Journal articles: 'Leishmaniasis-Disease'

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Russo, Antonio, GiovannaRusso Mancuso, ChiaraMaria Battaglini, and Gino Schilirò. "LEISHMANIASIS, A WORLDWIDE DISEASE." Lancet 327, no. 8478 (February 1986): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92413-x.

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Galanakis, E., A. Siamopoulou, and PD Lapatsanis. "Leishmaniasis mimicking collagen disease." Lancet 350, no. 9074 (August 1997): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63428-9.

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Carranza, Arturo, and Maria Polanco Garcia. "Leishmaniasis: An Unforgettable Disease." American Journal of Medicine 133, no. 11 (November 2020): e678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.04.043.

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Feiz Haddad, Mohammad Hossien, Abdolaziz Gharaei, Abdolaziz Gharaei, and Mehry Sharify Nia. "Epidemiological Study of leishmaniasis in Iran and the Middle East in the Last Two Decades." Jundishapur Journal of Medical Sciences 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jsmj.20.2.6.

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Leishmaniasis is one of the most forgotten diseases in the world affecting the poor people in large numbers. At present, 350 million people are at risk and 2 million new cases are reported annually, of which 1.5 million of them are cutaneous leishmaniasis and the rest are related to visceral leishmaniasis. The World Health Organization and Tropical Diseases Research (TDR) division ranks leishmaniasis in the first group of emerging and uncontrolled disease. Leishmaniasis appears in three form; Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), muco-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL) and Viceral Leishmaniasis (VL). More than 90% of cutaneous leishmaniasis are in Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Peru. Viceral leishmaniasis in terms of geographical conditions divided into five different types; Indian Leishmaniasis, is human disease reservoir type and sand fly of Phlebotomus argenti is vector. African leishmaniasis or Sudanese leishmaniasis is second and common in Sudan and Kenya. Gerbils, otters, dogs and cats are reservoirs and the vector is Phlebotomus orientalis. Russian type is the third form and prevalent in Turkmenistan and the Caucasus (Soviet Union). Dogs and foxes are the main reservoirs and Phlebotomus archablensis is vector of the disease. The American type is the fourth form and infects American countries and dogs and jackals carry the disease and Phlebotomus intermedius are vectors of the disease. The fifth is Mediterranean Leishmaniasis also called Middle Eastern type which is common in the Middle East countries among people under the age of 10 and in Iran observe in the provinces of Khuzestan, Fars, Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Ardabil and Khorasan.

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Ahuja, Arvind. "Duodenal Leishmaniasis Mimicking Celiac Disease." Tropical Gastroenterology 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7869/tg.266.

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Shehnaz, Gul, Mahnoor Zahra, Doua Ilyas, and Aneeqa Hamida. "Leishmaniasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review IV, no. I (December 30, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).03.

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Leishmaniasis is an emerging tropical disease in the world as declared by WHO. At least 89 countries are affected, risking lives of 350 million people resulting in 70,000 deaths annually. It is spread to human beings and animals by bite of sandflies of genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. The disease is more prevalent in the poverty-stricken populations. In Pakistan, the most affected province is KPK. Despite its global occurrence, it is not a very life-threatening disease except visceral leishmaniasis in which death can occur in immunocompromised patients. The only satisfactory treatment is through intravenous antimonials. Vaccine is not yet available but environmental control of sandfly can help in prevention of leishmaniasis. There is a dire need of improving the existing conventional therapy but the neglection of the disease has led to lack of financial support for the development of a novel drug.

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Hamida, Aneeqa, Doua Ilyas, Mahnoor Zahra, and Gul Shehnaz. "Leishmaniasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review IV, no. I (December 30, 2019): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).02.

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Leishmaniasis is an emerging tropical disease in the world as declared by WHO. At least 89 countries are affected, risking lives of 350 million people resulting in 70,000 deaths annually. It is spread to human beings and animals by bite of sandflies of genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. The disease is more prevalent in the poverty-stricken populations. In Pakistan, the most affected province is KPK. Despite its global occurrence, it is not a very life-threatening disease except visceral leishmaniasis in which death can occur in immunocompromised patients. The only satisfactory treatment is through intravenous antimonials. Vaccine is not yet available but environmental control of sandfly can help in prevention of leishmaniasis. There is a dire need of improving the existing conventional therapy but the neglection of the disease has led to lack of financial support for the development of a novel drug.

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Kaziani, Katerina, Chariclea Vadala, Panagiota Stasinopoulou, Dionysios Loverdos, Michael Samarkos, and Athanasios Skoutelis. "Visceral Leishmaniasis Mimicking Lymphoproliferative Disease." Southern Medical Journal 103, no. 12 (December 2010): 1276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e3181faefbd.

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Mauhoub, Mansoor El, V. P. Aggarwal, M. I. Mehabreash, and F. K. Dar. "Visceral leishmaniasis: A worldwide disease." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 54, no. 1 (January 1987): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02751247.

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Mazumder, Shirin A., Soumya Pandey, Susan C. Brewer, Vickie S. Baselski, Peter J. Weina, Mack A. Land, and James M. Fleckenstein. "Lingual Leishmaniasis Complicating Visceral Disease." Journal of Travel Medicine 17, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00403.x.

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Traub, Y. M., and H. Momen. "On Chagas disease and leishmaniasis." Parasitology Today 11, no. 9 (September 1995): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(95)80179-0.

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Doroodgar, Masoud, Moein Doroodgar, and Abbas Doroodgar. "Unusual Presentation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Ocular Leishmaniasis." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3198547.

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The leishmaniases are parasitic diseases that are transmitted to humans by infected female sandflies. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of 3 main forms of the disease. CL is the most common form of the disease and is endemic in many urban and rural parts of Iran and usually caused by two species ofLeishmania:L. majorandL. tropica.We report a case of unusual leishmaniasis with 25 lesions on exposed parts of the body and right eyelid involvement (ocular leishmaniasis). The patient was a 75-year-old male farmer referred to health care center in Aran va Bidgol city. The disease was diagnosed by direct smear, culture, and PCR from the lesions. PCR was positive forLeishmania major.

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Adhikari, Ram Chandra, and Mahesh Shah. "Cutaneous leishmaniasis." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 7, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 1212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v7i2.18031.

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ABSTRACTLeishmaniasis is considered to be zoonotic disease, caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania, and transmitted by a bite of infected female sandfly. Primary cutaneous leishmaniasis is not common disease in Nepal, however, there were cases reported from Terai region of Nepal. The patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis present with a papule or nodule at the site of inoculation, followed by formation of crusts. Differential diagnoses of cutaneous leishmaniasis include variety of skin diseases, inflammatory like impetigo, eczema, or granulomatous like sarcoidosis, lupus vulgaris, to skin tumor like basal cell carcinoma & squamous cell carcinoma. There are various procedures and laboratory techniques used to diagnose leishmaniasis. Punch skin biopsy is widely used & popular technique to diagnose cutaneous leishmaniasis. Different drugs like sodium stibogluconate, sodium antimony gluconate, Amphotericin B and Miltefosine: are used for its treatment. No vaccines are available for prevention.

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Tarkan, Ö., F. Çetİk, and S. Uzun. "Auricular cutaneous leishmaniasis mimicking neoplastic disease." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 126, no. 8 (June 15, 2012): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215112001120.

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AbstractObjective:Leishmaniasis comprises a group of diseases transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. There are three basic clinical forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral. Leishmaniasis may mimic neoplastic lesions and other infectious diseases because of similar disease localisation, physical characteristics and histopathological findings.Case report:A 35-year-old man was referred to our clinic with a presumed diagnosis of angiolymphoid hyperplasia of the auricle; however, this lesion proved to be cutaneous leishmaniasis. The definitive diagnosis was reached by identifying the parasites on smears obtained from the lesion.Conclusion:It should be borne in mind that cutaneous leishmaniasis presenting as isolated auricular lesions may mimic neoplasia. In the present case report, we discuss auricular cutaneous leishmaniasis and we review the relevant literature.

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Talbi, Fatima Zahra, Fatiha El Khayyat, Hajar El Omari, Saâd Maniar, Mouhcine Fadil, Amal Taroq, Abdellatif Janati Idrissi, and Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami. "Cartography and Epidemiological Study of Leishmaniasis Disease in Sefrou Province (2007–2010), Central North of Morocco." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2020 (April 15, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1867651.

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Increasing cases of leishmaniasis disease have been reported during recent years in Sefrou Province, Central North of Morocco. This study presents the epidemiological profile of the provincial population, aims at analyzing the epidemiological profile, and in particular, spatiotemporal follow-up of all cases of leishmaniasis. It is a retrospective analysis of leishmaniasis cases recorded between 2007 and 2010. The data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20). Over a four-year period, from 2007 to 2010, there were 62 cases of leishmaniasis, 93.12% of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 6.87% of visceral leishmaniasis. The case number of leishmaniasis in the Province of Sefrou varies between 0.165% and 0.0018%. For each type of leishmaniasis, the female sex was the most affected compared to the male sex. This difference cannot be considered statistically significant (χ2 = 0.083, p value = 0.77). For cutaneous leishmaniasis, all age groups were affected with a large percentage: patients aged 0–9 years with 63.11% followed by the age group [10–19] with 24.18%. Visceral leishmaniasis mainly has affected the infant population [0–9] with 83.33%. We have not observed any association between the age classes and the leishmaniasis type (χ2 = 6.20, p value = 0.4). From a spatial point of view, the majority of cases of leishmaniasis was reported in El Menzel region (67 cases) followed by Sefrou (64 cases) and Tazouta (38 cases). There is a statistically significant relationship between the type of leishmaniasis and the studied regions (χ2 = 52; p value <0.001). The study of the epidemiological profile of leishmaniasis cases may be useful in enlightening health authorities to develop screening, treatment, and control strategies to reduce the incidence rate of the disease. Other research studies can be conducted to the dynamics of the vectors of sandflies and their ecology.

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Gunasekara, Sonali Dinushika, Hasara Nuwangi, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Kosala Weerakoon, Helen P. Price, Lisa Dikomitis, and Suneth Buddhika Agampodi. "Placing Leishmaniasis in the Limelight through the Communicable Disease Surveillance System: An Experience from Sri Lanka." Pathogens 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060680.

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Having an effective surveillance system is imperative to take timely and appropriate actions for disease control and prevention. In Sri Lanka, leishmaniasis was declared as a notifiable disease in 2008. This paper presents a comprehensive compilation of the up-to-date documents on the communicable disease and leishmaniasis surveillance in Sri Lanka in order to describe the importance of the existing leishmaniasis surveillance system and to identify gaps that need to be addressed. The documents perused included circulars, reports, manuals, guidelines, ordinances, presentations, and published articles. The disease trends reported were linked to important landmarks in leishmaniasis surveillance. The findings suggest that there is a well-established surveillance system in Sri Lanka having a massive impact on increased case detection, resulting in im-proved attention on leishmaniasis. However, the system is not without its short comings and there is room for further improvements.

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Cortes, Sofia, André Pereira, Jocelyne Vasconcelos, Joana P. Paixão, Joltim Quivinja, Joana De Morais Afonso, José M. Cristóvão, and Lenea Campino. "PO 8505 LEISHMANIASIS IN ANGOLA – AN EMERGING DISEASE?" BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A47.3—A48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.125.

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BackgroundPoverty, lack of resources, inadequate treatments and control programmes exacerbate the impact of infectious diseases in the developing world. Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is among the ten major neglected tropical diseases. Although endemic in more than 90 countries, the ones most affected, representing over 90% of new cases, are Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal, and Sudan. In Africa south of the equator, the impact of leishmaniasis is much lower. In several countries, like Angola, little is known about this infectious neglected disease. In the 1970s, a group of Portuguese researchers described three cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children from Huambo district and in the 1990s visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in an African patient. More recently a canine survey in Luanda revealed two Leishmania-infected dogs.After some suspected cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Huambo region in 2017, the Angola health authorities and the Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal, established a collaboration to analyse samples from some suspected cases.MethodsThree paraffin-embedded human skin samples from dermatological lesions were sent to IHMT for molecular analysis. After DNA extraction, PCR was performed by using four protocols with different molecular markers.ResultsOne PCR protocol using a nested approach was positive in two of the samples. Sequencing analysis confirmed Leishmania sp. DNA.ConclusionThis was the first time that suspected human cutaneous samples were screened for leishmaniasis by molecular methods with detection of Leishmania sp. DNA. These preliminary studies highlight the need for higher awareness of health professionals for leishmaniasis clinical forms, to recognise risk factors and the epidemiological features of leishmaniasis in the Huambo province. It would be relevant to perform further epidemiological studies to confirm if this vector-borne disease could be emergent in this country.

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Philips, Cyriac Abby, Chetan Ramesh Kalal, K. N. Chandan Kumar, Chhagan Bihari, and Shiv Kumar Sarin. "Simultaneous Occurrence of Ocular, Disseminated Mucocutaneous, and Multivisceral Involvement of Leishmaniasis." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/837625.

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Leishmaniasis is a tropical infection caused by the protozoan, belonging to the group ofLeishmaniawhich causes Old World and New World disease. These are typically divided into cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral, viscerotropic, and disseminated disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the presence of visceral disease is a rarity. Isolated case reports have documented this occurrence, in the immunocompromised setting, and few otherwise. The concurrent presence of visceral leishmaniasis (bone marrow involvement) with solitary cutaneous and ocular disease and also solitary cutaneous and visceral disease (bone marrow involvement) has been reported before. Here, we present an immunocompetent patient who was diagnosed to have visceral leishmaniasis (liver and bone marrow involvement) along with simultaneous disseminated mucocutaneous and ocular involvement, a combination that has never been reported before.

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M. Niknam, Hamid, Firoozeh Abrishami, Mohammad Doroudian, Mosayeb Rostamian, Maryam Moradi, Vahid Khaze, and Davood Iravani. "Immune Responses of Iranian Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis and Recovered Individuals to LCR1 of Leishmania infantum." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 4 (February 5, 2014): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00711-13.

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ABSTRACTVisceral leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem.Leishmania infantumis one of its causative agents. LCR1 is an immunogen fromL. infantum. Antibodies against this protein have been detected in visceral leishmaniasis patients. The aim of this study was to define the antibody and cellular immune responses against LCR1 in Iranian visceral leishmaniasis patients and recovered individuals. The LCR1 protein was produced in recombinant form. Antibody responses against this protein were studied in Iranian individuals with a recent history of visceral leishmaniasis. Responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to this protein were studied in Iranian individuals who had recovered from visceral leishmaniasis. Our data show that (i) there was an antibody response to LCR1 in each individual with a recent history of visceral leishmaniasis studied, (ii) there was neither a proliferative response nor production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or interleukin 10 in response to LCR1 by mononuclear cells from individuals who had recovered from visceral leishmaniasis, and (iii) individuals who have recovered from visceral leishmaniasis show ongoing immune responses long after recovery from the disease. These data show that there are no detectable cellular memory responses to LCR1 in Iranian individuals who have recovered from visceral leishmaniasis, while there are detectable antibody responses in patients with this disease. Our data suggest that LCR1 has potential applications for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis through antibody detection, while the application of LCR1 alone for induction of IFN-γ in individuals who recovered from this disease is not supported. The presence of long-lasting immune reactivities in individuals who recovered from the disease may show the necessity of extended medical surveillance for these individuals.

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Davies, C. R. "Leishmaniasis: new approaches to disease control." BMJ 326, no. 7385 (February 15, 2003): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7385.377.

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Kirchhoff, Louis V., and Mary E. Wilson. "Chagasʼ disease, African trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 4, no. 3 (June 1991): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199106000-00003.

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Ponce, J. F., A. Jimenez, R. Pérez-Maestu, F. Roman, J. M. Páez, and J. Martínez-Letona. "P321 Gaucher's disease and visceral leishmaniasis." European Journal of Internal Medicine 14 (September 2003): S121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-6205(03)91584-6.

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da Silva, Guilherme Almeida Rosa, Daniel Sugui, Rafael Fernandes Nunes, Karime de Azevedo, Marcelo de Azevedo, Alexandre Marques, Carlos Martins, and Fernando Raphael de Almeida Ferry. "Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis/HIV Coinfection Presented as a Diffuse Desquamative Rash." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/293761.

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Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that is endemic in tropical areas and in the Mediterranean. This condition spreads to 98 countries in four continents, surpassing 12 million infected individuals, with 350 million people at risk of infection. This disease is characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, caused by protozoa of the genusLeishmania, with various animal reservoirs, such as rodents, dogs, wolves, foxes, and even humans. Transmission occurs through a vector, a sandfly of the genusLutzomyia. There are three main clinical forms of leishmaniasis: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The wide spectrum of nonvisceral forms includes: localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, a papular lesion that progresses to ulceration with granular base and a large framed board; diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis; mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which can cause disfiguring and mutilating injuries of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Leishmaniasis/HIV coinfection is considered an emerging problem in several countries, including Brazil, where, despite the growing number of cases, a problem of late diagnosis occurs. Clinically, the cases of leishmaniasis associated with HIV infection may demonstrate unusual aspects, such as extensive and destructive lesions. This study aims to report a case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis/HIV coinfection with atypical presentation of diffuse desquamative eruption and nasopharyngeal involvement.

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Curtin, John M., and Naomi E. Aronson. "Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030578.

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Leishmaniasis, a chronic and persistent intracellular protozoal infection caused by many different species within the genus Leishmania, is an unfamiliar disease to most North American providers. Clinical presentations may include asymptomatic and symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (so-called Kala-azar), as well as cutaneous or mucosal disease. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania mexicana in the United States) is endemic in some southwest states, other causes for concern include reactivation of imported visceral leishmaniasis remotely in time from the initial infection, and the possible long-term complications of chronic inflammation from asymptomatic infection. Climate change, the identification of competent vectors and reservoirs, a highly mobile populace, significant population groups with proven exposure history, HIV, and widespread use of immunosuppressive medications and organ transplant all create the potential for increased frequency of leishmaniasis in the U.S. Together, these factors could contribute to leishmaniasis emerging as a health threat in the U.S., including the possibility of sustained autochthonous spread of newly introduced visceral disease. We summarize recent data examining the epidemiology and major risk factors for acquisition of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, with a special focus on implications for the United States, as well as discuss key emerging issues affecting the management of visceral leishmaniasis.

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Passi, Deepak, Sarang Sharma, Shubharanjan Dutta, and Chandan Gupta. "Localised Leishmaniasis of Oral Mucosa: Report of an Unusual Clinicopathological Entity." Case Reports in Dentistry 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/753149.

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The term leishmaniasis comprises of a group of diseases caused by different species of a protozoan called Leishmania. There are three main clinical forms of leishmaniasis: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Exclusive involvement of the mucosa is very rare. We present a case of mucosal leishmaniasis located in the oral cavity. The only manifestation of leishmaniasis disease in the described case was the appearance of an oral lesion. Treatment was provided in the form of antimoniates (oral miltefosine and systemic sodium stibogluconate). A review of literature is made on the subject.

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Davarpanah, Mohammadali, Masumeh Rassaei, and Fatemeh Sari aslani. "Presentation of AIDS with Disseminated Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis in Iran." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/563851.

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Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease in form of visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), and mucocutaneous (MCL) leishmaniasis. Immunocompromised patients have increased risk ofLeishmaniainfection, especially in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis, where in the world HIV/VL coinfection has become endemic. The case here suffers from both AIDS and visceral-cutaneous leishmaniasis. We report an Iranian woman with disseminated cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis who became positive for HIV test.

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Morales-Yuste, Manuel, Joaquina Martín-Sánchez, and Victoriano Corpas-Lopez. "Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080387.

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Dog are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum, causing canine leishmaniasis, an incurable multisystemic disease that leads to death in symptomatic dogs, when not treated. This parasite causes visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis in people in the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa, South America, and West Asia. This disease is mostly unknown by veterinarians outside the endemic areas, but the disease is expanding in the Northern Hemisphere due to travel and climate change. New methodologies to study the epidemiology of the disease have found new hosts of leishmaniasis and drawn a completely new picture of the parasite biological cycle. Canine leishmaniasis diagnosis has evolved over the years through the analysis of new samples using novel molecular techniques. Given the neglected nature of leishmaniasis, progress in drug discovery is slow, and the few drugs that reach clinical stages in humans are unlikely to be commercialised for dogs, but several approaches have been developed to support chemotherapy. New-generation vaccines developed during the last decade are now widely used, along with novel prevention strategies. The implications of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of canine leishmaniasis are fundamental to public health.

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Suárez Cedeño, Jennifer Jahaira, Isabel Cristina Mesa-Cano, and Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel. "Prevention and control of leishmaniasis: a systematic review." Pro Sciences: Revista de Producción, Ciencias e Investigación 5, no. 41 (December 30, 2021): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.29018/issn.2588-1000vol5iss41.2021pp290-301.

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The research was mainly focused on leishmaniasis, which is considered a chronic parasitic and endemic disease that has spread in many parts of the world. This disease is transmitted to humans via vectors through the bite of insects of the family Psychodidae. The overall objective was to develop a systematic review on the prevention and control of leishmaniasis in the population. In order to develop this research in the Methodology, a systematic review was developed, characterised by a process of collection, selection and evaluation of retrospective studies that allowed arguing the need for this research on the prevention and control of leishmaniasis. From 50 studies explicitly presented in an Excel database on the disease, 14 were selected as a final sample. It was found among the main results that leishmaniasis is an endemic disease controlled through antimonials. Malnourished people are more vulnerable, it is common in children in rural areas, and its clinical manifestations include fever, splenomegaly, anaemia and leucopenia. In conclusion, leishmaniasis is an endemic disease treated in the health sector mainly through care and control rather than prevention.

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Alsohaimi, Aziz. "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Treatment Options and Possibilities for Drug Repurposing." Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 2, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/ammr.v2i1.625.

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Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by aprotozoan which is obligate intracellular parasite belongs to the genus Leishmania. There are 3 forms of the disease: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis which is the most common, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The most important compounds used to treat leishmaniasis were meglumine antimoniate (e.g. glucantime), sodium stibogluconate (e.g. pentostam) and pentavalent antimonials. There are other drugs that may be used such as pentamidine and amphotericin B. Until now, the pentavalent antimonial compounds remain the corner stone in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis although this group possesses high degree of toxicity. Other treatment options include the pentamidines and liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). Combination therapies using AmBisome and miltefosine are another effective alternative to antimonial compounds. Other latest therapeutic options include photodynamic therapy, tamoxifen and imiquimod. The proper choice of antileishmanial therapy depends on the geographic location, host immune status, availability of the drug, and expertise of the treating physician. The present review summarizes the current treatment options available for cutaneous leishmaniasis as well as some drugs on the horizon that show promising results in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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Humanes-Navarro, Ana María, Zaida Herrador, Lidia Redondo, Israel Cruz, and Beatriz Fernández-Martínez. "Estimating human leishmaniasis burden in Spain using the capture-recapture method, 2016–2017." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 29, 2021): e0259225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259225.

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Leishmaniasis is endemic and a mandatory reporting disease in Spain since 1982. However, between 1996 and 2014, surveillance on public health was decentralized and only some autonomous regions monitored the disease. The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence of leishmaniasis and to evaluate the extent of underreporting in Spain. A capture-recapture (CRC) study was conducted to calculate the incidence of human leishmaniasis using reports from the National Surveillance Network (RENAVE) and the Hospital Discharge Records of the National Health System (CMBD) for 2016 and 2017. During the study period, 802 cases were reported to RENAVE and there were 1,149 incident hospitalizations related to leishmaniasis. The estimated incidence rates through the CRC study were 0.79 per 100,000 inhabitants for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 0.88 (cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)) and 0.12 (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL)) in 2016 and 0.86 (VL), 1.04 (CL) and 0.12 (MCL) in 2017. An underreporting of 14.7–20.2% for VL and 50.4–55.1% for CL was found. The CRC method has helped us to assess the sensitivity and representativeness of leishmaniasis surveillance in Spain, being a useful tool to assess whether the generalization of leishmaniasis surveillance throughout the Spanish territory achieves a reduction in underreporting.

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Abadir, Amir, Ameen Patel, and Shariq Haider. "Systemic Therapy of New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Case Report and Review Article." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 21, no. 2 (2010): e79-e83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/768645.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease endemic to Central and South America, Mexico and the Caribbean, and affects millions of people. As travel to these regions becomes more common, cutaneous leishmaniasis is becoming a disease of increasing importance in the developed world. However, disease recognition and access to appropriate therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis remains a challenge in North America. The present article reports a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a Canadian man following a trip to Costa Rica. Species-specific diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of a skin biopsy, which was positive forLeishmania panamensis. After failing a course of itraconazole, the patient was successfully treated with sodium stibogluconate, despite significant barriers to administering this therapy, and the paucity of data regarding its efficacy and tolerability. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and systemic treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as its emerging presence in the developed world, are reviewed.

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Grant, Alison, P. D. R. Spraggs, H. R. Grant, and A. D. M. Bryceson. "Laryngeal leishmaniasis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 108, no. 12 (December 1994): 1086–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100128968.

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AbstractA patient suffering from persistent hoarseness was eventually shown to have laryngeal leishmaniasis. The incubation period for the disease must have been at least 16 years, following infection in Southern Europe. Mucosal leishmaniasis is rare in the Eastern hemisphere, and laryngeal leishmaniasis has not previously been reported in the UK. Previous Mediterranean cases have run a similar chronic course and have caused diagnostic difficulty, in particular being mistaken for malignancy. Treatment with aminosidine was ineffective, but the patient responded to liposomal amphotericin.

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Strazzulla, Alessio, Salvatore Cocuzza, Marilia Rita Pinzone, Maria Concetta Postorino, Stefano Cosentino, Agostino Serra, Bruno Cacopardo, and Giuseppe Nunnari. "Mucosal Leishmaniasis: An Underestimated Presentation of a Neglected Disease." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/805108.

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We present a review of current knowledge about mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Although involvement of mucous membranes is classically admitted in New World leishmaniasis, particularly occurring in infection byLeishmania (L.) braziliensisspecies complex, ML is also a possible presentation of Old World leishmaniasis, in eitherL. donovaniorL. majorspecies complex infections. Thus, ML has to be considered not only as a Latin American disease but as an Old and New World disease. We describe ML epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinics, diagnosis, and therapy. Considering both its highly disfiguring lesions and its possible lethal outcome, ML should not be underestimated by physicians. Moreover, leishmaniasis is expected to increase its burden in many countries as sandfly vector distribution is widespreading towards non-endemic areas. Finally, the lack of clear understanding of ML pathogenesis and the absence of effective human vaccines strongly claim for more research.

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Guimarães, Maria Carolina Soares, Beatriz J. Celeste, Edelma María Corrales L., and Carlos M. F. Antunes. "Comparison on the performance of Leishmania major-like and Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis as antigen for new world leishmaniasis IgG-immunofluorescence test." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 33, no. 6 (December 1991): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651991000600012.

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The performance of an antigen of L. major-like promastigotes for the serological diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the IgG-immunofluorescent test was compared to that of an antigen of L. braziliensis braziliensis. Each antigen was used to test two hundred and twenty-four sera of etiologies such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, deep mycoses, toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas' disease, visceral leishmaniasis, anti-nuclear factor, schistosomaiasis, rheumatoid factor and normal controls. Agreement between responses to each antigen was high: 77.2% of leishmaniases sera agreed on a positive or a negative result to both antigens and 91.1 % of control sera. Cross reactivity was restricted to Chagas' disease sera, visceral leishmaniasis, anti-nuclear factor and paracoccidiodomycosis. The quantitative response of leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease sera to both antigens was evaluated by a linear regression; although the y-intercept and the slope were different for each antigen, neither was better than the other in the disclosure of anti-Leishmania antibodies. In the case of Chagas' disease sera the L. major-like antigen was better than L. b. braziliensis' to disclose cross-reacting antibodies.

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Serrano Coll, Hector Alejandro, Lucero Aristizábal-Parra, Eric Wan, Yohan Danilo López, and Angela María Tobón. "American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: case series describing an enigmatic and neglected disease." CES Medicina 36, no. 3 (November 16, 2022): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesmedicina.6963.

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American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is an infectious disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes. ATL is caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus with around one million cases are reported each year worldwide. This paper describes three rare cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis treated at a tropical disease research center.

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Bazrafshan, Mohammad-Rafi, Nasrin Shokrpour, and Hamed Delam. "Ten-Year Trends of the Incidence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the South of Fars Province, Iran, During 2007-2016." International Journal of Epidemiologic Research 7, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2020.21.

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Background and aims: Leishmaniasis is one of the most overlooked diseases in tropical areas, which can lead to many deaths and illnesses. The present study was designed to determine the trend of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the south of Fars Province (south of Iran) during 2007-2016. Methods: The population of this cross-sectional study consisted of all people with cutaneous leishmaniasis referring to the Center for Infectious Diseases in Larestan, Gerash, Evaz, and Khonj in the south of Fars Province during 2007-2016. The incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis was analyzed using the Cochrane-Armitage trend test, and the significance level was considered 5%. Results: In general, 4602 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis were reported from 2007 to 2016. The highest and lowest incidence rates (659.1 versus 88. 3 per 100000 people) were observed in 2008 and 2012, respectively. In addition, the incidence of the disease significantly reduced (P Trend=0.003). Finally, the 0-4 age group had the highest incidence of the disease (69.64 per 100000 people), and the hands were the most common organ affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis (37%). Conclusion: According to the research findings, the incidence rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis is declining although leishmaniasis is still one of the endemic diseases in the region. Therefore, preventive and controlling interventional programs can be effective in reducing new cases of the disease, including the education of individuals, especially children, environmental cleanup, and extermination and control of stray dogs and rodents in the suburbs.

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Mascolli, Roberta, Francisco Rafael Martins Soto, Sônia Regina Pinheiro, Fumio Honma Ito, Aline Gil, Sérgio Santos de Azevedo, Valéria Marçal Félix de Lima, Hélio Langoni, Annielle Regina da Fonseca Fernandes, and Silvio Arruda Vasconcellos. "Prevalence and risk factors for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease in the canine population of the tourist city of Ibiúna, São Paulo, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4p1971.

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The aims of the study were to determine the seroprevalence of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, and to determine the risk factors associated with seropositivity in dogs in the tourist city of Ibiúna, São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 570 blood samples of dogs were collected from four regions in the 48 districts of the municipality, from September 2007 to March 2008, and submitted for serological examination. Laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease was performed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. Of the 570 animals examined, 13 (2.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2%-3.8%) were seropositive for leishmaniasis, and 35 (6.1%; 95% CI = 4.3%-8.3%) were seropositive for Chagas disease. A risk factor associated with seropositivity for Chagas disease in dogs was residence in a region with a predominance of small farms generally used for subsistence planting and leisure and surrounded by forest areas (odds ratio = 4.20). By contrast, there were no risk factors identified for leishmaniasis, leading us to conclude that leishmaniasis and Chagas disease are present in dogs in the tourist city of Ibiúna, São Paulo; however, additional studies are needed in order to fully define the risk factors associated with disease in this municipality.

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Carmelo, Emma, Enrique Martínez, Ana Cristina González, José Enrique Piñero, Manuel E. Patarroyo, Antonio del Castillo, and Basilio Valladares. "Antigenicity of Leishmania braziliensis Histone H1 during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Localization of Antigenic Determinants." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 9, no. 4 (July 2002): 808–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.9.4.808-811.2002.

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ABSTRACT The humoral immune response against Leishmania braziliensis histone H1 by patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis is described. For this purpose, the protein was purified as a recombinant protein in a prokaryotic expression system and was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a collection of sera from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease. The assays showed that L. braziliensis histone H1 was recognized by 66% of the serum samples from patients with leishmaniasis and by 40% of the serum samples from patients with Chagas' disease, indicating that it acts as an immunogen during cutaneous leishmaniasis. In order to locate the linear antigenic determinants of this protein, a collection of synthetic peptides covering the L. braziliensis histone H1sequence was tested by ELISA. The experiments showed that the main antigenic determinant is located in the central region of this protein. Our results show that the recombinant L. braziliensis histone H1 is recognized by a significant percentage of serum samples from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, but use of this protein as a tool for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis is hampered by the cross-reaction with sera from patients with Chagas' disease.

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Nilforoushzadeh, Mohammad A., Maryam Heidari-Kharaji, Mehrak Zare, Elham Torkamaniha, and Sima Rafati. "Novel Strategies and Pharmaceutical Agents for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: A Review." Anti-Infective Agents 18, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211352517666190123113843.

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Leishmaniasis is a major tropical disease. There is no effective vaccine against leishmaniasis and chemotherapy is still the most effective treatment for the disease. However, most of the common drugs have many disadvantages such as toxicity and high cost. Most important of all is the development of resistance against these drugs. Many studies have tried to provide new pharmaceutical agents and formulations in various ways to overcome these problems. In recent years, medical plants have been widely considered for leishmaniasis treatment. Besides, various drug delivery strategies have been studied for the treatment of leishmaniasis in order to increase activity and reduce the side effects of the drugs. Accordingly, nanotechnology will play an important role in the preparation of new pharmaceutical formulations. In this review, we focused on various therapeutic approaches for leishmaniasis.

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Brito, Veruska Nogueira de, Álvaro Felipe de Lima Ruy Dias, and Valéria Régia Franco Sousa. "Epidemiological aspects of Leishmaniasis in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 4 (December 2019): 744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019061.

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Abstract Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania parasite that is disseminated by some species of sandflies and hosted by a variety of reservoirs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis in the municipalities of the Mato Grosso Pantanal. Human data were obtained from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases, and the canine and vector results from the State Department of Health of Mato Grosso. Between 2007 and 2016, 10 cases of visceral leishmaniasis and 499 cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis were identified in the Pantanal region. The surveillance studies regarding the canine reservoir demonstrated that the parasite was present in six of the seven municipalities. Vectors of visceral leishmaniasis were present in five municipalities and vectors of tegumentary leishmaniasis in six. Enhancement of services aimed at controlling this disease is fundamental to prevent an increase in the number of cases in the region.

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El-Mouhdi, Karima, Abdelkader Chahlaoui, and Mohammed Fekhaoui. "The Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and the Sand Fly: Knowledge and Beliefs of the Population in Central Morocco (El Hajeb)." Dermatology Research and Practice 2020 (November 18, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1896210.

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Background. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic dermal disease transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female sand fly. Morocco hopes to eliminate all forms of leishmaniasis by 2030. These dermatoses pose a real public health problem in the country. Although the information is available on the disease, individual knowledge of cutaneous leishmaniasis and sand fly is not yet developed. Exploring people’s beliefs and popular behaviours about cutaneous leishmaniasis and its vector allows health officials to know the sociocultural aspects of the disease and to improve prevention and control actions. Objectives. To identify the knowledge of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its vector in the population in central Morocco. Methods. Based on the epidemiological data of leishmaniases in the province of El Hajeb, we conducted a field survey and personal interviews in April and May 2019, among 281 persons belonging to the localities where leishmaniases were registered. Results. Our results show that the participants use the concept of “Chniwla” (61.6%) for sand fly and the concept of “Hboub Chniwla” (50.8%) for cutaneous leishmaniasis; 24.6% of the respondents do not know how the disease is transmitted to humans and 43.7% use traditional treatments and home remedies to cure themselves. 44% of participants believe that sand fly does not transmit the disease to humans and only 6.4% were aware of their responsibility in vector control. Conclusions. The study concluded that there is a need to simplify the scientific terminology in the health education of citizens regarding these dermatoses and their vector by integrating the popular concepts obtained in this study to raise public awareness and facilitate their involvement as active actors in the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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Ghimire, Pragya Gautam, Richa Shrestha, Sumit Pandey, Kumar Pokhrel, and Rajan Pande. "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Neglected Vector Borne Tropical Disease in Midwestern Region of Nepal." Nepal Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 16, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdvl.v16i1.19405.

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Introduction: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a vector borne disease caused by the bite of an infected sandfly. The disease is rare in Nepal with only few cases reported till date. We report the largest collection of patients over six years.Objective: To describe the clinical, epidemiological and pathological aspect of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Midwestern region of Nepal.Materials and Methods: Thirty-three patients referred to the department of Pathology for fine needle aspiration were diagnosed as Cutaneous leishmaniasis based on detection of Leishmania donovani in the fine needle aspiration smears. Demographic data and clinical details including site, size, and duration of disease onset were recorded on a printed proforma. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version16.0 for windows.Results: A total of 33 patients with age ranging from 11 years to 65 years were included in the study. Mean age was 26.5±11.5 years. Most patients were in the age group 21-40 years. Male: Female ratio was 1.7:1. Mean duration of disease was 5.3±4.4 months. Thirty patients had single lesion. Lesions were either of plaque type (84.9 %) or papulonodular type (15.1%).Conclusion: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is uncommon in Nepal. So, it is often neglected. It is in an increasing trend. Cutaneous leishmaniasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of a non-healing ulcer.

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Medenica, Sanja, Svetlana Jovanovic, Ivan Dozic, Biljana Milicic, Novak Lakicevic, and Bozidarka Rakocevic. "Epidemiological surveillance of Leishmaniasis in Montenegro, 1992-2013." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 143, no. 11-12 (2015): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1512707m.

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Introduction. The diseases caused by Leishmania are spread worldwide and represent a significant public health problem. Objective. The aim of this study was to present the results of epidemiological surveillance of leishmaniasis in humans in Montenegro in the period from 1992 to 2013. Methods. The study was planned and realized as a descriptive epidemiological study. The sample included patients of leishmaniasis in Montenegro in the period from 1992 to 2013. The health and demographic data were collected from medical records. The disease was microbiologically proven in the patients. For statistical analysis the ?2-test was used, which examined the significance of the incidence rate. Results. During this period, 66 cases of leishmaniasis were identified (40 men and 26 women) aged 0 to 62 (mean 15.61?16.76 years). A visceral form of the disease was diagnosed in 65 (98%) patients, and one patient was diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The average incidence rate for the abovementioned period is 0.48 per 100,000 inhabitants. The highest average incidence rate was identified in patients up to seven years of age (3.50 per 100,000 inhabitants). The highest average incidence rates of leishmaniasis were identified in the coastal region of Montenegro, while seasonal distribution indicates that the disease occurs throughout the year with predominance in late spring and summer. Conclusion. The research has shown that Montenegro is among the countries with low incidence of leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, because of leishmaniasis re-emergence in the entire Mediterranean Basin, a comprehensive research of ecological and epidemiological characteristics of leishmaniasis, including better monitoring and notification system, is required.

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Seyhan, Nevra, Mustafa Keskin, Zekeriya Tosun, and Nedim Savaci. "EXTENSOR TENDON RUPTURE DUE TO CUTANEOUS LEICHMANIASIS: A CASE REPORT." Hand Surgery 15, no. 02 (January 2010): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810410004746.

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Acute cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic infectious disease prevalent in tropical areas. Most doctors in non-endemic countries are not familiar with this disease. Spontaneous tendon ruptures occurring by different mechanisms have been described in the literature but a tendon rupture caused by a skin ulcer secondary to a parasitic infection has not been reported before. In this article clinical and diagnostic features of cutaneous leishmaniasis are reviewed and a case with spontaneous extensor tendon rupture due to cutaneous leishmaniasis is presented.

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Dantas-Torres, Filipe, and Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho. "Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 48, no. 3 (June 2006): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652006000300007.

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In the last 20 years, despite the known underestimation of cases, Brazil registered a marked increase in the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis. The main goal of this review is to reflect on some aspects of this zoonosis in Brazil and also to encourage the discussion in order to find more viable, effective and affordable strategies to be implemented by the Brazilian Leishmaniasis Control Program. The current situation of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil might be seen as a paradox: the most important aspects of the disease are known, but so far the control of this disease has not yet been achieved. The current control strategies have not been able to prevent the geographical expansion, and even a rise in the incidence and lethality of visceral leishmaniasis. There is a need not only for a better definition of priority areas, but also for the implementation of a fieldwork monitoring system to the disease surveillance that could permit a further evaluation of the control program in areas where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic.

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Sandy, Jeanine, Anthony Matthews, Yaarit Nachum-Biala, and Gad Baneth. "First Report of Autochthonous Canine Leishmaniasis in Hong Kong." Microorganisms 10, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091873.

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Canine leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum; transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Leishmania infantum amastigotes were identified by cytology from a locally born Hong Kong dog exhibiting nasal, cutaneous, and systemic disease who was part of a kennel of eight dogs. All eight kennel dogs were subsequently tested serologically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing for L. infantum infection. The local dog was seropositive and blood and splenic tissue were PCR positive for L. infantum whilst the other kennel dogs were negative on serology and PCR. Autochthonous transmission was suspected for the local dog as Hong Kong lacks known vectors of L. infantum. Either vertical transmission from the deceased dam who had previously died with disease suspicious for leishmaniasis or horizontal transmission from a second non-locally born kennel dog who had been diagnosed previously with leishmaniasis was possible. This is the first recorded autochthonous case of canine leishmaniasis in Hong Kong. Leishmaniasis should be considered as a differential for cutaneous or systemic illness in local untraveled dogs in Hong Kong. In addition, as dogs serve as L. infantum reservoirs for human infection attention should be paid to the possibility of leishmaniasis emerging in Hong Kong.

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Ikedionwu, Chioma, Deepa Dongarwar, Courtney Williams, Evelyn Odeh, Maylis Nkeng Peh, Hilliary Hooker, Stacey Wiseman, et al. "Trends and Risk Factors for Leishmaniasis among Reproductive Aged Women in the United States." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 10, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.478.

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Background and Objective: Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, is endemic in several regions globally, but commonly regarded as a disease of travelers in the United States (US). The literature on leishmaniasis among hospitalized women in the US is very limited. The aim of this study was to explore trends and risk factors for leishmaniasis among hospitalized women of reproductive age within the US. Methods: We analyzed hospital admissions data from the 2002-2017 Nationwide Inpatient Sample among women aged 15-49 years. We conducted descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses for factors associated with leishmaniasis. Utilizing logistic regression, we assessed the association between sociodemographic and hospital characteristics with leishmaniasis disease among hospitalized women of reproductive age in the US. Joinpoint regression was used to examine trends over time. Results: We analyzed 131,529,239 hospitalizations; among these, 207 cases of leishmaniasis hospitalizations were identified, equivalent to an overall prevalence of 1.57 cases per million during the study period. The prevalence of leishmaniasis was greatest among older women of reproductive age (35-49 years), Hispanics, those with Medicare, and inpatient stay in large teaching hospitals in the Northeast of the US. Hispanic women experienced a statistically significant increased odds of leishmaniasis diagnosis (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.19-4.06), compared to Non-Hispanic (NH) White women. Medicaid and Private Insurance appeared to serve as a protective factor in both unadjusted and adjusted models. We did not observe a statistically significant change in leishmaniasis rates over the study period. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Although the prevalence of leishmaniasis among women of reproductive age appears to be low in the US, some risk remains. Thus, appropriate educational, public health and policy initiatives are needed to increase clinical awareness and timely diagnosis/treatment of the disease. Copyright © 2021 Ikedionwu, et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

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Costa, Danielle Nunes Carneiro Castro, Patricia Marques Moralejo Bermudi Bermudi, Lilian Aparecida Colebrusco Rodas, Caris Maroni Nunes, Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto, José Eduardo Tolezano, Rafael Silva Cipriano, Graziela Cândido Diniz Cardoso, Cláudia Torres Codeço, and Francisco Chiaravalloti-Neto. "Human visceral leishmaniasis and relationship with vector and canine control measures." Revista de Saúde Pública 52 (November 14, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000381.

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OBJECTIVE: Estimate the coverage of control measures of visceral leishmaniasis and relate them with the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in endemic urban area. METHODS: Cases of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis were considered as study population and evaluated by a serological survey conducted in Araçatuba, state São Paulo, from 2007 to 2015. The cases of human visceral leishmaniasis were geocoded by the address of the patients and the canine disease by the address of the dogs’ owners. The coverage of serological survey, euthanasia, and insecticide spraying was calculated, as well as the canine seroprevalence and the incidence rates of human visceral leishmaniasis. The relationship between human visceral leishmaniasis and control measures was evaluated, as well as the seroprevalence by comparing maps and by linear regression. The relationship between the canine and the human disease was also evaluated by the Ripley’s K function. RESULTS: The incidence rates of human visceral leishmaniasis showed a period of decline (2007 to 2009) and a period of stability (2010 to 2015), a behavior similar to that of canine seroprevalence. In general, the coverage of control measures was low, and the non-association with the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis can be a result of the period analyzed and of the small number of analyzed units (sectors of the Superintendence for the Control of Endemic Diseases). The distribution of human cases showed spatial dependence with the distribution of seropositive dogs from 2007 to 2009. CONCLUSIONS: This study reaffirmed the relationship between the occurrence of the disease in humans and dogs, it verified a decrease in the rates of visceral leishmaniasis in Araçatuba over time, even at low coverage of control activities. However, further studies are needed to determine if factors beyond monitoring and control measures are involved in the reduction of incidences.

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Biswas, Dibyendu, Abhirup Datta, and Priti Kumar Roy. "Combating Leishmaniasis through Awareness Campaigning: A Mathematical Study on Media Efficiency." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2016.1.3-015.

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Leishmaniasis is a complex vector-borne disease that is originated by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The disease is transmitted to human or animals through bites of infected female Phlebotominae sand-fly. Awareness campaign plays a significant role to restrict the spreading of disease cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here, we have considered a mathematical model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) consisting susceptible and infected population of human and vector. Increase in growth of aware population impulsively leading to reduction of incompetence for environmental factors. Our analytical and numerical results reveal that circulating of the campaigning periodically minimizes the disease prevalence. The efficiency of the awareness programme contributes a better regime on the system moving towards healthy and hygienic environment.

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Pineda, Juan A., José A. Gallardo, Juan Macías, Juan Delgado, Carmen Regordán, Francisco Morillas, Federico Relimpio, et al. "Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients in Southern Spain." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 9 (1998): 2419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.9.2419-2422.1998.

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The actual prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis among human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients in the Mediterranean basin remains unknown. There is also controversy about the risk factors for Leishmania infantum and HIV-1 coinfection. To appraise the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with HIV-1 in southern Spain and to identify factors associated with this disease, 291 HIV-1 carriers underwent a bone marrow aspiration, regardless of their symptoms. Giemsa-stained samples were searched forLeishmania amastigotes. Thirty-two (11%) patients showed visceral leishmaniasis. Thirteen (41%) patients had subclinical cases of infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) clinical category C was the factor most strongly associated with this disease (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.88 [95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 2.88]), but patients with subclinical cases of infection were found in all CDC categories. Female sex was negatively associated with visceral leishmaniasis (adjusted OR, 0.42 [95% confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.97]). Intravenous drug users showed a higher prevalence than the remaining patients (13.3 versus 4.9%; P = 0.04), but such an association was not independent. These results show that visceral leishmaniasis is a very prevalent disease among HIV-1-infected patients in southern Spain, with a high proportion of cases being subclinical. Like other opportunistic infections, subclinical visceral leishmaniasis can be found at any stage of HIV-1 infection, but symptomatic cases of infection appear mainly when a deep immunosuppression is present. There is also an association of this disease with male sex and intravenous drug use.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Leishmaniasis-Disease'

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