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1
Kimball, Warren F. Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939-1941. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020.
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Schmitz, David F. The Sailor. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180441.001.0001.
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In The Sailor, David F. Schmitz presents a comprehensive reassessment of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's foreign policymaking. Most historians have cast FDR as a leader who resisted an established international strategy and who was forced to react quickly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, launching the nation into World War II. Drawing on a wealth of primary documents as well as the latest secondary sources, Schmitz challenges this view, demonstrating that Roosevelt was both consistent and calculating in guiding the direction of American foreign policy throughout his presidency. Schmitz illuminates how the policies FDR pursued in response to the crises of the 1930s transformed Americans' thinking about their place in the world. He shows how the president developed an interlocking set of ideas that prompted a debate between isolationism and preparedness, guided the United States into World War II, and mobilized support for the war while establishing a sense of responsibility for the postwar world. The critical moment came in the period between Roosevelt's reelection in 1940 and the Pearl Harbor attack, when he set out his view of the US as the arsenal of democracy, proclaimed his war goals centered on protection of the four freedoms, secured passage of the Lend-Lease Act, and announced the principles of the Atlantic Charter. This long-overdue book presents a definitive new perspective on Roosevelt's diplomacy and the emergence of the United States as a world power. Schmitz's work offers an important correction to existing studies and establishes FDR as arguably the most significant and successful foreign policymaker in the nation's history.
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Wells, Kimberly J. Work–Family Initiatives from an Organizational Change Lens. Edited by Tammy D. Allen and Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.25.
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Viewed from a change lens, effective work–family policies and programs (e.g., flexible work options, leave policies, dependent care benefits) function as organizational change initiatives. Review of the work–family literature from the specific perspective afforded by a processual change framework especially discloses aspects of organizing that may facilitate or limit objectives of mainstreamed and sustainable work–family initiatives. Select examples from the literature are used to illustrate how scholars have incorporated critical change perspectives regarding context, substance, and politics. The importance of a change lens to achieving effective initiatives has been advocated in the work–family literature, and research viewed from a processual change frame suggests there is much that future study should address to inform practice challenges to achieving the promise of family-friendly workplaces. The chapter premise and recommendations are particularly relevant for contexts in which work–family reconciliation is typically addressed at the individual organizational level.
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Prassl, Jeremias. Levelling the Playing Field. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797012.003.0007.
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This chapter considers the implications of the on-demand economy for consumers and markets. It shows how, for both consumers and workers, the on-demand bargain can unravel rather quickly: users potentially end up paying a much higher price and receive worse-quality services than promised. In addition, the gig-economy business model can lead to significant tax losses, as taxpayers are left to make up the shortfall and subsidize the industry in myriad ways. When these problems for consumers, workers, and taxpayers are added to the questionable economics behind many platforms’ business models, as discussed in the first chapter, it is not difficult to see why some suggest that the platforms should be banned. This chapter, however, argues against such drastic moves: we would destroy all benefits and innovation, and leave at least some consumers and workers worse off. Employment law is key to creating a level playing field for competition, which fosters innovation.
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Jacques, du Plessis. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0060.
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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning threat as a reason for invalidity. Under Art 3.2.6, a party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party's unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself; or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract. This commentary discusses the requirements for the threat, the consequences of the threat, threats involving third parties, and exclusion of liability for threat.
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Woods, Philip. Early Birds or ‘Vultures’? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657772.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on correspondents who came to Burma in December 1941, just as the Japanese started bombing Rangoon and their land assault in southern Burma was getting underway. Two of the strongest critics of the Governor were Leland Stowe and O’Dowd Gallagher. There is a marked contrast between the supportive approach they took in their newspaper dispatches and the much more critical approach taken in their later memoirs. The issues raised are the war in the air over Rangoon, the sheltering and evacuation of civilians from the cities, the failure to bring in contingents of the Chinese army more quickly, the failure to make proper use of the American Lend-Lease materials, and corruption on the Burma Road. It is argued that all the journalists missed reporting the full nature of the defeat inflicted by the Japanese at the Battle of the Sittang Bridge, which decided the fate of Rangoon.
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Rohling, Eelco J. The Climate Question. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190910877.001.0001.
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In 2015, annual average atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels surpassed a level of 400 parts per million (ppm) for the first time in three million years. This has caused widespread concern among climate scientists, and not least among those that work on natural climate variability in prehistoric times, before humans. These people are known as "past climate" or palaeoclimate researchers, and author Eelco J. Rohling is one of them. The Climate Question offers a background to these concerns in straightforward terms, with examples, and is motivated by Rohling's personal experience in being intensely quizzed about whether modern change is not all just part of a natural cycle, whether nature will not simply resolve the issue for us, or whether it won't be just up to some novel engineering to settle things quickly. This book discusses in straightforward terms why climate changes, how it has changed naturally before the industrial revolution made humans important, and how it has changed since then. It compares the scale and rapidity of variations in pre-industrial times with those since the industrial revolution, infers the extent of humanity's impacts, and looks at what these may lead to in the future. Rohling brings together both data and process understanding of climate change. Finally, the book evaluates what Mother Nature could do to deal with the human impact by itself, and what our options are to lend her a hand.
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Doyle, Arthur Conan. The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. Edited by Christopher Roden. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199555482.001.0001.
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abstract The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes are overshadowed by the event with which they close - the meeting of the great detective and Moriarty, the Napoleon of Crime. Their struggle, seemingly to the death, was to leave many readers desolate at the loss of Holmes, but was also to lead to his immortality as a literary figure. However illogical as a detective story, ‘The final Problem’ has proved itself an unforgettable tale. The stories that precede it included two narratives from Holmes himself, on a mutiny at sea and a treasure hunt in a Sussex country house, as well as a meeting with his brilliant brother Mycroft, of whom Holmes says, ‘If the art of the detective began and ended in reasoning from any armchair, my brother would be the greatest criminal agent that ever lived.’
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Emond, Alan, and James Law. Supporting children with developmental disorders and disabilities. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0024.
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At least 10% of children have a development disorder which could be disabling. Many children with developmental conditions can be identified in pregnancy or shortly after birth, or will be referred from a child health programme with atypical or delayed development. Early identification of developmental disorders helps children to achieve their potential and facilitates support to their families. Assessment by a multidisciplinary child development team should lead to the provision of family-friendly services coordinated by a lead professional. Children require packages of care, provided through Education, Health, and Care plans/child plans to optimize learning. To meet families’ needs for information, family support, and respite, coordinated packages need to be commissioned from health and social care, education, and the voluntary sector.
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Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. The Knowledge We Have Lost in Information. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.001.0001.
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In contrast with conventional histories of “economic rationality,” in this book we propose that the history of modern microeconomics is better organized as the treatment of information in postwar economics. Beginning with a brief primer on the nature of information, we then explore how economists first managed their rendezvous with it, tracing its origins to the Neoliberal Thought Collective and Friedrich Hayek. The response to this perceived threat was mounted by the orthodoxy at the Cowles Commission, leading to at least three distinct model strategies. But the logic of the models led to multiply cognitively challenged agents, which then logically led to a stress on markets to rectify those weaknesses. Unwittingly, the multiple conceptions of agency led to multiple types of markets; and the response of the orthodoxy was to shift research away from previous Walrasian themes to what has become known as market design. But internal contradictions in the market design programs led to a startling conclusion: just like their agents, the orthodox economists turned out to be not as smart as they had thought. A little information had turned out to be a dangerous thing.
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Cameron, C. Daryl. Compassion Collapse. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.20.
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In the current chapter, I will discuss a phenomenon known as “compassion collapse”: people tend to feel and act less compassionately for multiple suffering victims than for a single suffering victim. This phenomenon contradicts many people’s expectations about how they would and should respond to situations in which the most victims are suffering, as in natural disasters and genocides. Precisely when it seems to be needed the most, compassion is felt the least. In the chapter, I describe studies documenting the effect, and compare two explanations of why compassion collapse occurs: one that focuses on basic capacity limitations on compassion, and another that focuses on motivational factors that lead people to strategically avoid compassion. I close by discussing open questions and future directions for study on this phenomenon.
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Cheng, William. Loving Music Till It Hurts. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190620134.001.0001.
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Can music feel pain? Do songs possess dignity? Do symphonies have rights? Of course not, you might say. Yet think of how we anthropomorphize music, not least when we believe it has been somehow mistreated. A singer butchered or mangled the “Star-Spangled Banner” at the Super Bowl. An underrehearsed cover band made a mockery of Led Zeppelin’s classics. An orchestra didn't quite do justice to Mozart’s Requiem. Such lively language upholds music as a sentient companion susceptible to injury and in need of fierce protection.
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Butt, Daniel. Law, Governance, and the Ecological Ethos. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.5.
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This chapter examines the limitations of both command-and-control and market-based legal mechanisms in the pursuit of environmental justice. If the environment is to be protected to at least a minimally acceptable degree, approaches that focus on the coercive force of the state must be complemented by the development of an “ecological ethos,” whereby groups and individuals are motivated to act with non-self-interested concern for the environment. The need for this ethos means that the state is dependent on the cooperation of a wide range of non-state actors. Recent work on environmental governance emphasizes the delegation of aspects of governing to such actors and supports efforts to increase popular participation in governmental processes. The chapter therefore advocates a governance approach that seeks to rectify some of the limitations of state-led environmental law, while encouraging popular participation in a way that can encourage the development of an ecological ethos among the citizenry.
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De Rubeis, Silvia, Kathryn Roeder, and Bernie Devlin. Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms of Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0062.
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The development of the human brain is a complex process that begins during the first weeks of gestation and extends at least through adolescence and early adulthood. This chapter will review the perturbations of the developmental trajectories during prenatal and early postnatal life that can lead to psychiatric disorders of childhood onset. We will provide a general view of the epochs and trajectories of brain development, from embryonic neurulation to postnatal development, with an emphasis on the development of the neocortex. Within each developmental window, we will consider some salient cellular and molecular pathways, and discuss how genetic and environmental insults underlying psychiatric disorders disrupt them.
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Wenzel, Ulrich, Thorsten Wiech, and Udo Helmchen. The effect of hypertension on renal vasculature and structure. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0211.
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The concept of hypertensive nephrosclerosis was introduced by Volhard and Fahr in 1914 and has been extensively used in the literature since then, but its existence is controversial. While it is indisputable that malignant hypertension is a cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), there remains controversy as to whether the so-called benign nephrosclerosis can also lead to ESRD.Pressure, if it is great enough, will eventually disrupt any structure. Obviously, this is also true of blood pressure. It is therefore not surprising that an experimentally induced great increase in pressure disrupts the integrity of the blood-vessel wall. Such vascular lesions may be caused or at least influenced by several factors: humoral factors such as angiotensin II, catecholamines, mineralocorticoids, and vasopressin may increase vascular permeability, thereby damaging the vessel walls independently of, or superimposed upon, elevated blood pressure.Nephrosclerosis (literally, hardening of the kidney, Greek derivation: nephros, kidney; sclerosis, hardening) refers to diseases with predominant pathological changes occurring in the pre-glomerular vasculature and secondary changes involving the glomeruli and interstitium. Therefore, it is appropriate to describe first those vascular lesions, which, at least under defined experimental conditions, are believed to be caused solely by the presence of hypertension.
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Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.8. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0024.
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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning acceptance of an offer within a fixed period of time and how such time is to be calculated. Art 2.1.8 stipulates that a period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. In general, deadlines for acceptance may be either absolute or relative. Art 2.1.8 is concerned only with relative deadlines, for only relative deadlines leave anything for calculation. In cases where the offer has arrived but its date is manifestly wrong, it may be sufficient to lead evidence of the probability of the date of dispatch by working back from the date of delivery.
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Stavbar, Vlasta, and Marjeta Ciglenečki, eds. Avguštin Stegenšek (1875–1920): ob stoletnici smrti. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-434-7.
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At least three reasons support the presentation of dr. Augustina Stegenška in this brochure or exhibition catalogue. This is a portrait of a young educated and talented art historian who worked in Maribor, a dedicated librarian of the Historical Society for Slovenian Styria, for whom the collection of archival data was a real challenge, and accurate recording led to many research discussions and contributions. The University Library of Maribor keeps a part of Stegenšek's written legacy, which it strives to digitize and in this way make it accessible. The third reason is in cooperation with art history students at the Faculty of Arts, the University of Maribor, with whom the library under the mentorship of Assoc. prof. dr. Marjeta Ciglenečki has been participating in many projects or exhibitions for many years. This time the collaboration was marked by the centenary of Stegenšek's death with a display of his extensive cultural and historical oeuvre. Selected interpretations of Stegenšek's art history articles or books contributed by students of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Maribor are an interesting starting point for further research in this field.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Weakness of the Neck Muscles. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0010.
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The neck is furnished by dozens ofmuscles for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. It carries a 10-pound head at least two-thirds of every day. These muscles are under delicate central control, and they are subject to different central and peripheral malfunctions. Differential involvement of the neck flexors versus extensors helps in diagnosing different neuromuscular disorders. Weakness of the cervical extensors leads to head drop, a troubling condition that is caused by many neuromuscular disorders. Movement disorders such as cervical dystonia and Parkinson disease may also lead to head drop, causing confusion with neuromuscular causes such as myasthenia gravis and ALS. Head protrusion of the elderly (camptocormia) is a different entity.
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Stubbs, Tara. “Beyond the Lines of Poetry”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.151.
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This article aims to provide a brief recent history of Irish-American literary studies, then focuses on how Irish-American poetics might be employed as an evaluative critical lens through which to regard Irish, American, and transnational exchange. It discusses whether Irish-American poetics can be used as a critical framework for reading poetry that might not traditionally be labeled “Irish-American,” at least in terms of more obvious ethnic claims or cultural affiliations. This in turn might allow asking larger questions about how, when, and why transnational cultural encounters are assessed and described, and what this might reveal about the ways in which critics, readers, and writers respond to imaginative resources.
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Peterson, Martin. The Precautionary Principle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190652265.003.0005.
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This chapter identifies two very different paradigm cases for the Precautionary Principle that define two separate versions of the principle: the deliberative and the epistemic. I argue that the deliberative version should not be identified with the maximin principle but rather be interpreted as an output filter that transforms the original description of a case into a new case in which all options that may lead to outcomes below a certain threshold are omitted. The epistemic version is a cluster of at least three different epistemic principles, which are introduced and defined by matching paradigm cases. By distinguishing between all these versions of the Precautionary Principle many of the objections that have been raised against it can be rebutted.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Weakness of the Neck Muscles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0010.
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The neck is furnished by tens of muscles for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. It carries a 10-pound head for at least two-thirds of every day. These muscles are under delicate central control, and they are subject to different central and peripheral malfunctions. Differential involvement of the neck flexors’ Vs extensors helps with the diagnosis of various neuromuscular disorders. Weakness of the cervical extensors leads to head drop, a troubling condition that is caused by many neuromuscular disorders. Movement disorders such as cervical dystonia and Parkinson disease lead to head drop, causing confusion with neuromuscular causes such as myasthenia gravis (MG) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Head protrusion of the elderly (camptocormia) is a different entity.
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Phillips, J. R. S. The Breakdown of the 1318 Settlement and the Despenser War of 1321. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198223597.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the events that led to the breakdown of the settlement of 1318 and the Despenser War of 1321. The three years following the settlement of 1318 that was reached in the Treaty of Leake and at the York Parliament of 1318 has been traditionally interpreted as the time when Aymer de Valence and his ‘middle party’ were the dominant force in English politics. This period saw the rise of a new royal favourite that once again led to the deterioration in relations between Edward II and Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. By the end of 1321 Lancaster and a large number of magnates were hostile to the King. The chapter considers the Earl of Pembroke's activities and situates them within the wider political developments of the period. It also discusses Pembroke's relations with Hugh Despenser the Elder, Earl of of Winchester, and Hugh Despenser the Younger.
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Oppy, Graham. Problems of Evil. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821625.003.0004.
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The chapter begins with a discussion of the nature and diversity of worldviews, and the proper ways to go about comparing and evaluating worldviews. Three stages of worldview assessment are delineated: articulation, internal evaluation, and comparative evaluation, with the latter stage consisting in the weighting of theoretical virtues. There follows a comparison of theistic worldviews with naturalistic worldviews. It is contended that naturalism is simpler than theism, and that, while considerations about evil may not lead to the internal defeat of either theism or naturalism, naturalism has an advantage over theism in that the distribution of suffering and flourishing in the universe is more difficult to account for on theism than on naturalism, at least if theistic explanations of evil incur no additional theoretical commitments.
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Montgomery, Erwin B. Helpful Programming Hints. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0015.
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A number of suggestions are offered to make the post-operative care of patients with implanted systems more effective and safe. The choice of constant current versus constant voltage stimulation and the consequences and implications of that choice are reviewed. For example, with constant voltage stimulation, the programmer should wait at least two weeks after lead implantation before programming the IPG. Starting DBS too soon after implantation can cause marked adverse effects because of changes in tissue impedance is high immediately after implantation. The use of a monopolar survery at the initiation of DBS is advocated as are clarification of patient responses, impedance checks, assureing that the range of electrode configurations and stimulation parameters that patients and caregivers can implement are within safety margins, systematic clear and adaquete documentation, resetting counters and indicators, and encouraging the patient keeps the patient controller available at all times. Topics of troubleshooting are reviewed.
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Kuenzler, Adrian. Summary of Results. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698577.003.0008.
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The persuasive force of the accepted account’s property logic has driven antitrust and intellectual property law jurisprudence for at least the past three decades. It has been through the theory of trademark ownership and the commercial strategy of branding that these laws led the courts to comprehend markets as fundamentally bifurcated—as operating according to discrete types of interbrand and intrabrand competition—a division that had an effect far beyond the confines of trademark law and resonates today in the way government agencies and courts evaluate the emerging challenges of the networked economy along the previously introduced distinction between intertype and intratype competition. While the government in its appeal to the Supreme Court in ...
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Williams, Jay. Life on the Pacific Rim. Edited by Jay Williams. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199315178.013.1.
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Under Milicent Shinn’s editorship, The Overland Monthly helped create a Pacific consciousness, a knowledge on the part of western Americans that their world was at least equally a part of the Pacific as it was of the nation of the United States. Shinn was an anti-imperialist without being a white supremacist. She believed in a Pacific unity through cooperation, not militarism or trade. It is within this larger cultural historical context that the rise of Jack London must be placed. The stories that led to his acceptance in the Atlantic Monthly and then to his national prominence first appeared in an Overland Monthly heavily indebted to the editorial philosophy of Milicent Shinn.
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Nadler, Anthony M. The Cable News Wars. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040146.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on cable news. For more than a decade, CNN spread to cable systems across the United States with no major competitors. Yet what is commonly thought of as “cable news” today—as a distinct genre or style of news storytelling—did not start to fully emerge until Fox News and MSNBC launched in 1996, beginning the “cable news wars.” Most of the distinctive characteristics associated with cable news, wherein it started to break away from high-modern conventions, evolved after 1996. The competition led to an atmosphere with each outlet fighting first for ratings, while CNN had initially put at least as much emphasis on fighting for its respectability as a news outlet.
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Duru, N. Jeremi. The Rooney Rule’s Reach. Edited by Michael A. McCann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190465957.013.32.
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In December 2002, the National Football League’s thirty-two clubs agreed to institute a policy requiring that all clubs interview at least one person of color for any vacant head coaching position. Known as the Rooney Rule, this practice transformed the complexion of NFL sidelines and spurred similar reforms in other realms of corporate America as well as in the public sector. This chapter explores the movement, led by one activist citizen, to adopt Rooney Rule-like reform in Oregon and its largest city, Portland. In doing so, the chapter illustrates the power of sport to impact and shape society well away from the fields, courts and arenas where it is played.
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Henriksen, Marius, Robin Christensen, Berit L. Heitmann, and Henning Bliddal. Weight loss. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0023.
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Obesity is widely acknowledged as a risk factor for both the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis. Loss of at least 10% of body weight is recognized as a cornerstone in the management of obese patients with osteoarthritis, and can lead to significant improvement in symptoms, pain relief, physical function, and health-related quality of life. However, questions still remain surrounding optimal management and whether structural disease progression can be arrested. Given the significant health, social, and economic burden of osteoarthritis, especially in obese patients, it is imperative to advance our knowledge of osteoarthritis and obesity, and apply this to improve care and outcomes. This chapter overviews what is known about osteoarthritis, obesity, and weight loss and discusses current key challenges in management and maintenance of weight loss for overweight and obese individuals with osteoarthritis.
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Olsen, Jan Abel. Uncertainty and health insurance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0010.
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This chapter seeks to explain why most people prefer to have a health insurance plan. Two types of uncertainty give rise to the demand for financial protection: people do not know if they will ever come to need healthcare, and they do not know the full financial implications of illness. Health insurance would take away—or at least reduce—such financial uncertainties associated with future illnesses. A model is presented to show the so-called welfare gain from health insurance. This is followed by an investigation into the potential efficiency losses of health insurance, due to excess demand for services. In the last section, a different efficiency problem is discussed: when people have an incentive to signal ‘false risks’, this can lead to there being no market for insurance contracts which reflect ‘true risks’.
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Broberg, Morten, and Niels Fenger. Broberg and Fenger on Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843580.001.0001.
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This fully updated and revised 3rd edition of Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice provides a meticulous and yet easily accessible examination of all aspects of the preliminary reference procedure. A reference for a preliminary ruling is a request from a national court of an EU Member State to the European Court of Justice to give an authoritative interpretation on an EU act or a decision on the validity of such an act. Preliminary rulings have played a pivotal role in the development of the European Union. The European Union’s preliminary reference procedure has been copied by several other international organisations – including not least the European Economic Area (EEA) and the EFTA Court. Since the second edition, the European Court of Justice has rendered a considerable number of rulings which have led to important changes to the book. This is particularly reflected in the treatment of the Court’s acte clair doctrine, of preliminary references from administrative appeal boards and arbitration tribunals and of preliminary references regarding international agreements. And it is reflected in the interaction between the preliminary reference procedure and the European Convention on Human Rights as well as in a more general revision of the text bringing it up to date by taking into account new case law and new legal writings. With backgrounds as both practitioners and academics the two authors have produced a book that caters for the needs of both practitioners and academics.
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Kukathas, Chandran. Toleration without Limits. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794394.003.0019.
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Pierre Bayle was a defender of toleration whose distinctive contribution was to show that the limits of religious toleration could not coherently be drawn by an appeal to religious truth. In circumstances in which the truth of the matter was at issue, any such move would lead its advocate to beg the question: an appeal to religious truth could not help adjudicate a dispute about religious truth. The wider implication of this is that the limits to toleration cannot be drawn by appeal to moral truth either—at least in circumstances in which moral truth is disputed. If toleration is limited, it will have to be on very different grounds. The result of this will be an account of the basis of politics that denies the possibility of moral foundations, and pushes us in the direction of a kind of realism, and a scepticism about the legitimacy of political authority.
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Ausloos, Jef. The Right to Erasure in EU Data Protection Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847977.001.0001.
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This book critically investigates the role of data subject rights in countering information and power asymmetries online. It aims at dissecting ‘data subject empowerment’ in the information society through the lens of the right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’) in Article 17 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In doing so, it provides an extensive analysis of the interaction between the GDPR and the fundamental right to data protection in Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (Charter), how data subject rights affect fair balancing of fundamental rights, and what the practical challenges are to effective data subject rights. The book starts with exploring the data-driven asymmetries that characterize individuals’ relationship with tech giants. These commercial entities increasingly anticipate and govern how people interact with each other and the world around them, affecting core values such as individual autonomy, dignity, and freedom. The book explores how data protection law, and data subject rights in particular, enable resisting, breaking down or at the very least critically engaging with these asymmetric relationships. It concludes that despite substantial legal and practical hurdles, the GDPR’s right to erasure does play a meaningful role in furthering the fundamental right to data protection (Art 8 Charter) in the face of power asymmetries online.
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Lemos, T. M. Visiting the Iniquity of the Father on the Son. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784531.003.0005.
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This chapter assesses whether infants and children were considered persons in ancient Israel. The chapter demonstrates that biblical evidence for the personhood of children is sometimes contradictory. While many texts show that the securing of progeny was highly valued and that children were cared and mourned for, other texts lead one to question whether children were seen as persons at all. First, the evidence that some Israelites sacrificed infants raises questions about the personhood of children, as do texts that speak of fathers having the ability to sell their children and of children being punished for the sins of their fathers. On the whole, while the evidence for the personhood of children is mixed, there are good reasons to argue that, of the major social groups in ancient Israel, children were seen as having the least claim to personhood.
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Welsh, Mary Sue. On to Fantasia. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037368.003.0012.
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This chapter details Eugene Ormandy's assumption of the role as co-conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra in the fall of 1936. According to Phillips, if Ormandy, who was to lead the orchestra for twenty-two weeks that season while Stokowski would be there for only six, felt overwhelmed, he didn't show it. Outwardly unbowed by Stoki's renown or the excellence of the players, he picked up the reins in a direct, unassuming, but very professional manner. Willing to work terrifically hard, he combined an impeccable sense of intonation with a powerful memory that enabled him to memorize scores in record time. His evident abilities calmed the fears of those in the orchestra who worried that he might not be up to the job, and the players responded well to his leadership, at least for a while.
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Muller, Hannah Weiss. The Free-born Subject’s Inheritance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465810.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 demonstrates that subjecthood attracted considerable attention from subjects themselves. Indeed, both official and unofficial declarations of rights from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries popularized British subject status and lent it an almost mythical allure. Declaring and debating rights had a long history in the British world, and the notion that British subjects had inherited and ancient privileges was widely held. Many of these declarations drew on understandings of allegiance and the relationship between subjects and sovereign that echoed legal ones. Their many differences suggest that the rights, liberties, and privileges associated with subject status remained at once limitless and ill-defined. By analyzing a range of declarations, Chapter 2 reveals that subjects of diverse backgrounds had consistently and actively used the relationship between subjects and sovereign to make demands and that subject status, at least in the popular understanding, had been conceived of as a vibrant category of identity well before 1763.
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McKenny, Gerald. Karl Barth's Moral Thought. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845528.001.0001.
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Does theological ethics articulate moral norms with the assistance of moral philosophy? Or does it leave that task to moral philosophy alone while it describes a distinctively Christian way of acting or form of life? These questions lie at the heart of theological ethics as a discipline. Karl Barth’s theological ethics makes a strong case for the first alternative. This book follows Barth’s efforts to present God’s grace as a moral norm in his treatments of divine commands, moral reasoning, responsibility, and agency. It shows how Barth’s conviction that grace is the norm of human action generates problems for his ethics at nearly every turn, as it involves a moral good that confronts human beings from outside rather than perfecting them as the kind of creature they are. Yet it defends Barth’s insistence on the right of theology to articulate moral norms, and it shows how Barth may lead theological ethics to exercise that right in a more compelling way than he did.
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Osborne, Robin. Letters, Diplomacy, and the Roman Conquest of Greece. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804208.003.0007.
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The chapter explores the ways in which the generic expectations of the letter differ from those of the decree, insofar as letters tend to contain discursive explanations of, or background to, the requests or decisions that they convey: the sender of a letter will not simply send instructions but will attempt to enable the recipient to understand why those instructions are being given, or at least to put them into a broader context. More specifically, Osborne argues that the Roman adoption of the convention, established by Hellenistic kings, that they would respond to cities’ embassies by writing letters, led to particular expectations about the Roman political community and about the ways in which authority was constituted at Rome—an important factor in shaping the peculiar and unhappy dynamic of the Roman intervention in the Greek world in the early second century BCE.
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Hartley, Christie. Social Norms, Choice, and Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683023.003.0009.
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In modern liberal democracies, the gendered division of labor is partially the result of men and women making different choices about work and family life, even if such choices stem from social norms about gender. The choices that women make relative to men’s disadvantage them in various ways: such choices lead them to earn less, enjoy less power and prestige in the labor market, be less able to participate in the political sphere on an equal basis, make them to some degree financially dependent on others, and leave them at a bargaining disadvantage and vulnerable in certain personal relationships. This chapter considers if and when the state should intervene to address women’s disadvantage and inequalities that are the result of gender specialization. It is argued that political liberals can and sometimes must intervene in the gendered division of labor when persons’ interests as free and equal citizens are frustrated.
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Minchin, Elizabeth. Mapping the Hellespont with Leander and Hero. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744771.003.0005.
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This chapter explores through the lens of memory studies in a variety of fields the intimate relationship between the story of Hero and Leander and its setting on the Hellespont. It draws on research in cognitive and social psychology on the way in which features of the landscape serve as prompts for the recollection of other material, a study from archaeology of the phenomenology of landscape, and recent work on the operations of collective memory in a dispersed community. These observations are then applied to this well-known story from the ancient world. The chapter demonstrates how this story of love and loss, a cultural memory, was used, for at least twelve centuries, not only to recreate this distinctive location in the mind of a listener or reader, but also to represent it, both to those who lived locally and to a remote audience.
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Ikenberry, G. John. The Rise, Character, and Evolution of International Order. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.32.
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Historical institutionalism offers original ways of thinking about the origins, evolution, and consequences of political institutions—including, international order. This chapter argues that a “rise and decline” theory of international order based solely on the distribution of power is inadequate. The idea that leading states periodically have found themselves in a position to build or at least shape international order is not in dispute. But the explanation for the variations in the character of orders depends on more than simply the presence of a powerful lead state. Moments of opportunity for order building open up and close. The character of the state that finds itself with the opportunity to build order also matters. Employing insights from historical institutionalism, this chapter directs attention to the temporal dynamics that shape international orders, including the timing and sequence of past events that set the stage for subsequent struggles over political institutions.
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Phelps, Nicholas A. The Cognitive-cultural Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668229.003.0010.
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This chapter considers the in-between geography of an economy associated ever more with the consumption of signs and symbols. It also looks at the rise of a cognitive-cultural economy in the social life of commodities constructed by intermediaries and played out in arenas and considers debates over the status of the contemporary economy as primarily cognitive or cultural. The rise of brands and branding and consumption is organized in and around retail and tourism enclaves and the agglomerations that comprise our major cities. The economy between sign and symbol is a particularly hard middle ground to penetrate in analytical terms but also in normative terms. It is this economy of signs and symbols that best illustrates the strengths of post-modern analysis, but which least lends itself to clear and unambiguous policy interventions since politics and policy pronouncements are open to infinite critique for their cultural intolerance or insensitivity.
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Sánchez-Jankowski, Martín. Youth Unemployment and the Illicit Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685898.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on factors that led youth to initially participate in the illicit economy, stay involved, or decide to leave. Part of the cultural landscape that directly applies to employment has changed and will likely continue to change. Presently, there are individuals in both the lower and middle classes who think it is only acceptable to work at a job worthy of their labor. Therefore, it is now considered more acceptable to forgo working and assume the unemployment designation while waiting for the best job fit. This culture shift has expanded to such an extent as to currently allow individuals from divergent income groups the ability to justify their participation in the illicit economy. Ultimately, clear economic incentives pull individuals into this economy, but additional social and psychological factors influence involvement as well.
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Hilliard, Christopher. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799658.003.0013.
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The epilogue considers the mystery of Edith Swan and her wider significance. It begins by examining the press commentary on her and moves down into questions of motive and agency. After Swan’s conviction, newspapers were quick to diagnose her with a form of ‘sex mania’, applying the second-hand Freudianism that was becoming current in early 1920s Britain (one that assumed that repression led to outbursts of sexualized behaviour, rather than displacement into other areas). Yet Swan’s actions were at least as consistent with what is now known as borderline personality disorder. Many of Swan’s letters needled members of her own family about homely grievances. And while the letters accusing her of being promiscuous may have been fantasies of a sort, they also set up dramas in which she played the starring role.
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Pattenden, Miles. Papal Government. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797449.003.0007.
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This chapter explains the various ways by which the cardinals and others tried to circumvent the papal election or, at least, to blunt its effects. It traces the development of several characteristic features of papal government—the sale of venal office, the proliferation of bureaucratic organs, and the rise of a market in papal debt—and shows how they benefited not just the popes themselves but also the much wider slice of the political elite who invested in such instruments. These developments may have led directly to the decline of papal nepotism, from the late seventeenth century onwards, as the papacy evolved from a personal monarchy to a bureaucratic one. However, they also contributed significantly to eighteenth-century Rome’s stagnation as popes and their debts distorted the structures of economic production.
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Schabas, William A. Aborted Kidnap. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833857.003.0007.
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Led by a former Senator from Tennessee, Luke Lea, a handful of American soldiers take leave over the New Year’s holiday and drive up to the Netherlands with the aim of kidnapping Kaiser Wilhelm II. The Dutch envoy in Brussels gives them a laissez-passer and authorises them to enter his country in uniform. When they get to Amerongen Castle, they brandish the document but fail to convince Count Bentinck’s son to let them meet the Kaiser in person. The Dutch are suspicious, and surround the castle with troops, forcing the Americans to retreat, stealing a monogrammed ashtray on their way out. The US Army holds a disciplinary inquiry, but Lea and his cohorts get little more than a slap on the wrist. They return to civilian life at home and boast of their adventure.
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Caps, John. First Cadence. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036736.003.0008.
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This chapter details the start of Mancini's musical evolution in the 1960s. If the word cadence can be defined as the notes or chords that resolve a melody, or at least lead to a new development, then this next transitional period in Mancini's career can be seen as his first cadence. It was the first sign of real evolution since he had come into his own as a jazz-pop film composer, demonstrating not only a contemporary enrichment of the harmonies and instrumental blends he had learned in the big band era, but also a broadening of the dramatic architecture of his orchestral writing into scores that were not just collections of admirable tunes and isolated film scenes but more cohesive compositions as well. Something was stirring. It is only speculative to connect this maturity in Mancini's writing to any one event in his personal life. Nevertheless, it was also at this time that his father, Quinto, died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of nearly seventy.
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Lucander, David. “These Women Really Did the Work”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038624.003.0005.
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This chapter describes a series of sit-ins during 1944. Led by largely forgotten African American women, this interracial direct-action campaign sought to challenge the color line at department-store lunch counters. Integrating, or at least improving, access to food service at major downtown retailers was an important step in the process of breaking down elements of Jim Crow segregation in St. Louis. That same year, the March on Washington Movement (MOWM) shifted its attention toward obtaining and retaining jobs for black workers in publicly funded workplaces. Gaining access to jobs operating switchboards and in the local administration of Southwestern Bell Telephone offices was presented as a stride toward securing sustainable employment for a largely female contingent of working-class African Americans who wanted long-term white- and pink-collar employment. This sort of local women's activism, juxtaposed against national men's leadership, is consistent with a gendered pattern of activism in civil rights campaigns that persisted through the 1960s.
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Peach, Ken. Risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796077.003.0013.
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In this chapter, the importance of risk is emphasized and risk is distinguished from gambling. Projects without risk (that is, where the outcome is certain) lead to very little progress; however, projects with a very high degree of risk (i.e. overwhelmingly likely to fail) likewise do not advance knowledge all that much. What is important about risk is that, if there is at least a reasonable chance that the project will work, there is also a reasonable chance that there will be a corresponding benefit. This chapter reviews the need to assess and manage risk in order to make progress, and presents some risk management techniques, such as the use of a risk register. It also discusses the need to recognize the importance of, and the need to maintain, reputation, as well as the need for avoidance or mitigation of reputation risk. Finally, the risks and hazards surrounding scientific misconduct are identified and discussed.
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Lause, Mark A. Equality. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040306.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the spiritualists' uniquely egalitarian sense of individual liberty that underlay their view of society and reform and reflected, in part, the relatively inclusive nature of the movement. Radical spiritualists—which, at least for a time, included most of them—believed that emancipation should lead beyond the absence of slavery toward black equality. They saw a complete and critical reexamination of U.S. policy toward the Indians as inseparable from emancipation and black equality. Having always advocated women's rights on one level, they became increasingly predisposed to a practical egalitarianism. The chapter first considers how spiritualism became a kind of secularist Western Christianity before turning to spiritualists' discussion of race, gender, and racial equality, their views on slavery and emancipation, and their special kinship with Native Americans. It also looks at how the Civil War unfolded into a struggle for slave liberation while also emancipating a radicalism in the Republican Party with a heavy dose of social radicalism and persistent calls for a thorough reconstruction of American civilization.