Journal articles: 'Length-at-detection'

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Jones, Alwen L., Richard C. Roberts, and Michael W. H. Coughtrie. "Detection of a Sacl restriction fragment length polymorphism at the human phenolsulphotransferase locus." Clinical Genetics 49, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb03279.x.

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Wu, Jianqing, Hao Xu, Yongsheng Zhang, Yuan Tian, and Xiuguang Song. "Real-Time Queue Length Detection with Roadside LiDAR Data." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082342.

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Real-time queue length information is an important input for many traffic applications. This paper presents a novel method for real-time queue length detection with roadside LiDAR data. Vehicles on the road were continuously tracked with the LiDAR data processing procedures (including background filtering, point clustering, object classification, lane identification and object association). A detailed method to identify the vehicle at the end of the queue considering the occlusion issue and package loss issue was documented in this study. The proposed method can provide real-time queue length information. The performance of the proposed queue length detection method was evaluated with the ground-truth data collected from three sites in Reno, Nevada. Results show the proposed method can achieve an average of 98% accuracy at the six investigated sites. The errors in the queue length detection were also diagnosed.

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Kausik, Ravinath, and Songi Han. "Ultrasensitive Detection of Interfacial Water Diffusion on Lipid Vesicle Surfaces at Molecular Length Scales." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 51 (December 30, 2009): 18254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9060849.

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Liu, Bo Hang, Hong Yang Zhu, and Wen Sheng Zhang. "The Sedan Length Detection Algorithm Based on the Tail Features." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.917.

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Extracting effectively the vehicle length is beneficial to classification of vehicle in video traffic detection. In the traditional video traffic detection, vehicles can be approximately regarded as a rectangle to extract the vehicle length. However, it is not accurate enough to use rectangle method to extract the length of sedan. In this paper, based on the tail features of the sedan, the mathematical algorithm of trigonometric function and similar triangles were applied to calculate the sedan length. And then, we discuss the computing method of sedan length detected by video from the different camera angles and detection line locations, and analyze the influence on the accuracy of the measuring sedan length. At last, a study is conducted for example analysis, and the result shows that the approach of extracting sedan length is feasible. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the sedan length accuracy is improved by 3.18% using the algorithm in the paper. Thus, the algorithm is of great significance to improve the accuracy of measuring the sedan length.

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Romanov, Dmitry S., and Elena Yu Romanova. "A method of synthesis of irredundant circuits admitting single fault detection tests of constant length." Discrete Mathematics and Applications 29, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dma-2019-0005.

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Abstract A constructive proof is given that in each of the bases B′ = {x&y, x⊕y, x ∼ y}, B1 = {x&y, x⊕y, 1} any n-place Boolean function may be implemented: by an irredundant combinational circuit with n inputs and one output admitting (under single stuck-at faults at inputs and outputs of gates) a single fault detection test of length at most 16, by an irredundant combinational circuit with n inputs and one output admitting (under single stuck-at faults at inputs and outputs of gates and at primary inputs) a single fault detection test of length at most 2n−2log2 n+O(1); besides, there exists an n-place function that cannot be implemented by an irredundant circuit admitting a detecting test whose length is smaller than 2n−2log2 n − Ω(1), by an irredundant combinational circuit with n inputs and three outputs admitting (under single stuck-at faults at inputs and outputs of gates and at primary inputs) a single fault detection test of length at most 17.

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Mastali, M., J. T. Babbitt, Y. Li, E. M. Landaw, V. Gau, B. M. Churchill, and D. A. Haake. "Optimal Probe Length and Target Location for Electrochemical Detection of Selected Uropathogens at Ambient Temperature." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46, no. 8 (June 18, 2008): 2707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00423-08.

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Avva, Jessica, John M. Kovac, Christian Miki, David Saltzberg, and Abigail G. Vieregg. "An in situ measurement of the radio-frequency attenuation in ice at Summit Station, Greenland." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 229 (2015): 1005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog15j057.

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AbstractWe report an in situ measurement of the electric field attenuation length Lα at radio frequencies for the bulk ice at Summit Station, Greenland, made by broadcasting radio-frequency signals vertically through the ice and measuring the relative power in the return ground bounce signal. We find the depth-averaged field attenuation length to be at 75 MHz. While this measurement has clear radioglaciological applications, the radio clarity of the ice also has implications for the detection of ultra-high energy (UHE) astrophysical particles via their radio emission in dielectric media such as ice. Assuming a reliable extrapolation to higher frequencies, the measured attenuation length at Summit Station is comparable to previously measured radio-frequency attenuation lengths at candidate particle detector sites around the world, and strengthens the case for Summit Station as a promising northern site for UHE neutrino detection.

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Zhang, Yajun, Xu Liu, Zhixiong Yang, Zijian Li, Xinyue Zhang, and Bo Yuan. "Capturing Features and Performing Human Detection from Human Gaits Using RFID." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 8353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218353.

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Recently, radio frequency identification (RFID) sensing has attracted much attention due to its contact-free nature, low cost, light weight and other advantages. RFID-based person detection has also become a hot research topic, but there are still some problems in the existing research. First, most of the current studies cannot identify numerous people at a time well. Second, in order to detect more accurately, it is necessary to evaluate the whole-body activity of a person, which will consume a lot of time to process the data and cannot be applied in time. To solve these problems, in this paper we propose RF-Detection, a person detection system using RFID. First of all, RF-Detection takes step length as the standard for person detection, divides step length into specific sections according to the relationship between step length and height, and achieves high accuracy for new user detection through a large amount of training for a specific step length. Secondly, RF-Detection can better identify the number of people in the same space by segmenting continuous people. Finally, the data collection was reduced by expanding the data set, and the deep learning method was used to further improve the accuracy. The results show that the overall recognition accuracy of RF-Detection is 98.93%.

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Popkov, K. A. "Complete Fault Detection Tests of Length 2 for Logic Networks under Stuck-at Faults of Gates." Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics 12, no. 2 (April 2018): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1990478918020102.

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Comert, Gurcan. "Effect of stop line detection in queue length estimation at traffic signals from probe vehicles data." European Journal of Operational Research 226, no. 1 (April 2013): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.10.035.

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Li, Bo, Zhi Yu, Liuhong Huang, and Bowen Guo. "Vehicle departure pattern and queue length prediction at an isolated intersection with automatic vehicle identity detection." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 13, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2019.0117.

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Dickens, Olivia O., Inayat Bajwa, Kelly Garcia-Ramos, Yeonjoon Suh, Chengyu Wen, Annie Cheng, Victoria Fethke, Yanji Yi, Ronald G. Collman, and A. T. Charlie Johnson. "Label-free detection of synthetic, full genomic length HIV-1 RNA at the few-copy level." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 390 (September 2023): 134001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.134001.

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WANG, LUSHENG, and LIANG DONG. "RANDOMIZED ALGORITHMS FOR MOTIF DETECTION." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 03, no. 05 (October 2005): 1039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720005001508.

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Motivation: Motif detection for DNA sequences has many important applications in biological studies, e.g. locating binding sites regulatory signals, designing genetic probes etc. In this paper, we propose a randomized algorithm, design an improved EM algorithm and combine them to form a software tool. Results: (1) We design a randomized algorithm for consensus pattern problem. We can show that with high probability, our randomized algorithm finds a pattern in polynomial time with cost error at most ∊ × l for each string, where l is the length of the motif and ∊ can be any positive number given by the user. (2) We design an improved EM algorithm that outperforms the original EM algorithm. (3) We develop a software tool, MotifDetector, that uses our randomized algorithm to find good seeds and uses the improved EM algorithm to do local search. We compare MotifDetector with Buhler and Tompa's PROJECTION which is considered to be the best known software for motif detection. Simulations show that MotifDetector is slower than PROJECTION when the pattern length is relatively small, and outperforms PROJECTION when the pattern length becomes large. Availability: It is available for free at , subject to copyright restrictions.

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Wagner, Tyler, James R. Bence, Mary T. Bremigan, Daniel B. Hayes, and Michael J. Wilberg. "Regional trends in fish mean length at age: components of variance and the statistical power to detect trends." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 968–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-068.

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We examined statewide time series (1940s–2002) of mean length at ages 2, 3, and 4 for seven fish species sampled from Michigan and Wisconsin inland lakes for temporal trends. We used a components of variance approach to examine how total variation in mean length at age was partitioned into lake-to-lake, coherent temporal, ephemeral temporal, trend, and residual variation. Using these estimated variance components, we simulated the effects of different variance structures on the power to detect trends in mean length at age. Of the 42 data sets examined, only four demonstrated significant regional (statewide) trends: age 4 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from Wisconsin lakes increased about 0.7 mm·year–1 in mean length at age, and ages 2, 3, and 4 walleye (Sander vitreus) from Wisconsin lakes decreased between 0.5 and 0.9 mm·year–1 in mean length at age. The structure of variation differed substantially among data sets, and these differences strongly affected the power to detect trends. Of particular note was that even modest levels of coherent temporal variation led to substantial decreases in power for detecting trends. To maximize trend detection capabilities, fisheries management agencies should consider variance structures prior to choosing indices for monitoring and realize that trend detection capabilities are species- and region-specific.

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15

Popkov, Kirill A. "Short single tests for circuits with arbitrary stuck-at faults at outputs of gates." Discrete Mathematics and Applications 29, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dma-2019-0030.

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Abstract The following results are proved: any nonconstant Boolean function may be implemented by an irredundant circuit of gates in the basis {x& y, x, x ⊕ y ⊕ z} admitting a single fault detection test of length at most 2 with respect to arbitrary stuck-at faults at outputs of gates, there exists a six-place Boolean function ψ such that any nonconstant Boolean function may be implemented by an irredundant circuit of gates in the basis {ψ} admitting a single diagnostic test of length at most 3 with respect to arbitrary stuck-at faults at outputs of gates.

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Maslovitz, Sharon, Joseph Hartoov, Igal Wolman, Ariel Jaffa, Joseph B. Lessing, and Gideon Fait. "Cervical Length in the Early Second Trimester for Detection of Triplet Pregnancies at Risk for Preterm Birth." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 23, no. 9 (September 2004): 1187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2004.23.9.1187.

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van Geijn, H. P. "Cervical Length in the Early Second Trimester for Detection of Triplet Pregnancies at Risk for Preterm Birth." Yearbook of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health 2006 (January 2006): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-798x(08)70376-x.

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Popkov, Kirill Andreevich. "Complete fault detection tests of the length two for logic networks under stuck-at faults of gates." Keldysh Institute Preprints, no. 104 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/prepr-2017-104.

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Li, Feng, Xiaodong Wang, Manzi Yang, Ming Zhu, Wei Chen, Qiran Li, Delin Sun, Xuejun Bi, Zakhar Maletskyi, and Harsha Ratnaweera. "Detection Limits of Antibiotics in Wastewater by Real-Time UV–VIS Spectrometry at Different Optical Path Length." Processes 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): 2614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122614.

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Real-time monitoring of antibiotics in hospital and pharmaceutical wastewater using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy is considered a promising method. Although gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and other methods can detect antibiotics with quite low limits of detection (LOD), they possess various limitations. UV–Vis spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods is a promising choice for monitoring antibiotics. In this study, two immersed in situ UV–Vis sensors were used to explore the relationship between absorption spectra and antibiotics and study the influence of the optical path length on the LOD. The LODs of sensor 2 using a 10 cm optical path is up to 300 times lower than that of sensor 1 using a 0.5 mm optical path. Moreover, multiple antibiotics in the wastewater were investigated in real-time manner. The absorption spectra of 70 groups of wastewater samples containing different concentrations of tetracycline, ofloxacin, and chloramphenicol were measured. The results indicate that the nine wavelengths selected by interval partial least squares (iPLS) after the second derivative pretreatment have better predictability for ofloxacin and the six wavelengths selected by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) after the first derivative. The multi-fold cross-validation results indicate that the model has a good predictive ability.

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Popkov, Kirill A. "Bounds on Shannon functions of lengths of contact closure tests for contact circuits." Discrete Mathematics and Applications 31, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dma-2021-0015.

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Abstract We consider the problem of synthesis of irredundant two-pole contact circuits which implement n-place Boolean functions and allow short single fault detection or diagnostic tests of closures of at most k contacts. We prove that the Shannon function of the length of a fault detection test is equal to n for any n and k, and that the Shannon function of the length of a diagnostic test is majorized by n + k(n − 2) for n ⩾ 2.

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Lu, Wenxia, Fei Wu, Hai Zhu, and Yujin Zhang. "A Step Length Estimation Model of Coefficient Self-Determined Based on Peak-Valley Detection." Journal of Sensors 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8818130.

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Without any preinstalled infrastructure, pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) is a promising indoor positioning technology for pedestrians carrying portable devices to navigate. Step detection and step length estimation (SLE) are two essential components for the pedestrian navigation based on PDR. To solve the overcounting problem, this study proposes a peak-valley detection method, which can remove the abnormal values effectively. The current step length models mostly depend on individual parameters that need to be predetermined for different users. Based on fuzzy logic (FL), we establish a rule base that can adjust the coefficient in the Weinberg model adaptively for every detected step of various human shapes walking. Specifically, to determine the FL rule base, we collect user acceleration data from 10 volunteers walking under the combination of diverse step length and stride frequency, and each one walks 49 times at all. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method adapts to different kinds of persons walking at various step velocities. Peak-valley detection can achieve an average accuracy of 99.77% during 500 steps of free walking. Besides, the average errors of 5 testers are all less than 4 m per 100 m and the smallest one is 1.74 m per 100 m using our coefficient self-determined step length estimation model.

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Senin, Syahrul Fithry, Amer Yusuff, Rohamezan Rohim, and Hun Beng Chan. "Reinforced concrete surface cracks length detection and length estimation by using digital image processing approach." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1238, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1238/1/012003.

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Abstract Surface cracks are a common failure that occurs in reinforced concrete structures (RC). With the help of new technologies, access to crack properties should be easier and help the inspector to provide better results. However, most inspectors still prefer manual visual inspection approach, which leads to inconsistent results when investigating this flaw. Moreover, cracks with inconsistent shapes and irregularities are a difficult task for crack extraction, and inspectors overlook the details of cracks. Therefore, in this study, crack detection and thin crack appearance enhancement using various digital image processing algorithms (DSP) were proposed to improve the accuracy of crack length estimation. By using certain DSP on the captured crack images on RC, several algorithms were created and coded in MATLAB via the morphological approach to produce good quality of the original crack images. At the end of this study, the appearance of the thin crack was improved and helped to improve the estimate of the total length of the crack in pixels. The maximum percentage error between the estimated crack length was calculated and compared to the actual length and was 7.10 %. The surface crack detection algorithm and the has the potential as a helpful structural health monitoring (SHM) tool for crack inspection.

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Qin, Zhong, Guang Ting Su, Yi Chen, Qi Zhou Liu, and Min Huang. "Measuring Vehicle Queue Length with Video." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.109.

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Queue length behind the stop line is an important parameter in the model of intersection signal control which is the base of urban traffic control. In this paper, the detection algorithms of queue length by the image information are proposed. At first, the background differential is used to extract the vehicle after the stop line, and then the three regional of the left, straight and right are identified, and finally at the different regions, tail of the vehicles queue is detected based on the change of image sequences gray, so the queue length is measured. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the algorithm.

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Wang, Yuye, Gang Nie, Changhao Hu, Kai Chen, Chao Yan, Bin Wu, Junfeng Zhu, Degang Xu, and Jianquan Yao. "High-sensitive terahertz detection by parametric up-conversion using nanosecond pulsed laser." Chinese Physics B 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 024204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac2d20.

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A high-sensitive terahertz detector operating at room temperature was demonstrated based on parametric up-conversion. A nanosecond 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser was used to pump the parametric up-conversion detector and the up-conversion from terahertz wave to NIR laser was realized in a lithium niobate crystal. The minimum detectable terahertz energy of 9 pJ was realized with the detection dynamic range of 54 dB, which was three orders of magnitude higher than that of commercial Golay cell. The detectable terahertz frequency range of the detection system was 0.90 Thz–1.83 THz. Besides, the effects of pump energy and effective gain length on the detection sensitivity were studied in experiment. The results showed that higher pump energy and longer effective gain length are helpful for improving the detection sensitivity of parametric up-conversion detector.

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Bostwick, D. G., C. Teloken, O. W. Brawley, M. Marberger, J. Qian, K. Drewnowska, F. Niyuhire, R. R. Rittmaster, I. L. Fowler, and M. C. Somerville. "Worldwide comparison of prostate needle biopsy quality in the reduction by dutasteride of prostate cancer events (REDUCE) study: Improvement with investigator training." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e16029-e16029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e16029.

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e16029 Background: The accuracy of prostate cancer detection by biopsy is influenced by the number and length of needle biopsy cores. We compared these two biopsy quality factors among study sites worldwide for the pre-study entry biopsies (6–12 cores) and study-mandated biopsies (10 cores) at year 2 of the REDUCE study. Methods: Prostate biopsy quality indicators were evaluated retrospectively. Data were compared from entry and year 2 biopsies for subjects enrolled in the study in 6 geographic regions (see table ). Investigator training was provided for REDUCE study protocol-required standardization prior to year 2 biopsies. Training included emphasis on quality of the biopsies. Results: Data were collected from 4638 entry and 6275 year 2 subjects, respectively. At entry, the aggregate length of biopsies, number of cores per subject, and core length differed significantly among regions (p < 0.0001). Aggregate length was longest in biopsies obtained in Australia and the highest core number was observed in South America. At year 2, each region collected a mean of 10 cores per subject (per protocol), and the aggregate length and mean core length were greater than the entry biopsies (for each analyzed parameter, p < 0.0001); variance among sites was reduced for all quality measures. Conclusions: There were significant differences in biopsy quality (number of cores and length of tissue obtained) around the world at entry. Following the REDUCE study protocol-required standardization and investigator training, biopsies obtained at year 2 showed an increase in the mean aggregate length, mean core number, and mean core length compared with the entry biopsies. Our data suggests that variance in biopsy quality may be reduced by investigator training, thereby optimizing quality and cancer detection. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

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Liu, Wen Wen, Long Yuan, Zi Yang Liu, Tao Peng, and Wen Bo Wang. "An New Optimal Decision Threshold Criterion for Broadband-Based Energy Detection with Performance Constraints." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2242.

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We study on the energy detection algorithm of spectrum sensing. The performance of energy detection in spectrum sensing is measured by the false alarm probability and the missing detection probability. In a certain spectrum sharing environment, whether the energy detection algorithm can meet our requirement is depending on the length of observation time and the decision threshold selected. Several experiment results have shown that: when the decision threshold is too low, it will cause much more false alarm; when the decision threshold is too high, it will bring many missing detection. Therefore, it is crucial that choosing an optimal decision threshold according to the length of observation time. In this paper, the closed-form solution of the minimum-cost decision threshold is deduced by using the methodology of mathematical derivation, and a new criterion about selecting an optimal decision threshold is also proposed. At last, the conclusion is proved by simulation.

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Zhou, Fu Qiang, and Yan Li. "A Novel Fast Pedestrian Detection Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (March 2015): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.538.

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This paper presents novel pedestrian detection approach in video streaming, which could process frames rapidly. The method is based on cascades of HOG-LBP (Histograms of Oriented Gradients-Local Binary Pattern), but combines non-negative factorization to reduce the length of the feature, aiming at realizing a more efficient way of detection, remedying the slowness of the original method. Experiments show our method can process faster than HOG and HOG-LBP, and more accurate than HOG, which has better performance in pedestrian detection in video streaming.

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Ho, Ngoc-Huynh, Phuc Truong, and Gu-Min Jeong. "Step-Detection and Adaptive Step-Length Estimation for Pedestrian Dead-Reckoning at Various Walking Speeds Using a Smartphone." Sensors 16, no. 9 (September 2, 2016): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16091423.

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Horning, Matthew E., and Richard C. Cronn. "Length polymorphism scanning is an efficient approach for revealing chloroplast DNA variation." Genome 49, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-093.

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Phylogeographic and population genetic screens of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) provide insights into seed-based gene flow in angiosperms, yet studies are frequently hampered by the low mutation rate of this genome. Detection methods for intraspecific variation can be either direct (DNA sequencing) or indirect (PCR–RFLP), although no single method incorporates the best features of both approaches. We show that screening universal chloroplast amp li cons for length polymorphism provides an accurate and efficient method for identifying cpDNA variation. By sequencing 4500 bp of cpDNA from 17 accessions of Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush), we detected 9 haplotypes, 8 of which were identifiable by unique multilocus length combinations resolvable by automated fragment analysis. In silico estimates of PCR–RFLP for these loci show that 5 haplotypes would be resolved by agarose electrophoresis. A survey of 4 intraspecific data sets from diverse angiosperms revealed that length variation in cpDNA amplicons is nearly ubiquitous, and 61 of 67 haplotypes identified by direct sequencing could be identified by screening length variation. Combined with automated fluorescent detection, length polymorphism screening of universal cpDNA regions offers a simple screen for intraspecific variation that can be used across angiosperms with minimal optimization, providing detection limits that rival direct sequencing at a fraction of the cost.Key words: cpDNA, intraspecific polymorphism, population genetics, phylogeography, indels.

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Frieling, Thomas. "Cap-assisted endoscopy: Do we have enough evidence?" Endoscopy International Open 06, no. 10 (October 2018): E1224—E1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0650-4544.

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AbstractSo, is there enough evidence to incorporate CC in clinical practice? If we interpret the literature and the meta-analysis by Nutalapati et al., the answer for the clinically-focused endoscopist, with regard to adenoma detection rate (ADR), at present, may be “no”. Significant differences do not necessarily imply clinical benefits and translation into clinical practice. The answer for the improvement of cecal intubation frequency and intubation time by the cap depends on the focus of training commitment, because these effects of the cap may be beneficial, especially for unexperienced endoscopists. It is obvious that further studies are needed. In this line, it is interesting to know, that in a recent meta-analysis of prospective studies, the length of the transparent cap had opposite effects on investigation time and polyp detection rate. Whereas, the anal to cecal time was significantly shortened by a cap length of > 7 mm and a polyp detection rate was significantly improved by a cap length of < 4 mm.

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Sun, Yinyin, Ruru Pan, Jian Zhou, and Weidong Gao. "Analysis of detectable angles of yarn hairiness in optical measurements." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 11 (August 26, 2016): 1297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516651108.

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Obstructed by the yarn core, the detectable length and the detection rate of a hairy fiber are mainly determined by the geometry of the yarn and the location of the fiber in an optical system. This paper presents a new theoretical method of analyzing detectable angles of yarn hairiness in optical measurements. Firstly, a cylindrical model of the yarn core is constructed by using the yarn diameter, and spiral lines on the cylinder are drawn using the twist angle of the yarn. Secondly, hairy fibers are simulated by short-line segments passing a spiral line and the Z-axis of the model. The yarn model is projected onto a plane under the assumption of a collimated light source, which is the condition similar to that of optical measurements. The yarn model is cut by a plane parallel to the axes of the Cartesian coordinate system ( XOY) at the emergence points of hairy fibers. Finally, the relationship between the hairiness length and other factors, such as the test length, yarn diameter and detectable angle (i.e. the angle at which hairy fiber can be detected) is established. It has been demonstrated that the detection angle dictates not only the length of each hairiness but also the rate of detectable hairiness in the scene. Given a detectable angle, the upper and lower limits of detectable hairiness lengths can be predicted. The verification results of the detection rate by three measurement methods indicate that the detection rates of optical measurements have a certain guidance function for correcting the hairiness results of optical measurements.

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Abdullah, Siti Norul Huda Sheikh, Muhammad Nuruddin Sudin, Anton Satria Prabuwono, and Teddy Mantoro. "License Plate Detection and Segmentation Using Cluster Run Length Smoothing Algorithm." Journal of Information Technology Research 5, no. 3 (July 2012): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2012070103.

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For the different types of license plates being used, the requirement of an automatic license plate recognition system is different for each country. In this paper, an automatic license plate detection system is proposed for Malaysian vehicles with standard license plates based on image processing and clustering. Detecting the location of license plate is a vital issue when dealing with uncontrolled environments and illumination difficulty. Therefore, a proposed algorithm called Cluster Run Length Smoothing Algorithm (CRLSA) was applied to locate the license plates at the right position. CRLSA consisted of two separate proposed algorithms which applied run length edge detector algorithm using kernel masks and 128 grayscale offset plus a three-dimensional way to calculate run length smoothing algorithm, which can improve clustering techniques in segmentation phase. Six separate experiments were performed; Morphology, CRLSA, Clustering, Square/Contour Detection, Hough, and Radon Transform. From those experiments, analysis based on segmentation errors was constructed. The prototyped system has accuracy more than 96%.

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Schneider, Lucas, Philip Beck, Jannis Neuhaus-Steinmetz, Levente Rózsa, Thore Posske, Jens Wiebe, and Roland Wiesendanger. "Precursors of Majorana modes and their length-dependent energy oscillations probed at both ends of atomic Shiba chains." Nature Nanotechnology 17, no. 4 (March 7, 2022): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41565-022-01078-4.

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AbstractIsolated Majorana modes (MMs) are highly non-local quantum states with non-Abelian exchange statistics, which localize at the two ends of finite-size 1D topological superconductors of sufficient length. Experimental evidence for MMs is so far based on the detection of several key signatures: for example, a conductance peak pinned to the Fermi energy or an oscillatory peak splitting in short 1D systems when the MMs overlap. However, most of these key signatures were probed only on one of the ends of the 1D system, and firm evidence for an MM requires the simultaneous detection of all the key signatures on both ends. Here we construct short atomic spin chains on a superconductor—also known as Shiba chains—up to a chain length of 45 atoms using tip-assisted atom manipulation in scanning tunnelling microscopy experiments. We observe zero-energy conductance peaks localized at both ends of the chain that simultaneously split off from the Fermi energy in an oscillatory fashion after altering the chain length. By fitting the parameters of a low-energy model to the data, we find that the peaks are consistent with precursors of MMs that evolve into isolated MMs protected by an estimated topological gap of 50 μeV in chains of at least 35 nm length, corresponding to 70 atoms.

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Chai, Fang Mao, Yan Chao Fan, Hong Wei Xin, and Zhi Lai Li. "Research on the Detection of Focusing Mechanisms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 1186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.1186.

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Since focusing mechanisms is essential equipment, which could compensate the difference between adjustment environments and working conditions of space optics remote sensors, the detection of it is very important. Based on engineering practice, this paper firstly introduces the basic detection of focusing mechanisms, that is the appearance inspection and the boundary dimension inspection, and then introduces several common performance test projects, that is the detection of stroke, step length, gravity inclination, rock, and empty back and the test of modal, self-locking performance and closed-loop accuracy, and also introduces relative detection methods and cautions. At last it briefs other derivative detection projects.

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Khair, Fauza, Fakhriy Hario P, I. Wayan Mustika, and Budi Setiyanto. "Performance Analysis of Digital Modulation for Coherent Detection of OFDM Scheme on Radio over Fiber System." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i3.9656.

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Radio over fiber (RoF) system with the coherent detection offers high linearity for the transparent transport of high-frequency microwave signals, and better receiver sensitivity compared with intensity-modulated direct detection systems. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of digital modulation for coherent detection of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme on RoF system at 10 Gbps up to 100 km fiber length. The results show that coherent detection of OFDM-RoF system with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) has the value of bit error rate (BER) and the symbol error rate (SER) is very low and its constellation is better compared with other modulation formats (4-QAM, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-PSK and 16-PSK), which BER 16-QAM is 0.053 and SER is 15.7%. The results also show that BER value of 4-QAM and QPSK relatively similar to fiber length variations. In general, an increasing value of the BER and SER for each modulation format are almost equal to the fiber length of 60-70 km (Region I and II). However, there is a significant increase in the value of BER in fiber length of 80-100 km (Region III. A and III. B) for the modulation of 4-QAM, QPSK, 8-PSK, and 16-PSK.

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Khair, Fauza, Fakhriy Hario P, I. Wayan Mustika, and Budi Setiyanto. "Performance Analysis of Digital Modulation for Coherent Detection of OFDM Scheme on Radio over Fiber System." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i3.pp1086-1095.

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Radio over fiber (RoF) system with the coherent detection offers high linearity for the transparent transport of high-frequency microwave signals, and better receiver sensitivity compared with intensity-modulated direct detection systems. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of digital modulation for coherent detection of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme on RoF system at 10 Gbps up to 100 km fiber length. The results show that coherent detection of OFDM-RoF system with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) has the value of bit error rate (BER) and the symbol error rate (SER) is very low and its constellation is better compared with other modulation formats (4-QAM, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-PSK and 16-PSK), which BER 16-QAM is 0.053 and SER is 15.7%. The results also show that BER value of 4-QAM and QPSK relatively similar to fiber length variations. In general, an increasing value of the BER and SER for each modulation format are almost equal to the fiber length of 60-70 km (Region I and II). However, there is a significant increase in the value of BER in fiber length of 80-100 km (Region III. A and III. B) for the modulation of 4-QAM, QPSK, 8-PSK, and 16-PSK.

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Gao, Yan, Jonathan V. Solórzano, Alexander Quevedo, and Jaime Octavio Loya-Carrillo. "How BFAST Trend and Seasonal Model Components Affect Disturbance Detection in Tropical Dry Forest and Temperate Forest." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112033.

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Time series analysis has gained popularity in forest disturbance monitoring thanks to the availability of satellite and airborne remote sensing images and the development of different time series methods for change detection. Previous research has focused on time series data noise reduction, the magnitude of breakpoints, and accuracy assessment; however, few have looked in detail at how the trend and seasonal model components contribute to disturbance detection in different forest types. Here, we use Landsat time series images spanning 1994–2018 to map forest disturbance in a western Pacific area of Mexico, where both temperate and tropical dry forests have been subject to severe deforestation and forest degradation processes. Since these two forest types have distinct seasonal characteristics, we investigate how trend and seasonal model components, such as the goodness-of-fit (R2), magnitude of change, amplitude, and model length in a stable historical period, affect forest disturbance detection. We applied the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend Monitor (BFAST) algorithm and after accuracy assessment by stratified random sample points, and we obtained 68% and 86% of user accuracy and 75.6% and 86% of producer’s accuracy in disturbance detection, in tropical dry forests and temperate forests, respectively. We extracted the noncorrelated trend and seasonal model components R2, magnitude, amplitude, length of the stable historical period, and percentage of pixels with NA and tested their effects on disturbance detection employing forest-type specific logistic regression. Our results showed that, for all forests combined, the amplitude and stable historical period length contributed to disturbance detection. While for tropical dry forest alone, amplitude was the main predictor, and for the temperate forest alone, the stable historical period length contributed most to the prediction, although it was not statistically significant. These findings provide insights for improving the results of forest disturbance detection in different forest types.

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Shik Kim, Dae, Robert Wall Emerson, and Koorosh Naghshineh. "Effect of cane length and swing arc width on drop-off and obstacle detection with the long cane." British Journal of Visual Impairment 35, no. 3 (August 23, 2017): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264619617700936.

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A repeated-measures design with block randomization was used for the study, in which 15 adults with visual impairments attempted to detect the drop-offs and obstacles with the canes of different lengths, swinging the cane in different widths (narrow vs wide). Participants detected the drop-offs significantly more reliably with the standard-length cane (79.5% ± 6.5% of the time) than with the extended-length cane (67.6% ± 9.1%), p < .001. The drop-off detection threshold of the standard-length cane (4.1 ± 1.1 cm) was also significantly smaller than that of the extended-length cane (6.5 ± 1.8 cm), p < .001. In addition, participants detected drop-offs at a significantly higher percentage when they swung the cane approximately 3 cm beyond the widest part of the body (78.6% ± 7.6%) than when they swung it substantially wider (30 cm; 68.5% ± 8.3%), p < .001. In contrast, neither cane length ( p = .074) nor cane swing arc width ( p = .185) had a significant effect on obstacle detection performance. The findings of the study may help orientation and mobility specialists recommend appropriate cane length and cane swing arc width to visually impaired cane users.

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Wu, Yan Jun, Gang Fu, and Gang Cheng. "Pulse Coding Soft FM Telemetry Signal Demodulation." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 3952–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.3952.

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The traditional method of demodulation for PCM/FM telemetry demodulation threshold is higher and the computation of the larger problem, research an orthogonal baseband after rotation, Symbol Detection (Multi - Symbol Detection, MSD) technology: the first frequency under the intermediate frequency digital telemetry signals processing, single sign on orthogonal baseband signal correlation matching, and then apply compound spinning technology to meet at the same time for multiple element symbols at the same time Detection, the purpose of the final design step length synchronization method with demodulation smoothly.

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Zhang, Zhen Na, and Hong Bing Chen. "Simulation Study on the Aspirating Smoke Detection System in Large Space Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1404.

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The aspirating smoke detection (ASD) system has been widely used in large space buildings. It plays an important role on fire detection at its early stage. In this paper, the model of large space building was established for the simulation study on the response performance of the ASD system. The investigation on the effect of fire location, sampling hole space and pipe length on the responding time, was carried out. The results showed that the responding time of FIRE B (fire close to side wall) is much delayed than that of FIRE A (fire in centre); the increase of sampling hole space and pipe length leads to the delay of the responding time.

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Borodina, Yulia V. "Easily testable circuits in Zhegalkin basis in the case of constant faults of type “1” at gate outputs." Discrete Mathematics and Applications 30, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dma-2020-0026.

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AbstractWe consider Boolean circuits in Zhegalkin basis and describe all Boolean functions that can be implemented by a circuit admitting a complete fault detection test of length 1 in case of constant faults of type “1” at gate outputs.

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Mehta, Khushbu, Ashudeep Minhas, Maninder Kaur, and Deepak Bansal. "Analytical scaling of Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer for Point of Care Applications." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): P08026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08026.

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Abstract The best way to combat a disease is its early detection. A low-cost portable point of care (POC) device is required for early disease detection. A mass spectrometer (MS) is a golden analytical technique to diagnose many diseases. Conventional mass spectrometers are bulky and costly and limited to expensive laboratory setups. In the present paper, a POC-type quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) system is proposed for the early detection of diseases. The main component of QMS that makes it bulky and costly is the vacuum system. The length of the quadrupole filter determines its resolution, and the vacuum level is a function of its length. Hence, both length and vacuum levels are optimized without compromising resolution. The size of the quadrupole rods is reduced to 26 mm at 0.1 pascal pressure for portable applications. This optimized QMF is designed and simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics. The system's vacuum level is designed so that a single rotary pump can serve the purpose without any turbopump. A closed-form expression for mass resolution, pressure, and frequency is also derived.

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Yoon, Sunghyun, and Ha-Jin Yu. "BPCNN: Bi-Point Input for Convolutional Neural Networks in Speaker Spoofing Detection." Sensors 22, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 4483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124483.

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We propose a method, called bi-point input, for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that handle variable-length input features (e.g., speech utterances). Feeding input features into a CNN in a mini-batch unit requires that all features in each mini-batch have the same shape. A set of variable-length features cannot be directly fed into a CNN because they commonly have different lengths. Feature segmentation is a dominant method for CNNs to handle variable-length features, where each feature is decomposed into fixed-length segments. A CNN receives one segment as an input at one time. However, a CNN can consider only the information of one segment at one time, not the entire feature. This drawback limits the amount of information available at one time and consequently results in suboptimal solutions. Our proposed method alleviates this problem by increasing the amount of information available at one time. With the proposed method, a CNN receives a pair of two segments obtained from a feature as an input at one time. Each of the two segments generally covers different time ranges and therefore has different information. We also propose various combination methods and provide a rough guidance to set a proper segment length without evaluation. We evaluate the proposed method on the spoofing detection tasks using the ASVspoof 2019 database under various conditions. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method reduces the relative equal error rate (EER) by approximately 17.2% and 43.8% on average for the logical access (LA) and physical access (PA) tasks, respectively.

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Chen, Tao, Xiaoqi Xiao, Lihong Zhang, Cheng Lv, Zhiyang Deng, and Xiaochun Song. "Design of orthogonal eddy-current probe for weld crack detection of carbon-steel plate." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 1347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209453.

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Due to uneven surface and lift-off effect, it is difficult to detect weld crack by eddy-current testing. A new orthogonal eddy-current probe for weld crack detection of carbon-steel plate was designed in this paper. Based on COMSOL Multiphysics, the influence of scanning angle on detection sensitivity of the probe was compared firstly. Then, the effects of coil width, coil side length, detection coil height, and lift-off distance on detection sensitivity of the probe were studied, respectively. Finally, the test piece of carbon-steel plate weld with crack, and the physical probe used to verify the crack detection effect were made. The experimental results show that the weld crack of carbon-steel plate with length × width × depth of 20.0 mm × 0.3 mm × 1 mm can be effectively identified, and the lift-off noise can be effectively suppressed by the method presented in this paper. At the same time, the signal-to-noise ratio of the probe keeps constant in the lift-off distance range of 0.3 mm–3.0 mm.

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Zhang, Jun, Ruofei Huang, Yan Li, and Bin Pan. "Oriented Ship Detection Based on Intersecting Circle and Deformable RoI in Remote Sensing Images." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 4749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194749.

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Ship detection is an important topic in the task of understanding remote sensing images. One of the challenges for ship detection is the large length–width ratio of ships, which may weaken the feature extraction ability. Simultaneously, ships inclining in any direction is also a challenge for ship detection in remote sensing images. In this paper, a novel Oriented Ship detection method is proposed based on an intersecting Circle and Deformable region of interest (OSCD-Net), which aims at describing the characteristics of a large length–width ratio and arbitrary direction. OSCD-Net is composed of two modules: an intersecting circle rotated detection head (ICR-head) and a deformable region of interest (DRoI). The ICR-head detects a horizontal bounding box and an intersecting circle to obtain an oriented bounding box. DRoI performs three RoIAlign with different pooled sizes for each feature candidate region. In addition, the DRoI module uses transformation and deformation operations to pay attention to ship feature information and align feature shapes. OSCD-Net shows promising performance on public remote sensing image datasets.

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Al-Mlah, Samira, Aziza Nasef, and Heba Ahmed Mohammed El-Masry. "Assessment of Fetal Kidney Length as a Parameter for Detection of Gestational Age at the Third Trimester of Pregnancy." Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 75, no. 5 (April 1, 2019): 2839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2019.33002.

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Meenakshi, S., M. Suganthi, and P. Suresh Kumar. "An approach for automatic detection of fetal gestational age at the third trimester using kidney length and biparietal diameter." Soft Computing 23, no. 8 (March 20, 2019): 2839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-019-03913-8.

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Yeh, Tien-Wen, Huei-Yung Lin, and Chin-Chen Chang. "Traffic Light and Arrow Signal Recognition Based on a Unified Network." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 8066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178066.

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We present a traffic light detection and recognition approach for traffic lights that utilizes convolutional neural networks. We also introduce a technique for identifying arrow signal lights in multiple urban traffic environments. For detection, we use map data and two different focal length cameras for traffic light detection at various distances. For recognition, we propose a new algorithm that combines object detection and classification to recognize the light state classes of traffic lights. Furthermore, we use a unified network by sharing features to decrease computation time. The results reveal that the proposed approach enables high-performance traffic light detection and recognition.

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Mihaylova, Milena, Ivan Hristov, Kalina Racheva, Tsvetalin Totev, and Dimitar Mitov. "Effect of extending grating length and width on human visually evoked potentials." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 75, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2015-2035.

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Visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were elicited by Gabor gratings with different lengths and widths at three spatial frequencies (SFs): low, 1.45 c/deg, medium, 2.9 c/deg and high, 5.8 c/deg and at a contrast 3 times above the detection threshold at each SF. An increase of grating length enhanced N1 amplitude at occipital and parietal positions stronger than the increase of grating width at aspect ratios (length : width) above 4:1. The stronger effect of stimulus length than width was reflected also in the amplitude of the later P1 component at central and parietal positions. The larger effect of stimulus length than width on the VEP amplitude was SF specific: it was stronger at 5.8 c/deg, smaller at 2.9 c/deg and vanished at 1.45 c/deg. The results obtained suggest anisotropy in the physiological mechanisms that underlie grating perception and involve bottom- up processes initiated in the occipital cortex.

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CHIBA, MASAMI, YUSUKE WATANABE, OSAMU YASUDA, TOSHIO KAMIJO, YUICHI CHIKASHIGE, TADASHI KON, AKIO AMANO, et al. "MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION LENGTH FOR RADIO WAVE IN NATURAL ROCK SALT SAMPLES CONCERNING ULTRA HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINO DETECTION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, supp01 (July 2006): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06033301.

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Ultra high energy (UHE) neutrinos with the energy larger than 1015 eV, surely arrive at the earth with Greisen, Zatsepin, Kuz'min (GZK) effect, though the rate is very few. The rare call requires us to utilize a large mass (>10 Gton) of detection medium. UHE neutrino generates a huge number of unpaired electrons in rock salt. They would emit sensible radio wave by coherent Cherenkov (Askar'yan) effect. The longer attenuation length of radio wave in rock salt reduces the number of antennas required. Several rock salt samples including synthesized one are measured in attenuation length for radio wave transmission at 0.3 and 1.0 GHz. Some show attenuation length larger than 300 m, which indicate a possibility for constructing a salt neutrino detector.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Length-at-detection'

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