or in combination compared with one or two hand weeding(s) on weed control and yield response in rain-fed lentil in Khorramabad, Iran in 2012 and 2013. Weed species included catchweed bedstraw, cowcockle, haresear mustard, hoary cress, wild mustard, and wild safflower. Total weed dry biomass in weedy check plots averaged 156 and 170 g m−2 in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and weed density and biomass were reduced in all treatments compared to the weedy check in both years. Plots that were hand weeded twice reduced weed biomass the greatest, whereas fomesafen, linuron, or one hand weeding did not control weeds satisfactorily. Noncontrolled weeds reduced lentil yield by 67% both years compared to the weed-free control. Lentil yield in 2013 (1,370 kg ha−1) was higher than in 2012 (1,150 kg ha−1). All herbicides tested injured lentil slightly, with pyridate (1,200 g ai ha−1) and pendimethalin (660 g ai ha−1 plus imazethapyr at 250 to 500 g ai ha−1) causing the least injury. Across all treatments, imazethapyr plus pendimethalin PRE, pyridate POST, and two hand-weeding treatments had the best performance for weed control and lentil yield.
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Fıratlıgil-Durmuş, E., E. Šárka, and Z. Bubník. "Image vision technology for the characterisation of shape and geometrical properties of two varieties of lentil grown in Turkey." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 26, No. 2 (April 17, 2008): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1/2008-cjfs.
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Geometrical features of lentil seeds (<I>Lens culinaris</I> Medik) were analysed using the image analysis LUCIA system Ver. 3.52. The values of the weight of 1000 kernels, kernel density, specific volume, specific surface area, and surface area of 1000 kernels of red and green lentils were determined as 66.61 and 138.56 g, 1504.5 and 1376.4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, 0.6647 and 0.7265 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, 0.594 and 0.579 m<sup>2</sup>/kg, 395.4 and 801.9 cm<sup>2</sup>,, respectively. The lentil volume was simulated by an oblate spheroid and two sphere segments and the volumes obtained with both models were compared with that obtained by pycnometric method. Percentage differences of the two sphere segment approximation for red and green lentils were 4.4% and 4.2%, respectively. The height (thickness) of lentils was constant and practically the same with both varieties (2.6 mm) and therefore it was possible to simplify the geometrical models. Thus, 2D image analysis is suitable for a quick evaluation of the specific volume and surface area of grains on the basis of the projected area (equivalent diameter) without the measurement of the height. Image processing provides a simple, rapid, and non-invasive methodology to estimate lentil geometric features and engineering parameters.
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Smitchger, Jamin A., Ian C. Burke, and Joseph P. Yenish. "The Critical Period of Weed Control in Lentil (Lens culinaris) in the Pacific Northwest." Weed Science 60, no. 1 (March 2012): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00069.1.
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The critical period of weed control (CPWC) for ‘Pardina’ and ‘Brewer’ lentil was determined in field experiments near Pullman, WA, in 2008 and 2009. Trial treatments were kept either weed free for periods of 0, 14, 25, 35, 45, 60, 75, or ∼90 d after emergence (DAE), or weeds were allowed to grow before removal for periods of 0, 14, 25, 35, 45, 60, 75, or ∼90 DAE. Averaged across varieties, lentil with season-long weed interference had 29.5 and 32% seed yield reduction compared to weed-free lentils in 2008 and 2009, respectively. When measured at crop maturity, a 1% loss in lentil seed yield resulted from each 5.68 g m−2of dry weed biomass. Based on a 5% yield loss threshold, the CPWC for lentil was estimated to be from 270 to 999 growing degree days (GDD), 22 to 57 DAE, or crop growth stage (CGS) 7 to the early pod stage during 2008. In 2009, the CPWC was 624 to 650 GDD, with no occurrence of a CPWC when estimated using DAE and CGS. Spiny sowthistle emerged and competed with the lentil crop later in the growing season than mayweed chamomile, indicating that mayweed chamomile may be an earlier and stronger competitor than spiny sowthistle.
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CASTELL, A. G., and R. L. CLIPLEF. "ETHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION OF BARLEY DIETS CONTAINING LENTILS (Lens culinaris) OR SOYBEAN MEAL: LIVE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS RESPONSES BY GILTS FED AD LIBITUM." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-041.
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Barley-based diets, containing 13.3% soybean meal or 40.0% lentils, were fed over the period from 25 to 90 + kg liveweight. Supplementation with 0.1% DL-methionine improved performance and carcass characteristics of lentil-fed pigs to the level of those receiving soybean meal diets. Key words: Pig, barley, lentils, methionine, carcass