Academic literature on the topic 'Lend Lease Act'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lend Lease Act"
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Pressnell, L. S., and Sheila V. Hopkins. "A canard out of time? Churchill, the War Cabinet and The Atlantic Charter, August 1941." Review of International Studies 14, no. 3 (July 1988): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500113282.
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1. The charges against ChurchillDid Mr Churchill, Britain's wartime Prime Minister, display ‘cavalier behaviour5 towards his Cabinet over The Atlantic Charter9 of 1941? Having decided ‘to ignore’ their views, did he somehow seek to ensure, ‘rather ineptly’, that crucial telegrams should conceal his deviousness?Dr A. P. Dobson makes these accusations in this Review in April 1984,] They relate to ‘RIVIERA’, Churchill’s first wartime meeting with President Roosevelt, between 9 and 12 August 1941 in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. Concerned primarily with wartime collaboration, though the United States was not yet formally a belligerent, the two leaders outlined peace aims in a hastily drafted joint declaration, promptly named ‘The Atlantic Charter’. Their fierce debate over its fourth economic ‘Point’ reflected American pressure to secure advantage from assistance, under the Lend-Lease Act of March 1941, to Britain's war effort.
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Heonyong Sim. "US-Soviets Military Cooperation regarding the Soviet Union’s participation in Counter-Japanese War during World War II - Focused on the role of 'Lend-lease Act' and 'Project Hula' -." military history ll, no. 105 (December 2017): 227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29212/mh.2017..105.227.
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Barrow, Clyde W. "The Diversionary Thesis and the Dialectic of Imperialism: Charles A. Beard's Theory of American Foreign Policy Revisited." Studies in American Political Development 11, no. 2 (1997): 248–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001668.
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In 1916, Charles A. Beard was denouncing Germany as “a danger to civilization” and calling for American participation in World War I on the side of the Entente Allies. Like John Dewey and other social-democrats, Beard saw the Great War as an opportunity to advance the interests of the European working class by breaking “the union of the Hohenzollern military caste and the German masses whose radical leaders are Social Democrats”. Even after the Versailles Treaty, Beard continued to embrace the Wilsonian theme that the Great War had been fought to make the world safe for democracy. However, by the mid–1980s, he was staunchly opposed to war with Germany and Japan, had come to embrace the revisionist history of World War I, and even testified before Congress against the Lend-Lease Act. Thus, intellectual historians agree that somewhere between the end of World War I and the 1930s, Beard shifted from internationalism to isolationism and, indeed, a few critics have referred to him as a pacifist in his later years. Within the umbrella of this consensus, debates among biographers, intellectual and diplomatic historians, have come to center largely on identifying the timing and the reasons for Beard's “conversion” to isolationism. Not coincidentally, during the 1960s and 1970s, Beard's writings on foreign policy and diplomatic history enjoyed a resurgence among many on the New Left who were constructing their own revisionist history critical of America's political and military involvement in various Third World countries. Today, Beard's views are still cited in international relations and history textbooks as an example of isolationist theory in American foreign policy.
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Fomin, A. M. "British Policy and Strategy in the Middle East in 1941: Three Wars ‘East of Suez’." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 191–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-191-221.
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After the defeat of France in the summer of 1940, Great Britain was left face to face with the Nazi Germany. It managed to endure the first act of the ‘Battle of Britain’, but could not wage a full-scale war on the continent. Under these conditions, the defense of the British positions in the Mediterranean and in the Middle East became a top priority for W. Churchill’s cabinet. The author examines three episodes of Great Britain’s struggle for the Middle East in 1941 (Iraq, Syria, Iran), framing them into the general logic of the German-British confrontation during this period.The author emphasizes that potential assertion of German hegemony in the Middle East could have made the defense of Suez almost impossible, as well as the communication with India, and would have provided the Reich with an access to almost inexhaustible supplies of fuel. Widespread antiBritish sentiments on the part of the local political and military elites could contribute greatly to the realization of such, catastrophic for Britain, scenario. Under these circumstances, the British government decided to capture the initiative. The paper examines the British military operations in Iraq and Syria. Special attention is paid to the complex dynamics of relations of the British cabinet with the Vichy regime and the Free France movement. As the author notes, the sharpest disagreements aroused on the future of Syria and Lebanon, and the prospects of granting them independence. In the Iran’s case, the necessity of harmonizing policies with the Soviet Union came to the fore. The growing German influence in the region, as well as the need to establish a new route for Lend-Lease aid to the USSR, fostered mutual understanding. After the joint Anglo-Soviet military operation in August-September 1941, Iran was divided into occupation zones. Finally, the paper examines the UK position with regard to the neutrality of Turkey. The author concludes that all these military operations led to the creation of a ‘temporary regime’ of the British domination in the Middle East. However, the Anglo-French and Anglo-Soviet rivalries had not disappeared and, compounded by the growing US presence in the region, laid basis for new conflicts in the post-war period.
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Prohaska, Ariane, and John F. Zipp. "Gender Inequality and the Family and Medical Leave Act." Journal of Family Issues 32, no. 11 (April 4, 2011): 1425–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x11403280.
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In this article, we use feminist theories of the state to examine why the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) has had relatively little impact on increasing men’s caregiving after the birth or adoption of a child. An analysis of witness testimonies and of the language of the proposed bill at three different stages of its development revealed that as the business community became more vocal in its opposition to the bill, benefits for workers were reduced and testimonies discussing how FMLA could help alleviate gender inequality all but disappeared. We argue that making gender inequality in caregiving a focal point of discussions during the development of the bill could result in a policy that encourages men to use it and, in turn, lead to an increase in caregiving by fathers.
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Gately, D. J. "QUEENSLAND PETROLEUM ACT — RUSTING ANACHRONISM OR WELL-OILED DISCRETION?" APPEA Journal 26, no. 1 (1986): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj85005.
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Petroleum legislation in Queensland has been in place for some 70 years. Today's explorer finds that many of his rights derive from concepts and practices formulated well before the advent of the complicated farmout and joint venture arrangements that increasingly form the framework of exploration activities.The primary tenement for exploration is the Authority to Prospect. However, the legislation is largely silent with respect to Authorities to Prospect, leaving the great bulk of issues arising out of that form of tenement to be determined by the Minster in his absolute and unfettered discretion; while the need for workable administrative practices will entail some uniformity, certainty as to the rights arising out of any Authority to Prospect can only be gained by reverting to the actual authority document.The explorer expects that his exploration rights (i) will not be unduly hampered by competing rights of land owners; (ii) will be capable of being dealt with and assigned in accordance with current industry practices; and (iii) will in the event of success lead to the grant to him of a production title. Those expectations are not entirely satisfied, and the paper recommends certain reforms, including:an express legislative statement that the holder of an Authority to Prospect has exclusive rights to explore in respect of the area the subject of his authority;that the holder of an Authority to Prospect satisfy the obligation to make compensation prior to entry by the lodging of a security bond;that compensation be determined at first instance in the Land Court;that the statutory right to the grant of a Petroleum Lease to the holder of an Authority to Prospect be restored.
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Millar, Stephen R. "Let the people sing? Irish rebel songs, sectarianism, and Scotland's Offensive Behaviour Act." Popular Music 35, no. 3 (September 14, 2016): 297–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143016000519.
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AbstractIrish rebel songs afford Scotland's Irish diaspora a means to assert, experience and perform their alterity free from the complexities of the Irish language. Yet this benign intent can be offset by how the music is perceived by elements of Scotland's majority Protestant population. The Scottish Government's Offensive Behaviour Act (2012) has been used to prosecute those singing Irish rebel songs and there is continuing debate as to how this alleged offence should be dealt with. This article explores the social function and cultural perception of Irish rebel songs in the west coast of Scotland, examining what qualities lead to a song being perceived as ‘sectarian’, by focusing on song lyrics, performance context and extra-musical discourse. The article explores the practice of lyrical ‘add-ins’ that inflect the meaning of key songs, and argues that the sectarianism of a song resides, at least in part, in the perception of the listener.
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Kladis, G. P., J. T. Economou, A. Tsourdos, B. A. White, and K. Knowles. "Fault diagnosis with matrix analysis for electrically actuated unmanned aerial vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 223, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544100jaero422.
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Because of their large operational potential, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) may be required to perform over long periods of time, which might lead to potential degradation or even failure of their electrical or/and mechanical control surfaces and components. Consequently, the least failure can degrade the performance of the process and might lead to a catastrophic event. Therefore, an efficient mechanism should be capable of making these faults realizable and act accordingly so that a performance index is continuously maintained. However, even when a fault is detected at the monitoring phase, as illustrated in a previous work by Kladis and Economou [
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Loewy, Erich H. "Developing Habits and Knowing What Habits to Develop: A Look at the Role of Virtue in Ethics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6, no. 3 (1997): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100008045.
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Virtue ethics attempts to identify certain commonly agreed-upon dispositions to act in certain ways, dispositions that would be accepted as ‘good’ by those affected, and to locate the goodness or badness of an act internal to the agent. Basically, virtue ethics is said to date back to Aristotle, but as Alisdair MacIntyre has pointed out, the whole idea of ‘virtue ethics’ would have been unintelligible in Greek philosophy for “a virtue (arete) was an excellence and ethics concerned excellence of character; all ethics was virtue ethics.” Virtue ethics as a method to approach problems in medical ethics is said by some to lend itself to working through cases at the bedside or, at least, is better than the conventional method of handling ethical problems. In this paper I want to explore some of the shortcomings of this approach, examine other traditional approaches, indicate some of their limitations, and suggest a different conceptualization of the approach.
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Salcedo, D., T. B. Onasch, A. C. Aiken, L. R. Williams, B. de Foy, M. J. Cubison, D. R. Worsnop, L. T. Molina, and J. L. Jimenez. "Determination of particulate lead using aerosol mass spectrometry: MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 12 (June 20, 2010): 5371–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5371-2010.
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Abstract. We report the first measurements of particulate lead (Pb) from Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers, which were deployed in and around Mexico City during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO)/Mexico City Metropolitan Area 2006 (MCMA-2006) field campaigns. The high resolution mass spectrometer of one of the AMS instruments (HR-AMS) and the measured isotopic ratios unequivocally prove the detection of Pb in ambient particles. A substantial fraction of the lead evaporated slowly from the vaporizer of the instruments, which is indicative of species with low volatility at 600 °C. A model was developed in order to estimate the ambient particulate Pb entering the AMS from the signals in the "open" and the "closed" (or "background") mass spectrum modes of the AMS. The model suggests the presence of at least two lead fractions with ~25% of the Pb signal exhibiting rapid evaporation (1/e decay constant, τ<0.1 s) and ~75% exhibiting slow evaporation (τ~2.4 min) at the T0 urban supersite and a different fraction (70% prompt and 30% slow evaporation) at a site northwest from the metropolitan area (PEMEX site). From laboratory experiments with pure Pb(NO3)2 particles, we estimated that the Pb ionization efficiency relative to nitrate (RIEPb) is 0.5. Comparison of time series of AMS Pb with other measurements carried out at the T0 supersite during MILAGRO (using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and single-particle counts from an Aerosol Time-of-Fight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS)) shows similar levels (for PIXE and ICP-MS) and substantial correlation. During part of the campaign, sampling at T0 was alternated every 10 min with an Aerosol Concentrator, which enabled the detection of signals for PbCl+ and PbS+ ions. PbS+ displays the signature of a slowly evaporating species, while PbCl+ appears to arise only from fast evaporation, which is likely due to the higher vapor pressure of the compounds generating PbCl+. This is consistent with the evaporation model results. Levels of particulate Pb measured at T0 were similar to previous studies in Mexico City. Pb shows a diurnal cycle with a maximum in the early morning, which is typical of primary urban pollutants. Pb shows correlation with Zn, consistent with previous studies, while the sources of Pb appear to be at least partially disjoint from those of particulate chloride. Back trajectory analysis of the T0 Pb data suggests the presence of sources inside the urban area SSW and N of T0, with different chemical forms of Pb being associated with different source locations. High signals due to particulate lead were also detected in the PEMEX site; again, no correlation between Pb and chloride plumes was observed, suggesting mostly different sources for both species.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lend Lease Act"
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Veselý, Ondřej. "Analýza logistické části Lend-lease Act (Public Law 77-11)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75110.
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The diploma thesis discusses the issues of help mainly by the United States under the Lend- Lease Act during the Second World War. The theoretical part deals with the historical context and the economic s and political framework of the rise of the programme with an emphasis on the USA. The following part is focused on the quantification of the whole extent. A great part of the thesis is devoted to the issues of help by the Soviet Union. The emphasis is placed not only on the content, but mainly on the logistic issues. Following the historical context there are also four major transportation corridors discussed and their occupancy at the time, material flow and mode of transport are analysed.
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Weigold, Auriol, and n/a. "The Case against India : British propaganda in the United States, 1942." University of Canberra. Communication, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050329.125041.
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British propaganda, delivered in the United States against immediate self-government for India in 1942, was efficiently and effectively organised. British propaganda was not adventitious. It was deliberate. The chief protagonists were Churchill and Roosevelt. Churchill's success in retaining control of government in India depended on convincing the President that there was no viable alternative.
This the Prime Minister did in two ways. Firstly, his propaganda organization targetted pro-British groups in America with access to
Roosevelt. Secondly, it discredited Indian nationalist leadership.
Churchill's success also depended on Sir Stafford Cripps' loyalty to Whitehall and to the Government of India after his Mission in March 1942 failed to reach agreement with the Indian leaders. Cripps tailored his account of the breakdown of negotiations to fit the British propaganda line. Convincing American public opinion and, through it the President, that colonial government should remain in British hands, also depended on the right mix of censorship and press freedom in India.
Britain's need to mount a propaganda campaign in the United States indicated its dual agenda: its war-related determination to maintain and increase American aid, and its longer term aim to
retain control of its empire.
Despite strong American support for isolationism, given legal status in the 1930s Neutrality Acts, Roosevelt was Britain's supportive friend and its ally. Britain, nonetheless, felt sufficiently threatened by the anti-imperial thrust of the Lend Lease Act and
the Atlantic Charter, to develop propaganda to persuade the American public and its President that granting Indian selfgovernment in 1942 was inappropriate.
The case for a propaganda campaign was made stronger by Roosevelt's constant pressure on Britaln from mid-1941 to reach a political settlement with India. Pressure was also brought to bear by the Congress Party as the price for its war-related cooperation, by China, and by the Labour Party in Britain. Japan's success in
Singapore and Burma made strategists briefly assess that India might be the next target. Stable and cooperative government there was as much in America's interest as Britain's.
The idea that Roosevelt might intervene in India to secure a measure of self-government there constantly worried Churchill. In turn this motivated the Foreign Office, the Ministry of Information, the India Office, the Government of India and the British Embassy in Washington to develop propaganda based, firstly, on the official explanation for the failure of the Cripps Mission and, secondly. on the elements of the August 1942 Quit India resolution which could
be presented as damaging to allied war aims.
The perceived danger to Britain's India-related agenda, however, did not end with substantive threats. The volatility of the American press and the President's susceptibility to it in framing policy were more unpredictable. Britain met both threats by targetting friends with access to Roosevelt, sympathetic broadcasters and pro-British sections of the press. Each had
shown support for Britain during the Lend Lease debates.
Britain, however, could never assume that it had won the propaganda battle or that Roosevelt would not intervene polltically on nationalist India's behalf. Roosevelt continued during 1942
and beyond to let Indian leaders know of his interest in their struggle, and information received from his Mission in New Delhi and from unofficial informants in India gave him a view of events there which differed markedly from the British account. Just as nationalist India was unsure about America's intentions, so was
Britain.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
Books on the topic "Lend Lease Act"
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Kimball, Warren F. Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939-1941. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020.
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Schmitz, David F. The Sailor. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180441.001.0001.
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In The Sailor, David F. Schmitz presents a comprehensive reassessment of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's foreign policymaking. Most historians have cast FDR as a leader who resisted an established international strategy and who was forced to react quickly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, launching the nation into World War II. Drawing on a wealth of primary documents as well as the latest secondary sources, Schmitz challenges this view, demonstrating that Roosevelt was both consistent and calculating in guiding the direction of American foreign policy throughout his presidency. Schmitz illuminates how the policies FDR pursued in response to the crises of the 1930s transformed Americans' thinking about their place in the world. He shows how the president developed an interlocking set of ideas that prompted a debate between isolationism and preparedness, guided the United States into World War II, and mobilized support for the war while establishing a sense of responsibility for the postwar world. The critical moment came in the period between Roosevelt's reelection in 1940 and the Pearl Harbor attack, when he set out his view of the US as the arsenal of democracy, proclaimed his war goals centered on protection of the four freedoms, secured passage of the Lend-Lease Act, and announced the principles of the Atlantic Charter. This long-overdue book presents a definitive new perspective on Roosevelt's diplomacy and the emergence of the United States as a world power. Schmitz's work offers an important correction to existing studies and establishes FDR as arguably the most significant and successful foreign policymaker in the nation's history.
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Wells, Kimberly J. Work–Family Initiatives from an Organizational Change Lens. Edited by Tammy D. Allen and Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.25.
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Viewed from a change lens, effective work–family policies and programs (e.g., flexible work options, leave policies, dependent care benefits) function as organizational change initiatives. Review of the work–family literature from the specific perspective afforded by a processual change framework especially discloses aspects of organizing that may facilitate or limit objectives of mainstreamed and sustainable work–family initiatives. Select examples from the literature are used to illustrate how scholars have incorporated critical change perspectives regarding context, substance, and politics. The importance of a change lens to achieving effective initiatives has been advocated in the work–family literature, and research viewed from a processual change frame suggests there is much that future study should address to inform practice challenges to achieving the promise of family-friendly workplaces. The chapter premise and recommendations are particularly relevant for contexts in which work–family reconciliation is typically addressed at the individual organizational level.
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Prassl, Jeremias. Levelling the Playing Field. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797012.003.0007.
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This chapter considers the implications of the on-demand economy for consumers and markets. It shows how, for both consumers and workers, the on-demand bargain can unravel rather quickly: users potentially end up paying a much higher price and receive worse-quality services than promised. In addition, the gig-economy business model can lead to significant tax losses, as taxpayers are left to make up the shortfall and subsidize the industry in myriad ways. When these problems for consumers, workers, and taxpayers are added to the questionable economics behind many platforms’ business models, as discussed in the first chapter, it is not difficult to see why some suggest that the platforms should be banned. This chapter, however, argues against such drastic moves: we would destroy all benefits and innovation, and leave at least some consumers and workers worse off. Employment law is key to creating a level playing field for competition, which fosters innovation.
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Jacques, du Plessis. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0060.
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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning threat as a reason for invalidity. Under Art 3.2.6, a party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party's unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself; or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract. This commentary discusses the requirements for the threat, the consequences of the threat, threats involving third parties, and exclusion of liability for threat.
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Woods, Philip. Early Birds or ‘Vultures’? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657772.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on correspondents who came to Burma in December 1941, just as the Japanese started bombing Rangoon and their land assault in southern Burma was getting underway. Two of the strongest critics of the Governor were Leland Stowe and O’Dowd Gallagher. There is a marked contrast between the supportive approach they took in their newspaper dispatches and the much more critical approach taken in their later memoirs. The issues raised are the war in the air over Rangoon, the sheltering and evacuation of civilians from the cities, the failure to bring in contingents of the Chinese army more quickly, the failure to make proper use of the American Lend-Lease materials, and corruption on the Burma Road. It is argued that all the journalists missed reporting the full nature of the defeat inflicted by the Japanese at the Battle of the Sittang Bridge, which decided the fate of Rangoon.
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Rohling, Eelco J. The Climate Question. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190910877.001.0001.
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In 2015, annual average atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels surpassed a level of 400 parts per million (ppm) for the first time in three million years. This has caused widespread concern among climate scientists, and not least among those that work on natural climate variability in prehistoric times, before humans. These people are known as "past climate" or palaeoclimate researchers, and author Eelco J. Rohling is one of them. The Climate Question offers a background to these concerns in straightforward terms, with examples, and is motivated by Rohling's personal experience in being intensely quizzed about whether modern change is not all just part of a natural cycle, whether nature will not simply resolve the issue for us, or whether it won't be just up to some novel engineering to settle things quickly. This book discusses in straightforward terms why climate changes, how it has changed naturally before the industrial revolution made humans important, and how it has changed since then. It compares the scale and rapidity of variations in pre-industrial times with those since the industrial revolution, infers the extent of humanity's impacts, and looks at what these may lead to in the future. Rohling brings together both data and process understanding of climate change. Finally, the book evaluates what Mother Nature could do to deal with the human impact by itself, and what our options are to lend her a hand.
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Doyle, Arthur Conan. The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. Edited by Christopher Roden. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199555482.001.0001.
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abstract The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes are overshadowed by the event with which they close - the meeting of the great detective and Moriarty, the Napoleon of Crime. Their struggle, seemingly to the death, was to leave many readers desolate at the loss of Holmes, but was also to lead to his immortality as a literary figure. However illogical as a detective story, ‘The final Problem’ has proved itself an unforgettable tale. The stories that precede it included two narratives from Holmes himself, on a mutiny at sea and a treasure hunt in a Sussex country house, as well as a meeting with his brilliant brother Mycroft, of whom Holmes says, ‘If the art of the detective began and ended in reasoning from any armchair, my brother would be the greatest criminal agent that ever lived.’
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Emond, Alan, and James Law. Supporting children with developmental disorders and disabilities. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0024.
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At least 10% of children have a development disorder which could be disabling. Many children with developmental conditions can be identified in pregnancy or shortly after birth, or will be referred from a child health programme with atypical or delayed development. Early identification of developmental disorders helps children to achieve their potential and facilitates support to their families. Assessment by a multidisciplinary child development team should lead to the provision of family-friendly services coordinated by a lead professional. Children require packages of care, provided through Education, Health, and Care plans/child plans to optimize learning. To meet families’ needs for information, family support, and respite, coordinated packages need to be commissioned from health and social care, education, and the voluntary sector.
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Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. The Knowledge We Have Lost in Information. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.001.0001.
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In contrast with conventional histories of “economic rationality,” in this book we propose that the history of modern microeconomics is better organized as the treatment of information in postwar economics. Beginning with a brief primer on the nature of information, we then explore how economists first managed their rendezvous with it, tracing its origins to the Neoliberal Thought Collective and Friedrich Hayek. The response to this perceived threat was mounted by the orthodoxy at the Cowles Commission, leading to at least three distinct model strategies. But the logic of the models led to multiply cognitively challenged agents, which then logically led to a stress on markets to rectify those weaknesses. Unwittingly, the multiple conceptions of agency led to multiple types of markets; and the response of the orthodoxy was to shift research away from previous Walrasian themes to what has become known as market design. But internal contradictions in the market design programs led to a startling conclusion: just like their agents, the orthodox economists turned out to be not as smart as they had thought. A little information had turned out to be a dangerous thing.
Book chapters on the topic "Lend Lease Act"
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Boonkkamp, J. H. M. ten Thije, Nitin Kumar Yadav, and W. L. IJzerman. "Double Freeform Lens Design for Laser Beam Shaping: A Least-Squares Approach." In Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 2018, 299–305. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27550-1_37.
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Zimmermann, Andreas. "Would the World Be a Better Place If One Were to Adopt a European Approach to State Immunity? Or, ‘Soll am Europäischen Wesen die Staatenimmunität Genesen’?" In Remedies against Immunity?, 219–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_12.
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AbstractThis chapter argues not only that there is no European Sonderweg (or ‘special way’) when it comes to the law of state immunity but that there ought not to be one. Debates within The Hague Conference on Private International Law in the late 1990s and those leading to the adoption of the 2002 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States, as well as the development of the EU Brussels Regulation on Jurisdiction and Enforcement, as amended in 2015, all demonstrate that state immunity was not meant to be limited by such treaties but ‘safeguarded’. Likewise, there is no proof that regional European customary law limits state immunity when it comes to ius cogens violations, as Italy and (partly) Greece are the only European states denying state immunity in such cases while the European Court of Human Rights has, time and again, upheld a broad concept of state immunity. It therefore seems unlikely that in the foreseeable future a specific European customary law norm on state immunity will develop, especially given the lack of participation in such practice by those states most concerned by the matter, including Germany. This chapter considers the possible legal implications of the jurisprudence of the Italian Constitutional Court for European military operations (if such operations went beyond peacekeeping). These implications would mainly depend on the question of attribution: if one where to assume that acts undertaken within the framework of military operations led by the EU were to be, at least also, attributable to the troop-contributing member states, the respective troop-contributing state would be entitled to enjoy state immunity exactly to the same degree as in any kind of unilateral military operations. Additionally, some possible perspectives beyond Sentenza 238/2014 are examined, in particular concerning the redress awarded by domestic courts ‘as long as’ neither the German nor the international system grant equivalent protection to the victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during World War II. In the author’s opinion, strengthening the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals, bringing interstate cases for damages before the International Court of Justice, as well as providing for claims commissions where individual compensation might be sought for violations of international humanitarian law would be more useful and appropriate mechanisms than denying state immunity.
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Fleming, Sean. "Conclusion." In Leviathan on a Leash, 175–86. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691206462.003.0007.
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This concluding chapter summarizes the implications of the Hobbesian theory of state responsibility and then looks to the future. There are three ongoing trends that are likely to alter both the nature and the scope of state responsibility: the development of international criminal law, the proliferation of treaties, and the replacement of human representatives with machines and algorithms. Although the practice of holding individuals responsible for acts of state might seem to render state responsibility redundant, the rise of international criminal law will not lead to the decline of state responsibility. The two forms of international responsibility are complementary rather than competitive. If anything, the domain of state responsibility will continue to expand in the coming decades because of the proliferation of treaties. New technologies pose the greatest challenge to current understandings of state responsibility. Thomas Hobbes' theory of the state, which is mechanistic to begin with, is well suited to the emerging world of mechanized states.
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Horton, Sarah Bronwen. "Conclusion." In They Leave Their Kidneys in the Fields. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520283268.003.0008.
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What public policy reforms can help prevent heat-related syndemics in California’s fields—the intertwined epidemics of heat illness and cardiovascular disease that often lead to work mortality? This chapter reviews several important reforms to our immigration, labor, health care, and food safety policies that could help ensure the safety and health of those who harvest our food. It concludes with a discussion of acts of “pragmatic solidarity” in which we can all engage—that is, how the lay public and engaged and applied anthropologists can intervene to protect the health of some of the nation’s most “exceptional” workers.
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Treggiari, Susan. "The Ides and the Aftermath (44–)." In Servilia and her Family, 183–216. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829348.003.0010.
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After Caesar’s murder, Servilia had to act to help Brutus and Cassius. From now on, our sources improve. She was, on and off, with the assassins at a villa, involved in deliberations and negotiations. On 5 June 44 a meeting of the Senate was to authorize Brutus and Cassius to leave their duties as praetors and go abroad on a grain-commission. They took this as an insult. A family council at Antium in early June decided that they would leave. Servilia promised to get the grain-commission dropped from the decree. Planning for the games (ludi Apollinares) to be held in Brutus’s absence involved Atticus and Servilia. The games were a qualified success. Servilia led the family in protecting both Brutus and Cassius in their absence and Lepidus’s children. She continued to lead after Philippi. We do not know when she died, but it may have been many years later.
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Maheshwari, Malvika. "The Rise of Hindu Nationalism and the Competitive Politics of Offence-Taking." In Art Attacks, 148–206. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199488841.003.0005.
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The chapter explores the profound strengthening of communal conflicts and ethno-religious politics, particularly in the shape of Hindu nationalism. It is divided into two parts: The first, part explores the evolution of attacks on artists, beginning with the early ones by Hindu nationalists. However, instead of showing this as an unruptured sequence of instances leading to their imminent rise, it underlines their early setbacks and strategic manoeuvres. These initial attempts led to the refinement of the Hindu nationalist techniques for attacking artists, and highlight the relevance of the media’s expansion in the enterprise. Also, the rise in the attacks on artists was not just a sign of the Sangh Parivar’s prowess, but at least partially due to the encouragement provided by the Congress-led government, not just to the Hindu nationalists to continue imposing their rules, but also to similarly self-assigned spokesmen of the Muslim community in India. The second, shorter part of the chapter covers the second half of the 1990s, after the BJP formed its government at the Centre for the first time, and in coalition with the Shiv Sena in Maharashtra. Here we observe the normalization of the influence wielded by non-state actors, and the consolidation of these attacks from lone random instances into sustained campaigns, but also the limits of such an exercise.
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Chignell, Andrew. "Evil, Unintelligibility, Radicality." In Evil, 18–42. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199915453.003.0002.
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This chapter articulates two concerns that Karl Jaspers raised (with Hannah Arendt) about the common practice of viewing moral evil as unintelligible. The first is that this involves exoticizing the act and/or perpetrator in such a way that moral condemnation becomes difficult. The second is that it can lead us to treat the perpetrator, place, or victim as tainted or stained by a force whose motives we cannot grasp; this in turn can lead to magical thinking about evil as somehow contagious or contaminating. After distinguishing some of the main categories of evil discussed in the western tradition, I examine ways in which moral evil, in particular, has been characterized as unintelligible, and try to discern which of them raises these Jaspersian concerns. I argue that there are at least two conceptions of “radical evil”—not the Kantian one, but the ones articulated by Hannah Arendt—that do so.
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Rose, Louis. "The Caricature Book, 1936–38." In Psychology, Art, and Antifascism. Yale University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300221473.003.0005.
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This chapter follows the two scholars as they continued their work on the book manuscript in the quarters of Kris' study, during the months that led up to the Daumier exhibition. Gombrich translated the full German manuscript, Die Karikatur, into an English version, Caricature, for publication in exile. He kept the London manuscript to the same length as the Viennese: two hundred and fifty-four typescript pages of text and citations. Both the German and English versions of the book's foreword leave no doubt that it aimed to bridge Kris' research on Freud and the Warburg circle's art historical approach. Describing psychoanalytic theory as critical to bringing art history in line with science, Kris accepted the sole burden for applying Freud's concepts.
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Ciancia, Kathryn. "Regionalism, or the Limits of Inclusion." In On Civilization's Edge, 165–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190067458.003.0007.
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Between the late 1920s and the mid-1930s, the Volhynian authorities drew on broader ideas of European regionalism in an attempt to attach the province’s multiethnic populations to the Polish state project. The message put forward at museums and provincial fairs and in regionalist journals focused on national inclusivity. But the elite-led fetishizing of local folklore by regionalists like Jakub Hoffman naturally led to other types of exclusion—or, at least, to conditional inclusion. Ukrainian-speaking populations were permitted only as vestiges of premodern diversity, while a focus on synagogues and the tiny Jewish sect of the Karaites allowed regionalists to write Jews into narratives of rootedness that always emphasized Polish tolerance. Supporters of tourism, which offered another way of navigating the relationship between Volhynia and Poland, undertook the tricky balancing act of claiming the province’s status in the modern world and simultaneously repackaging backwardness as a series of desirable characteristics, such as primitiveness and exoticism.
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Steinberg, Paul F. "Paper, Plastic, or Politics?" In Who Rules the Earth? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199896615.003.0018.
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It would seem only fair that an author who places a question in the title of a book should be expected to answer it directly. So who does rule the earth? The answer is Napoleon. He did, after all, leave behind a legal code that, as we saw in chapter 1, continues to guide the behavior of billions of people throughout the world today. And then there’s June Irwin, the country doctor who convinced the town of Hudson, Canada, to create rules banning nonessential pesticides and spawned a nationwide movement for change. And let’s not forget her foes in the pesticide industry, who raced across America passing state preemption rules that deny local communities the right to regulate these poisons. The earth is ruled by the Roman Emperor Justinian, who created the legal precedent for public access to beaches (discussed in chapter 2), as well as the real estate developer David Gottfried (chapter 3), co-inventor of the rulemaking system for green buildings known as LEED. The list most certainly includes Edmund Muskie and Philip Hart, the senators who spearheaded passage of the US Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act in the early 1970s. But it also includes José Delfín Duarte, whose local water association is empowered to decide how water resources are managed in his small corner of Costa Rica—an effort that required revising rules at local and national levels. Whether famous figures like Jean Monnet, founder of the European Union, or tenacious groups of citizens like Portland’s Bicycle Transportation Alliance, whether working at the level of empires or that of neighborhoods, the people who rule the earth are those who leave behind a legacy of rules that shape the actions and opportunities of generations to come. If we so choose—if we can put aside for a moment the “little things” we do for the earth, and think about the larger, lasting changes that result when people come together and rewrite the rules they live by—then the group of rulemakers also includes you and me.
Conference papers on the topic "Lend Lease Act"
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Timmons, Dale M., and James H. Cahill. "Thermochemical Conversion of Asbestos Contaminated With Radionuclides and/or Other Hazardous Materials." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4705.
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Waste asbestos from abatement activities at Department of Energy (DOE) facilities is typically (as is most asbestos waste in the United States) disposed of in landfills. However, some of the asbestos from DOE facilities is contaminated with radionuclides, PCBs, metals regulated under the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) and perhaps other regulated components that may require treatment instead of landfill disposal. Land disposal of waste is becoming less desirable to the public and does nothing to reduce the toxicity or the continued liability associated with these wastes. Methods for permanent destruction of these wastes are becoming more attractive as a final solution. One of the methods available for the destruction of asbestos-containing wastes is thermochemical conversion technology. ARI Technologies, Inc. was contracted by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to conduct a technology deployment of its thermochemical conversion process. The purpose of the project was to: 1. “Destroy 10,000 lb. of asbestos-containing material (ACM), defined as asbestos fibers and binder by feeding it through an EPA-permitted asbestos destruction technology, such that the resultant materials are no longer considered to be asbestos in accordance with 40 CFR 61.155, Standard for Operation that Convert Asbestos-Containing Waste Materials Into Non-asbestos, and 2. Collect and analyse performance data for the deployed asbestos destruction technology.” In addition to the mandatory objectives, ARI conducted tests on the asbestos that were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the technology for immobilization of toxic metals and surrogate radionuclides that are known to be present in DOE asbestos waste. This full-scale technology deployment demonstrated economical asbestos destruction and effective immobilization of lead, cadmium, barium and arsenic. Cerium oxide and non-radioactive cesium were also immobilized. Leach testing using EPA and DOE methods showed that leach performance surpassed regulatory criteria by at least one order of magnitude.
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Fowlkes, P. M., P. K. Lund, M. Blake, and J. Snouwaert. "THE REGULATION OF FIBRINOGEN PRODUCTION INVOLVES AT LEAST ONE OTHER HEPATOCYTE GENE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644317.
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It is currently thought that glucocorticosteriods have a direct effect on the transcription of the alpha, beta and gamma fibrinogen genes. However, our studies indicate that while corticosteriods play a role in fibrinogen production, this role is not due to transcriptional activation via glucocorticosteriod receptors. In initial experiments, we compared the levels of fibrinogen mRNA in hepatocytes isolated from hypophysectomized rats to those from control animals. The levels of mRNA in hypophysectomized rats, which produce little ACTH or corticosteriods, were significantly higher than the levels in control animals. Albumin mRNA levels were unaffected by hypophysectomy. These results are in opposition to those which we had anticipated. Based on previously published data, we had thought that physiologic deprivation of corticosteriods would lead to decreased levels of fibrinogen. We propose that these results are related to the negative feedback that corticosteroids have on Hepatocyte Stimulating Factor (HSF) production through a tightly controlled feedback circuit. To investigate the role of corticosteriods in fibrinogen gene regulation, we have conducted experiments with primary hepatocytes in culture and rat FAZA cells (continuous hepatoma cell line). There is a 4 to 5 fold increase in fibrinogen production when these cells are treated with HSF but no change when these cells are treated with dexamethasone alone. However, there is a marked additional increase in the production of fibrinogen with the combination of dexamethasone and HSF. Data gathered through kinetic analysis of this synergistic interaction suggest that the maximum response to HSF requires another gene product whose production is responsive to dexamethasone. Detailed analysis of the rate of transcription of thegamma fibrinogen gene, its processing and mRNA turnover suggests a specific role for this gene product in regulating fibrinogen synthesis. Characterization of this gene product will lead to greater understanding of the regulation of the Acute Phase Reactants.
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Baker, Emily. "Boundary Problems: Reclaiming Thought Space in the Attention Economy." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.61.
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There is far less opportunity for thought that is not in some way mediated than there once was, and often this is by design. Cognitive engineers ply vast resources to attract and retain our attention toward what are ultimately commercial ends. They use pervasive and spatially unbound mediating technologies to gain access to every space in our lives. In this information superabundance, the act of filtering desirable content induces such a cognitive load that we are left with noticeably altered brains—eroded attention spans, failing memories, diminished executive function and complex reasoning skills, etc. These lead to a host of issues relating to health and wellbeing including sleep deficiencies, social isolation, depression and anxiety. In light of the pressures of this new attention economy, what role does architecture have to play in the reclamation of thought-space and embodied experience in contemporary life, particularly in the home? This paper will present some preliminary design ideas for dwellings that address the attention economy, drawing boundaries around behavior-altering technologies in order to foster long-term desires for health, mental clarity, focus, restfulness, and social connection rather than the typical focus on immediate comfort. This is not a Luddite plea to leave these advancing technologies behind, but a humanist plea to find the boundaries in which we can thrive while using them.
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Bolton, M. T. W., S. N. Waterworth, and R. J. McClurg. "Enabling, Equipping and Empowering the Support Enterprise through Digital Transformation." In 14th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition. IMarEST, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2515-818x.2018.055.
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Existing digital technology is transforming adjacent industries and will transform the Maritime sector. Increased data integration, exploitation via applications and use of mobile technology will enable the realisation of benefits, particularly in the management of material state and design change. Improvements to the way we store, share, manage and act upon information will ensure decisions are based upon the best, most accurate and timely information available shared across the Support Enterprise. It will also reduce time taken for maintenance by better understanding the maintenance requirement and avoid unnecessary cost by reducing the need for 2nd, 3rd and 4th line support. All of this should lead to a greatly reduced safety risk and increased platform availability. Furthermore, these improvements will enable the Royal Navy (RN) to further empower its maintainers, improving efficiency, productivity and job satisfaction. These personnel are at the heart of the Support solution and are of vital importance not least because platforms are complex but also because conduct of operational engineering, by RN personnel at reach, in adversity, ensures the Service is always ready to fight and win. The RN is embracing Digital Transformation (DX) as the means to deliver maritime support improvement and specifically safety, availability and productivity benefits. Navy Command has developed the Maritime Support Information Exploitation (MarSIX) strategy and model to drive the development of a single configured, assured, inter-related data set that can effectively exploit information across the enterprise and ensure the RN maintainer is firmly positioned at the heart of Support. Vital to the safety argument and meeting availability requirements, the approach is part of a journey towards a future Support Network that recognises the unique maritime operating environment and the close relationship between front line engineering and the enterprise that supports it.
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Kar, Apurba, and Sandip Patil. "A Modified Structural Arrangement of Rigs for Safe Launching of Life Boats and Berthing of OSVs." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49713.
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It has long been experienced that Launching of lifeboat from rigs and Positioning of offshore supply vessel (OSV) near rigs are very critical and vulnerable operations as regards to the safety. In present days, sophisticated & expensive Dynamic Positioning (DP) Systems are used in order to avoid the collision of OSVs with rigs. However, it is observed that despite the provision of such sophisticated means, accidents are still occurring. Loss of control during positioning of OSVs can lead to severe accident (e.g. collision of OSV Samudra Shakti with Mumbai High North (MHN) platform in 2005). To avoid such accidents, considerable gap needs to be maintained between the OSV and the rig position. Also launching of lifeboat is known to be another safety critical operation. Particularly in rough weather, the landing of lifeboat requires to be at least 20 to 30m away from the platform. This is essential for preventing the lifeboat to drift under the platform and colliding with the structure & piping system there at. Lifeboat launching by davit lowering or freefall have got their own traditional problems as widely known in shipping industry. These are described in the paper “Safety of Lifeboat launching - Some Possible Improvements {P19J_AB27}” presented at Design for Safety Conference-2010 held in Italy. Considering both the issues as described above, it is evident that maintaining adequate distance from the rig is a crucial factor for improving safety of Life Boat launching and positioning of OSVs alongside the rigs. In order to achieve this, an additional structural part of the rig is proposed in this paper. This new structural entity is to be in the form of an inclined truss which will act as launching skid for the lifeboat. This arrangement will provide a guided slipway to enable landing of lifeboat at a considerable distance from the rig. Also this structure will be configured suitably to enable berthing & mooring of supply vessels alongside the rig. In this arrangement the DP system will be required for a short time only, at the initial stage of placing the vessel. After having the vessel positioned, she can be moored with the new proposed truss structure. Thus the dependency of DP System will reduce significantly to avoid collisions. So the authors believe that the proposed arrangement will improve the safety of offshore operation in a significant manner.
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Twomey, Kelly M., Ashlynn S. Stillwell, and Michael E. Webber. "The Water Quality and Energy Impacts of Biofuels." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90294.
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Concerns over rising fuel prices, national security, and the environment have led to the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, which established a mandate for the production of at least 36 billion gallons of biofuels in 2022, up to 15 billion gallons of which can come from traditional first-generation biofuels sources such as corn starch-based ethanol. One consequence of ramped-up biofuels production is the risk of additional soil runoff. This runoff, potentially laden with nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from fertilizers, can detrimentally impact water quality. Consequently, the water treatment sector might require additional energy to remove increased quantities of sediment and run-off from nutrients and pesticides in degraded water bodies downstream of agricultural land. At the same time, the cumulative effects of increased eutrophication in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River Basins have already negatively impacted much of the aquatic life in the Louisiana-Texas continental shelf. A recent report by U.S. Geological Survey measured nitrogen loading in the Mississippi River basin as high as 7,761 metric tons per day, the highest recorded loading in the past three decades, 52% of which is attributed to loading from corn and soybean crops. Massive algae blooms that thrive in nutrient-rich water deplete the water of oxygen when they die, creating a hypoxic region. This hypoxic region, which currently covers a region the size of New Jersey, is considered to be the second-largest dead zone in the world as of 2007. As a result, the Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan of 2008 was established to reduce nitrogen and phosphorous loading by 45% in order to shrink the hypoxic region to 5,000 square kilometers. Thus, at a time when water quality priorities aim to decrease nitrogen and phosphorous loading in waterways, legislative targets are seeking to increase corn starch-based ethanol production to 15 billion gallons a year, and thereby potentially increase nitrogen loading in this region by 10–34% due to runoff. Consequently, the energy intensity for water treatment may have a two-fold challenge. Because water and wastewater treatment is already responsible for 4% of the nation’s electricity consumption, putting more stringent demands on this sector could put upward pressure on energy consumption. This analysis quantifies the impact that the mandated increase in ethanol production might have on the energy required for water treatment in the United States. It reports results from a first-order top-level analysis of the energy impacts of ethanol. The results indicate that the increased production corn-starch based ethanol in the United States is not likely to increase the energy consumed during surface water treatment, but might cause significant increases in the energy consumed during groundwater treatment.
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Theis, Melissa A., Hilary L. Gallagher, Richard L. McKinley, and Valerie S. Bjorn. "Hearing Protection With Integrated In-Ear Dosimetry: A Noise Dose Study." In ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference at InterNoise 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2012-0636.
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Military personnel working in high noise environments can be exposed to continuous noise levels up to 150 dB. United States (US) Department of Defense (DoD) Hearing Conservation Programs (HCPs) [1–3] set safe noise exposure limits to reduce the risk for noise induced hearing loss. These daily noise exposure limits were based on ambient noise levels and the duration of time spent in that noise environment. Current dosimeters, worn on the lapel of personnel and at least one system worn under a hearing protector, were designed to measure noise levels and calculate noise dose, but do not provide a validated measure of noise dose external to or under a hearing protector. Noise dose under hearing protectors can be estimated by subtracting the real ear attenuation (REAT) data, collected in accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) S12.6 [4], at each octave band from the ambient octave band noise. This procedure gives accurate results for group data, but does not account for individual variations in effective attenuation. To address this issue, the US Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) led the development of ship suitable in-ear dosimetry integrated into a hearing protector, and co-sponsored an effort executed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to calibrate in-ear noise dose readings. This was accomplished by conducting human noise exposure experiments, with and without hearing protection, which calculated noise dose from temporary threshold shifts (TTS) in hearing. Ten subjects participated in the study. Noise levels were 91, 94, and 97 dB for up to 2 hrs, 1 hr, and 30 minutes respectively. These exposure levels were well within US DoD safe noise exposure guidelines (DoD HCP) [1–3]. Data will be presented describing the open and occluded (protected) ear TTS response to noise dose achieved by subjects in the experiment. Preliminary findings indicate that human subject data is extremely important in developing and validating calibration factors for any type of noise dosimeter but is especially important for in-ear dosimetry. Results from this study demonstrated that the REAT noise dose estimations and the in-ear dosimetry earplugs consistently overestimated the effective noise dose received by subjects. However, more than 10 subjects are required to improve the confidence level of the estimated calibration factor.
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Griffin, Alidair A., Barbara Doyle Prestwich, and Eoin P. Lettice. "UCC Open Arboretum Project: Trees as a teaching and outreach tool for environmental and plant education." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.25.
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The University College Cork (UCC) Open Arboretum Project aims to re-imagine the original purpose of the University’s tree collection – as a teaching tool. The arboretum represents a unique on-campus learning space which has been under-utilised for teaching in recent times. The arboretum has the capacity to engage students, staff and visitors in a tangible way with important global issues (e.g. the climate emergency and biodiversity loss). It is also an opportunity to combat ‘plant blindness’, i.e. the ambivalence shown to plants in our environment compared to often charismatic animal species. Wandersee and Schussler (1999) coined the term “plant blindness” to describe the preference for animals rather than plants that they saw in their own biology students. Knapp (2019) has argued that, in fact, humans are less ‘plant blind’ and more ‘everything-but-vertebrates-blind’ with school curricula and television programming over-emphasising the role of vertebrates at the expense of other groups of organisms. Botanic gardens and arboreta have long been used for educational purposes. Sellman and Bogner (2012) have shown that learning about climate change in a botanic garden led to a significant shortterm and long-term knowledge gain for high-school students compared to students who learned in a classroom setting. There is also evidence that learning outside as part of a science curriculum results in higher levels of overall motivation in the students and a greater feeling of competency (Dettweiler et al., 2017). The trees in the UCC collection, like other urban trees also provide a range of benefits outside of the educational sphere. Large, mature trees, with well-developed crowns and large leaf surface area have the capacity to store more carbon than smaller trees. They provide shade as well as food and habitats for animal species as well providing ‘symbolic, religious and historic’ value in public common spaces. Such benefits have recently been summarised by Cavender and Donnolly (2019) and aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 11, Sustainable Cities and Communities by Turner-Skoff and Cavender (2019). A stakeholder survey has been conducted to evaluate how the tree collection is currently used and a tour of the most significant trees in the collection has been developed. The tour encourages participants to explore the benefits of plants through many lenses including recreation, medicine and commemoration. The open arboretum project brings learning beyond the classroom and acts as an entry point for learning in a variety of disciplines, not least plant science and environmental education generally.
Reports on the topic "Lend Lease Act"
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Thompson, Alison, Nathan M. Stall, Karen B. Born, Jennifer L. Gibson, Upton Allen, Jessica Hopkins, Audrey Laporte, et al. Benefits of Paid Sick Leave During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.25.1.0.
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Multiple jurisdictions have adopted or adapted paid sick leave policies to reduce the likelihood of employees infected with SARS-CoV-2 presenting to work, which can lead to the spread of infection in workplaces. During the COVID-19 pandemic, paid sick leave has been associated with an increased likelihood of workers staying at home when symptomatic. Paid sick leave can support essential workers in following public health measures. This includes paid time off for essential workers when they are sick, have been exposed, need to self-isolate, need time off to get tested, when it is their turn to get vaccinated, and when their workplace closes due to an outbreak. In the United States, the introduction of a temporary paid sick leave, resulted in an estimated 50% reduction in the number of COVID-19 cases per state per day. The existing Canada Recovery Sickness Benefit (CRSB) cannot financially protect essential workers in following all public health measures, places the administrative burden of applying for the benefit on essential workers, and neither provides sufficient, nor timely payments. Table 1 lists the characteristics of a model paid sick leave program as compared with the CRSB. Implementation of the model program should be done in a way that is easy to navigate and quick for employers.
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Vas, Dragos, Steven Peckham, Carl Schmitt, Martin Stuefer, Ross Burgener, and Telayna Wong. Ice fog monitoring near Fairbanks, AK. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40019.
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Ice fog events, which occur during the Arctic winter, result in greatly decreased visibility and can lead to an increase of ice on roadways, aircraft, and airfields. The Fairbanks area is known for ice fog conditions, and previous studies have shown these events to be associated with moisture released from local power generation. Despite the identified originating mechanism of ice fog, there remains a need to quantify the environmental conditions controlling its origination, intensity, and spatial extent. This investigation focused on developing innovative methods of identifying and characterizing the environmental conditions that lead to ice fog formation near Fort Wainwright, Alaska. Preliminary data collected from December 2019 to March 2020 suggest that ice fog events occurred with temperatures below −34°C, up to 74% of the time ice fog emanated from the power generation facility, and at least 95% of ice particles during ice fog events were solid droxtals with diameters ranging from 7 to 50 μm. This report documents the need for frequent and detailed observations of the meteorological conditions in combination with photographic and ice particle observations. Datasets from these observations capture the environmental complexity and the impacts from energy generation in extremely cold weather conditions.
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Squiers, Linda, Mariam Siddiqui, Ishu Kataria, Preet K. Dhillon, Aastha Aggarwal, Carla Bann, Molly Lynch, and Laura Nyblade. Perceived, Experienced, and Internalized Cancer Stigma: Perspectives of Cancer Patients and Caregivers in India. RTI Press, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0044.2104.
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Cancer stigma may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This exploratory, pilot study was conducted in India to explore the degree to which cancer stigma is perceived, experienced, and internalized among adults living with cancer and their primary caregivers. We conducted a survey of cancer patients and their caregivers in two Indian cities. The survey assessed perceived, experienced, and internalized stigma; demographic characteristics; patient cancer history; mental health; and social support. A purposive sample of 20 cancer survivor and caregiver dyads was drawn from an ongoing population-based cohort study. Overall, 85 percent of patients and 75 percent of caregivers reported experiencing some level (i.e., yes response to at least one of the items) of perceived, experienced, or internalized stigma. Both patients (85 percent) and caregivers (65 percent) perceived that community members hold at least one stigmatizing belief or attitude toward people with cancer. About 60 percent of patients reported experiencing stigma, and over one-third of patients and caregivers had internalized stigma. The findings indicate that fatalistic beliefs about cancer are prevalent, and basic education about cancer for the general public, patients, and caregivers is required. Cancer-related stigma in India should continue to be studied to determine and address its prevalence, root causes, and influence on achieving physical and mental health-related outcomes.
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Hellström, Anders. How anti-immigration views were articulated in Sweden during and after 2015. Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178771936.
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The development towards the mainstreaming of extremism in European countries in the areas of immigration and integration has taken place both in policy and in discourse. The harsh policy measures that were implemented after the 2015 refugee crisis have led to a discursive shift; what is normal to say and do in the areas of immigration and integration has changed. Anti-immigration claims are today not merely articulated in the fringes of the political spectrum but more widely accepted and also, at least partly, officially sanctioned. This study investigates the anti-immigration claims, seen as (populist) appeals to the people that centre around a particular mythology of the people and that are, as such, deeply ingrained in national identity construction. The two dimensions of the populist divide are of relevance here: The horizontal dimension refers to articulated differences between "the people", who belong here, and the "non-people" (the other), who do not. The vertical dimension refers to articulated differences between the common people and the established elites. Empirically, the analysis shows how anti-immigration views embedded in processes of national myth making during and after 2015 were articulated in the socially conservative online newspaper Samtiden from 2016 to 2019. The results indicate that far-right populist discourse conveys a nostalgia for a golden age and a cohesive and homogenous collective identity, combining ideals of cultural conformism and socioeconomic fairness.
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Qamhia, Issam, and Erol Tutumluer. Review of Improved Subgrade and Stabilized Subbases to Evaluate Performance of Concrete Pavements. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-016.
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This report presents findings on the evaluation of foundation layers under concrete pavements in the state of Illinois. It also provides recommendations and scenarios where unbound granular layers can be safely used under concrete pavements as economical and well-performing subbase layers. The current practice and mechanistic design methods for constructing concrete pavements in Illinois was first evaluated, including historical studies that led to the current design procedures and policies. The performance of concrete pavements with unbound granular layers in Illinois were then evaluated, and several case studies of well-performing concrete pavements with granular subbases, high traffic levels, and low distress levels and severity were realized. Next, the practices of surrounding states were evaluated, and several Midwest states, i.e., Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Michigan, were found to regularly use unbound granular layers under concrete pavements with no issues. A literature review on the most recent requirements and recommendations for designing granular subbases under concrete pavements was then presented. It is concluded that subbase layers under concrete pavements are mainly used to provide uniform support and prevent pumping. Based on the case study evaluations and literature, a stable, drainable, and durable daylighted granular subbase design is recommended for traffic factors up to 10.0. Stability is ensured by limiting the ratio of gravel-to-sand fractions in the aggregate mix between 1.3 and 1.9. Drainability requirements can be met by limiting the percentage of fines passing the No. 200 sieve (0.075 mm) to 4% and by checking the quality of drainage is at least fair based on the time required to drain 50% of the water. Lastly, a geotextile fabric is recommended for use below the granular subbase for separation to ensure drainability throughout design life.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.
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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Quail, Stephanie, and Sarah Coysh. Inside Out: A Curriculum for Making Grant Outputs into OER. York University Libraries, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/10315/38016.
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Catalyzed by the passing of the York University Open Access Policy last year, a recognition has been growing at York University, like most other institutions, about the value of Open Educational Resources (OER) and more broadly, open education. This heightened awareness led to the formation of a campus-wide Open Education Working Group in January 2020. The group advocated that faculty members who receive internal funding for teaching innovation projects through York’s Academic Innovation Fund (AIF) should include a Creative Commons license on their grant outputs to facilitate the re-use, and potentially re-mixing, of the content by educators inside and outside of York University. A copy and/or link to their grant output would also be deposited into York’s institutional repository, YorkSpace. To support the 71 funded projects in achieving these lofty goals, an open education and open licensing curriculum was developed by two of the librarian members of the Open Education Working Group. This session describes how the librarians created the training program and participants will leave the session better understanding: How to develop learning modules for adult learners and apply these best practices when teaching faculty online (synchronously & asynchronously); How to access York’s open education training program and learn how they can remix the content for their own institution’s training purposes; The common types of questions and misconceptions that arise when teaching an open education and Creative Commons licensing program for faculty. Originally the program was conceived as an in-person workshop series; however, with the COVID-19 campus closure, it was redesigned into a four module synchronous and asynchronous educational program delivered via Moodle, H5P and Zoom. Modeled after the SUNY OER Community Course and materials from Abbey Elder’s OER Starter Kit, the program gave grant recipients a grounding in open educational resources, searching open course material repositories, copyright/Creative Commons licensing, and content deposit in York’s institutional repository, including OER metadata creation and accessibility considerations. The librarians modeled best practices in the use and creation of Creative Commons licensed resources throughout the program. Qualitative feedback was gathered at the end of each module in both the synchronous and asynchronous offerings of the program and will be shared with participants. The presenters will also discuss lessons learned, next steps, and some of the challenges they encountered. https://youtu.be/n6dT8UNLtJo