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Academic literature on the topic 'Leishmaniasis-Disease'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Leishmaniasis-Disease"

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Russo, Antonio, GiovannaRusso Mancuso, ChiaraMaria Battaglini, and Gino Schilirò. "LEISHMANIASIS, A WORLDWIDE DISEASE." Lancet 327, no. 8478 (February 1986): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92413-x.

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Galanakis, E., A. Siamopoulou, and PD Lapatsanis. "Leishmaniasis mimicking collagen disease." Lancet 350, no. 9074 (August 1997): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63428-9.

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Carranza, Arturo, and Maria Polanco Garcia. "Leishmaniasis: An Unforgettable Disease." American Journal of Medicine 133, no. 11 (November 2020): e678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.04.043.

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Feiz Haddad, Mohammad Hossien, Abdolaziz Gharaei, Abdolaziz Gharaei, and Mehry Sharify Nia. "Epidemiological Study of leishmaniasis in Iran and the Middle East in the Last Two Decades." Jundishapur Journal of Medical Sciences 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jsmj.20.2.6.

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Leishmaniasis is one of the most forgotten diseases in the world affecting the poor people in large numbers. At present, 350 million people are at risk and 2 million new cases are reported annually, of which 1.5 million of them are cutaneous leishmaniasis and the rest are related to visceral leishmaniasis. The World Health Organization and Tropical Diseases Research (TDR) division ranks leishmaniasis in the first group of emerging and uncontrolled disease. Leishmaniasis appears in three form; Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), muco-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL) and Viceral Leishmaniasis (VL). More than 90% of cutaneous leishmaniasis are in Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Peru. Viceral leishmaniasis in terms of geographical conditions divided into five different types; Indian Leishmaniasis, is human disease reservoir type and sand fly of Phlebotomus argenti is vector. African leishmaniasis or Sudanese leishmaniasis is second and common in Sudan and Kenya. Gerbils, otters, dogs and cats are reservoirs and the vector is Phlebotomus orientalis. Russian type is the third form and prevalent in Turkmenistan and the Caucasus (Soviet Union). Dogs and foxes are the main reservoirs and Phlebotomus archablensis is vector of the disease. The American type is the fourth form and infects American countries and dogs and jackals carry the disease and Phlebotomus intermedius are vectors of the disease. The fifth is Mediterranean Leishmaniasis also called Middle Eastern type which is common in the Middle East countries among people under the age of 10 and in Iran observe in the provinces of Khuzestan, Fars, Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Ardabil and Khorasan.
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Ahuja, Arvind. "Duodenal Leishmaniasis Mimicking Celiac Disease." Tropical Gastroenterology 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7869/tg.266.

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Shehnaz, Gul, Mahnoor Zahra, Doua Ilyas, and Aneeqa Hamida. "Leishmaniasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review IV, no. I (December 30, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).03.

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Leishmaniasis is an emerging tropical disease in the world as declared by WHO. At least 89 countries are affected, risking lives of 350 million people resulting in 70,000 deaths annually. It is spread to human beings and animals by bite of sandflies of genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. The disease is more prevalent in the poverty-stricken populations. In Pakistan, the most affected province is KPK. Despite its global occurrence, it is not a very life-threatening disease except visceral leishmaniasis in which death can occur in immunocompromised patients. The only satisfactory treatment is through intravenous antimonials. Vaccine is not yet available but environmental control of sandfly can help in prevention of leishmaniasis. There is a dire need of improving the existing conventional therapy but the neglection of the disease has led to lack of financial support for the development of a novel drug.
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Hamida, Aneeqa, Doua Ilyas, Mahnoor Zahra, and Gul Shehnaz. "Leishmaniasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review IV, no. I (December 30, 2019): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).02.

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Leishmaniasis is an emerging tropical disease in the world as declared by WHO. At least 89 countries are affected, risking lives of 350 million people resulting in 70,000 deaths annually. It is spread to human beings and animals by bite of sandflies of genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. The disease is more prevalent in the poverty-stricken populations. In Pakistan, the most affected province is KPK. Despite its global occurrence, it is not a very life-threatening disease except visceral leishmaniasis in which death can occur in immunocompromised patients. The only satisfactory treatment is through intravenous antimonials. Vaccine is not yet available but environmental control of sandfly can help in prevention of leishmaniasis. There is a dire need of improving the existing conventional therapy but the neglection of the disease has led to lack of financial support for the development of a novel drug.
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Kaziani, Katerina, Chariclea Vadala, Panagiota Stasinopoulou, Dionysios Loverdos, Michael Samarkos, and Athanasios Skoutelis. "Visceral Leishmaniasis Mimicking Lymphoproliferative Disease." Southern Medical Journal 103, no. 12 (December 2010): 1276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e3181faefbd.

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Mauhoub, Mansoor El, V. P. Aggarwal, M. I. Mehabreash, and F. K. Dar. "Visceral leishmaniasis: A worldwide disease." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 54, no. 1 (January 1987): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02751247.

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Mazumder, Shirin A., Soumya Pandey, Susan C. Brewer, Vickie S. Baselski, Peter J. Weina, Mack A. Land, and James M. Fleckenstein. "Lingual Leishmaniasis Complicating Visceral Disease." Journal of Travel Medicine 17, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00403.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Leishmaniasis-Disease"

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Yakovich, Adam J. "Old targets and new beginnings a multifaceted approach to combating Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1193247442.

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MARITATI, MARTINA. "LEISHMANIASIS: A RE-EMERGING NEGLECTED DISEASE. BIOMOLECULAR AND METABOLOMIC STUDIES AIMED AT IMPLANTING ITS CONTROL IN EMILIA-ROMAGNA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487987.

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Background. Leishmaniases (VL) represents a major health problem. The first part of the thesis evaluates by molecular techniques and cytokine analysis the prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infections in autoimmune rheumatic patients treated with biological drugs and living in Leishmania endemic foci in Italy. In the second part, the effect of the niacin analogue, 6-AN on Leishmania parasite growth and metabolism using the metabolomics technology was investigated. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), has been reported as a target of 6-AN, thus PPP might represent a good target. Methods. VL qualitative and real-time PCR were performed on DNA extracted from PBMCs from 50 autoimmune rheumatic patients treated with immunosuppressive biologic drugs for at least 5 years. Plasma cytokine concentrations were also measured in plasma from Leishmania DNA-positive and -negative rheumatic patients as well as from the healthy control group. In the 6-AN study, L. mexicana M379 and L. infantum PCM5 promastigotes were treated with 7.8 mM 6-AN and 2.17% DMSO for 24 hours. After vitality, infectivity of 6-AN-treated promastigotes to mouse macrophages, and 6-AN interactions with oxidizing compounds were also studied. Small metabolites were extracted and analysed by pHILIC-LC-MS in polarity switching mode and data were analysed with IDEOMv19 and MetaboAnalyst 3.0. Results.Eighteen out the 50 (36%) autoimmune rheumatic patients were positive for Leishmania DNA by conventional and/or quantitative PCR with a detection of high parasite burdens (1 to 136 parasite/ml in 4 patients, 1.000 to 40.000 in 11 patients and over 1.000.000 in 3 patients). Patients that were taking a steroid in association with the biological drug showed a higher positivity for circulating L. infantum kDNA than those given the biological drug only (p<0.05). Pro-inflammatory IL-1, IL-6, IL-12(p70), IL-7, IL-15, IFN-γ and TNF-α; anti-inflammatory IL-4, IL-13; and regulatory IL-10 cytokines were markedly elevated in all autoimmune rheumatic patients with additional increases in inflammatory mediators in autoimmune rheumatic patients positive for Leishmania DNA. In both L. mexicana and L. infantum, 6-AN caused significant depletion of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) and nicotinate (Na) and as a result purine and pyrimidine nucleotides were reduced and their nucleobases accumulated. Glutathione, ribose-5-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate levels and downstream PPP intermediates were similar to controls. For L. infantum, it was possible to analyse NAD+ and NADPH, which were found decreased together with the PPP intermediate D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Moreover, 6-AN treatment caused a marked elongation in parasite body. 6-AN in combination with the oxidizing compounds has additive effects against Leishmania and did not affect the infectivity of the treated promastigotes to mouse macrophages. Conclusions.VL molecular screening and cytokine analysis should be taken into account before treating autoimmune rheumatic patients with biologic drugs, especially in rural areas. In mammals 6-AN is converted to abnormal 6-ANAD/P by NAD+ glycohydrolase, however, in Leishmania its toxicity is only seen in millimolar range, in which 6-AN is responsible for the depletion of cellular phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) content probably in the Preiss-Handler NAD+ salvage pathway, resulting in depletion of nucleotides required for nucleic acid biosynthesis. The marked elongation in the 6-AN-treated parasite bodies confirms nucleotide starvation. Leishmania NAD+ glycohydrolase might decompose NAD+ but might not catalyze exchange reactions, as found in other microrganisms, however, combined 13C-glucose labeling and flux analysis might be useful to ascertain the fate and action mechanism of 6-AN in Leishmania. In addition, PRPP synthetase should also be a good target for new potential drugs against leishmaniasis pointing to the growth-inhibitory effect of PRPP depletion.
Background. Leishmaniases (VL) represents a major health problem. The first part of the thesis evaluates by molecular techniques and cytokine analysis the prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infections in autoimmune rheumatic patients treated with biological drugs and living in Leishmania endemic foci in Italy. In the second part, the effect of the niacin analogue, 6-AN on Leishmania parasite growth and metabolism using the metabolomics technology was investigated. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), has been reported as a target of 6-AN, thus PPP might represent a good target. Methods. VL qualitative and real-time PCR were performed on DNA extracted from PBMCs from 50 autoimmune rheumatic patients treated with immunosuppressive biologic drugs for at least 5 years. Plasma cytokine concentrations were also measured in plasma from Leishmania DNA-positive and -negative rheumatic patients as well as from the healthy control group. In the 6-AN study, L. mexicana M379 and L. infantum PCM5 promastigotes were treated with 7.8 mM 6-AN and 2.17% DMSO for 24 hours. After vitality, infectivity of 6-AN-treated promastigotes to mouse macrophages, and 6-AN interactions with oxidizing compounds were also studied. Small metabolites were extracted and analysed by pHILIC-LC-MS in polarity switching mode and data were analysed with IDEOMv19 and MetaboAnalyst 3.0. Results.Eighteen out the 50 (36%) autoimmune rheumatic patients were positive for Leishmania DNA by conventional and/or quantitative PCR with a detection of high parasite burdens (1 to 136 parasite/ml in 4 patients, 1.000 to 40.000 in 11 patients and over 1.000.000 in 3 patients). Patients that were taking a steroid in association with the biological drug showed a higher positivity for circulating L. infantum kDNA than those given the biological drug only (p<0.05). Pro-inflammatory IL-1, IL-6, IL-12(p70), IL-7, IL-15, IFN-γ and TNF-α; anti-inflammatory IL-4, IL-13; and regulatory IL-10 cytokines were markedly elevated in all autoimmune rheumatic patients with additional increases in inflammatory mediators in autoimmune rheumatic patients positive for Leishmania DNA. In both L. mexicana and L. infantum, 6-AN caused significant depletion of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) and nicotinate (Na) and as a result purine and pyrimidine nucleotides were reduced and their nucleobases accumulated. Glutathione, ribose-5-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate levels and downstream PPP intermediates were similar to controls. For L. infantum, it was possible to analyse NAD+ and NADPH, which were found decreased together with the PPP intermediate D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Moreover, 6-AN treatment caused a marked elongation in parasite body. 6-AN in combination with the oxidizing compounds has additive effects against Leishmania and did not affect the infectivity of the treated promastigotes to mouse macrophages. Conclusions.VL molecular screening and cytokine analysis should be taken into account before treating autoimmune rheumatic patients with biologic drugs, especially in rural areas. In mammals 6-AN is converted to abnormal 6-ANAD/P by NAD+ glycohydrolase, however, in Leishmania its toxicity is only seen in millimolar range, in which 6-AN is responsible for the depletion of cellular phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) content probably in the Preiss-Handler NAD+ salvage pathway, resulting in depletion of nucleotides required for nucleic acid biosynthesis. The marked elongation in the 6-AN-treated parasite bodies confirms nucleotide starvation. Leishmania NAD+ glycohydrolase might decompose NAD+ but might not catalyze exchange reactions, as found in other microrganisms, however, combined 13C-glucose labeling and flux analysis might be useful to ascertain the fate and action mechanism of 6-AN in Leishmania. In addition, PRPP synthetase should also be a good target for new potential drugs against leishmaniasis pointing to the growth-inhibitory effect of PRPP depletion.
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Boraschi, Cláudia Souza e. Silva [UNESP]. "Inquérito sobre o conhecimento da população da cidade de Três Lagoas – MS sobre leishmaniose visceral." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94685.

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A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é um importante problema de saúde pública e as medidas de prevenção preconizadas nem sempre são conhecidas pela população. Esta pesquisa avaliou, por meio da aplicação de um questionário, o conhecimento que a população de Três Lagoas, MS tem sobre esta zoonose. Dos 384 entrevistados, 100% afirmaram que já tinham conhecimento prévio da LV, 64,5% sabiam que é transmitida através do inseto vetor e 65,4% sabiam que a prevenção se dá evitando o criadouro deste. Observaram-se 93,5% de respostas para manutenção do quintal limpo como medida preventiva conhecida. Pelo menos um método de prevenção era utilizado no animal por 50,5% dos entrevistados e observou-se associação estatisticamente significante entre o grupo de proprietários cujos cães nunca apresentaram leishmaniose visceral canina e o grupo que fazia uso de alguma prevenção no animal (p=0,0006).
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is an important public health problem and the measures to prevent it are not always known by the population. This research evaluated the knowledge that the population of Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil has about this zoonosis. One hundred percent of the interviewed (384) had previous knowledge of the disease, 64.5% knew that a vector transmits it and 65.4% knew that the prevention is achieved by preventing vector’s breeding sites. Maintenance of the backyard clean was informed by 93,5% as a known preventive measure. At least one preventive method was used in the animal by 51% of the interviewed ones and statically significant association between the group of owners whose dogs had never presented canine visceral leishmaniasis and owners that used some preventive method in the animal (p=0.0006) was observed.
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Sánchez, Fabio. "Genetic factors influencing susceptibility to intracellular infections /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-225-6.

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Collar, Catharine Jane. "Rational Drug Design for Neglected Diseases: Implementation of Computational Methods to Construct Predictive Devices and Examine Mechanisms." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/chemistry_diss/48.

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Over a billion individuals worldwide suffer from neglected diseases. This equates to approximately one-sixth of the human population. These infections are often endemic in remote tropical regions of impoverished populations where vectors can flourish and infected individuals cannot be effectively treated due to a lack of hospitals, medical equipment, drugs, and trained personnel. The few drugs that have been approved for the treatments of such illnesses are not widely used because they are riddled with inadequate implications of cost, safety, drug availability, administration, and resistance. Hence, there exists an eminent need for the design and development of improved new therapeutics. Influential world-renowned scientists in the Consortium for Parasitic Drug Development (CPDD) have preformed extensive biological testing for compounds active against parasites that cause neglected diseases. These data were acquired through several collaborations and found applicable to computational studies that examine quantitative structure-activity relationships through the development of predictive models and explore structural relationships through docking. Both of these in silico tools can contribute to an understanding of compound structural importance for specific targets. The compilation of manuscripts presented in this dissertation focus on three neglected diseases: trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. These diseases are caused by kinetoplastid parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp., respectively. Statistically significant predictive devices were developed for the inhibition of the: (1) T. brucei P2 nucleoside transporter, (2) T. cruzi parasite at two temperatures, and (3) two species of Leishmania. From these studies compound structural importance was assessed for the targeting of each parasitic system. Since these three parasites are all from the Order Kinetoplastida and the kinetoplast DNA has been determined a viable target, compound interactions with DNA were explored to gain insight into binding modes of known and novel compounds.
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Bhattacharyya, T. "Parasite diversity and innovative serology : development of Trypanosoma cruzi lineage-specific diagnosis of Chagas disease and of prognostic assays for visceral leishmaniasis." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2015. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2173663/.

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Trypanosoma cruzi and the Leishmania donovani complex are parasitic protozoa that, respectively, cause Chagas disease in the Americas, and visceral leishmaniasis, predominantly in South Asia, East Africa, and Brazil. T. cruzi is divided into the lineages TcI-TcVI. The relationship between infecting lineage(s) and spectrum of clinical presentations remains poorly understood. This project developed lineage-specific serology to identify an individual’s history of lineage infection. A high level of polymorphism in the surface mucin TSSA was identified, and lineage-specific synthetic peptides based on this diversity were applied here in ELISA with chagasic sera from endemic countries. Peptide TSSApep-II/V/VI, based on a sequence common to those lineages, was widely recognised by sera from Southern Cone countries, and also unexpectedly by four samples from Ecuador; TSSApep-V/VI, which differs by a single amino acid from TSSApep-II/V/VI, was also recognised in these regions. A single TSSApep-IV reaction was seen in both Colombia and Venezuela. However, TSSApep-I was rarely and weakly recognised among the serum panel. Among the Brazilian patients, a much higher proportion of TSSApep-II/V/VI responders had ECG abnormailities than non-responders (38% vs. 17%, p<0.0001). Rapid diagnostic tests for L. donovani complex infection based on rK39 antigen have lower sensitivity in East Africa compared to South Asia. The homologous sequences of rK39, and of another proposed diagnostic antigen HASPB, were amplified from a panel of East African L. donovani strains, and compared to published sequences, revealing significant diversity from rK39 and South Asian sequences, and non-canonical combinations of HASPB repeats. Cohorts of Indian and Sudanese VL patients were assayed by ELISA for anti- Leishmania IgG levels. There was an overall 46.8 – 61.7 fold lower response in the Sudanese cohort, as calculated by mean reciprocal log10t50 titres, regardless of antigen source, patient gender or age. An investigation into the association of IgG subclass reactivity with VL clinical status revealed significantly elevated IgG1 levels in patients with active (pre-treatment) VL and those with post-therapy relapse compared to those deemed to be cured. A novel prototype rapid immunochromatographic test to detect IgG1 gave > 80% of relapsed VL patients as IgG1 positive, and 80% of cured patients as IgG1 negative.
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Furini, Júnior. "Estratégias terapêuticas usando o ácido ursólico sobre infecções determinadas por tripanosomatideos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60135/tde-12122016-154937/.

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Doença de Chagas e Leishmaniose, são doenças causadas por protozoários da família Trypanosomatidae (Trypanosoma cruzi e Leishmania sp., respectivamente) e estão, ambas, no grupo das doenças consideradas tropicais negligenciadas (DTNs). Juntas, elas afetam cerca de 30 milhões de pessoas em 98 países no mundo. Embora tão epidemiologicamente importantes, essas doenças ainda carecem de um tratamento quimioterápico robusto e seguro, pois os medicamentos disponíveis apresentam, além de baixa eficácia terapêutica, baixas taxas de adesão, devido aos sérios efeitos colaterais gerados por serem extremamente tóxicos e acabando, por isso, sendo geradores de resistência. Nas últimas décadas, tem sido intenso o esforço dos grupos de pesquisa em desenvolver alternativas para o tratamento dessas doenças, especialmente explorando produtos de origem natural e através do emprego de tecnologia farmacêutica, gerando formulações mais viáveis clinicamente devido ao provimento de propriedades físico-químicas favoráveis à absorção e permeabilidade celular, com consequente maior biodisponibilidade e potencialização do efeito biológico. Em nosso presente trabalho, objetivamos propor novas estratégias de tratamento dessas doenças, utilizando como candidato, o ácido ursólico (AU), um triterpenoide de origem natural. Foram testados o AU isolado e associado com fármacos estabelecidos, assim como uma dispersão sólida contendo 10% do princípio ativo (DSAU). Em ensaios in vitro contra as várias formas evolutivas intra e extracelulares de Trypanosoma cruzi e Leishmania braziliensis, obtivemos muito bons resultados, como 99,8% de lise em 128 ?M sobre as formas tripomastigotas, com IC50 de 14,1 ?M para o AU. Em experimentos in vivo sobre doença de Chagas experimental, observamos uma redução de parasitemia de 60,2% e 61,6% em animais tratados com doses de 20 mg/Kg de AU e DSAU, respectivamente. Embora não tenham causado diminuição na carga parasitária nos tecidos analisados (coração e fígado) em relação ao controle negativo, a sobrevida dos animais tratados com AU e DSAU foi semelhante a dos animais tratados com benzonidazol na mesma dose. Sobre leishmaniose muco-cutânea experimental, observamos a diminuição do diâmetro médio das lesões em animais tratados com dose de 20 mg/Kg de nossos compostos avaliados. Esses resultados demonstram que o ácido ursólico é um potente candidato a quimioterápico para o tratamento de tripanosomíases. Além disso, a associação a fármacos existentes, e a utilização de tecnologia farmacêutica podem ser boas estratégias para o tratamento dessas doenças.
Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis are diseases caused by protozoa of the family Trypanosomatidae (Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania sp., Respectively) and both are in the group of diseases considered neglected tropical (NTDs). All together, they affect about 30 million people in 98 countries worldwide. Although so very epidemiologically important, these diseases still lack a safe and robust chemotherapeutic treatment seeing that the available drugs present besides low therapeutic efficacy, low compliance rates, since they are extremely toxic and cause serious side effects ending up, therefore, being resistance generators. In recent decades, there have been intense efforts of research groups to develop alternatives for treating these diseases, especially exploring natural products and by applying pharmaceutical technology, generating more clinically viable formulations due to providing favorable physicochemical properties to the cell absorption and permeability, thus resulting in increased bioavailability and enhancement of biological effect. In our present study, we aimed to propose new treatment strategies for these diseases by using as a candidate, the ursolic acid (UA), a naturally occurring triterpenoid. Isolated UA and associated with established drugs have been tested, as well as a solid dispersion containing 10% of the active ingredient (SDUA). In the in vitro tests against several extracellular and intracellular evolving forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania braziliensis, we have obtained very good results, such as 99.8 of lysis at 128 ?M on trypomastigotes, with IC50 of 14.1 ?M for the UA. In the in vivo experiments about experimental Chagas disease, a decrease of parasitaemi of 60.2% and 61.6% has been observed in animals treated with doses of 20 mg / kg of UA and SDUA respectively. Although not having caused a decrease in the parasite load in the tissues analyzed (heart and liver) compared to the negative control, the PFS of animals treated with UA and SDUA was similar to that of the animals treated with the same dose of benznidazole. About the experimental skin mucus leishmaniasis, we have observed a decrease of the average diameter of lesions in animals treated with 20 mg / kg of our evaluated compounds. These results demonstrate that the ursolic acid is a potent candidate for chemotherapy for the treatment of trypanosomiasis. Furthermore, the association of existing drugs, and the use of pharmaceutical technology can be good strategies to treat these diseases
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Boraschi, Cláudia Souza e. Silva. "Inquérito sobre o conhecimento da população da cidade de Três Lagoas - MS sobre leishmaniose visceral /." Araçatuba : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94685.

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Orientador: Cáris Maroni Nunes
Banca: Mary Marcondes
Banca: Sonia Regina Pinheiro
Resumo: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é um importante problema de saúde pública e as medidas de prevenção preconizadas nem sempre são conhecidas pela população. Esta pesquisa avaliou, por meio da aplicação de um questionário, o conhecimento que a população de Três Lagoas, MS tem sobre esta zoonose. Dos 384 entrevistados, 100% afirmaram que já tinham conhecimento prévio da LV, 64,5% sabiam que é transmitida através do inseto vetor e 65,4% sabiam que a prevenção se dá evitando o criadouro deste. Observaram-se 93,5% de respostas para manutenção do quintal limpo como medida preventiva conhecida. Pelo menos um método de prevenção era utilizado no animal por 50,5% dos entrevistados e observou-se associação estatisticamente significante entre o grupo de proprietários cujos cães nunca apresentaram leishmaniose visceral canina e o grupo que fazia uso de alguma prevenção no animal (p=0,0006).
Abstract: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is an important public health problem and the measures to prevent it are not always known by the population. This research evaluated the knowledge that the population of Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil has about this zoonosis. One hundred percent of the interviewed (384) had previous knowledge of the disease, 64.5% knew that a vector transmits it and 65.4% knew that the prevention is achieved by preventing vector's breeding sites. Maintenance of the backyard clean was informed by 93,5% as a known preventive measure. At least one preventive method was used in the animal by 51% of the interviewed ones and statically significant association between the group of owners whose dogs had never presented canine visceral leishmaniasis and owners that used some preventive method in the animal (p=0.0006) was observed.
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Zuque, Maria Angelina da Silva. "Participação de gambás e cães domiciliados como reservatórios de Leishmania infantum e Trypanosoma cruzi georreferenciados nos municípios da Regional de Saúde de Três Lagoas - MS." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136267.

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Orientador: Simone Baldini Lucheis
Resumo: A Leishmaniose Visceral e a Doença de Chagas são importantes zoonoses negligenciadas do ponto de vista de saúde pública. Animais domésticos, como o cão, e animais silvestres, como os gambás, fazem parte do ciclo destas zoonoses como fontes de infecção para os vetores. O estudo foi realizado em cinco municípios da Regional de Saúde de Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, em 2013 e 2014, com objetivo de identificar a ocorrência da infecção natural por Leishmania spp e Trypanosoma cruzi em gambás (Didelphis albiventris) e cães domiciliados, descrever aspectos epidemiológicos dessas doenças na população canina e humana, seus vetores, e a distribuição espacial da Leishmaniose Visceral Canina usando técnicas do georrefenciamento. Amostras de sangue dos cães foram submetidas a análises sorológicas e moleculares, e a dos gambás somente as análises moleculares. Em relação à pesquisa de anticorpos contra a Leishmania spp., as provas sorológicas de 683 amostras dos cães, revelaram reagentes 320 amostras ao Dual Path Platform, 300 amostras ao Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay e 116 a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta. Para Trypanosoma cruzi, pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta, quatro amostras do município de Três Lagoas foram reagentes. Das 683 amostras de sangue total, dos cães submetidas à Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase, todas foram negativas para Trypanosoma cruzi e obteve-se êxito na amplificação de Leishmania spp em 17 amostras. As 39 amostras de sangue total dos gambás fo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL ) and Chagas disease (CD ) are important neglected zoonoses in accordance with public health. Domestic animals such as dogs and wildlife such as possums , are part of these zoonoses cycles as reservoirs and sources of infection for vectors. The study was conducted in five Regional Health of the municipalities of Três Lagoas , Mato Grosso do Sul in 2013 and 2014 , in order to verify the occurrence of natural infection with Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi in opossums (Didelphis albiventris) and the pet dogs, and describe the characteristics of diseases in human and canine population , vectors , and the spatial distribution of canine Visceral Leishmaniasis using techniques georrefenciamento. In dog´s blood there were performed serological analysis and molecular tests ande the samples of the opossums were performed molecular tests. Regarding the research for Leishmania antibodies the techniques serological to 683 dog samples, showed reagent 320 samples to Dual Path Platform, 300 samples to Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and 116 to Immunofluorescence Antibody Test. For Trypanosoma cruzi, the test Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) four samples of Três Lagoas municipality were reactive. Of the samples from dogs 683 submitted to the Polymerase Chain Reaction were all negative by Trypanosoma cruzi gave successful amplification Leishmania spp in 17 of them. The 39 samples of the opossums were all negative by PCR to Leishmania spp. and Trypa... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Barbosa, Sofia Diniz de Nazaré. "A leishmaniose canina e os condicionalismos determinados pelas respectivas alterações renais." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3548.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A Leishmaniose é uma doença zoonótica causada pelo protozoário da espécie Leishmania infantum, que existe predominantemente na Bacia do Mediterrâneo. O ciclo de vida deste parasita requer a existência de um vector, um insecto do género Phlebotomus, que é responsável pela transmissão das formas infectantes, os promastigotas metacíclicos, aos hospedeiros vertebrados, nomeadamente os canídeos. Em Portugal, apenas as espécies P. ariasi e P. perniciosus são vectores comprovados de L. infantum. As características clínicas da Leishmaniose canina variam amplamente como consequência dos numerosos mecanismos patogénicos do protozoário, da diversidade de respostas imunológicas desenvolvidas nos hospedeiros e dos diferentes órgãos afectados. A doença renal pode ser a única manifestação clínica nos animais infectados, podendo progredir de proteinúria assintomática até síndrome nefrótico ou Insuficiência Renal Crónica, que é responsável pela degradação do estado geral e a principal causa de morte nos cães com Leishmaniose. A aplicação do tratamento adequado requer, previamente, um diagnóstico precoce da doença e a avaliação do estado sanitário e imunitário do animal, através do exame clínico e de exames complementares, que devem ser repetidos a cada 6 meses. A presença de Insuficiência Renal Crónica impõe algumas limitações no tratamento da Leishmaniose canina, sendo fundamental seleccionar cautelosamente os fármacos e respectivas doses a administrar a cada paciente. Neste estudo retrospectivo foram observados 19 canídeos com Leishmaniose, sendo a sua sintomatologia muito variável, da qual se destaca a linfadenopatia, o emagrecimento e as lesões dermatológicas. As alterações laboratoriais mais frequentes foram a anemia não-regenerativa, a trombocitopénia, a hiperproteinémia com hiperglobulinémia e a proteinúria. O diagnóstico etiológico foi realizado com base nas técnicas de imunocromatografia rápida e de imunofluorescência indirecta. Foi também diagnosticada Insuficiência Renal Crónica em 4 canídeos da amostra. Diferentes fármacos foram utilizados no tratamento etiológico e sintomático, porém foi mais frequente a administração de alopurinol em monoterapia ou em associação com o antimoniato de glucamina.
ABSTRACT - CANINE LEISHMANIASIS AND CONSTRAINTS DETERMINED BY THEIR RENAL CHANGES - Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, which is the most common species of Leishmania in the Mediterranean basin. The life cycle of this parasite requires the existence of a vector, the insect of the genus Phlebotomus, which is responsible for the transmission of infectious form, the metacyclic promastigotes, to the vertebrate host, namely the dog. In Portugal, only the species P. ariasi and P. perniciosus are proven vectors of L. infantum. The clinical features of canine Leishmaniasis are highly variable as a consequence of the numerous pathogenic mechanisms, the diversity of immune responses of individual hosts and the different organs affected. Renal disease may be the only clinical manifestation in infected dogs and may progress from asymptomatic proteinuria to nephrotic syndrome or to Chronic Kidney Disease, which is responsible for the deterioration of general condition and leading cause of death in dogs with Leishmaniasis. The application of suitable treatment requires, previously, an early diagnosis and assessment of dog’s health and immunity status, by clinical examination and several routine diagnostic tests, which must be repeated every six months. The presence of Chronic Kidney Disease imposes some limitations in the treatment of canine Leishmaniasis and is necessary to select carefully the drugs and doses to be administered in each patient. In this retrospective study, 19 dogs with Leishmaniasis were observed and many clinical signs were found, mainly lymphadenopathy, weight loss and dermatologic lesions. The most frequent laboratory abnormalities were non-regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperproteinemia with hyperglobulinemia and proteinuria. The definitive diagnosis was made by a rapid immunomigration test and indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Chronic Kidney Disease was also diagnosed in 4 dogs of sample. Different drugs were used in the etiological and symptomatic treatment, but the administration of alopurinol alone or in combination with glucamine antimoniate were the most frequent.
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Books on the topic "Leishmaniasis-Disease"

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J, Farrell, ed. Leishmania. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic Pub., 2002.

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Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative. An innovative solution. [Geneva]: DNDi, 2004.

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International, Symposium on Phlebotomine Sandflies (1st 1991 Rome Italy). First International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sandflies: Rome, Italy, 4-6 September 1991 : abstract book. Roma: Istituto superiore di sanità, 1991.

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de Azevedo Calderonon, Leonardo, ed. Leishmaniasis - General Aspects of a Stigmatized Disease. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95200.

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Calderon, Leonardo de Azevedo. Leishmaniasis: General Aspects of a Stigmatized Disease. IntechOpen, 2022.

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Wolstenholme, G. E. W., Katherine Elliott, and Maeve O'Connor. Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis: With Special Reference to Chagas' Disease. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.

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Staff, CIBA Foundation Symposium. Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis: With Special Reference to Chagas' Disease. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2008.

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World Health Organization (WHO) and Human African Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis TDR Disease Reference Group on Chagas Disease. Research Priorities for Chagas Disease, Human African Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2012.

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Farrell, Jay P. Leishmania. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Rivera, Gildardo, Navin B. Patel, and Debasish Bandyopadhyay, eds. Discovery and Development of Drugs for Neglected Diseases: Chagas Disease, Human African Trypanosomiasis, and Leishmaniasis. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88971-792-7.

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Book chapters on the topic "Leishmaniasis-Disease"

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Coelho, Eduardo A. F., and Myron Christodoulides. "Vaccines for Canine Leishmaniasis." In Vaccines for Neglected Pathogens: Strategies, Achievements and Challenges, 281–306. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24355-4_13.

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AbstractVisceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease in many countries and dogs are considered the main domestic reservoir of Leishmania parasites, and the presence of infected animals represents a potential risk for human disease. In this chapter, we review the state-of-the-art of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) vaccines, discussing the properties and problems associated with the few currently licensed and discontinued vaccines and looking forward to the development of new, more effective vaccines. Reducing the incidence of CanL through vaccination will improve canine health and welfare and contribute to preventing human VL.
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Farrell, Jay P., Thomas J. Nolan, William L. Croop, and Carl E. Kirkpatrick. "A Possible Role for Prostaglandins in Regulation of Disease in Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis." In Leishmaniasis, 345–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1575-9_42.

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Campino, Lenea Maria. "Canine Reservoirs and Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology and Disease." In World Class Parasites, 45–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0955-4_4.

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Read, Amber, Ivy Hurwitz, and Ravi Durvasula. "Leishmaniasis: An Update on a Neglected Tropical Disease." In Dynamic Models of Infectious Diseases, 95–138. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3961-5_4.

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Trager, William. "Immunology of Leishmaniasis and American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease)." In Living Together, 309–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9465-9_20.

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Recacoechea, M., G. Villarroel, S. Balderrama, R. Urjel, S. De Doncker, D. Jacquet, and D. Le Ray. "Leishmaniasis in the Lowlands of Bolivia (Leishbol): Part III. Status of the Disease in an Area of Spontaneous Agricultural Colonization." In Leishmaniasis, 109–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1575-9_14.

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Farrell, Jay P. "The Immunology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Experimental Infections and Human Disease." In World Class Parasites, 151–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0955-4_11.

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Osada, Yasutaka, Satoko Omachi, Chizu Sanjoba, and Yoshitsugu Matsumoto. "Animal Models of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Applicability to Disease Control." In Kala Azar in South Asia, 287–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47101-3_23.

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Avila, José Luis. "α-Galactosyl-Bearing Epitopes as Potent Immunogens in Chagas’ Disease and Leishmaniasis." In α-Gal and Anti-Gal, 173–213. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4771-6_8.

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de Carvalho Clímaco, Marianna, Lucas Kraemer, and Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara. "Vaccine Development for Human Leishmaniasis." In Vaccines for Neglected Pathogens: Strategies, Achievements and Challenges, 307–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24355-4_14.

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AbstractThe development of vaccines for human leishmaniasis is one of the most important approaches for effectively controlling and/or eradicating the several forms of the disease. Based on the knowledge obtained from the practice of leishmanization and its protective immune response, several strategies have been used to develop vaccines against Leishmania species, such as the use of whole killed and attenuated parasites, recombinant proteins, and DNA vaccines. An ideal vaccine should be safe, effective, and immunogenic. Although several candidates have achieved safety and some level of effectiveness, the current challenge in the development of prophylactic vaccines is to achieve long-lasting immune protection by generating a robust and irreversible Th1 adaptive immune response in the host, with rapid recruitment of memory and effectors T cells at key acute points of infection. However, despite all efforts over the years, due to the antigenic diversity of the parasite and the complexity of the host’s immune response, human vaccine trials have been disappointing in mediating long-term immunity against sandfly-delivered infection. Therefore, more investments in this field should be carried out to translate preclinical findings from mice to humans through effective vaccine development strategies.
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Conference papers on the topic "Leishmaniasis-Disease"

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Durvasula, Ravi. "Paratransgenic strategies to control transmission of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92857.

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Amoli, Golnush Masghati. "GIS-based risk map analysis of Leishmaniasis disease in Isfahan, Iran." In 2011 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbeia.2011.6088820.

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Montolio-Chiva, L., Elia Valls-Pascual, D. Ybáñez-García, À. Martínez-Ferrer, Marta Aguilar-Zamora, Ana V. Orenes Vera, I. Vázquez-Gómez, et al. "FRI0682 LEISHMANIASIS IN PATIENTSWITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE TREATED WITH IMMUNOMODULATORS. MULTICENTER ANALYSIS." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.5992.

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Guagchinga Moreno, Genesis Yulisa, Andrea Carolina Serrano Larrea, Frank Alexis, and Javier Santamaría. "Cellulose-based beads as a possible method for drug release in the treatment of Leishmaniasis disease." In VIII Congreso Internacional de Investigación REDU. Medwave, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2022.s1.ci26.

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SILVA, SERGIO E. LEMOS DA, BRUNA SCARPELLI PEDROSA VIEIRA, BRUNO RODRIGO DE MEDEIROS, EMILLENE MARIA SILVA OLIVEIRA, JULIANA DA CONCEIçãO SILVA FIGUEIREDO, and MARIA DAGUIJARA SANTOS SILVA. "HEALTH INDICATORS OF CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS AS TOOLS FOR CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN BRAZIL." In II South Florida Congress of Development. brazco, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47172/iisfcdv2022.0022.

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Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a disease caused by the protozoan genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of the sand fly mosquito. It is considered a zoonosis and its control is based on the diversity of urban vector reservoir agents, where dogs are the main reservoirs of the parasite. The present article aimed to investigate the prevalence and incidence of CVL in different regions of Brazil, from a literature review. An analysis of scientific articles focusing on the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, prophylaxis and control aspects of the disease was carried out. The prevalence of CVL in Brazilian regions is determined by means of clinical, epidemiological and laboratory diagnostic methods. Laboratory confirmation is necessary to avoid false positive results, whose consequences can be fatal, such as euthanasia in non infected animals. The study is based on the survey of transmission areas with the evaluation of the effectiveness of actions to control and progress the disease, such as the reduction of prevalence and lethality, with measures of interventions and environmental sanitation that can reduce its incidence. It was found that the knowledge of the epidemiological indicators of CVL are essential to implement health actions to promote control and prevention in susceptible populations.
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FERREIRA, Lucas Leal, Amanda Alfeld BELEGOTE, Laís Freire SILVA, Steffany Souza CABRAL, and Priscilla Nunes DOS SANTOS. "SEROPREVALENCE AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DOMICILED DOGS (CANIS LUPUS FAMILIARIS) CLOSE TO A HUMAN CASE OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS." In SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021 INTERNATIONAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE. DR. D. SCIENTIFIC CONSULTING, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.21scon.30_abstract_ferreira.pdf.

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a disease with a great impact on public health in Brazil due to its zoonotic potential. One of the biggest challenges in controlling the disease is the fact that its main reservoir in urban areas is the domestic dog, and thus, it is a source of infection that lives very close to the human being. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of L. chagasi and the symptoms of CVL present in dogs living near a human case confirmed by the Municipal Health Department of the municipality of Vassouras. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein of 14 resident dogs within a radius of 150 meters from a confirmed human case. This collected material was submitted to the DPP screening test, and the positive samples were submitted to the ELISA confirmatory test. Information was also obtained through questionnaires about the presence of the disease's clinical signs. Of the 14 animals tested in the DPP, only 4 were positive in the screening test, and all presented negative results in the ELISA confirmatory test. Of the 14 dogs, 4 had symptoms. Of these, 2 presented skin lesions, and 1 animal showed cough, while the last one exhibited vomiting. It is concluded that the DPP screening test for CVL is a practical and easy to handle method, although it requires attention due to the possibility of cross-reaction with other etiological agents in dogs. The human case is probably a result of a non-autochtone infection. Therefore, asymptomatic dogs should be under disease surveillance since these hosts also act as a source of infection for vector insects.
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Slobodyanik, R. V., S. S. Zykova, and O. V. Shcherbakov. "CASES OF LEISHMANIASIS AMONG STRAY DOGS IN SETTLEMENTS OF THE SYUNIK AND ARARAT REGIONS OF ARMENIA." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.436-440.

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Our research is devoted to the study of the prevalence of leishmaniasis (on the example of identified cases) in stray dogs in the Syunik and Ararat Regions of Armenia. In May 2022, in the settlements of the Syunik and Ararat Regions of the Republic, we examined five stray dogs, outbred females aged from 6 months to 2 years for leishmaniasis. One dog was examined in the cities of Meghri, Kapan and in the village of Tegh, Syunik Region. Two dogs were examined in the village of Yeraskh, Ararat Region. Our studies have shown that the invasion prevalence (IP) in the population of stray dogs in the Syunik and Ararat Regions of Armenia is 100%. The examined animals looked quite healthy and felt good. Skin lesions in the form of epithelium desquamation on the nose were only recorded in one dog (20%) in Kapan, Syunik Region. Thus, we confirmed that in the Syunik and Ararat Regions of Armenia, a local natural focus of leishmaniasis is actively functioning, in the spread of which stray dogs are actively involved, which indicates the circulation of parasites in the study area and the possibility of infection of other animals and humans through carriers. Prevention and control measures of leishmaniasis should include measures to control the number of stray dogs, control the incidence in domestic dogs using serological tests, and measures to destroy mosquito breeding sites.
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Sinha, Sukrat. "IDDF2018-ABS-0256 Clinical and hepatological profile of a patient suffering from visceral leishmaniasis." In International Digestive Disease Forum (IDDF) 2018, Hong Kong, 9–10 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-iddfabstracts.238.

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Sinha, Sukrat. "IDDF2019-ABS-0177 Modulation of antimony mediated therapy for an optimal insulin secretion during visceral leishmaniasis." In International Digestive Disease Forum (IDDF) 2019, Hong Kong, 8–9 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-iddfabstracts.183.

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Reports on the topic "Leishmaniasis-Disease"

1

Baldeviano, Geral C. Development of Novel Therapeutics for Neglected Tropical Disease Leishmaniasis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1008742.

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Satoskar, Abhay. Development of Novel Therapeutics for Neglected Tropical Disease Leishmaniasis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada637013.

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Saenz, Rolando E. Research on Defense Against the Effects of Parasitic Disease. Pilot Study on the Efficacy of Pentostam in the Treatment of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada230244.

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