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Relevant bibliographies by topics / LEMS; Myasthenia gravis; Neurological disorders

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Academic literature on the topic 'LEMS; Myasthenia gravis; Neurological disorders'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "LEMS; Myasthenia gravis; Neurological disorders"

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Altintas, Ayse, Justina Dargvainiene, Christiane Schneider-Gold, Nasrin Asgari, Ilya Ayzenberg, Andrea I. Ciplea, Ralf Junker, Frank Leypoldt, Klaus-Peter Wandinger, and Kerstin Hellwig. "Gender issues of antibody-mediated diseases in neurology: (NMOSD/autoimmune encephalitis/MG)." Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 13 (January 2020): 175628642094980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756286420949808.

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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), autoimmune encephalitis (AE), myasthenia gravis (MG) and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) are antibody-mediated neurological diseases. They have mostly female predominance, affecting many women during childbearing age. Interactions between the underlying disease (or necessary treatment) and pregnancy can occur in every of these illnesses. Herein, we present the characteristics of NMOSD, AE, MG and LEMS in general, and review published data regarding the influence of the different diseases on fertility, pregnancy, puerperium, treatment strategy during pregnancy and post-partum period, and menopause but also male factors. We summarise key elements that should be borne in mind when confronted with such cases.

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Arneth, Borros M. "Neuronal Antibodies and Associated Syndromes." Autoimmune Diseases 2019 (July 9, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2135423.

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Introduction. Multiple well-recognized conditions, such as Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and myasthenia gravis (MG), have been associated with neuronal antibodies. Materials and Methods. A search was performed using Embase, PubMed, and CINAHL. An initial search of each database was conducted using keywords and terms related to the aim of the current review. Additional articles were obtained by examining the reference lists and citations in the selected records. Results. The studies identified through the search process used different designs and methods to explore neuronal antibodies and associated syndromes. Previous studies have shown that neurological and psychiatric disorders can be mediated and influenced by various antibodies. The identification of autoantibodies can help with the accurate diagnosis of conditions and commencement of early treatment. Discussion. A review of selected studies identified in the literature implicated that classic anti-neuronal antibodies, such as anti-Ri and anti-Hu, play a role in the development of neurological diseases. More recent studies have indicated that other novel antibodies act on neuronal cell surface antigens to contribute to the development of neurological disorders. Conclusion. Existing research provides evidence revealing a spectrum of antibodies linked to the development and progression of neurological diseases. However, further antibody testing and studies should be performed to validate the relationship between conditions and antibodies.

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Grand'Maison, François. "Methods of Testing Neuromuscular Transmission in the Intensive Care Unit." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 25, S1 (February 1998): S36—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100034715.

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AbstractAll disorders of neuromuscular transmission (NMT) may cause ventilatory failure, albeit rarely. Respiratory muscle weakness is occasionally the presenting feature of myasthenia gravis (MG), the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), hypermagnesemia and botulism. Chronic MG, congenital myasthenic syndromes and LEMS may be acutely exacerbated by various intercurrent conditions and by drugs which interfere with NMT. Finally, in the ICU, difficulty in weaning from the ventilator may be caused by prolonged use of neuromuscular blocking agents. Electrophysiological studies of NMT disorders in the intensive care unit have rarely been reported. Nevertheless, the available data indicates that the electrodiagnosis of severe NMT disorders can be misleading. With severe NMT defects, the electrophysiological distinction between post-synaptic and pre-synaptic disorders is blurred and the differential diagnosis with myopathies may be difficult. A clinically suspected NMT disorder should therefore not be ruled out when electrodiagnosis fails to demonstrate the expected abnormalities.

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Amanat, Man, Mona Salehi, and Nima Rezaei. "Neurological and psychiatric disorders in psoriasis." Reviews in the Neurosciences 29, no. 7 (September 25, 2018): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0108.

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Abstract Psoriasis used to be known as a skin disorder; however, it can now be considered as a systemic disease with the involvement of multiple organs. Neurological and psychiatric disorders are some of the associated problems that can be observed in patients with psoriasis. Stroke, multiple sclerosis, seizure, migraine, restless leg syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and myasthenia gravis are the reported neurological diseases, while depression, bipolar mood disorder, anxiety, psychosis, cognitive impairment, personality disorders, sexual disorders, sleep disturbance, and eating disorders are the recognized psychiatric presentations in patients with psoriasis. Herein, the neurological and psychiatric disorders of psoriasis are described.

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Newsom-Davis, John. "Autoantibody-Mediated Channelopathies at the Neuromuscular Junction." Neuroscientist 3, no. 5 (September 1997): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107385849700300515.

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The neuromuscular junction is vulnerable to antibody-mediated autoimmune attack, probably because it lacks the protection of the blood-brain barrier. This review focuses on three disorders: myasthenia gravis (MG) and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), in both of which there is fatiguable muscle weakness, and acquired neuromyotonia (ANMT), in which hyperexcitable peripheral nerves lead to continuous muscle fiber activity and sometimes parasthesias. Each can occur as a paraneoplastic disorder (thymoma in MG and ANMT, and small cell lung cancer in LEMS). The clinical abnormalities are improved following plasmapheresis (which removes circulating antibodies), and injection of experimental animals with immunoglobulins of patients transfers the pathophysiological changes. The ion channel targets in these three disorders are the muscle acetylcholine receptor (a ligand-gated cation channel) in MG, nerve terminal and autonomic voltage-gated calcium channels in LEMS, and peripheral nerve voltage-gated potassium channels in ANMT. The autoantibody attack results in a reduced number of functional channels. Each of the autoantibodies can be detected in serum by immunoassay. These discoveries have allowed new approaches to treatment and suggest that there may be other undiscovered antibody-mediated ion channelopathies. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:337–346, 1997

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Dhallu, Manjeet Singh, Ahmed Baiomi, Madhavi Biyyam, and Sridhar Chilimuri. "Perioperative Management of Neurological Conditions." Health Services Insights 10 (January 1, 2017): 117863291771194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178632917711942.

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Perioperative care of the patients with neurological diseases can be challenging. Most important consideration is the management and understanding of pathophysiology of these disorders and evaluation of new neurological changes that occur perioperatively. Perioperative generally refers to 3 phases of surgery: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. We have tried to address few commonly encountered neurological conditions in clinical practice, such as delirium, stroke, epilepsy, myasthenia gravis, and Parkinson disease. In this article, we emphasize on early diagnosis and management strategies of neurological disorders in the perioperative period to minimize morbidity and mortality of patients.

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Osman, Chinar, Rachel Jennings, Khaled El-Ghariani, and Ashwin Pinto. "Plasma exchange in neurological disease." Practical Neurology 20, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2019-002336.

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Plasma exchange is a highly efficient technique to remove circulating autoantibodies and other humoral factors rapidly from the vascular compartment. It was the first effective acute treatment for peripheral disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and myasthenia gravis before intravenous immunoglobulin became available. The recent recognition of rapidly progressive severe antibody-mediated central nervous system disorders, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis, has renewed interest in using plasma exchange for their acute treatment also. In this review we explain the principles and technical aspects of plasma exchange, review its current indications, and discuss the implications for its provision in the UK.

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Souza, Paulo Victor Sgobbi de, Gabriel Novaes de Rezende Batistella, Valéria Cavalcante Lino, Wladimir Bocca Vieira de Rezende Pinto, Marcelo Annes, and Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira. "Clinical and genetic basis of congenital myasthenic syndromes." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 74, no. 9 (September 2016): 750–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20160106.

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ABSTRACT Neuromuscular junction disorders represent a wide group of neurological diseases characterized by weakness, fatigability and variable degrees of appendicular, ocular and bulbar musculature involvement. Its main group of disorders includes autoimmune conditions, such as autoimmune acquired myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton syndrome. However, an important group of diseases include congenital myasthenic syndromes with a genetic and sometimes hereditary basis that resemble and mimick many of the classic myasthenia neurological manifestations, but also have different presentations, which makes them a complex clinical, therapeutic and diagnostic challenge for most clinicians. We conducted a wide review of congenital myasthenic syndromes in their clinical, genetic and therapeutic aspects.

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Sinanović, Osman, Sanela Zukić, Adnan Burina, Nermina Pirić, Renata Hodžić, Mirza Atić, Mirna Alečković-Halilović, and Enisa Mešić. "Plasmapheresis in neurological disorders: six years experience from University Clinical center Tuzla." F1000Research 6 (July 26, 2017): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11841.1.

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Background: Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is an extracorporeal blood purification technique that is designed to remove substances with a large molecular weight. The TPE procedure includes removal of antibodies, alloantibodies, immune complexes, monoclonal protein, toxins or cytokines, and involves the replenishment of a specific plasma factor. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical response to TPE in various neurological patients, and to assess the clinical response to this therapy. Methods: The study was retrospective. We analyzed the medical records of 77 patients who were treated at the Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center (UCC) Tuzla from 2011 to 2016. Results: 83 therapeutic plasma exchanges were performed in the 77 patients. There was a slight predominance of male patients (54.5%), with an average age of 51±15.9 years. The most common underlying neurological diseases were Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) (37.7%), then chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) (23.4%), multiple sclerosis (MS) (11.7%) and myasthenia gravis (10.4%). Less frequent neurological diseases that were encountered were paraneoplastic polyneuropathies (5.2%), neuromyelitis optica (also known as Devic’s disease) (3.9%), motor neuron disease (3.9%), polymyositis (2.6%) and multifocal motor neuropathy (1.2%). Conclusions: Six years experience of therapeutic plasma exchange in neurological patients in our department have shown that, following evidence-based guidelines for plasmapheresis, the procedure was most effective in patients with GBS, CIDP and myasthenia gravis.

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Luckman, Steven P., Nils Erik Gilhus, and Fredrik Romi. "Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 in Myasthenia Gravis Compared to Other Neurological Disorders and Healthy Controls." Autoimmune Diseases 2011 (2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/151258.

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MMP-3 is capable of degrading a variety of proteins, including agrin, which plays a critical role in neuromuscular signaling by controlling acetylcholine receptor clustering. High MMP-3 levels in a proportion of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients have been reported. A pathogenic role of MMP-3 in other neurological disorders has been suggested but not proven. We have therefore examined the levels of MMP-3 in 124 MG patients and compared them to 59 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, 74 epilepsy patients, 33 acute stroke patients, and 90 healthy controls. 15.3% of the patients in the MG group were MMP-3-positive (defined as higher than cutoff value 48 ng/mL) with very high mean MMP-3 concentration (79.9 ng/mL), whereas the proportion of MMP-3 positive patients in the MS (3.4%), epilepsy (6.7%), stroke (0%), and the control group (4.4%) was significantly lower. Mean MMP-3 concentration in the total MG group (25.5 ng/mL) was significantly higher than in the MS (16.6 ng/mL) and stroke (11.7 ng/mL) groups, but did not differ significantly from the epilepsy (19.4 ng/mL) and the control group (23.4 ng/mL). MMP-3 may have a specific pathogenic effect in MG in addition to being associated with autoimmune diseases in general.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "LEMS; Myasthenia gravis; Neurological disorders"

1

Villanueva, Marta Janer. "A population study of genetic susceptibility to the autoimmune myasthenias." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294378.

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Chan, Koon-ho. "Neuronal and muscle autoantibodies in paraneoplastic neurological disorders and autoimmune myasthenia gravis." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39557091.

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Chan, Koon-ho, and 陳灌豪. "Neuronal and muscle autoantibodies in paraneoplastic neurological disorders and autoimmune myasthenia gravis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557091.

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Books on the topic "LEMS; Myasthenia gravis; Neurological disorders"

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Teasdale, Andrew, and Jane Halsall. Neurological and muscular disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0011.

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This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with those neurological or muscular disorders which are relevant to anaesthetic practice, including malignant hyperthermia. Other topics covered include epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord lesions, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, motor neuron disease, dystrophia myotonica, and the muscular dystrophies. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described. For malignant hyperthermia, trigger-free anaesthetic techniques are described, as well as the management of an acute episode.

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Teasdale, Andrew, and Jane Halsall. Neurological and muscular disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0011_update_001.

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This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with those neurological or muscular disorders which are relevant to anaesthetic practice, including malignant hyperthermia. Other topics covered include epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord lesions, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, motor neuron disease, dystrophia myotonica, and the muscular dystrophies. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described. For malignant hyperthermia, trigger-free anaesthetic techniques are described, as well as the management of an acute episode.

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Nageshwaran, Sathiji, Heather C. Wilson, Anthony Dickenson, and David Ledingham. Disorders of muscle and neuromuscular junction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199664368.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses the clinical features and evidence base for the pharmacological treatment of muscular disorders (inflammatory myopathies: polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis), mitochondrial myopathies, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), myotonic dystrophy, inherited neuromuscular channelopathies, non-dystrophic myotonias (myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita), periodic paralyses, acquired neuromyotonia (Isaac syndrome and Morvan syndrome), stiff person syndrome, and disorders of the neuromuscular junction (myasthenia gravis (MG), myasthenic crisis, and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS).

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Sanders, Donald B. Clinical aspects of neuromuscular junction disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0023.

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Disorders that primarily impair neuromuscular transmission (NMT) produce weakness that characteristically affects certain muscle groups and varies with activity. Acquired, autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most common of these disorders. Much less common are genetic abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), and toxic effects of various biological and chemical agents. The diagnosis of MG or LEMS is suspected from the history and clinical findings, and is confirmed in most patients by the presence of specific auto-antibodies. The precise diagnosis of most genetic myasthenic syndromes may require sophisticated DNA analysis. Impaired NMT can be confirmed in all of these conditions by repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) testing and measuring the neuromuscular jitter. Treatment of MG requires selecting among several therapeutic options, taking into consideration the clinical characteristics of the individual patient. Treatment of LEMS and genetic myasthenic syndromes is more limited.

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Adam, Sheila, Sue Osborne, and John Welch. Neurological problems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696260.003.0008.

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This chapter provides an overview of the care and management of neurological disorders commonly seen in critical care, starting with an outline of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. The concepts of awareness, consciousness, and arousal, and the use of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to assess conscious level are discussed. The management and monitoring of raised intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and the impact on cerebral blood flow are detailed. The management of sodium and water balance, including diabetes insipidus, is outlined. There are overviews of the management and nursing of patients who have suffered traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid haemorrhage, status epilepticus, myasthenia gravis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, and intracranial abcess. The concept, ethics, and testing of brainstem death, organ donation, and the care of the family are detailed.

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Rosenbaum, Richard B. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0192.

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The neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus are protean: headache, affective disorders, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, strokes, psychosis, acute confusional states, myelopathies, chorea, mimics of demyelinating disease, meningitis, polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy or mononeuritis multiplex, cranial neuropathies, autonomic dysfunction, Guillain-Barre syndrome, or myasthenia gravis make an incomplete list. Each neurological manifestation needs to be analyzed separately to understand pathogenesis, possible relation to primary lupus-related inflammation and vasculopathy, and optimal treatment.

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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0022.

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The word “functional” has rightly replaced the word “psychogenic” in the medical literature to describe disorders for which no organic etiology is found. Pseudoseizures, tremors, weakness and numbnessare the most common functional neurological disorders. It takes experience and knowledge of the patterns of presentation of neuromuscular disorders and some understanding of the common functional disorders in order to diagnose the latter correctly and early enough to avoid unnecessary investigations. Some genuine neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis, small fiber neuropathy, and chronic inflammatory sensory polyradiculopathy may be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of objective clinical and lab abnormalities. One has to differentiate functional disorders (hysterical conversion, somatization) from malingering, hypochondriasis, and factitious disorders. Some organic disorders are modified by “sickness behavior” leading to diagnostic confusion such as a hand numbness due to carpal tunnel syndrome may lead to functional numbness of the that entire side to mimic an imagined stroke.

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Shaw, Pamela, and David Hilton-Jones. The lower cranial nerves and dysphagia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0429.

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Disorders affecting the lower cranial nerves – V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory) and XII (hypoglossal) – are discussed in the first part of this chapter. The clinical neuroanatomy of each nerve is described in detail, as are disorders – often in the form of lesions – for each nerve.Trigeminal nerve function may be affected by supranuclear, nuclear, or peripheral lesions. Because of the wide anatomical distribution of the components of the trigeminal nerve, complete interruption of both the motor and sensory parts is rarely observed in practice. However, partial involvement of the trigeminal nerve, particularly the sensory component, is relatively common, the main symptoms being numbness and pain. Reactivation of herpes zoster in the trigeminal nerve (shingles) can cause pain and a rash. Trigeminal neuralgia and sensory neuropathy are also discussed.Other disorders of the lower cranial nerves include Bell’s palsy, hemifacial spasm and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Cavernous sinus, Tolosa–Hunt syndrome, jugular foramen syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis are caused by the involvement of more than one lower cranial nerve.Difficulty in swallowing, or dysphagia, is a common neurological problem and the most important consequences include aspiration and malnutrition (Wiles 1991). The process of swallowing is a complex neuromuscular activity, which allows the safe transport of material from the mouth to the stomach for digestion, without compromising the airway. It involves the synergistic action of at least 32 pairs of muscles and depends on the integrity of sensory and motor pathways of several cranial nerves; V, VII, IX, X, and XII. In neurological practice dysphagia is most often seen in association with other, obvious, neurological problems. Apart from in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, it is relatively rare as a sole presenting symptom although occasionally this is seen in motor neurone disease, myasthenia gravis, and inclusion body myositis. Conversely, in general medical practice, there are many mechanical or structural disorders which may have dysphagia as the presenting feature. In some of the disorders, notably motor neurone disease, both upper and lower motor neurone dysfunction may contribute to the dysphagia. Once dysphagia has been identified as a real or potential problem, the patient should undergo expert evaluation by a clinician and a speech therapist, prior to any attempt at feeding. Videofluoroscopy may be required. If there is any doubt it is best to achieve adequate nutrition through the use of a fine-bore nasogastric tube and to periodically reassess swallowing. Anticholinergic drugs may be helpful to reduce problems with excess saliva and drooling that occur in patients with neurological dysphagia, and a portable suction apparatus may be helpful. Difficulty in clearing secretions from the throat may be helped by the administration of a mucolytic agent such as carbocisteine or provision of a cough assist device.

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Book chapters on the topic "LEMS; Myasthenia gravis; Neurological disorders"

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Öztürk, Şerefnur. "Myasthenia Gravis." In Neurological Disorders in Clinical Practice, 87–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23168-6_14.

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Goodman, Brent P. "Myasthenia gravis." In Evidence-Based Neurology: Management of Neurological Disorders, 107–12. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119067344.ch12.

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da Silva, Fernanda Campos, Luciana Carneiro do Cima, and Renato Augusto Moreira de Sá. "Myasthenia Gravis and Pregnancy." In Neurological Disorders and Pregnancy, 55–68. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-384911-3.00003-8.

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Shah, Sudhir, and Heli Shah. "Myasthenia Gravis." In Brain and Neurological Disorders: A Simplified Health Education Guide, 303. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12952_22.

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Hohlfeld, Reinhard, A. Melms, C. Schneider, K. V. Toyka, and D. B. Drachman. "Therapy of Myasthenia Gravis and Myasthenic Syndromes." In Neurological Disorders, 1341–62. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012125831-3/50289-6.

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Ashworth, Bryan, and Michael Saunders. "Motor neurone disease, myasthenia gravis and muscle disease." In Management of Neurological Disorders, 271–92. Elsevier, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-407-00310-1.50022-1.

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Waldmann, Carl, Andrew Rhodes, Neil Soni, and Jonathan Handy. "Neurological disorders." In Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care, 393–430. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses neurological disorders and includes discussion on delirium, status epilepticus, meningitis and encephalitis, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, ischaemic stroke, Guillain–Barré syndrome, myasthenia gravis, intensive care unit-acquired weakness, tetanus, botulism, rehabilitation and critical illness, and hyperthermias. The aim is to provide a summary of the extensive complex neuological pathologies that can present to an intensive care clinician. Where appropriate, descriptions are provided on clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis (including investigations), and management. Of note, some of the conditions covered can arise on the ward or prehospital environments with subsequent requirement for intensive care, but they can also arise de novo on the intensive care unit itself, highlighting the need for intensive care clinicians to maintain a broad knowledge and understanding of their presentation and management.

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Spickett, Gavin P. "Autoimmunity of the nervous system." In Oxford Handbook of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, 187–200. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199603244.003.0005.

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Myasthenia gravis (MG) Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) Acquired neuromyotonia (Isaac’s disease) and stiff person syndrome (SPS) Morvan’s syndrome Rasmussen encephalitis PANDAS Paraneoplastic autoimmune neurological syndromes Demyelinating diseases 1: multiple sclerosis (MS) Demyelinating diseases 2: Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and variants Demyelinating diseases 3: chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), related conditions, and Devic’s syndrome (neuromyelitis optica)...

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Hawkes, Christopher H., Kapil D. Sethi, and Thomas R. Swift. "Myopathy and Motor Neuron Disorders." In Instant Neurological Diagnosis, 171–210. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190930868.003.0007.

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The first part of this chapter deals with the main varieties of muscular dystrophy and their differential diagnosis, many of which are instantly recognizable. Handles are given for the main neuromuscular junction disorders including, myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Inflammatory and dysthyroid myopathies are evaluated. Also appraised are periodic paralysis, McArdle’s syndrome, and mitochondrial, distal, and medication-induced myopathy. In the second section, motor neuron disorders are discussed, in particular the characteristic features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its mimics as well as various forms of bulbar palsy. Hereditary spastic paraplegia and its variants are discussed and how they can simulate other diseases.

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Hawkes, Christopher H., Kapil D. Sethi, and Thomas R. Swift. "Myopathy and Motor Neuron Disorders." In Instant Neurological Diagnosis, 161–98. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199361953.003.0007.

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This chapter deals with the main varieties of muscular dystrophy and their differential diagnosis, including dystrophia myotonica, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Diagnostic clues are given for the main neuromuscular junction disorders, including myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Inflammatory and dysthyroid myopathies are evaluated. Also appraised are periodic paralysis, McArdle’s syndrome, mitochondrial, distal, and medication-induced myopathy. The characteristic features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its mimics are debated as well as various forms of bulbar palsy. Hereditary spastic paraplegia and its variants are also included in the chapter.

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