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Faulkner, Sean (Sean Anthony) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Electrical. "Determination of maximal-length sequences by weight distribution analysis." Ottawa, 1989.
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Isaksson, Erica. "Cardinality for optical orthogonal codes with variable length and weight." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7672.
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To let many users benefit from the high speed communication in an optical fiber, a way to share the channel is needed. One way to share the channel between the users is the multiple access technique of Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA. This technique is based on coding. By assigning the users different codewords, the receiver is able to distinguish the information sent from each user. One family of codes suitable to use in a fiber optic network is the constant weight Optical Orthogonal Codes, OOC.
To influence the users interference tolerability it is possible to assign the users codewords of the same length but with different weights. By letting the users have codewords of different length it is possible to have different data rates in the system. These two versions of optical orthogonal codes, with variable length and weight, are investigated in this thesis for their cardinality. The variable weight and variable length codes were created by combining optical orthogonal codes with different parameters.
I have found that for variable length OOC:s of weight 2 it seems to be possible to increase the cardinality of a code, but for codes with higer weights than that, it is better that all users are assigned codewords of the same length. But since an upper bound for the cardinality of these types of codes has not been found, it is not possible to verify if this conclusion is correct. For variable weight OOC:s it is found that it is only possible to increase the cardinality of small, not optimal, codes. For codes including many codewords it is rarely possible to include more codewords without breaking the conditions on cross correlation between the codewords.
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Bratcher, Charlotte. "Maternal Age: Influence on Length of Gestation and Birth Weight." TopSCHOLAR®, 1997. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/769.
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The findings indicated no significant differences among the age groups in relation to infant birth weight nor in relation to the risk factors of smoking, maternal weight gain, trimester of first entry into prenatal care, or marital status They did indicate a significant difference [F(2,85) = 4.1364, p < .05] between the oldest and the youngest group (CD = 3.37, a = .05) in relation to gestational length. These findings are significant for healthcare providers in rural areas, since much of the previous research had been done in highly urbanized or inner city settings.
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Howell, Jason Alan Shields Edgar W. Jr. "A comparative study examining the difference between the offensive production of the -5 length to weight collegiate baseball bat and the -3 length to weight collegiate baseball bat." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1542.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Exercise and Sport Science Sport Administration." Discipline: Exercise and Sports Science; Department/School: Exercise and Sport Science.
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Geduld, Heike. "Validation of weight estimation by age and length based methods in the South African population." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25777.
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Paediatric resuscitation can be a stressful event for many clinicians. It is compounded by the need to calculate accurate drug dosages and equipment sizes for many interventions. These calculations are most often based on weight, which is a difficult parameter to obtain. It is rare that one is able to weigh a child before a resuscitation. There are many different methods available for weight estimation. Most of these are formulae based on age but length based tools are often used. Most of these formulae were derived in developed world populations and have become inaccurate due to the changing weights and heights of children. The aim of this study was to evaluate 4 weight estimation methods (APLS, Luscombe and Owens, Best Guess and Broselow® Tape) to determine which are accurate for weight estimation in South African Children. These 4 formulae were also used to calculate the doses of adrenaline (0.1 m/kg of 1: 10000), Fluid bolus (20ml/kg) and First Shock defibrillation dose (2J/Kg) to determine which were clinically useful. A database of 3233 children between 1 and 12 years seen at Red Cross Hospital· Trauma Unit in Cape Town during 2002 was used. Measured weight was compared to estimated weights from all 4 methods and Intervention doses calculated from measured weight was compared to doses from weight estimation methods. APLS formula and the Broselow® Tape showed the best correlation with measured weight. Mean percent error- 6.4% for APLS for 1-10 year olds and -10% error for Broselow® tape in children <145cm length. Both the Best Guess and Luscombe and Owens formulae tended to overestimate weight (+13.4% and +17.6 % respectively). The Broselow tape was most accurate for dosages of all interventions but little difference existed between methods. The APLS and Broselow® tape are most accurate in estimating weight in the South African population, even though they have a tendency to underestimate weight.
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Reinsberg, Stefan A. "Length scales of dynamic heterogeneities of low and high molecular weight glass formers from multidimensional NMR." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://ArchiMeD.uni-mainz.de/pub/2002/0028/diss.pdf.
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Sun, Jonghun. "The Effect of Using Large versus Small Units in Quantitative Estimates of Length, Weight, and Volume." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1351279308.
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Bailey, Beth, and Judy G. McCook. "The Potential “Double Whammy” of Cigarette Smoking and SSRI Use in Pregnancy: Reduced Infant Weight and Length." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7181.
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Foster, Adam D. "The developmental origins and functional role of postcranial adaptive morphology in human bipedal anatomy." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333343.
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When considering the array of terrestrial locomotor behaviors, bipedalism is a particularly rare way of moving about the landscape. In fact, humans are the only obligate terrestrial mammalian bipeds. Therefore, understanding both how and why it evolved is particularly intriguing. However, there is debate over why the evolution of bipedalism occurred and there is a large gap in knowledge for the mechanisms that underpin the evolution of these adaptive morphologies. One complicating factor for sorting out which models best explain how our hominin ancestors became bipedal is that they all rely on the same set of traits. Moreover, many of the traits that are thought to be diagnostic of bipedalism are only linked by association and have not been experimentally tested. That is, they do not appear in non-human primates and other quadrupeds. Therefore, addressing why the evolution of bipedalism occurred requires understanding the adaptive significance of traits linked with bipedalism. In this dissertation, I use an experimental approach employing both human and animal models to explore links between morphology and behavior and to tease apart the adaptive significance of particular traits. For the human portion of the dissertation, I use an inverse dynamics approach (estimating muscle forces from kinematic, kinetic, and anatomical data) to determine how modern human anatomy functions while walking using ape-like postures to clarify the links between morphology and energy costs in different mechanical regimes to determine the adaptive significance of postcranial anatomy. The results from this portion of the dissertation suggest that adopting different joint postures results in higher energy costs in humans due to an increase in active muscle volumes at the knee. These results lead to two conclusions important for understanding the evolution of human bipedalism. One is that human anatomy maintains low energy costs of walking in humans compared to chimpanzees regardless of lower limb postures. Second, the results suggest that erect trunk posture may be an important factor in reducing energy costs, therefore indicating that lumbar lordosis (the curvature of the lower spine) is important for reducing costs. For the animal portion of the dissertation, I use rats as a model for the quadrupedal-to-bipedal transition and experimentally induce bipedal posture and locomotion under a variety of loading conditions to determine if traits consistent with the evolution of bipedalism occur and under what conditions. This experimental design also has the ability to determine if there is a role for developmental plasticity in generating bipedal morphology to help answer the question how the evolution of bipedalism occurred. I find that inducing bipedal behaviors in a quadrupedal animal generates morphology consistent with human bipedal traits and that loading conditions have specific effects in different skeletal elements and at particular joints. I also find that there is a plausible role for developmental plasticity in generating adaptive bipedal morphology in the earliest hominins. Overall, the results from the experimental procedures in this dissertation were able to clarify links between behavior and bipedal morphology, demonstrate a plausible role for developmental plasticity in early adaptation to bipedal behavior in australopiths, determine the adaptive significance of human postcranial anatomy, and the ways in which postcranial anatomy reduces costs.
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Fonseca, Alinca Peres da. "Crescimento e reprodução do peixe anual Austrolebias wolterstorffi (cyprinodontiformes:rivulidae) em diferentes temperaturas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2011. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2700.
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Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011.Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-08T14:54:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao alinca em pdf termo de autorizao bdtd-1 para publicao de tese e dissertao.pdf: 1746700 bytes, checksum: 78e5fc34be747f883e7353aba07d089e (MD5)
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A temperatura é um parâmetro que influencia na dinâmica de fatores bióticos, especialmente nos animais ectotérmicos. O ciclo de vida dos peixes anuais é afetado pela temperatura da água. Devido à fragilidade do habitat destes peixes à ações antrópicas, ameaça de extinção, importância dos mesmos como modelos biológicos e a lacuna no conhecimento da sua biologia, este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da influência da temperatura no crescimento e na reprodução de Austrolebias wolterstorffi. Logo após a eclosão foi dado início ao ensaio de crescimento em diferentes temperaturas, 16, 20, 24 e 28°C (todas com três repetições), com duração até os 67 dias de vida dos peixes. O presente trabalho evidenciou que a manutenção em 28°C é prejudicial ao crescimento de A.wolterstorffi no âmbito do período estudado Dentre as demais temperaturas testadas, foi verificado que a temperatura ótima para o crescimento diminui ao longo da vida, onde no inicio do ciclo, durante a fase juvenil, temperaturas mais elevadas (23,8° C) favorecem o crescimento, enquanto temperaturas intermediárias otimizam o crescimento de fêmeas (20,7°C) e machos (20,1°C) adultos. A temperatura ótima para o crescimento foi sempre ligeiramente inferior para os machos. O comprimento e o peso corporal demonstraram ser mais representativos na diferenciação do que a idade, pois os peixes com crescimento mais lento demoraram mais a diferenciar. Os machos crescem mais rápido que as fêmeas e, portanto, atingem a maturidade antes. Os ensaios de reprodução foram constituídos dos mesmos tratamentos do experimento de crescimento, porém as 12 UE foram dotadas de casais. Foram fornecidos ninhos para postura de ovos. De maneira geral, as fêmeas tratadas a 24°C apresentaram melhores resultados, pois além de manter o fator de condição (K) relativamente elevado, obtiveram altas taxas de fertilidade (FT) e fecundidade (FC). Dados registrados para K, FT, FC, índice gonadossomático e histologia dos testículos evidenciaram que o desempenho reprodutivo foi prejudicado na temperatura mais elevada. Portanto, os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que 24°C é a temperatura mais indicada para manter A. wolterstorffi durante todo o ciclo em cativeiro.
Temperature is especially important for the dynamics of biotic factors in poikilothermic animals. Life cycle of annual fish is affected by temperature. These fish inhabit fragile environments, susceptible to antropic actions, and as such some species are threatened with extinction. They are also important as biological models, but information on their bio-ecology is scarce. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of temperature on growth and reproduction of Astrolebias wolterstorffi. Soon after hatching fish were exposed to 16, 20, 24 and 28°C, and their growth was followed for 67 days. Until 18 d.a.h (days after hatching) the growth is hampered at 16°C and do not show difference at 20, 24 and 28°C. Thereafter, the intermediate temperatures favor growth of juveniles, while extremes temperatures are prejudicial. After sexual differentiation, growth was improved for fish reared at 16°C, and reduced at 28°C. There is evidence suggestin that optimal growth temperature decrease with fish age. Juveniles grow faster at high temperature (23,8°C), whereas intermediate ones optimize the growth adults females (20,7°C) and males (20,1°C). Growth of males is higher at slightly lower temperatures than that optimal for growth of females. Maturation onset is defined by length rather than age, and at high temperatures maturation is observed earlier. Also, males mature earlier than females. For the reproduction study, 12 couples (150 d.a.h.) were distributed in 12 tanks at the same temperatures of the growth experiment. Reproduction output was favored when A. wolterstorffi were kept at 24°C. Furthermore, fish kept at 28°C presented the worst reproductive parameters, including condition factor, fertility, fecundity, gonadosomatic index, and also histological evidence. The results of the present studies suggest that A. wolterstorffi should be reared at 24°C during the whole cycle in captivity.
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Parkman, Sharon E. "The infant undergoing cardiac surgery : can we predict length of stay and presence of complications from age, weight, diagnoses, and type of of surgery? /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7215.
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Corbett, Brandon Richard. "A Pilot Study to Determine the Performance of Tension Lap Splices in Reinforced Masonry Made with Light-Weight Grout." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5661.
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The use of light-weight building materials in modern construction has resulted in efficient designs and considerable cost savings by reducing structural weight and supporting sections. This has only been possible because of many years of research to better understand the properties of the light-weight material, and its structural behaviors. However, light-weight grout is a relatively new building material in reinforced masonry construction and little is known about its structural properties. The main objective of this study was to determine if the use of light-weight grout would impact the performance of reinforcing steel, specifically development length, in masonry construction.The research included testing masonry wallettes made with normal and light-weight grout containing No. 4 (12 mm) bars with splice lengths as prescribed by the current design equation as well as splices with a modification factor. The modification factor was based on preliminary grout testing, using the procedure given in the concrete building code. The wallettes were tested in a tension test to determine if the splices were of sufficient length to fully develop the yield stress of the reinforcement.For small bar sizes, No. 4 or smaller, it is not necessary to include a modification factor when calculating development length. The minimum length of lap of 12 in. governs when No. 4 or smaller bars are used, and provides sufficient length to fully develop the yield stress of the reinforcement both for normal and light-weight grout types.
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Harikishun, Ameil. "Establishing a weight-length baseline for evaluating changes in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacores) body condition in the Western Indian Ocean." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7632.
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Standard weight (Ws) equations were established for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the Western Indian Ocean and used as a baseline for calculating relative weight (Wr) indices. Length-weight data for yellowfin tuna were obtained from the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) for 1984 to 1991 and 2003 to 2013. Four quadratic standard weight equations were established (based on mean, median, first and third quartile statistics for each length class) using log10-transformed weight (W, in grams) and fork length (FL, in mm) data. The median Ws equation (log10(W) = -3.903 + 2.425(FL) + 0.103(FL)2) was the preferred baseline for the Wr analysis. Relative weight estimates for individual fish ranged from 92 to 110. Annual and monthly Wr estimates ranged from 99 to 101 and 99.9 to 100.5 respectively. A GLM was fitted to separate the effects of year, month and sex on the response variable Wr. Year, month, sex and the interaction terms Year:Sex and Month:Sex all contributed significantly to the variability in Wr explained. Correlations between environmental variability and yellowfin tuna condition were observed. Concentrations of suitable prey in 2003 and 2004 correlated to above average condition, although 2005 and 2006 were below average condition during similar prey availability and environmental conditions. Relative weight followed an increasing trend from 2008 to 2013 despite lower biological enrichment. Mechanisms such as a shallower thermocline and reduced fishing pressure are proposed explanations. This study provided a reference study for body condition studies of yellowfin tuna in the Indian Ocean. It also provided support for the application of the Wr index to other tuna species in the Indian Ocean managed by the IOTC.
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Tantasuparuk, Wichai. "Sow reproductive performance in Thailand : effects of climate, breed, parity, lactation length, weight loss during lactation and weaning-to-service interval /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5938-9.pdf.
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Yoder, Jennifer M. "Correlation Between Weight Loss and Select Motor Scores From a Chart Review of Huntington's Disease Patients." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338320824.
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Badami, Anand Shreyans. "Morphological and Structure-Property Analyses of Poly(arylene ether sulfone)-Based Random and Multiblock Copolymers for Fuel Cells." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29469.
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The commercialization of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells depends largely upon the development of PEMs whose properties are enhanced over current perfluorinated sulfonic acid PEMs. Understanding how a PEMâ s molecular weight and morphology affect its relevant performance properties is essential to this effort. Changes in molecular weight were found to have little effect on the phase separated morphologies, water uptake, and proton conductivities of random copolymers. Changes in block length, however, have a pronounced effect on multiblock copolymers, affecting surface and bulk morphologies, water uptake, proton conductivity, and hydrolytic stability, suggesting that multiblock copolymer PEM properties may be optimized by changes in morphology.
A major goal of current proton exchange membrane fuel cell research involves developing high temperature membranes that can operate at ~120 °C and low humidites. Multiblock copolymers synthesized from 100% disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (BPSH100) and naphthalene polyimide (PI) oligomers may be an alternative. At block lengths of ~15 kg/mol they displayed no morphological changes up to 120 °C or even higher. Water desorption was observed to decrease with increasing block length. The copolymers exhibited little to no water loss during a 200 °C isotherm in contrast to random BPSH copolymers and Nafion. A BPSH100-PI multiblock copolymer with large block length appears to have morphological stability and retain water at temperatures exceeding 120 °C, suggesting its candidacy as a high temperature PEM.
A growing number of alternative PEM research efforts involve multiblock copolymer chemistries, but little emphasis is placed on the methods used to couple the oligomers. Fluorinated linkage groups can help increase block efficiency during coupling, but their effect on a PEM is not well-known. The choice of linkage type, hexafluorobenzene (HFB) vs. decafluorobiphenyl (DFBP), appears to have small but observable influences on multiblock copolymers with disulfonated and unsulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) oligomers. DFBP linkages promote greater phase separation than HFB linkages, resulting in increased stiffness, decreased ductility, and increased proton conductivity at low humidities. DFBP linkages also promote more surface enrichment of fluorine, causing changes in surface morphology and slightly increased water desorption, but determining the impact on actual fuel cell performance requires further research.Ph. D.
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Argo, Joshua. "A Study of Salmonid Growth in Two Southern Appalachian Headwater Streams." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3296.
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This study sampled salmonid populations in two headwater streams in East Tennessee, Briar Creek and Left Prong Hampton Creek. Length and weight data were used to calculate the growth of these populations to determine if significant variation exists between isolated brook trout populations. Slope comparisons concluded that there was a difference in growth between brook trout populations of these streams (p
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Swift, Bruce D. "Heritabilities and genetic correlations for weight, length and survivability in fresh water and salt water of SO and S1 coho salmon, (Oncorhynchus kisutch)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30380.
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Heritabilties and genetic correlations using Individual Animal Model, (IAM), analysis for weight, length and survivability were determined in both freshwater and saltwater rearing of s0 and si1 coho, (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The most important trait to salmon farmers is the saltwater market weight which was found to have heritability estimates of 0.21 and 0.45 for the s1 and s0 smolts. Estimates of heritability for survival were high, (0.29 and 0.21) for both s0 and s1 rearing strategies. Genetic correlations between freshwater and saltwater size were small, (0.33 to 0.59) indicating selection for market weight should be done during the saltwater market weight window. Significant differences were found for weight and length between strains during freshwater and saltwater rearing for both s0 and si1 coho.
The northern strains, (Kitimat, Bella Coola and Pallant Creek) were significantly larger in weight and length thanthe southern strains, (Big Qualicum and Robertson Creek). The Kitimat strain was larger in weight and length than the Bella Coola and Pallant Creek strains but lower than these two strains for percent survivability. When comparing fish from the Kitimat strain reared on both a s0 and s1 rearing strategy, it was found that the s1 fish were significantly larger than the s0 fish at the market weight window.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
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Rudershausen, Paul J. "Food, Feeding, and Length-Weight Relationships of Young-of-The-Year Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis and Young-of-The-Year White Perch, Morone americana." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617670.
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Orchard, Trevor J. "An application of the linear regression technique for determining length and weight of six fish Taxa : the role of selected fish species in Aleut paleodiet /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39144650s.
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Zardo, Éverton Luís. "Diferenciação sexual, estrutura populacional e ciclo reprodutivo de piracanjubas (Brycon orbignyanus) sob condições de cultivo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/179266.
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A espécie em estudo (Brycon orbignyanus) vem apresentando um declínio populacional importante nos últimos anos em função de interferências antrópicas. Por este motivo, populações naturais na bacia do rio Uruguai são praticamente inexistentes, e os estoques mantidos em cativeiro apresentam razões sexuais desproporcionais e perdas importantes de variabilidade genética, o que prejudica o uso desta espécie em programas de conservação. Esta tese tem como objetivo principal avaliar parâmetros populacionais e reprodutivos de Brycon orbignyanus sob condições de cativeiro visando a aplicabilidade deste conhecimento em programas de conservação. Com isso, objetivou-se no primeiro experimento avaliar as flutuações na razão sexual ao longo do desenvolvimento ontogenético e os diferentes padrões morfológicos de crescimento entre os sexos. Quinhentos exemplares foram amostrados de uma piscicultura comercial e os dados biométricos foram registrados para a realização de uma regressão linear entre peso e comprimento. A partir do teste Qui-Quadrado (χ²) foi possível observar que a razão sexual apresentou desproporções nas classes de comprimento superiores. Os machos e fêmeas apresentaram crescimento alométrico positivo (b=3,35 e b=3,44), enquanto indivíduos sexualmente indiferenciados apresentaram alometria negativa (b=2,96) O objetivo do segundo estudo foi descrever os processos de diferenciação sexual, afim de definir o período termossensível. Após eutanásia dos animais, as gônadas foram coletadas e fixadas em solução formaldeído tamponado 4%. Os cortes seriados (3μm) foram corados com Azul de Toluidina e analisados por microscopia de luz. Os primeiros sinais de diferenciação sexual foram observados apenas aos 323 dias após a fertilização (DAF) e, aos 730 DAF todos os indivíduos já estavam diferenciados sexualmente. O objetivo do terceiro estudo foi descrever o ciclo reprodutivo de machos de B. orbignyanus, a fim de se estabelecer uma escala de maturação para machos desta espécie. Para isto, exemplares da espécie foram coletados periodicamente em uma estação de piscicultura comercial. Assim como no experimento anterior, as gônadas foram coletadas e fixadas para análise histológica. As análises das imagens foram obtidas através de microscópio óptico e a descrição das fases reprodutivas seguiu recomendações de Brown-Peterson et al. (2011). Foram estabelecidas 5 fases reprodutivas de acordo com as características macroscópicas dos testículos, presença e distribuição das células espermatogênicas e variações no índice gonadossomático. Os primeiros indivíduos aptos à reprodução foram observados aos 435 DAF.The species under study (Brycon orbignyanus) has undergone a important population decline in the last years due to anthropic interferences. For this reason, natural populations in the Uruguay River basin are practically non-existent, and stocks kept in captivity suffer from disproportionate sex ratios, and significant losses of genetic variability, impairing the use of this species in conservation programs. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the population and reproductive parameters of Brycon orbignyanus under captive conditions aiming the applicability of this knowledge in conservation programs. Thus, the objective of the first experiment was to evaluate the fluctuations in sexual ratio along the ontogenetic development and the different morphological patterns of growth between the sexes. Five hundred specimens were sampled from commercial fish farming and biometric data were recorded for a linear regression between weight and length. From the chi-square test (χ²) it was possible to observe that the sex ratio showed disproportions in the upper length classes. Males and females showed positive allometric growth (b = 3.35 and b = 3.44), while sexually undifferentiated individuals showed negative allometry (b = 2.96). The objective of the second experiment was describe the processes of sexual differentiation, in order to define the thermosensitive period After euthanasia of the animals, the gonads were collected and fixed in 4% buffered formaldehyde solution. Serial sections (3 μm) were stained with Toluidine Blue and analyzed by light microscopy. The first signs of sexual differentiation were observed only at 323 days after fertilization (DAF), and at 730 DAF all individuals were already sexually differentiated. The objective of the third experiment was to describe the reproductive cycle of B. orbignyanus males, in order to establish a maturation scale for males of this species. For this, specimens were collected periodically in a commercial fish farm. As in the previous experiment, the gonads were collected and fixed for histological analysis. The images were obtained through an optical microscope and analyzed according to the description of the reproductive phases suggested by Brown-Peterson et al. (2011). Five reproductive phases were established according to macroscopic characteristics of the testes, presence and distribution of spermatogenic cells and variations in the gonadosomatic index. The first individuals able to reproduce were observed at 435 DAF.
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Bailey, Martin C. "Spatial and temporal variability in length, weight and lipid content at age of the lesser sandeel Ammodytes marinus Raitt in the northern North Sea and adjacent waters." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320242.
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In order to investigate the spatial variability in length and weight at age seen in Ammodytes marinus during the period 1974-1977 (Anon. 1978), samples of A. marinus were collected during 1991 from Shetland, Fair Isle, the Fisher Bank, the Skagerrak and Rona. The samples were collected from the five sites during July when the peak in summer growth rate would have passed and any spatial differences resulting would be most marked. Greatest differences in length, weight and total lipid content were found to exist between fish from Shetland and the Fisher Bank. At the Fisher Bank fish were significantly longer, heavier and contained more lipid than fish of the same age at Shetland. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out on the 0 group and pooled 1 and 2+ group data. 82.5% (0-group) and 72.0% (1 and 2+ group) of the variance within the data was explained by the first two principal components. Plots of the scores of the first two principal components from the respective PCA's supported the spatial differences revealed in the analysis of the length, weight and lipid data. Sea temperatures and zooplankton biomass were suggested as factors influencing the spatial differences in size at age. Samples of A. marinus were also collected from Shetland and the Fisher Bank throughout the summer of 1991 to investigate differences in growth rate and lipid accumulation over a protracted period. Temporal differences in size at age could therefore be investigated. Over the four month study period fish of all age classes were found to be longer, heavier and containing more lipid at the Fisher Bank that at Shetland supporting the earlier analysis.
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Miles, Tracy Jill. "Differences between gains in weight-for-age and length-for-age of breast fed infants in Delaware County, Indiana and the National Center for Health Statistics growth standards." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1061870.
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Breast fed infants appear to grow less rapidly after the first three months of age when compared with current standards from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The NCHS standards are a composite of two other studies both of which used formula fed infants or infants who were breast fed for a short period of time. Current literature suggests a breast fed infant's deviation from NCHS standards should be considered a normal pattern with no apparent deleterious consequences to a breast fed infant. This study was undertaken to determine whether differences do exist between the growth patterns of breast fed infants in Muncie, Indiana, and NCHS standards, and if so, at what age do the differences become apparent. For this study growth data were gathered for 66 infants. The subjects were women who attended the Obstetrical and Family Practice Clinics of Ball Memorial or were patients of private physicians in Muncie and Delaware County, Indiana and who volunteered to participate in the study. Women who were free of chronic conditions were elgible to participate in the study. A 24-hour data collection period was conducted one day each month for one calendar year or as long as the subjects remained in the study. Immediately before and after each nursing during the 24-hour time period weight measurements were taken and recorded for the infants. Lengths were measured once at this time. The analysis of data from this study is similar to previous studies, and showed that weight gain in particular, but also length gain, of the breast fed infant was slower after three months of age in comparison to NCHS standards and supports the recommendations of others that the weight gain of breast fed infants should not be compared to current NCHS standards and new growth charts based on breast fed infants are needed.Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Souza, Jussara Elias de. "Caracterização populacional de Cichla kelberi (Perciformes: Cichlidae) no reservatório do Lobo (Broa), Brotas / Itirapina - SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1919.
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-23Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The Cichla kelberi population was characterized in terms of sexual proportion, size structure and some reproductive aspects. The collects were made in two distinct periods. The first, from November 2002 to November 2003 and the second, from December 2004 to May 2006. The sexual proportion showed significantly difference from 1:1 with predominance of females. Total length varied from 3.4 to 40.1cm, with large frequency on the small sized classes. These smallest individuals occurred around all the year, but mainly in the warmer months. Females and males reached similar maximum length. Individuals with Mature or Partial Spent gonads occurred mainly from November to April, indicating that Cichla kelberi has a long reproductive period, a biological evidence that it is a species well adapted in this reservoir, showing partial spawning and an absolute fecundity ranging from 6089 to 6908 oocytes.
Foi caracterizada a composição da população de Cichla kelberi quanto à proporção sexual, composição em comprimento e algumas características reprodutivas. As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos. O primeiro, de novembro de 2002 a novembro de 2003 e o segundo, de dezembro de 2004 a maio de 2006. A proporção sexual foi significativamente diferente de 1:1, com predomínio de fêmeas. Os comprimentos totais variaram de 3,4 a 40,1cm, com altas freqüências nas classes de menor tamanho. A ocorrência de indivíduos nas menores classes deu-se ao longo de todo o ano, com maior incidência nos períodos mais quentes. Fêmeas e machos atingem comprimentos máximos similares. Indivíduos com gônadas Maduras ou Semi Esgotadas ocorreram com maior freqüência de setembro a abril, indicando que Cichla kelberi apresenta um longo período reprodutivo, uma condição biológica que indica a boa adaptação da espécie neste reservatório. A desova é do tipo parcelada e com fecundidade absoluta de variando de 6089 a 6908 ovócitos.
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Pereira, Joilane Alves. "A influência do peso ao nascer sobre a pressão arterial e a composição corporal em crianças." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6133/tde-05122007-134552/.
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Introdução: Estudos epidemiologicos sugerem que a exposicao intra-uterina a agravos como desnutricao, hiperglicemia ou hipercortisolemia durante periodos criticos do desenvolvimento leva a alteracoes metabolicas e endocrinas que persistem na vida adulta, fenomeno denominado de Programação Fetal das Doenças. Objetivos: Avaliar a relacao entre peso ao nascer (PN) com os valores atuais de pressao arterial, medidas antropometricas e de composicao corporal. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo utilizando dados de RONDO (2003) em Jundiai-SP. No seguimento da coorte, avaliou-se 472 criancas, atualmente com idade de 5 a 8 anos. Avaliacoes clinicas consistiram em: medida de pressao arterial (PA), peso (P) e estatura (E) e dosagens bioquimicas: colesterol total (CT), LDL colesterol (LDLc) e HDL colesterol (HDLc) e triglicerides(TG). A composicao corporal foi avaliada pela prega cutanea triciptal (PCT) e subescapular (PCS), circunferencia braquial (CB) e da cintura (CC), area gordurosa do braco (AGB) e area muscular do braco (AMB) e indice de massa corporal para a idade (IMC). Avaliaram-se as condicoes socioeconomicas e demograficas em entrevista domiciliar. Para determinacao de associacao entre variaveis continuas, utilizou-se o teste de Correlacao de Pearson. Para variaveis categoricas, utilizou-se o teste do quiquadrado; e teste t de Student para comparacao de medias. Utilizaram-se modelos de regressao linear multipla para investigar as relacoes entre as variaveis independentes: PN e comprimento ao nascer (CN) e as variaveis dependentes: IMC, CC, AGB, pressao arterial sistolica (PAS) e pressao arterial diastolica (PAD), controlando-se os fatores de confusao (sexo, idade, IMC, colesterol total, HDL-c, renda per capita e escolaridade)Resultados: A media de idade foi de 78,9}7,9 meses, sendo que 53,81% das criancas eram do sexo feminino. As prevalencias de desnutricao, risco de sobrepeso e de sobrepeso foram de 9,53%, 14,19% e 8,47%, respectivamente. A prevalencia de criancas com pressao arterial sistolica ≥95 foi alta (35,16%) e a de pressao arterial diastolica ≥95 foi de 5,09%. Em relacao a analise bioquimica, 17,16% (n=81) das criancas apresentaram HDLc reduzido. Destas, a maior parte (22,83%) eram do sexo feminino. O PN mostrou uma correlacao positiva com AGB e IMC (p<0.001). As PAS e PAD correlacionaram-se positivamente com IMC e AGB (p<0.001). Na regressao multipla, ao incluir a variavel IMC, observou-se associacao inversa significante entre PN e pressao arterial sistolica. Nao houve associacao significante entre PN e pressao diastolica e entre CN e PAS e PAD. Conclusões: A relacao inversa entre PN com pressao arterial sistolica, a relacao direta da pressao arterial com IMC e massas de gordura e muscular e a elevada prevalencia de risco de sobrepeso/sobrepeso justificam o controle do estado nutricional de criancas desde o periodo fetal e a vigilancia de medidas da pressao arterial na rotina pediatrica.Introduction: Epidemiological studies suggest that intra-utero exposure to malnutrition, hyperglycemia or hypercortisolemia during critical periods of development leads tometabolic and endocrinological changes that will be expressed in adult life, a condition known as Fetal Programming. Objectives: To assess the relationship between birth weight (BW) and blood pressure, anthropometric and body composition measurements. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study based on RONDO (2003) data, involving 472 children, aging 5 8 years, from Jundiai, Sao Paulo. Clinical evaluation included blood pressure (BP), weight (W), height (H) and body mass index (BMI) to age. Body composition: tricipital (TSF) and subscapular skinfold thickness (SSF), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist circumference (WC), fat mid-upper arm area (FMUAA) and muscle mid-upper arm area (MMUAA). The following elements were determined by biochemical analysis: total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDLc), HDLcholesterol (HDLc) and triglycerides (TG). Household interview included data about socioeconomic and demographic conditions. In order to check the association among continuous variables, Pearson correlation test was performed. Chi-square and tstudent tests were also performed for categorical variables in order to compare means. Linear regression models were applied to investigate the relationship among independent variables (BW and birth length BL) and dependent variables (W, S, BMI, WC, FMUAA, systolic blood pressure SBP and diastolic blood pressure DBP), controlling for confounders such as gender, age, BMI, total cholesterol, HLD-c, per capita income and escolarity. Results: Mean age was 78,9 + 7,9 months; 53,81% of the children were female. The prevalences of malnutrition, risk of overweight and overweight were 9.53%, 14,19% and 8.47%, respectively. The prevalence of children with a SBP ≥ the 95 centile was high (35.16%) and 5.09% of the children had a DBP ≥ the 95 centile. Eight one (17.16%) of the children had low HDL-c; from those, 22,83% were female. BW was positively correlated with FMUAA and BMI (p < 0.001). SBP and DBP were positive correlated with BMI and FMUAA (p < 0.001). In the final linear regression model, adjusted for BMI, it was noticed a significant inverse relationship between BW and SBP. There were no statistically significant associations between BW and DBP and between BL and systolic and diastolic pressures. Conclusions: The inverse relationship between BW with actual SBP, the straight relationship of BP with fat and muscle mass and BMI, and the high prevalence of the risk of overweight/overweight, justify the control of the nutritional status of children since the fetal period and the monitoring of BP measurements in the pediatric routine.
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Boltena, Sisay Sinamo. "Factors affecting the rehabilitation outcome (of outpatient therapeutic program) of children with severe acute malnutrition in Durame, Southern Ethiopia." Thesis, UWC, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2868.
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Magister Public Health - MPHBackground: Malnutrition accounted high level of childhood morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia including Durame area. Durame area is one of the food insecure districts in Southern region. As a result of high prevlanece of acute malnutrtion, which is 8.3%, Ministry of Health partnering with World Vision Ethiopia started outpatient therapeutic program (OTP) in seven OTP sites to rehablitate severely malnourished children. Reports indicate that number of factors affect the rehabilitation outcome of children with severe acute malnutrtion in OTP programs. However, there are no studies conducted to assess their contribution in the rehablitaiton outcome. Hence, this study will attempt to investigate these factors and assess their public health significance in Durame area. Aim: To assess the factors affecting the rehabilitation outcome of an OTP for children with severe acute malnutrition in Durame area, Southern Ethiopia Method: the study used a descriptive study with an analytical component. Three-hundred and sixty (360) medical records were calculated during sampling and proportional numbers of medical records were sampled from the seven OTP sites. The medical records were reviewed using semi-structured questionnaires from September 1 to September 10, 2008. The data was entered and analyzed using EPI info version 3.3.2 software. Results: three hundred fifty five (98.6%) of the total sample records were reviewed. Three hundred twenty nine (92.7%) children were cured, 11(3.8%) died, 7 (2%) defaulted and 8 (2.3%) were non-cure. Average weight gain on discharge was 3.4gm/kg/day and the mean length of stay was 55.6 days (SD+14 days). More than 60% of children were admitted in three of the seven OTP sites where Demboya OTP sites taking the larger share. Nearly half of the total children (49.8%) were between 6 to 12 months of age and the median age of admission was 13 months. The male to female ratio in the study population was almost equal. Average family size was 6.3 and 58.3% of children came from households with 6 or more family members. Forty two (11.8%) children in the study had twin. The average walking distance to the OTP sites was 62.9 minutes and two hundred fifty six mothers travelled less than an hour. Most of the children (92.1%) were referred from the community and most of the children were admitted with MUAC followed by pitting edema. One hundred seventy four (49%) of the total children were beneficiaries of GFR. On admission two hundred twenty six (63.7%) children were breastfeeding, 257 (72.4%) had no symptoms of sickness and 327 (92.1%) did not have abnormal physical examination findings. More than half (51.5%) of them did not receive any home visit and the larger share of the home visits (37.3%) were made when children got illnesses. One hundred sixteen (32.7%) children in the study had chronic medical conditions during follow up. Fever or hypothermia (0.6%), dehydration (0.8%), anemia (0.6%), skin infection (1.6%) and Plumpy nut refusal (2.0%) were the main abnormal medical findings during follow up. Assessment of the influence of the socio-demographic and biological characteristics on the rehabilitation outcome indicated that the sites, family size, chronic medical conditions, absenteeism, weight loss, presence of fever or hypothermia, dehydration and anemia had significant association with the treatment outcome (p<0.05). Further analysis for significant variables using regression analysis indicated that absenteeism, chronic medical illness, fever or hypothermia and anemia are predictor variables contributing significant information for the prediction of the treatment outcome (p<0.05). Conclusion: The program has high success rate in terms of increasing cure and decreasing death, default and non-cure rates but it did not meet the minimum international recommendations for average length of stay and average weight gain. The study identified the main socio-demographic and biological characteristics of children with SAM and factors that affect the rehabilitation outcome. Children under the age of 24 months were most affected with SAM and no gender variation. Larger proportions of malnourished children were living in families above the average family size, which had significant association with the outcome. OTP sites were accessible for majority children in the program but higher level of absenteeism which significantly associated with the outcome. The study identified socio-demographic and biological factors that influenced the rehabilitation outcome as well as the predictor variables contributing significant information for the prediction of the treatment outcome. It could assist the program implementers to design appropriate public health measures. The achievement in Durame OTP program indicates effectiveness of community based management of SAM and existing potential to integrate in routine health system in resource scarce setting like Durame. Recommendations: to sustain the achievements and improve the growth areas necessary public health measures are prime importance.
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Martins, Mariana da Fontoura. "Estrutura populacional e biologia reprodutiva da raia-elétrica-cega, Benthobatis kreffti (Chondrichthyes, Narcinidae) no talude continental do estado de São Paulo /." Rio Claro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181307.
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Orientador: Otto Bismarck Fazzano GadigResumo: A raia elétrica cega Benthobatis kreffti é endêmica do Altântico Sul Ociedental e apresenta distribuição restrita desde o sul até o sudeste Brasileiros, ocorrendo em profundidades entre 400 e 600 m. Apesar de seu extremo endemismo, sua biologia é virtualmente desconhecida, especialmente no que diz respeito à porção norte de sua distribuição. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a estrutura populacional e biologia reprodutiva desta espécie, no talude continental do estado de São Paulo. Os indivíduos foram capturados em julho e agosto de 2003 e dezembro de 2007 no cruzeiro científico Soloncy Moura, o qual operou em 492-501 m de profundidade entre os municípios de Santos e Cananéia. Quanto à composição de captura, B. kreffti foi o condricte mais capturado, seguido por Gurgesiella dorsalifera. Os demais foram Hydrolagus matallanasi, Dipturus sp. e Torpedo, sp. Quanto à estrutura em tamanho, fêmeas diferem de machos por apresentarem maiores comprimentos (máximo de 299 mm em fêmeas e 256 mm em machos). A razão sexual total foi diferente de 1:1, bem como para indivíduos adultos. Nos outros estágios de maturidade considerados (imaturo e em desenvolvimento), não houve diferença significativa. A relação comprimento-peso e o tamanho onde 50% da população encontra-se maduro (LT50) também foram diferentes entre os sexos, em favor das fêmeas. Fêmeas apresentaram LT50 de 191 mm enquanto machos maturam em 176 mm. A fecundidade uterina foi de três embriões por fêmea, com embriões nascendo en... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The blind electric ray Benthobatis kreffti is endemic to the South West Atlantic and has a restricted distribution, from south and southeast Brazil, occurring in 400-600 m depth. Despite its endemism, its biology is virtually unknown, especially concerning the north extreme of its distribution. For this reason, the aim of this work was to study the population structure and reproductive biology of B. kreffti off São Paulo State continental slope. Individuals were captured in July and August of 2003 and December 2007 during the scientific cruise Soloncy Moura, operating in 492-501 m depth between Santos and Cananéia municipalities. Benthobatis kreffti was the most captured chondrichthyan, followed by Gurgesiella dorsalifera. Other chondrichthyan captured were: Hydrolagus matallanasi, Dipturus sp and Torpedo sp.. Concerning size structure, females were larger than males (females: 299 mm; males: 256 mm total length). Total sex ratio was different from 1:1, as well as for adult individuals. At other maturity stages considered (immature and developing), no differences were observed. The length-weight relationship and size at 50 % maturity (LT50) were also different between sexes, biased toward females. Female´s LT50 was 191 mm, while in males, LT50 was 176 mm total length. Uterine fecundity was three embryos/ female, with size at birth estimated in 90-100 mm total length (about1/3 of the total length recorded for this species).
Mestre
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Barbosa, Heitor Thury Barreiros. "Fator de condição de peixes do sistema do Lago Grande, Manacapuru, Amazonas." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4763.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Marked by a well defined alternation between the terrestrial and aquatic stages, the Amazon floodplain has a low climatic seasonality, with daily oscillations on temperature higher than annual and less pronounced variation of the photoperiod throughout the year. These environments are also characterized by the standard uni-modal and predictable flood with large seasonal variation in water level. For the fish fauna of the floodplain, the direct effects of changes in water level include severe changes in community composition and density of the population, conditioned by changes in limnological characteristics and the availability of food. Such seasonal variations in terms of feeding and reproductive responses may be expressed by the condition factor, quantitative indicator of the wellfare in front of the fish conditions of their environment. This study aimed to provide information on the seasonal variation of fish species condition factor in the Jaitêua and São Lourenço lakes that composes the Lago Grande System in the city of Manacapuru, Amazonas State. Data collect were made monthly for the period from July 2006 to July 2007. Once the condition factor were calculated, the comparisons between periods were performed by ANOVA. The comparisons between sexes and between juveniles and adults were made by t test. PCA was used to identify groups of species whose pattern of variation of the condition factor is similar. After critical data analysis, there were selected 13 species to study. The seasonal variation of the condition factor was significant for Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Triportheus albus, Triportheus auritus, Potamorhina altamazonica, Potamorhina latior, Pygocentrus nattereri, Serrassalmus altispinis, Pellona flavipinnis and Hypophthalmus marginatus. Only Schizodon fasciatus, Serrassalmus spilopleura, Plagioscion squamosissimus and Hoplosternum littorale showed no seasonal variation in the condition factor. Despite the influence of reproductive characteristics, we can point at feeding habits as a biological trait that best explained the seasonal variation of the condition factor of fish species in the study area. Based on the local history, the hydrological cycle was considered atypical during the study period. Also, it was observed differences between cycles in the lake and in the main river. For most of the selected species, male and female seasonal variation in the condition factor showed similarities. Comparing juveniles and adults, the variation patterns of the two groups were different for the vast majority of species.
Marcada por uma alternância bem definida entre as fases terrestre e aquática, a várzea amazônica apresenta baixa sazonalidade climática, com oscilações diárias da temperatura superiores à anual e variação pouco pronunciada do fotoperíodo ao longo do ano. Esses ambientes são também caracterizados pelo padrão unimodal e previsível das enchentes com grande variação sazonal do nível da água. Para a ictiofauna da várzea, os efeitos diretos da variação do nível da água incluem severas modificações na composição das comunidades e na densidade das populações, condicionadas pelas alterações nas características limnológicas e na disponibilidade de alimentos. Tais variações sazonais, em termos de alimentação e respostas reprodutivas, podem ser expressas pelo fator de condição, indicador quantitativo do grau de bem-estar do peixe frente às condições de seu ambiente. Esse estudo visou gerar informações sobre a variação sazonal do fator de condição de espécies ictíicas nos lagos Jaitêua e São Lourenço, que compõem o Sistema do Lago Grande no município de Manacapuru, Estado do Amazonas. As coletas dos dados foram efetuadas mensalmente entre o período de Julho de 2006 e Julho de 2007. Calculado o fator de condição, as comparações entre períodos foram realizadas por métodos de ANOVA. Comparações entre sexo e entre juvenis e adultos foram feitas por teste t. Utilizou-se de PCA para identificar grupos de espécies com semelhanças na variação sazonal do fator de condição. Após análise crítica dos dados, foram selecionadas 13 espécies para estudo. A variação sazonal do fator de condição foi significante para Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Triportheus albus, Triportheus auritus, Potamorhina altamazonica, Potamorhina latior, Pygocentrus nattereri, Serrassalmus altispinis, Pellona flavipinnis e Hypophthalmus marginatus. Apenas Schizodon fasciatus, Serrassalmus spilopleura, Plagioscion squamosissimus e Hoplosternum littorale não apresentaram variação sazonal. Apesar da influência de características reprodutivas, pode-se apontar o hábito alimentar como característica biológica que melhor explicou a variação sazonal do fator de condição das espécies ictíicas na área de estudo. Com base em séries históricas da localidade, o ciclo hidrológico foi considerado atípico durante o período de coleta. Observaram-se também diferenças entre ciclos no lago e no rio principal. Para a maioria das espécies selecionadas, machos e fêmeas apresentam variação sazonal no fator de condição semelhante. Comparando juvenis e adultos, os padrões de variação desses dois grupos foram diferentes para a grande maioria das espécies
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Moura, Nelson Antunes de. "Morfometria de lagoas marginais da bacia do alto Paraguai : relação com a estrutura e dinâmica das comunidades de peixes no Pantanal de Cáceres-MT." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1698.
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Previous issue date: 2010-09-20Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso
Most ecological studies of tropical fishes involve limnology related to reproductive behavior, feeding and migration. This work is an attempt to consider, in the area of fish ecology, a new approach that involves addition of limnological variables, environmental variables morphometric and morphologic environment and determine whether, beyond the flood pulse, these characteristics determine the community structure fish in the wetland. Were chosen ten ponds, regionally called "bays" on the banks of the rivers Paraguay, Paraguaizinho, and Sepotuba Cabaçal. Their morphology and physical and chemical variables of water were measured. A sampling of the ichthyofauna was done in three sampling points in each pond using trawl 3mm between us, 2.5 x25m long. Species richness was analysed using indices of Margalef and Minhinicke. We used multivariate analysis to determine the environmental variables that contributed in determining the structure of fish communities. Correspondence Analysis showed that the major groups of fishes related to species richness in two main groups: periods of low water, drought and flood, and the flood period. The abundance showed clustering contrast, the higher observed during periods of low water, drought and flood and the lowest found during the flood. Results of discriminant analysis demonstrated that the lakes are listed in four categories, depending on the degree of similarity of environmental characteristics. In each category groupings were more strongly related collection period than the limnological and morphometric analysis. However, the group found in the discriminant analysis, the lake VI (Ximbuva) shown by the rounded morphology and the morphometric values smaller lake VIII (the right bank of the river Cabaçal), show that the two are related to the structure of fish community wetland at the local level, while the flood pulse events determined the regional level.
A maior parte dos estudos de ecologia da ictiofauna tropical envolve a limnologia relacionada com o comportamento reprodutivo, alimentar e migratório. Este trabalho é uma tentativa de considerar, na área de ecologia de peixes, uma nova abordagem que envolva além das variáveis limnológicas, variáveis ambientais morfométricas e morfológicas do ambiente e verificar se, além do pulso de inundação, essas características determinam a estrutura de comunidade de peixes no pantanal. Foram escolhidas dez lagoas, regionalmente denominadas de baías , nas margens dos rios Paraguai, Paraguaizinho, Sepotuba e Cabaçal. As suas características morfométricas e variáveis físicas e químicas da água foram mensuradas. A amostragem da ictiofauna foi feita em três pontos amostrais em cada lagoa utilizando rede de arrasto de 3mm entre nós, de 2,5x25m de comprimento. A riqueza de espécies foi analisada através dos índices de Margalef e de Minhinick. Foram utilizadas análises multivariadas para determinar as variáveis ambientais que contribuíram na determinação da estrutura das comunidades de peixes. Análise de Correspondência mostrou que os grandes grupos da ictiofauna relacionaram a riqueza de espécies em dois grupos principais: períodos da vazante, seca e enchente; e período da cheia. A abundância mostrou um agrupamento contrário, a maior observada nos períodos da vazante, seca e enchente e a menor encontrada no período da cheia. Os resultados das Análises Discriminantes demonstraram que as lagoas estão relacionadas em quatro categorias, em função do grau de semelhança das características ambientais. Em cada categoria os agrupamentos estiveram mais fortemente relacionados com o período de coleta do que com as variáveis limnológicas e morfométricas analisadas. Porém, pelo agrupamento encontrado na análise discriminante, a lagoa VI (Baía da Ximbuva) demonstrado pela morfologia arredondada e pelos menores valores morfométricos da lagoa VIII (à margem direita do rio Cabaçal), demonstram que ambas possuem relação com a estrutura de comunidade de peixes do pantanal à nível local, enquanto que o pulso de inundação determinaram os eventos à nível regional.
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Trinh, Megan. "On the Diameter of the Brauer Graph of a Rouquier Block of the Symmetric Group." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron152304291682246.
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Simonaitis, Pijus. "Weighted Genome Rearrangements." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS041.
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Un réarrangement génomique est une mutation qui modifie la structure des chromosomes voir même leur nombre dans un génome. Outre des fusions et des fissions de chromosomes, ces réarrangements comprennent des délétions, des insertions et des inversions de segments chromosomiques. Deux extrémités de chromosomes différents peuvent également être échangées au cours d'une translocation. L'ensemble de ces mutations constitue un scénario évolutif de réarrangements entre les espèces. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la reconstruction des scénarios de réarrangements entre espèces animales.Notre projet associe des outils mathématiques et algorithmiques avec la compréhension biologique actuelle des réarrangements génomiques. D'un point de vue biologique, notre objectif est de lier génétique et épigénétique aux réarrangements dans les deux sens:1) nous développons une méthodologie pour étudier des caractéristiques génétiques et épigénétiques associées aux réarrangements,2) et inversement pour trouver des scénarios de réarrangements guidés par de telles caractéristiques génétiques et épigénétiques.La principale contribution de cette thèse est la suivante. Nous présentons un cadre sur le modèle de réarrangements double cut and join avec des poids arbitraires. Dans ce cadre un scénario de poids minimum peut être trouvé en temps polynomial parmi les scénarios de longueur minimale pour deux génomes à contenu génétique identique et sans doublons.En plus de cela, nous établissons un certain nombre de nouvelles correspondances entre les divers problèmes de tri. Ces problèmes incluent le tri des génomes avec des réarrangements dits Double Cut and Join, le tri des graphes avec 2-breaks ou edge swaps, le tri des permutations avec des transpositions, le tri des chaînes avec des échanges et l'échange de jetons sur les graphesRecent advances in sequencing technologies revealed the ubiquity of genome rearrangements between each and every one of us. These large scale mutationsrearrange segments of chromosomes and have a profound impact on genetic variation, disease, and evolution. The study of the consequences of rearrangements along with their molecular mechanisms, however, is still in its infancy.Given extant genomes, we are interested in tracing back the evolutionary rearrangement scenarios that transformed their least common ancestor into the genomes that we observe today. This helps not only to reveal evolutionary relationships between organisms, but also provides a window for the study of genome rearrangements themselves.The central computational problem in this subfield of comparative genomicsis that of finding optimal rearrangement scenarios transforming one genome into another. Historically all rearrangements were treated as being equally possible, and optimal scenarios were those that contained the minimum number of rearrangements. Recent advances in biology, however, allow us to devise much more sophisticated models. We present a short survey of the existingwork on using biological constraints for genome rearrangements, and argue that a much more flexible approach is necessary to accompany the influx of newly available biological data.In this work we propose an extremely general framework for genome rearrangements with biological constraints. Our main contribution is a polynomial time algorithm that, for an arbitrary cost function, finds a minimum cost scenario among those of minimum length. Along the way we establish a number of novel links between sorting genomes with double cut and join rearrangements, sorting graphs with 2-breaks or edge swaps, sorting permutations with mathematical transpositions, sorting strings with interchanges, and token swapping on graphs
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Moilanen, K. (Kristiina). "Diagnostics and determinants of schizophrenia:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514296123.
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Abstract The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort is an unselected, population-based sample of 12,058 live born children. The present study is based on 10,934 individuals living in Finland at the age of 16 years. Ninety-six research diagnoses fulfilling operational DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia by age 34 years were found in the reassessment of clinical diagnoses. Of these 96 cases, 55 (57%) had concordant diagnoses (both the clinical and research diagnosis was schizophrenia) and 41 (43%) had discordant diagnoses (the clinical diagnosis was other than schizophrenia). Diagnostic discordance was associated with low parental social class in 1980, later age at onset, comorbid diagnosis of mental retardation, shorter treatment periods and lower number of treatment episodes. Unwanted pregnancy and parental history of psychosis increased the risk for schizophrenia. The combination of unwantedness of pregnancy and parental history of psychosis elevated the risk of schizophrenia over 8-fold in offspring compared to those without either risk factor. Both low and high birth weight increased the risk of later schizophrenia. Both short and tall babies also had elevated risk. A reverse J-shape curve described the associations between birth weight, length and schizophrenia. The ages when cohort members learned to stand, walk and became potty-trained were related to subsequent incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Earlier milestones reduced and later milestones increased the risk in a linear manner. In conclusion, these results indicate that schizophrenia has complex phenomenology and developmental pathways. Its multiple symptomatology with no single specific defining feature and no absolute validation criteria makes the phenomenological-based diagnosis of schizophrenia challenging. Unwanted pregnancy may act as an additive factor for subjects already vulnerable to schizophrenia and psychoses may have a developmental dimension expressed as deviant foetal development and delayed milestones. These results support the neurodevelopmental theory suggesting that schizophrenia results from small developmental deviances with origins very early in developmentTiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia skitsofrenian diagnostiikan osuvuuteen liittyviä tekijöitä sekä raskauden ei-toivottavuuden, lapsen syntymäpainon ja -pituuden ja skitsofrenian sekä varhaislapsuuden kehityksen ja skitsofrenian ja muiden psykoosien välistä yhteyttä. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortti on prospektiivinen, epidemiologinen seurantatutkimus, johon kuuluu 12,058 vuonna1966 syntynyttä lasta. Prospektiivista tietoa on kerätty raskaudesta alkaen elinolosuhteista, elintavoista ja perheestä ja perimästä. Tämä tutkimus perustuu 10,934 henkilöön, jotka ovat asuneet 16-vuotiaana Suomessa eivätkä ole kieltäneet tietojensa käyttämistä tutkimukseen. Kliinisten diagnoosien uudelleen arvioinnissa DSM-III-R:n kriteerit täyttäviä skitsofreniatapauksia 34 ikävuoteen mennessä todettiin 96. Näistä 96 tapauksesta myös 55:n (57 %) kliininen diagnoosi oli skitsofrenia ja 41:n (43 %) kliininen diagnoosi oli muu kuin skitsofrenia. Diagnostiikan epätarkkuus liittyi matalaan sosiaaliluokkaan vuonna 1980, myöhäiseen sairastumisikään, samanaikaiseen kehitysvamma-diagnoosiin, lyhyisiin hoitoaikoihin ja vähäiseen hoitojaksojen määrään. Ei-toivottu raskaus yhdessä vanhemman psykoosisairauden kanssa lisäsi lapsen skitsofrenian riskiä yli 8-kertaiseksi. Matala ja korkea syntymäpaino lisäsivät skitsofrenian riskiä kaksinkertaiseksi ja samansuuruinen riskin kasvu havaittiin myös lapsilla, jotka olivat syntyessään lyhyitä tai pitkiä. J-muotoinen yhteys havaittiin syntymäpainon ja -pituuden sekä skitsofrenian riskin välillä. Ikä, jolloin lapsi oppi seisomaan, kävelemään ja kuivaksi, liittyi myöhempään skitsofreniaan ja sairastumiseen muihin psykooseihin. Varhainen oppiminen laski ja myöhäinen kehitys kohotti riskiä sairastua lineaarisesti. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että skitsofrenia on monimuotoinen kliininen oireyhtymä, mikä tekee diagnostiikan haastavaksi. Raskauden ei-toivottavuus liittyneenä vanhemman psykoosisairauteen lisää lapsen skitsofrenian riskiä. Myös poikkeava syntymäpaino ja -pituus lisäävät skitsofrenian riskiä. Psykooseihin voi liittyä kehityksellinen dimensio, joka ilmenee viivästyneenä kehityksenä
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Amegah, A. K. (Adeladza Kofi). "Household fuel and garbage combustion, street vending activities and adverse pregnancy outcomes:evidence from urban Ghana." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526205793.
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Abstract Air pollution is a major concern in urban areas of developing countries as a result of industrial expansion and increased vehicular ownership, and in most households due to solid fuel use and garbage burning at home. Urban poverty is also widespread in developing countries, and besides perpetuating household air pollution (HAP), it has also meant hazardous occupational choices such as street vending by the urban poor. The epidemiologic evidence linking HAP exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes is very limited. Research on the health effects of street vending is also scarce with its relationship with fetal growth still unexplored in spite of women dominating this venture. This project assessed the effects of HAP practices and ambient air pollution exposure on fetal growth and gestational duration, and elaborated the role of environmental exposures in the influence of socioeconomic deprivation on pregnancy endpoints. The project comprised an epidemiologic study, and a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of evidence. A cross-sectional study of 1,151 mothers-infant pairs accessing postnatal services at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra (n = 592), and the four main health facilities in Cape Coast (n = 559) was conducted. Information on socioeconomic characteristics and activity patterns of mothers, and characteristics of the indoor and outdoor environment were collected in a structured questionnaire. Birth weight and gestational age was retrieved from hospital records. PUBMED, Ovid MEDLINE, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases were searched for studies investigating HAP exposure and pregnancy outcomes for the review. Multivariate modeling adjusting for confounders resulted in a 243g (95% CI: 496, 11) reduction in birth weight and 41% (risk ratio [RR] = 1.41; 95% CI: 0.62, 3.23) increased risk of low birth weight (LBW) for use of charcoal. Garbage burning was associated with a 195% (RR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.10, 7.92) increased risk of LBW. The meta-analysis indicated an 86.43g (95% CI: 55.49, 117.37) reduction in birth weight and a 35% (summary-effect estimate [EE] = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.48) increased risk of LBW for solid fuel use. Increased risk of other pregnancy endpoints with use of solid fuels was also noted in the meta-analysis. Moderate street vending activity and high traffic density in the vending area jointly resulted in 84% (RR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.24) and 29% (RR = 1.29; 95% CI: 0.68, 2.46) increased risk of LBW and preterm birth, respectively. Evidence of the effects of maternal socioeconomic disadvantage on pregnancy outcomes was noted, with HAP especially substantially mediating the observed effects. Interventions for mitigating the effects of solid fuel use on health call for eliminating barriers to the adoption of cleaner fuels and educating women about behavioral changes required to minimize exposure. Government should also extend their social safety net programs to pregnant women engaged in hazardous occupations to enable them give up or minimize the number of hours in the workTiivistelmä Ilmansaasteet ovat merkittävä huolenaihe kehitysmaiden urbaaneilla alueilla teollisuuden ja ajoneuvoliikenteen lisäännyttyä sekä useimmissa kodeissa biomassan, hiilen ja jätteiden polttamisen takia. Urbaani köyhyys on kehitysmaissa laajamittaista, ja sisäilman saasteongelmien pahentamisen lisäksi se johtaa vaarallisiin ammatinvalintoihin, kuten kadulla tapahtuvaan myyntityöhön. sisäilman saasteiden ja sikiön kehityshäiriöiden välisistä yhteyksistä on kuitenkin vain vähän epidemiologisia todisteita. Katumyynnin terveysvaikutuksia on tutkittu hyvin vähän, eikä sen yhteyttä sikiön kasvuun ole tutkittu, vaikka naiset ovat vahvasti edustettuna kyseisellä alalla. Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkasteltiin sisäilman saasteiden ja ympäristön ilmansaasteiden vaikutuksia sikiön kasvuun ja raskauden kestoon sekä tutkittiin ympäristöaltisteiden roolia sosioekonomisen vähäosaisuuden vaikutuksessa sikiön kehityshäiriöihin. Väitöskirja koostuu epidemiologisesta tutkimuksesta sekä määrällisestä ja laadullisesta aineiston yhdistelemisestä. Poikittaistutkimukseen osallistui 1151 äiti-vauvaparia, jotka olivat käyneet synnytyksen jälkeen neuvolassa Korle Bu -opetussairaalassa Accrassa (n=592) tai jossain Cape Coastin neljästä pääsairaalasta (n=559). Kyselyllä kerättiin tietoa äitien sosioekonomisesta asemasta ja liikkuvuudesta sekä sisä- ja ulkoympäristön ominaisuuksista. Vauvojen syntymäpainot ja syntymähetken raskausviikot selvitettiin sairaaloiden rekistereistä. Sisäilman saasteille altistumista ja sikiön kehityshäiriöitä tarkastelevia tutkimuksia etsittiin katsausta varten PUBMED-, Ovid MEDLINE-, SCOPUS- ja CINAHL-tietokannoista. Monimuuttujamallissa, jossa sekoittavat tekijät oli huomioitu, puuhiilen käyttö pienensi syntymäpainoa 243 grammaa (95 % luottamusväli: 496-11) ja lisäsi alhaisen syntymäpainon riskiä 41 % (riskisuhde [RR]=1.41; 95 % luottamusväli: 0.62-3.23). Roskien polttoon liittyi 195 % (RR=2.95; 95 % CI: 1.10-7.92) suurentunut alhaisen syntymäpainon riski. Meta-analyysissä biomassan ja hiilen poltto alensi syntymäpainoa 86.43 grammaa (95 % luottamusväli: 55.49-117.37) ja lisäsi alhaisen syntymäpainon riskiä 35 % (meta-analyysin riskisuhde =1.35; 95 % luottamusväli: 1.23-1.48). Meta-analyysissä havaittiin myös muita biomassan ja hiilen polttoon liittyviä kohonneita kehityshäiriöiden riskejä. Kohtalainen katumyyntiaktiivisuus ja korkea liikennetiheys myyntialueella yhdessä lisäsivät matalan syntymäpainon riskiä 84 % (RR=1.84; 95 % luottamusväli: 1.05-3.24) ja ennenaikaisen syntymän riskiä 29 % (RR=1.29; 95 % luottamusväli 0.68-2.46). Tutkimuksessa todettiin äidin matalan sosioekonomisen aseman vaikutus sikiön terveyteen ja havaittiin, että sisäilman saasteiden rooli havaittujen vaikutusten välittäjänä on merkittävä. Biomassan ja hiilen polttamisesta aiheutuvien terveysuhkien ehkäisemiseksi puhtaampien polttoaineiden käyttöä tulisi edistää ja naisia tulisi valistaa siitä, kuinka ilmansaasteille altistumista voi vähentää. Hallituksen tulisi sosiaalitukien avulla mahdollistaa vaarallisissa ammateissa työskentelevien, raskaana olevien naisten työajan minimointi
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Oliveira, M?nica Rocha de. "Biologia reprodutiva da Tainha, Mugil curema valenciennes, 1836 (osteichthyes: mugilidade) nas ?guas costeiras do Rio Grande do Norte." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13056.
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-08Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The marine fish white mullet, Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) exhibits a wide geographical distribution, being common in the Brazilian coast and is an important component of the artisanal fisheries. The objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive biology of M. curema in the coastal waters of Rio Grande do Norte. Fish samples were captured on a monthly basis during August, 2008 to July, 2009. The fish specimens were numbered, weighed, measured, dissected and their gonads were removed, weighed, their sex and gonadal development were identified. The length-weight relationship was determined for males and females. The sex ratio, the size at first gonadal maturation and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were calculated and ovarian development was investigated using macroscopic and histological techniques. The fecundity, spawning type and the reproductive period of the species were determined. A total of 366 specimens (186 males and 180 females) were captured. The sex ratio was 1:1 and the females were heavier than males. The estimated values of the angular coefficient for both sexes suggest that the species has isometric growth. The size at which 50% of the population began the process of maturation was 25.9 cm of total length for grouped sex. The macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries showed four stages of development: immature, maturing, mature and spent. However, the microscopic characteristics of the ovaries showed five stages of development: immature, early maturing, late maturing, mature and spent. The development of oocytes indicated five phases: Chromatin-nucleolus (phase I), initial perinucleolar (phase II), final perinuclear (phase II), formation of vitelline vesicle or yolk (phase III), vitellogenic (phase IV) and complete vitellogenesis (phase V). The species has a prolonged spawning period, with two peaks coinciding with the rainy season.
O peixe marinho tainha, Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 (Osteichthyes:Mugilidae) apresenta ampla distribui??o geogr?fica, sendo comum na costa brasileira e de grande import?ncia para a pesca artesanal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a biologia reprodutiva de M. curema nas ?guas costeiras do Estado de Rio Grande do Norte. Foram capturados mensalmente exemplares de peixes durante o per?odo de agosto de 2008 a julho de 2009. Os exemplares foram numerados, pesados, medidos, dissecados e suas g?nadas foram retiradas, pesadas e identificadas quanto ao sexo e quanto o desenvolvimento gonadal. A rela??o peso-comprimento foi determinada para machos e f?meas. A propor??o sexual, o tamanho da primeira matura??o gonadal e o ?ndice gonadossom?tico (IGS) foram calculados e o desenvolvimento ovariano foi investigado usando t?cnicas macrosc?picas e histol?gicas. Foram determinados a fecundidade, o tipo de desova e o per?odo reprodutivo da esp?cie. Foi capturado um totalde 366 exemplares (186 machos e 180 f?meas). A propor??o sexual foi de 1:1 e as f?meas foram mais pesadas que os machos. O valor estimado para o coeficiente angular para ambos os sexos sugere que ? a esp?cie apresenta crescimento isom?trico. O tamanho em que 50% da popula??o iniciaram o processo de matura??o gonadal foi de 26 cm de comprimento total para sexo agrupado. As caracter?sticas macrosc?picas dos ov?rios revelaram quatro est?dios de desenvolvimento: imaturo, em matura??o, maduro e esvaziado, enquanto que as caracter?sticas microsc?picas revelaram cinco est?dios de desenvolvimento: imaturo, em matura??o inicial, em matura??o final, maduro e esvaziado. O desenvolvimento dos ov?citos indicou cinco fases: Cromatina-nucl?olo (fase I), perinucleolar inicial (fase II), perinuclear final (Fase II), forma??o ves?cula vitel?nica (fase III), vitelog?nico (fase IV) e vitelog?nese completa (fase V). A esp?cie apresenta um per?odo reprodutivo prolongado, com dois picos coincidindo com o per?ododa chuva
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Karlsson, Emil. "Examining the competitive abilities of cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) in a growth chamber experiment." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-155573.
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Competition between different species (interspecific competition) is an important factor to consider when estimating population trends, geographic distributions, and management options of species. Many historically common vascular plant species found in agricultural environments have been negatively affected by changes in community composition and in turn, changes in competition pressures. Even so, the relative importance of plant competition in an ecological context is still unclear. In this study I examine the competitive ability of the meadow plant cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) when grown together with common oat (Avena sativa) and common poppy (Papaver rhoeas), during a seven-week long growth chamber experiment. Seeds were sown in pots in four different setups; 1) C. cyanus control, 2) C. cyanus + P. rhoeas, 3) C. cyanus + A.sativa, 4) All three species. Six different growth parameters were measured (aboveground dry-weight, belowground dry-weight, root length, leaf area, number of leaves and above/belowground dry-weight ratio). I found that growth rates of C. cyanus were significantly inhibited according to all six growth parameters when C. cyanus competed solely with A. sativa. Competition from P. rhoeas had an insignificant effect on C. cyanus growth in five out of six growth parameters. Finally, I discuss the possibility that historically common meadow plants have declined in abundance in part because of weak competitive abilities, and that rare vascular plant species are negatively affected by growing in proximity with cereal crops.
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Scheeren, Christian. "On the correlation lengths and Drude weight of the anisotropic Heisenberg chain." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961532882.
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Faye, Alexandrine. "Troubles d'utilisation d'outils et de la cognition numérique après lésions vasculaires cérébrales : deux faces d'une même pièce ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2135/document.
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L’utilisation d’outils est un trait définitoire du genre Homo. Il est donc fondamental de mieux connaître les bases cognitives et cérébrales nous permettant d’utiliser des outils. Les modèles cognitivistes actuels expliquent l’utilisation d’outils à travers l’hypothèse de l’activation d’une mémoire gestuelle (i.e., engrammes gestuels ou visuo-kinétiques, ou connaissances sensorimotrices sur la manipulation ; voir Rothi, Ochipa, & Heilman, 1991 ; Buxbaum, 2001) ? Cette hypothèse ne permet toutefois pas de comprendre l’utilisation d’outils nouveaux. Une hypothèse alternative a été établie, suggérant que toute situation d’utilisation d’outils (familiers et nouveaux) requière un raisonnement technique (e.g., Osiurak & Badets, 2016). Ce type de raisonnement, qui impliquerait le lobe pariétal inférieur gauche, nous permettrait de formuler l’action mécanique et d’évaluer les propriétés physiques des outils et des objets. Dans le cadre de cette hypothèse, l’une des finalités de cette thèse était de mieux comprendre les troubles d’utilisation d’outils chez des patients cérébro-lésés. Le présent travail s’est également porté sur l’investigation de la cognition numérique. Par ce terme, nous ne faisons pas uniquement référence au calcul mental ou à l’arithmétique. Nous englobons également ce que Dehaene et Cohen (1995) ont nommé code analogique dans leur Modèle du Triple Code. Ce code stockerait les représentations des quantités numériques au sein des lobes pariétaux. Autrement dit, il contiendrait le sens du nombre (Dehaene, 1997) permettant d’associer une étiquette symbolique (e.g., chiffre arabe) à la quantité correspondante. Au quotidien, ce serait grâce à ces représentations que nous pourrions comparer ou estimer la numérosité des ensembles d’objets. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de rapprocher, tant au niveau cognitif que cérébral, ces deux domaines d’intérêt que sont l’utilisation d’outils et la cognition numérique. En effet, nous avons remarqué que ces deux capacités nécessitaient toutes deux un processus commun d’estimation de la magnitude (i.e., magnitude des propriétés physiques et magnitude des quantités numériques). En outre, au niveau cérébral, elles nécessitent l’activation de régions communes dans le lobe pariétal. Pour penser ce lien, nous nous sommes appuyés sur la théorie de la magnitude (ATOM) formulée par Walsh (2003). Celui-ci postule que toutes les magnitudes, c’est-à-dire toutes les dimensions qui peuvent être décrites par des relations « plus que/moins que », soient traitées au sein d’un système commun et unique dans le lobe pariétal droit (Bueti & Walsh, 2009). Nous avons supposé que la magnitude des propriétés physiques pourrait être traitée dans ce système au même titre que les magnitudes discrètes (e.g., numérosité) et continues (e.g., temps, espace). Nos résultats ont mis en évidence un trouble de l’utilisation d’outils nouveaux chez les patients LBD, sans difficultés apparentes pour estimer les propriétés physiques. Les patients RBD étaient déficitaires dans toutes les conditions évaluant la cognition numérique, contredisant les prédictions issues du TCM. Ces patients étaient également en difficulté pour estimer la longueur mais pas le poids. Comme des associations entre estimation de la longueur et du poids, et entre estimation de la longueur et cognition numérique ont été observées dans les différents groupes, nous suggérons que le système de magnitude soit divisé en sous-systèmes. Fait étonnant, nous avons trouvé une association entre utilisation d’outils et calcul approximatif chez les patients LBD supposant une tentative de compensation de l’utilisation par le calcul. Finalement, il semble que l’utilisation d’outils et la cognition numérique reposent sur des mécanismes neurocognitifs distincts, puisque les différents types de magnitudes ne paraissent pas être traités au sein d’un système commun et uniqueTool use is a defining feature of the genus Homo. It is therefore fundamental to better understand the cognitive and cerebral bases that allow us to use tools. The current cognitivist models explain tool use through the hypothesis of an activation of gestural memories (i.e., gestural or visuo-kinetic engrams, or sensorimotor knowledge of manipulation; see Rothi, Ochipa, & Heilman, 1991; Buxbaum, 2001). This theory is unable to explain the use of novel tools. An alternative hypothesis suggests that any situation of tool use (familiar and new) requires technical reasoning (e.g., Osiurak & Badets, 2016). This reasoning, involving the left inferior parietal lobe, would enable to formulate the mechanical action and to evaluate the physical properties of tools and objects. One of the aims of this thesis was to better understand the tool use disorders in brain-damaged patients, within the framework of the technical reasoning hypothesis. This work has also focused on the investigation of numerical cognition. By this term we refer to mental arithmetic and math, but also to analogical code (see the Triple Code Model, Dehaene & Cohen, 1995). It corresponds to the representation of numerical quantities, stored in the parietal lobes. In other words, this code would contain the sense of number (Dehaene, 1997) to associate a symbolic label (e.g., Arabic digits) with the corresponding quantity. In everyday life, this representation would be critical to compare or estimate the numerosity of object sets.The main objective of this thesis was to explore, at cognitive and cerebral levels, whether links exist between both fields of interest that are tool use and numerical cognition. Indeed, we noticed that both capacities need a common process of magnitude estimation (i.e., physical properties and numerical quantity). In addition, at the cerebral level, they require the activation of common regions in the parietal lobe. We relied on the Theory Of Magnitude (ATOM) formulated by Walsh (2003). It postulates that all magnitudes, namely the dimensions described by “more than/less than” relationships (e.g., Is this stick long enough to reach a given place?), are processed within a common and unique system, in the right parietal lobe (Bueti & Walsh, 2009). We assumed that the magnitude of physical properties could be processed in this system as well as the discrete (e.g., numbers) and continuous (e.g., time, space) magnitudes. Our results highlighted a disorder of novel tool-use in LBD patients, who nevertheless had no difficulty in estimating physical properties. The RBD patients were impaired in all conditions assessing the numerical cognition, refuting the predictions derived from TCM. They were also impaired in the estimation of the length but not of the weight. As associations between estimation of length and of weight, and between estimation of length and numerical cognition have been observed in the different groups, we suggest that the magnitude system be divided into subsystems. Surprisingly, we found an association between tool use and approximate calculation in LBD patients assuming an attempt to compensate tool use by calculation. Finally, it seems that tool use and numerical cognition rely on distinct neurocognitive mechanisms since the different types of magnitudes might not be processed within a common and unique system of magnitude
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Teixeira, SebastiÃo Ribeiro DÂAlva. "Seletividade da rede-de-espera utilizada na captura da sardinha-bandeira, Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13789.
Full textAbstract:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorA sardinha-bandeira, Opisthonema oglinum, pertence à famÃlia Clupeidae da ordem Clupeiformes sendo uma das cinco espÃcies do gÃnero Opisthonema. No Estado do Cearà sua captura se estende ao longo de toda a costa, durante todo o ano, com as melhores pescarias ocorrendo entre maio e dezembro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a estrutura da populaÃÃo, a relaÃÃo peso/comprimento da sardinha-bandeira e a seletividade das redes-de-espera utilizadas na sua captura na Praia da Caponga, municÃpio de Cascavel, CearÃ, Brasil. Os dados de comprimento total (cm) e peso individual (g) foram obtidos de dois grupos, cada um com 780 indivÃduos, capturados por redes-de-espera com malhas de 5 cm e 6 cm entre nÃs opostos, no perÃodo de agosto a outubro de 2014. Esses dados foram descritos em histogramas de frequÃncia de comprimento e peso, sendo mais representativas as classes de 21,6 cm (24,23%) e de 87,0 g (32,31%) para a malha de 5 cm e de 25,7 cm (23,08%) e de 117,9 g (26,03%), para a de 6 cm. Quando todos os indivÃduos foram reunidos em um Ãnico grupo (1.560), sem distinÃÃo do tamanho da malha, as classes mais representativas foram a de 23,0 cm de comprimento (18,59%) e a de 105,5 g de peso (20,38%). As equaÃÃes que representaram as relaÃÃes peso/comprimento foram as seguintes: y=0,016 x^2,7636 (780 indivÃduos capturados com a malha de 5 cm); y=0,031 x^2,5635 (780 indivÃduos capturados com a malha de 6 cm); e y=0,021 x^2,6828 (1.560 indivÃduos). Para o estudo da seletividade foram analisados todos os exemplares de sardinha-bandeira (1.560) capturados com as redes-de-espera de malha de 5 cm e 6 cm. O comprimento mÃdio de seleÃÃo foi de 23,7 cm para a malha de 5 cm e de 28,5 cm para a de 6 cm. A amplitude de seleÃÃo foi de 23,7  7,9 cm e de 28,5  7,9 cm para as malhas de 5 cm e 6 cm, respectivamente. As equaÃÃes das curvas de seleÃÃo das redes-de-espera para os dois tamanhos de malha foram obtidas, e a probabilidade de capturar indivÃduos com comprimento inferior ao mÃnimo, estabelecido em 15 cm, foi muito baixa e correspondeu a 1,32% e 0,03% para as malhas de 5 cm e de 6 cm, respectivamente. Esta informaÃÃo à de grande valia para a manutenÃÃo do estoque da sardinha-bandeira capturada na Praia da Caponga, CearÃ.
Atlantic thread-herring, Opisthonema oglinum, belongs to the family Clupeidae and to the order Clupeiformes. It is one of the five species of the genus Opisthonema. In the state of CearÃ, it is caught along the entire coast, throughout the year, with the best fisheries occurring between May and December. This work aimed to study the population structure, the length/weight relationships of the Atlantic thread-herring and to determine gear selectivity of drift nets used for catching them in Caponga Beach, Cascavel, CearÃ, Brazil. Data of total length (cm) and individual weight (g) were obtained from two groups, each with 780 individuals captured by drift nets with meshes of 5 cm and 6 cm, from August to October 2014. These data are showed as histograms. The most representative classes of length and weight were 21.6 cm (24.23%) and 87.0 g (32.31%) for 5 cm mesh, while for the 6 cm mesh, the main classes were 25.7 cm (23.08%) and 117.9 g (26.03%). When all data was combined into a single group (1,560), without the mesh size distinction, the most representative classes were 23.0 cm long (18.59%) and 105.5 g in weight (20.38%). The equations representing the weight/length ratios were as follows: y=0.016 x^2.7636 (780 individuals captured with a mesh of 5 cm); y=0.031 x^2.5635 (780 individuals caught with a mesh of 6 cm); and y=0.021 x^2.6828 (1,560 individuals). To study the selectivity, 1,560 Atlantic thread-herring specimens captured with drift nets of 5 cm and 6 cm were analyzed. The selection mean length was 23.7 cm for 5 cm mesh and 28.5 cm for 6 cm mesh. The range of selection was 23.7 Â 7.9 cm and 28.5 Â 7.9 cm for 5 cm mesh and 6 cm mesh, respectively. The equations of the selection curves for the two mesh sizes were obtained, and the probability of capturing individuals with length less than the established minimum of 15 cm was very low, amounting to 1.32% and 0.03% for the meshes of 5 cm and 6 cm, respectively. This information is of great value to maintain the stock of Atlantic thread-herring in Caponga Beach, CearÃ.
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Heikkinen, J. (Juuso). "Recovery of calf muscle isokinetic strength after acute Achilles tendon rupture." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526216195.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) conservative treatment result usually good clinical outcome, but despite the treatment method calf muscle strength deficit persist. Recent evidence suggests that surgery might surpass conservative treatment in restoring strength after ATR, but structural explanations for surgery-related improved strength remain uncertain. The purposes of this thesis were to compare calf muscle isokinetic strength recovery, calf muscle volume, fatty degeneration and AT elongation after conservative treatment or after open surgical repair of ATR. An additional aim was to assess the role of fascial augmentation in terms of calf muscle isokinetic strength recovery, AT elongation, calf muscle volume atrophy and fatty degeneration, and their relationship with calf muscle isokinetic strength in long-term follow-up after ATR surgery. Surgery resulted in 10% to 18% greater plantar flexion strength (P = 0.037) compared to conservative treatment. The mean differences between affected and healthy soleus muscle volumes were -18% after surgery and -25% after conservative treatment (P = 0.042). At 18 months, AT were, on average 19 mm longer in patients treated conservatively compared to surgery (P < 0.001). At 18 months, patients with greater (2–3) fatty degeneration had lower soleus muscle volumes and plantar flexion strength in the healthy leg. In long term, augmentation did not affect any of the strength variables, but the injured side showed 12% to 18% strength deficit compared with the healthy side (P < 0.001). The AT was, on average, 12 mm longer in the affected leg than in the healthy leg (P < 0.001). The mean soleus muscle volume was 13% lower in the affected leg than in the healthy leg (P < 0.001). The mean volumes of the medial- and lateral gastrocnemius muscles were 12% and 11% lower in the affected leg than in the healthy leg, respectively (P < 0.001). AT elongation correlated substantially with plantar strength deficit (ρ = 0.51, P < 0.001) and with both gastrocnemius (ρ = 0.46, P = 0.001) and soleus muscle atrophy (ρ = 0.42, P = 0.002). Calf muscle fatty degeneration was more common in the affected leg compared healthy leg (P ≤ 0.018). In conclusion, surgery of ATR restored calf muscle isokinetic strength earlier and more completely than conservative treatment. Conservative treatment resulted in greater soleus muscle atrophy and AT elongation compared surgery, which may partly explain the surgery related better strength results. Augmentation provided no long-term benefits compared with simple suturation, and a 12 to 18% plantar flexion strength deficit compared to the healthy side persisted. AT elongation may explain the smaller calf muscle volumes, greater fatty degeneration, and plantar flexion strength deficit observed in long-term follow-up after surgical repair of ATRTiivistelmä Akillesjännerepeämän (ATR) konservatiivisella ja leikkaushoidolla hoidolla saavutetaan hyvät kliiniset tulokset. Viimeisimmät tutkimukset kuitenkin viittaavat leikkaushoidolla saavutettavan paremmat voimat kuin konservatiivisella hoidolla, mutta rakenteelliset selitykset leikkaushoidon paremmalle pohjelihaksen voimille ovat epäselviä. Työn tarkoituksena oli verrata pohjelihaksen isokineettisten voimien palautumista, pohjelihastilavuuksia, rasvadegeneraatiota ja akillesjänteen (AT) pidentymistä ATR:n konservatiivisen- ja leikkaushoidon jälkeen. Tarkoituksena oli arvioida lihaskalvovahvikkeen merkitystä pohjelihaksen isokineettisten voimien palautumisessa pitkäaikaisseurannassa. Lisäksi tutkimme AT pidentymisen, pohjelihastilavuuksien ja rasvadegeneraation suhdetta pohjelihaksen isokineettisiin voimiin ATR:n leikkaushoidon jälkeen 14 v seurannassa. Leikkaushoidolla saavutettiin 10–18 % paremmat pohjelihaksen voimat verrattuna konservatiiviseen hoitoon. Leikkaushoidon jälkeen soleuslihasten tilavuuksien puoliero terveen jalan hyväksi oli 18 % ja konservatiivisen hoidon jälkeen 25 %. 18 kk kohdalla konservatiivisesti hoidettujen AT oli 19 mm pidempi verrattuna leikkauksella hoidettuihin. 18 kk kohdalla potilaat, joilla vamma jalan soleuslihaksen rasva-degeneraatio oli korkea (2–3), kärsivät suuremmasta soleuslihaksen atrofiasta ja pohjelihaksen voima puolierosta. Voimat eivät muuttuneet 12 kk ja 14 v kontrollien välillä. Lihaskalvovahvikkeella ei ollut merkitystä voimien palautumisessa pelkkään suoraan ompeluun verrattuna, mutta vammapuoli jäi 10–18 % heikommaksi verrattuna terveeseen jalkaan. Vammajalan akillesjänne oli 12 mm pidempi terveeseen jalkaan verrattuna. Vammajalan kolmipäisen pohjelihaksen tilavuus oli 11–13 % pienempi verrattuna terveeseen jalkaan. Akillesjänteen pituus korreloi pohjelihaksen voimapuolieron sekä pohjelihasatrofian kanssa. Akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidolla pohjelihaksen isokineettiset voimat palautuvat nopeammin ja täydellisemmin kuin konservatiivisella hoidolla. Leikkaushoitoon verrattuna konservatiivinen hoito johtaa suurempaan soleuslihaksen atrofiaan ja akillesjänteen pidentymään, mikä selittää osittain leikkaushoidon paremmat voimatulokset. 14 v seurannassa lihaskalvovahvikkeesta ei ole etua akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidossa. Akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidosta huolimatta potilaalle jää terveeseen jalkaan verrattuna 10–18 % pohjelihasten voimapuoliero. Akillesjänteen pidentyminen mahdollisesti selittää pohjelihasten atrofian, rasvadegeneraation ja pysyvän pohjelihasten voimapuolieron akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidon jälkeen 14 v seurannassa
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CHIMENTO, CARLO. "ASSESSMENT OF THE CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL IN SOIL AND IN BELOWGROUND BIOMASS OF SIX PERENNIAL BIOMASS CROP." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6072.
Full textAbstract:
L'obiettivo della ricerca è stato quello di identificare la coltura bioenergetica con il maggior potenziale di sequestro del carbonio (C); sono state considerate tre colture perenni arboree (pioppo, robinia e salice) e tre colture erbacee perenni (canna comune , miscanto e panico ) al sesto anno dal loro impianto e coltivate nello stesso ambiente.
In primo luogo sono state misurate le variazioni dei tassi del C organico del suolo (COS) per il primo 1 m, mentre per i primi 30 cm di suolo è stato stimato il grado di stabilita del COS valutando sette frazioni di COS che presentano differenti gradi di stabilizzazione; in secondo luogo, sono stati caratterizzati gli apparati radicali delle sei specie per la stessa profondità di suolo, per valutare dove le specie accumulano la biomassa radicale lungo il profilo di suolo. I risultati confermano che l’impianto di colture bioenergetiche perenni su superfici precedentemente dedite a colture annuali gestite convenzionalmente rappresenta una opzione valida per sequestrare C nel soulo. Tuttavia, è stata osservata una diversa capacità di sequestro di C tra specie arboree ed erbacee: le specie arboree hanno dimostrato aumentre il contenuto di COS nel primo strato di suolo ( 0-10 cm di suolo), ma la loro capacità di allocare biomassa radicale negli strati profondi del suolo è limitata; mentre, la specie erbacee allocano un’alta quantità di biomassa radicale negli strati profondi del suolo, ma solo il panico ed il miscanto hanno aumentato il contenuto di C nel primo strato di suolo.The objective of the present research was to identify the bioenergy crop with the greatest carbon sequestration potential among three perennial woody crops (poplar, black locust and willow) and three perennial herbaceous crops (giant reed, miscanthus and switchgrass) at the sixth year from plantation and in the same location. First of all the SOC stock variations for the first 1 m soil depth and the quantification of seven soil C fractions related to SOC stabilization level of the first 30 cm of soil were assessed; secondly, a characterization of the root system and the traits which affect the carbon allocation in soil were considered. The results confirm that the establishment of perennial bioenergy crops in previous arable fields can be a suitable option to sequester carbon (C) belowground. However, a different C sequestration capacity was observed between woody and herbaceous crops: woody species showed the greatest SOC sequestration potential in the first soil layer (0-10 cm of soil) but their ability to allocate root biomass in the deeper soil layers was limited; while, the herbaceous species allocated a high amount of root biomass in the deeper soil layers, but only switchgrass and miscanthus sequester C in the first soil layer.
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Tomala, Daniel. "Návrh letounu podle předpisu FAR 103." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227917.
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This diploma work considers conceptual design of aircraft in accordance in FAR 103 regulation. On the base of statistical dates has been made basic geometrical and aero-dynamical concept of a single occupant aircraft. For conception have been chosen optimal driving force and bases calculations of the load pressure and dimensions are included.
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Ryan, Anne Garrett. "Surveillance of Poisson and Multinomial Processes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26549.
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As time passes, change occurs. With this change comes the need for surveillance. One may be a technician on an assembly line and in need of a surveillance technique to monitor the number of defective components produced. On the other hand, one may be an administrator of a hospital in need of surveillance measures to monitor the number of patient falls in the hospital or to monitor surgical outcomes to detect changes in surgical failure rates. A natural choice for on-going surveillance is the control chart; however, the chart must be constructed in a way that accommodates the situation at hand. Two scenarios involving attribute control charting are investigated here. The first scenario involves Poisson count data where the area of opportunity changes. A modified exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) chart is proposed to accommodate the varying sample sizes. The performance of this method is compared with the performance for several competing control chart techniques and recommendations are made regarding the best preforming control chart method. This research is a result of joint work with Dr. William H. Woodall (Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech). The second scenario involves monitoring a process where items are classified into more than two categories and the results for these classifications are readily available. A multinomial cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart is proposed to monitor these types of situations. The multinomial CUSUM chart is evaluated through comparisons of performance with competing control chart methods. This research is a result of joint work with Mr. Lee J. Wells (Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech) and Dr. William H. Woodall (Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech).Ph. D.
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Bätzel, Carolin. "Verbesserung der medizinischen Versorgung und des Outcomes sehr kleiner und leichter Frühgeborener durch klinisches Benchmarking." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15454.
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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde anhand der im Rahmen des Vermont-Oxford-Neonatal-Networks erhobenen Daten an der Berliner Klinik für Neonatologie der Charité Campus Mitte und der Abteilung für neonatologische Intensivmedizin der Universitätskinderklinik in Innsbruck ein Benchmarking-Projekt für die Jahre 1997 bis 2001 durchgeführt. Nach der Analyse des Outcomes wurde eine Analyse der externen Evidenz anhand von Literatursuche in PubMed und der Cochrane Datenbank für systematische Reviews durchgeführt. Danach wurde ein Fragebogen entworfen, der gezielt Handlungsstrategien und -richtlinien bezüglich der relevanten Outcome-Parameter erfragt. Für das Benchmarking-Projekt wurden das Atemnotsyndrom, die nekrotisierende Enterokolitis und die bakteriellen Infektionen ausgewählt. Die Analyse der Handlungsstrategien durch den Fragebogen zeigte, dass in den drei Bereichen respiratorische Interventionen, Nahrung und Ernährung sowie im Infektionsmanagement Unterschiede vorlagen. In der Diskussion zeigte sich, dass in vielen Bereichen noch Bedarf nach guter externer Evidenz und weiterer Forschung besteht.This dissertation presents the results of a 1997 - 2001 benchmark project in co-operation with the "Berliner Klinik für Neonatologie der Charité Campus Mitte" and the "Abteilung für neonatologische Intensivmedizin der Universitätskinderklinik" in Innsbruck. The study is based on the Vermont-Oxford-Neonatal-Network''s data. After analysing the results, further evidence was analysed by way of literary research in PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Afterwards, a questionnaire was created, lining out the clinical guidelines of the relevant outcome parameters. The respiratory distress syndrom, the necrotising enterocolitis and the bacterial infections were selected for the benchmark. The internal guidelines'' analysis showed that there were differences between the two clinics'' results in respiratory interventions, feeding and the management of infections. The discussion made clear that research based on further evidence is necessary in many fields.
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Raddo, Thiago Roberto. "Proposal of a new approach for BER evaluation of multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18155/tde-16102012-105005/.
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The continuous evolution of the optical communication technology in the last few years has allowed the growing users demand for higher bandwidth to be satisfactorily attended. This new demand is mainly attributed to the growing popularity of bandwidth-intensive networking applications, such as Internet protocol television (IPTV), high-definition television (HDTV), e-learning, e-health, super high-definition (SHD) class digital movies, and e-culture based on 3-D full-HD video. These applications will eventually require differentiated service types and diversified data rates. As a result, capability of supporting differentiated-quality of service (QoS) and multirate transmission are becoming a challenge for future optical networks. Among many multiplexing techniques, optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) constitutes a potential candidate for next generation optical networks, particularly due to features like asynchronous operation, simplified network control, easy addition of new users, and possibility of differentiated-QoS at the physical layer. The performance of this access technique is mainly limited by multiple-access interference (MAI). Although in multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems MAI is considered to be binomially distributed, others probability distributions for the MAI analyzes and consequently the bit error rate (BER) have been used as an approximation. In this context, this dissertation proposes a new formalism to evaluate the BER performance of 1-D and 2-D multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems considering MAI as binomially distributed, resulting in a more accurate BER expression. Also, the proposed approach does not require knowledge a priori of the generated code sequences themselves, which means that the system performance analysis is achieved more easily using only the code parameters. Furthermore, a multirate OCDMA system employing 1-D optical orthogonal code (OOC) and 2-D optical fast frequency hopping (OFFH) codes is also investigated. A performance comparison in terms of BER for the OOC-based system assuming both Poisson and binomial distribution for the MAI is investigated. A further comparison of an OFFH-based multirate system assuming both gaussian and binomial distribution for the MAI is also analyzed. It is shown that BER performance in multirate scenarios can be overestimated or underestimated by many orders of magnitude depending on the assumed distribution for the MAI and on the number of simultaneous users. Moreover, it is presented for the first time a hybrid OCDM/WDM optical packet switch capable of supporting multirate and differentiated-QoS transmission. The architecture of the proposed multirate switch and its performance in terms of packet loss probability are also presented. Finally, it is shown that using a gaussian or Poisson distribution for the MAI might not be appropriate for a reliable BER estimate, since they are not acceptable approximations to assess the performance of multirate, multiservice systems with good accuracy.A contínua evolução da tecnologia de comunicações ópticas observada nos últimos anos vem possibilitando atender a crescente demanda dos usuários por maior largura de banda. Esta nova demanda é atribuída principalmente à popularidade crescente de aplicações de banda larga, tais como TV por protocolo de Internet (IPTV), televisão de alta definição (HDTV), ensino online, e-saúde, filmes digitais de super alta definição (SHD) e e-cultura baseado em vídeo 3-D full-HD. Esta vasta gama de aplicações acabará por necessitar de tipos de serviços diferenciados e taxas de transmissão de dados diversificadas. Como resultado, capacidades de suportar diferenciamento de qualidade de serviço (QoS) e transmissão de múltiplas taxas estão se tornando um desafio para as redes ópticas futuras. Dentre muitas técnicas de multiplexação existentes, OCDMA constitui-se em um candidato potencial para as redes ópticas de próxima geração, particularmente devido a características como operação assíncrona, controle de rede simplificada, fácil adição de novos usuários, e também possibilidade de QoS diferenciado na camada física. O desempenho desta técnica de acesso múltiplo é limitado principalmente por interferência múltipla de acesso (MAI). Embora em sistemas OCDMA de múltiplas taxas e multiserviços a MAI deva ser considerada binomialmente distribuída, outras distribuições de probabilidade para a análise da MAI e, consequentemente, da BER têm sido utilizadas como uma aproximação. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe um novo formalismo para avaliar o desempenho da BER de sistemas OCDMA 1-D e 2-D de múltiplas taxas e multisserviços considerando a MAI como binomialmente distribuída, o que resulta em uma expressão mais precisa para a BER. Além disso, o método proposto neste trabalho não requer conhecimento, a priori, das sequências de códigos geradas, o que significa que a análise do desempenho do sistema é obtida mais facilmente utilizando apenas os parâmetros do código. Um sistema OCDMA de múltiplas taxas empregando códigos 1-D OOC e 2-D OFFH será também investigado. Uma comparação do desempenho em termos de BER para o sistema baseado em OOC supondo tanto a distribuição de Poisson quanto a binomial para a MAI é investigada. De forma análoga, uma comparação para o sistema de múltiplas taxas baseado em OFFH supondo desta vez tanto a distribuição gaussiana quanto a binomial para a MAI também é analisada. É mostrado que a BER em cenários de múltiplas taxas pode ser superestimada ou subestimada em várias ordens de grandeza, dependendo da distribuição suposta para a MAI e do número de usuários simultâneos no sistema. Além disso, é apresentado pela primeira vez um switch óptico híbrido de pacotes OCDM/WDM capaz de prover transmissões de múltiplas taxas e serviços diferenciados. A arquitetura do switch proposto e seu desempenho em termos de probabilidade de perda de pacotes também são apresentados. Finalmente, é mostrado que o uso da distribuição gaussiana ou poissoniana para a MAI pode não ser apropriado para uma estimativa confiável de BER, uma vez que não são aproximações aceitáveis para avaliar o desempenho de sistemas de múltiplas taxas e multiserviços com boa precisão.
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Mucari, Talita Buttarello. "Análise genética de características de cresciemento e de reprodução em um rebanho da raça Canchim." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5361.
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The objective in this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the traits days to calving (DC), days to first calving (DFC) and gestation length (GL), associated with reproductive performance of females, as well as to evaluate the relationships of DC and DFC with scrotal circumference at 12 months of age (SC12) and body weights at 12 months of age (W12), at calving (WC), at first calving (WFC), at beginning of the breeding season (WBS) and at beginning of the first breeding season (WFBS), and of GL with weight at birth (BW) and W12. Analyses were done using animal models and the derivative free restricted maximum likelihood methodology. Estimates of heritabilities varied from 0.02 to 0.09 for DC, from 0.15 to 0.23 for DFC and from 0.04 to 0.41 for GL, depending on the data set and the model used for each trait. Genetic correlations of DC and DFC with SC12 showed that it is possible to improve these female reproductive traits by selecting for increase in SC12. With respect to W12, selection to increase this trait should not produce significant changes in DC, but may increase DFC. Associations of the other female body weights with DFC and DC indicated that heavier females experience lower reproductive performance. Estimates of genetic correlations of GL with BW and W12 indicated that selection to change GL will result in correlated response in BW with no changes in W12.
O objetivo neste estudo foi estimar parâmetros genéticos para as características dias para o parto (DP), dias para o primeiro parto (DPP) e período de gestação (PG), associadas ao desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas, bem como avaliar as relações de DP e DPP com o perímetro escrotal aos 12 meses de idade (PE12) e os pesos aos 12 meses de idade de machos e fêmeas (P12), ao parto (PVP), ao primeiro parto (PVPP), à entrada da estação de monta (PEM) e à entrada da primeira estação de monta (PEPM), e do PG com o peso do bezerro ao nascimento (PN) e com P12. As análises foram realizadas utilizando modelos animais e o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita livre de derivadas. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,02 a 0,09 para DP, de 0,15 a 0,23 para DPP e de 0,04 a 0,41 para PG, dependendo do arquivo e do modelo utilizados para cada característica. As correlações genéticas de DP e DPP com PE12 mostraram que é possível obter melhoria das características reprodutivas de fêmeas selecionando-se para aumento de PE12. Com relação a P12, a seleção para aumentar essa característica não deve gerar resposta significativa em DP, mas pode aumentar DPP. A avaliação das associações dos demais pesos de fêmeas com DPP e DP indicou que fêmeas maiores apresentam pior desempenho reprodutivo. As correlações genéticas do PG com PN e com P12 mostraram que a utilização de PG como critério de seleção resulta em resposta correlacionada em PN sem alterar P12.
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Lim, Yen Peng. "Malnutrition and clinical outcomes in elderly patients from a Singapore acute hospital." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/44143/1/Yen_Peng_Lim_Thesis.pdf.
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Older adults, especially those acutely ill, are vulnerable to developing malnutrition due to a range of risk factors. The high prevalence and extensive consequences of malnutrition in hospitalised older adults have been reported extensively. However, there are few well-designed longitudinal studies that report the independent relationship between malnutrition and clinical outcomes after adjustment for a wide range of covariates. Acutely ill older adults are exceptionally prone to nutritional decline during hospitalisation, but few reports have studied this change and impact on clinical outcomes. In the rapidly ageing Singapore population, all this evidence is lacking, and the characteristics associated with the risk of malnutrition are also not well-documented. Despite the evidence on malnutrition prevalence, it is often under-recognised and under-treated. It is therefore crucial that validated nutrition screening and assessment tools are used for early identification of malnutrition. Although many nutrition screening and assessment tools are available, there is no universally accepted method for defining malnutrition risk and nutritional status. Most existing tools have been validated amongst Caucasians using various approaches, but they are rarely reported in the Asian elderly and none has been validated in Singapore. Due to the multiethnicity, cultural, and language differences in Singapore older adults, the results from non-Asian validation studies may not be applicable. Therefore it is important to identify validated population and setting specific nutrition screening and assessment methods to accurately detect and diagnose malnutrition in Singapore. The aims of this study are therefore to: i) characterise hospitalised elderly in a Singapore acute hospital; ii) describe the extent and impact of admission malnutrition; iii) identify and evaluate suitable methods for nutritional screening and assessment; and iv) examine changes in nutritional status during admission and their impact on clinical outcomes. A total of 281 participants, with a mean (+SD) age of 81.3 (+7.6) years, were recruited from three geriatric wards in Tan Tock Seng Hospital over a period of eight months. They were predominantly Chinese (83%) and community-dwellers (97%). They were screened within 72 hours of admission by a single dietetic technician using four nutrition screening tools [Tan Tock Seng Hospital Nutrition Screening Tool (TTSH NST), Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002), Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF), and Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ©)] that were administered in no particular order. The total scores were not computed during the screening process so that the dietetic technician was blinded to the results of all the tools. Nutritional status was assessed by a single dietitian, who was blinded to the screening results, using four malnutrition assessment methods [Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), body mass index (BMI), and corrected arm muscle area (CAMA)]. The SGA rating was completed prior to computation of the total MNA score to minimise bias. Participants were reassessed for weight, arm anthropometry (mid-arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness), and SGA rating at discharge from the ward. The nutritional assessment tools and indices were validated against clinical outcomes (length of stay (LOS) >11days, discharge to higher level care, 3-month readmission, 6-month mortality, and 6-month Modified Barthel Index) using multivariate logistic regression. The covariates included age, gender, race, dementia (defined using DSM IV criteria), depression (defined using a single question “Do you often feel sad or depressed?”), severity of illness (defined using a modified version of the Severity of Illness Index), comorbidities (defined using Charlson Comorbidity Index, number of prescribed drugs and admission functional status (measured using Modified Barthel Index; MBI). The nutrition screening tools were validated against the SGA, which was found to be the most appropriate nutritional assessment tool from this study (refer section 5.6) Prevalence of malnutrition on admission was 35% (defined by SGA), and it was significantly associated with characteristics such as swallowing impairment (malnourished vs well-nourished: 20% vs 5%), poor appetite (77% vs 24%), dementia (44% vs 28%), depression (34% vs 22%), and poor functional status (MBI 48.3+29.8 vs 65.1+25.4). The SGA had the highest completion rate (100%) and was predictive of the highest number of clinical outcomes: LOS >11days (OR 2.11, 95% CI [1.17- 3.83]), 3-month readmission (OR 1.90, 95% CI [1.05-3.42]) and 6-month mortality (OR 3.04, 95% CI [1.28-7.18]), independent of a comprehensive range of covariates including functional status, disease severity and cognitive function. SGA is therefore the most appropriate nutritional assessment tool for defining malnutrition. The TTSH NST was identified as the most suitable nutritional screening tool with the best diagnostic performance against the SGA (AUC 0.865, sensitivity 84%, specificity 79%). Overall, 44% of participants experienced weight loss during hospitalisation, and 27% had weight loss >1% per week over median LOS 9 days (range 2-50). Wellnourished (45%) and malnourished (43%) participants were equally prone to experiencing decline in nutritional status (defined by weight loss >1% per week). Those with reduced nutritional status were more likely to be discharged to higher level care (adjusted OR 2.46, 95% CI [1.27-4.70]). This study is the first to characterise malnourished hospitalised older adults in Singapore. It is also one of the very few studies to (a) evaluate the association of admission malnutrition with clinical outcomes in a multivariate model; (b) determine the change in their nutritional status during admission; and (c) evaluate the validity of nutritional screening and assessment tools amongst hospitalised older adults in an Asian population. Results clearly highlight that admission malnutrition and deterioration in nutritional status are prevalent and are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in hospitalised older adults. With older adults being vulnerable to risks and consequences of malnutrition, it is important that they are systematically screened so timely and appropriate intervention can be provided. The findings highlighted in this thesis provide an evidence base for, and confirm the validity of the current nutrition screening and assessment tools used among hospitalised older adults in Singapore. As the older adults may have developed malnutrition prior to hospital admission, or experienced clinically significant weight loss of >1% per week of hospitalisation, screening of the elderly should be initiated in the community and continuous nutritional monitoring should extend beyond hospitalisation.
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Gouveia, Bruno Pauka. "Modelo de mistura padrão com tempos de vida exponenciais ponderados." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4544.
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In this work, we brie_y introduce the concepts of long-term survival analysis. We dedicated ourselves exclusively to the standard mixture cure model from Boag (1949) and Berkson & Gage (1952), showing its deduction and presenting the imunes probability function, which is taken from the model itself and we investigated the identi_ability issues of the mixture model. Motivated by the possibility that a experiment design can lead to a biased sample selection, we studied the weighted probability distributions, more speci_cally the weighted exponential distributions family and its properties. We studied two distributions that belong to this family; namely, the length biased exponential distribution and the beta exponential distribution. Using the GAMLSS package in R, we made some simulation studies intending to evidence the bias that occur when the possibility of a weighted sample is ignored.
Neste trabalho apresentamos brevemente os conceitos que de_nem a análise de sobreviv ência de longa duração. Dedicamo-nos exclusivamente ao modelo de mistura padrão de Boag (1949) e Berkson & Gage (1952), sendo que nos preocupamos com sua formulação, apresentamos a função probabilidade de imunes, que é derivada do próprio modelo e investigamos a questão da identi_cabilidade. Motivados pela possibilidade de que um planejamento experimental leve a uma seleção viciada da amostra, estudamos as distribui ções ponderadas de probabilidade, mais especi_camente a família das distribuições exponenciais ponderadas e suas propriedades. Estudamos duas distribuições pertencentes a essa família, a distribuição exponencial length biased e a distribuição beta exponencial. Fazendo uso do pacote GAMLSS em R, realizamos alguns estudos de simulação com o intuito de evidenciar o erro cometido quando se ignora a possibilidade de que a amostra seja proveniente de uma distribuição ponderada.
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Štys, Jiří. "Implementace statistických kompresních metod." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413295.
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This thesis describes Burrow-Wheeler compression algorithm. It focuses on each part of Burrow-Wheeler algorithm, most of all on and entropic coders. In section are described methods like move to front, inverse frequences, interval coding, etc. Among the described entropy coders are Huffman, arithmetic and Rice-Golomg coders. In conclusion there is testing of described methods of global structure transformation and entropic coders. Best combinations are compared with the most common compress algorithm.
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Barnes, Michael Edward. "Emberizid digestive tract length and weight dynamics." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22335.
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Lin, Yi-Hean, and 林逸軒. "Optimal Conflict-avoiding Codes of Even Length and Weight 3." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07715500721594548091.
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碩士國立交通大學
應用數學系所
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A conflict-avoiding code of length n and weight k is defined as a set C Contains in (Z_2)^n of binary vectors, called codewords, all of Hamming weight k such that the distance of arbitrary cyclic shifts of two distinct codewords in C is at least 2k-2. In this thesis, we obtain direct constructions for optimal conflict-avoiding codes of length n = 4m where m is odd and weight 3 by using certain types of sequences which are newly constructed. As a consequence (with known results), we have completely settled the problem of constructing optimal con°ict-avoiding codes of even length and weight 3.