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Journal articles on the topic 'Legume silage'
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RIDWAN, RONI, IMAN RUSMANA, YANTYATI WIDYASTUTI, KOMANG G. WIRYAWAN, BAMBANG PRASETYA, MITSUO SAKAMOTO, and MORIYA OHKUMA. "Bacteria and methanogen community in the rumen fed different levels of grass-legume silages." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 4 (March 22, 2019): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200417.
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Abstract. Ridwan R, Rusmana I, Widyastuti Y, Wiryawan KG, Prasetya B, Sakamoto M, Ohkuma M. 2019. Bacteria and methanogen community in the rumen fed different levels of grass-legume silages. Biodiversitas 20: 1055-1062. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary grass-legume silages on the microbial community by using a culture-independent approach. Treatments consisted of R0: 50% Pennisetum purpureum and 50 % concentrate; R1: 20% P. purpureum, 50 % concentrate, and 30% grass-legumes silage; R2: 20% P. purpureum, 35 % concentrate, and 45% grass-legumes silage; and R3; 20% P. purpureum, 20 % concentrate, and 60% grass-legumes silage. The rumen fluid obtained from fistulated cattle was used for T-RFLP, 16S rDNA clone library, and qPCR analyses. The results indicated that bacterial diversity was dominated by Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and methanogen by Methanobacteriales, based on partial 16S rDNA sequences. The microbial communities were dominated by Prevotella brevis, P. ruminicola, Succiniclasticum ruminis, and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, M. smithi, M. thueri, and M. millerae. The increasing silage diet in a rumen suppressed methanogenesis by reducing population distribution of Methanobacteriales, directly or indirectly, by reducing the diversity of bacterial populations. Generally, the increase silage in the diet changed the bacterial and methanogen community. Grass-legume silage diets of less than 45% are potential for ruminant diet to reduce methane production by a decrease of 4% in the relative distribution of methanogens in the rumen.
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Dewhurst, Richard. "Milk production from silage: comparison of grass, legume and maize silages and their mixtures." Agricultural and Food Science 22, no. 1 (March 27, 2013): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6673.
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The high rates of rumen fermentation, physical breakdown and passage rates from the rumen of legume silages lead to higher intakes than for grass silages of comparable digestibility. Although total tract digestibilities for legume silages and maize silages are often lower than for grass silages, milk yields are usually higher. A further benefit of legumes and maize is the reduced rate of decline in digestibility. Legume silages often lead to a reduction in milk fat concentration and increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 18:2 n-6 and 18:3 n-3. This latter effect is related to reduced rumen biohydrogenation as a consequence of increased rumen passage rates or the effects of polyphenol oxidase. There is quite a wide range of maturities (300 – 350 g kg-1 DM) that leads to maximum dry matter intakes and milk production from maize silage; milk production is reduced with immature or over–mature maize crops. Forage chop length exerts a number of effects, both in the silo and in the rumen, but effects on rumen function, feed intake and milk production have been inconsistent. The high protein content and high N degradability of most legume silages is associated with a low efficiency of converting dietary N into milk N, with a concomitant increase in urine N. Reducing N intake by inclusion of maize silage in mixtures with legume silages leads to a marked reduction in urine N without loss of production potential. It is predicted, on the basis of their chemical composition and rumen kinetics, that legume silages and maize silages would reduce methane production relative to grass silage, though in vivo measurements are lacking. Extensive fermentation in the silo reduces the amount of fermentable substrate, and reduced methane production in comparison with grass silage where fermentation had been restricted by high levels of acid additive.
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Kennedy, P. C., L. E. R. Dawson, F. O. Lively, R. W. J. Steen, A. M. Fearon, B. W. Moss, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "Effects of offering grass silage alone or in combination with lupin/triticale, lupin/wheat or pea/oat whole-crop silages on animal performance, meat quality and fatty acid composition of beef from cattle offered two levels of concentrate." Journal of Agricultural Science 156, no. 8 (October 2018): 1017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859618001077.
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AbstractAn experiment was carried out to examine the effects of offering beef cattle five silage diets. These were perennial ryegrass silage (PRGS) as the sole forage, tall fescue/perennial ryegrass silage (FGS) as the sole forage, PRGS in a 50:50 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis with lupin/triticale silage (LTS), lupin/wheat silage (LWS) and pea/oat silage (POS). Each of the five silage diets was supplemented with 4 and 7 kg of concentrates/head/day in a five silages × two concentrate intakes factorial design. A total of 90 cattle were used in the 121-day experiment. The grass silages were of medium digestibility and were well preserved. The legume/cereal silages had high ammonia N, high acetic acid, low lactic acid, low butyric acid and low digestible organic matter concentrations (542, 562 and 502 g/kg DM for LTS, LWS and POS, respectively). Silage treatment did not significantly affect liveweight gain, carcass gain, carcass characteristics, the instrumental assessment of meat quality or fatty acid composition of theM. longissimus dorsimuscle. In view of the low yields of the legume/cereal crops, it is concluded that the inclusion of spring-sown legume/cereal silages in the diets of beef cattle is unlikely to be advantageous.
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Hawu, Onke, Khuliso Emmanuel Ravhuhali, Hilda Kwena Mokoboki, Cornelia Kedidimetse Lebopa, and Nkosomzi Sipango. "Sustainable Use of Legume Residues: Effect on Nutritive Value and Ensiling Characteristics of Maize Straw Silage." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116743.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritive value, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD), and ensiling characteristics of legume foliage–maize straw silages. For silage, the proportion of legume to maize was 20%:80% (maize–lablab (ML), maize–indigenous cowpea (MI), maize–Betswit (MB), and maize–Dr Saunders (MD)). Maize alone (M) was used as a control, making up five treatments. Silages were opened after 45 days, and samples were taken for chemical composition, IVDMD, and fermentation characteristics analysis. Other samples were put through a seven-day aerobic stability test. All data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance, in a completely randomized design (CRD). For the nutritive value of the silage, the ML had the highest (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content, when compared with other silages. Maize–Betswit had the lowest (p < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) content, when compared with other silages. The lowest (p < 0.05) ether-extract (EE) and hemicellulose content was recorded for MI silage. The lowest (p < 0.05) pH was recorded for maize silage. All silages had similar (p > 0.05) amounts of lactic acid (LA), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), yeast, and mould counts. The MI had the lowest (p < 0.05) carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, when compared with other silages. The highest (p < 0.05) IVDMD was recorded for ML silage, from 24 h up to 72 h. The addition of legumes in maize straw resulted in improved silage quality and fermentation characteristics.
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LIMA-OROZCO, R., I. VAN DAELE, U. ÁLVAREZ-HERNÁNDEZ, and V. FIEVEZ. "Combined conservation of jack bean and velvet bean with sorghum: evaluation of lab-scale silages and in vitro assessment of their nutritive value." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 6 (April 15, 2014): 967–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614000148.
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SUMMARYThe potential of ensiled sorghum–soybean as a ruminant feed has already been demonstrated; however, alternatives for soybean should be considered because other legumes such as jack bean (JB; Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) and velvet bean (VB; Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC) might produce better yields under tropical conditions. First, the possibility for a qualitative conservation of these legumes in combination with sorghum was studied using lab-scale silages. Furthermore, the potential of additional molasses as a source of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and a microbial inoculant (BIOPRANAL) to improve silage quality were assessed. As sorghum or legume tannins may influence the silage nutritive value, their importance was assessed through the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which reduces tannin activity. Therefore, 25 treatments per legume–sorghum combination were created according to a central composite design. An acceptable silage quality was reached when at least half of the fresh biomass consisted of sorghum in combination with at least 15 g of additional WSC/kg fresh material. The nutritive value of mixed silages as well as pure sorghum silage in combination with dry jack beans was determined through in vitro digestibility in the rumen and small intestine. Polyethylene glycol increased the in vitro production of short-chain fatty acids, ammonia (NH3) concentrations and effective rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability for both mixed silages, indicating that tannins reduced rumen degradability. The latter action could be positive as the amount of digestible bypass protein increased when no PEG was added in the silo. Propionate and valerate proportions were increased through PEG addition to sorghum–JB and sorghum–VB silages, respectively, suggesting that the nature of the tannins differ between these legumes.
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Dewhurst, R. J., R. J. Merry, D. R. Davies, J. M. Moorby, N. D. Scollan, M. A. Neville, and D. H. Baker. "Effects of legume silages on the quantity and particle size distribution of rumen contents in Holstein-Friesian cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000028.
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Poor animal performance associated with low digestibility silages results partly from the reduced nutrient yield per unit intake, but also from the associated lower intakes which were presumed to be a consequence of rumen fill effects. Legume silages have a lower average digestibility than grass silages, and yet often have higher intake characteristics. The objective of this work was to compare rumen fill and rumen particle size distribution for animals fed grass silage or legume silage-based diets.
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Santana, A. A., L. Cheng, D. M. Verdecia, J. L. Ramírez, S. López, M. V. Cisneros, I. Rugoho, T. M. R. Maxwell, and O. Al-Marashdeh. "Effect of a mixed silage of king grass (Cenchrus purpureus) and forage legumes (Leucaena leucocephala or Gliricidia sepium) on sheep intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance." Animal Production Science 59, no. 12 (2019): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18559.
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Ensiled king grass (Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone) is commonly used as feed in tropical ruminant production. However, ruminant performance can be limited by low nitrogen (N) content in tropical grass silage. A mixed feed of legume–king grass silage may be an option to improve ruminant production. We investigated the effects of feeding an ensiled mixture of king grass forage and foliage of a browse tree legume, either leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) or gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp), on dry matter (DM) intake, DM digestibility, organic matter (OM) digestibility and N balance of Pelibuey sheep. Twelve male lambs 9–11 months old were blocked by initial bodyweight (33 ± 3 kg, mean ± s.d.) into three groups of four lambs and randomly assigned to one of three feed treatments: king grass silage (KS); mixed king grass and leucaena silage (KLS); and mixed king grass and gliricidia silage (KGS). Results showed that DM and OM were similar among silages. The N content was higher (P < 0.001) in KLS and KGS than in KS. DM intake and DM digestibility were higher (P < 0.001) in KLS and KGS than in KS. OM digestibility was higher (P < 0.001) in KLS than in KS. Nitrogen intake, faecal N, urine volume, urinary N, digested N, N digestibility, N retention and retained N:N intake ratio from KLS and KGS treatments were higher (P < 0.05) than from KS. A lower (P < 0.01) urinary N:N intake ratio was detected from KGS and KLS than from KS. This study demonstrated that, compared with silage made from king grass alone, legume–king grass silage mixtures can improve intake and nutrient digestibility in Pelibuey lambs. Further, N retention can be enhanced when legume–king grass silages are used as feed compared with king grass silage alone.
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Kaiser, A. G., B. S. Dear, and S. G. Morris. "An evaluation of the yield and quality of oat - legume and ryegrass - legume mixtures and legume monocultures harvested at three stages of growth for silage." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 1 (2007): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05221.
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The effect of harvest time on the dry matter (DM) yield and quality of 10 annual temperate legumes [Trifolium subterraneum, var. brachcalycinum and var. subterraneum L. (subterranean clover), T. michelianum Savi (balansa clover), T. alexandrinum L. (berseem clover), Medicago murex Willd. (murex medic), M. truncatula Gaertn. (barrel medic), T. vesiculosum Savi (arrowleaf clover), Vicia sativa L. (common vetch), V. benghalensis L. (purple vetch), Pisum sativum L. (peas) grown in monoculture or in mixtures with oats (Avena sativa L.)] was examined in a Mediterranean environment in southern New South Wales. Three of the legumes (subterranean clover, berseem and peas) were also grown in mixtures with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The forages were sown on 29 May and harvested at three times (2 October, 23 October and 6 November), corresponding to the boot, anthesis and dough stage of the cereal oat variety, Kalgan. Peas were the highest yielding of the legume monocultures at each of the three harvest times (6.9, 11.6, 12.3 t DM/ha), followed by purple vetch (6.2, 9.9, 8.7 t DM/ha). Of the small-seeded pasture legumes, berseem, murex and arrowleaf clover were the highest yielding at the second harvest (7.5–8.8 t DM/ha) when most reached their peak biomass. The inclusion of oats with the legumes increased total DM yield at the first, second and third harvests by 10–54, 7–99 and 3–102%, respectively. Oat monocultures were high yielding (up to 17.7 t DM/ha), but had low N contents (6.3–12.5 g N/kg DM). Oat–legume forage mixtures had nitrogen (N) contents of 7–15 g N/kg compared with 17–40 g N/kg in the legume monocultures. The N content and digestibility of most species and mixtures decreased as harvest time was delayed, whereas total DM peaked at the second harvest for all species except Cooba oats. The legume content of the mixtures was negatively correlated with total DM yield, DM content and water soluble carbohydrates, but positively correlated with N content, in vitro digestibility and buffering capacity. The digestibility of oats decreased more rapidly than the legumes with advancing maturity, and it would need to be harvested at the boot stage to produce a silage of sufficiently high metabolisable energy for the production feeding of cattle. A later harvest at anthesis when yield is higher would produce a silage of sufficient quality for production feeding from an oat–large seeded legume mixture with a legume content of 0.50. The oats and ryegrass had high water soluble carbohydrate and low to medium buffering capacity and would, therefore, be expected to produce well-preserved silages. The legume monocultures had low water soluble carbohydrate contents and high buffering capacity values and there would be a high risk of a poor silage fermentation in these forages without field wilting or the use of a silage additive.
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Vicente, Fernando, Douâa Elouadaf, Alejandra Sánchez-Vera, Ana Soldado, Senén De La Torre-Santos, and Adela Martínez-Fernández. "The Dairy Cow Slurry Composition Used as Organic Fertilizer Is Influenced by the Level and Origin of the Dietary Protein." Animals 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102812.
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Less than 30% of dairy cattle’s nitrogen ingested is retained in milk. Therefore, large amounts of nitrogen can be excreted in manure and urine with a potential environmental impact. In addition, some legume forages can be more susceptible to proteolysis during the silage process than grasses, and dairy cows fed these legume silages would excrete a larger quantity of nitrogen in slurry. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the amount of nitrogen excretion in dairy cows fed different protein levels and legume silages with a view to improve the slurry quality as a co-product that can be used as fertilizer. Two double 3 × 3 Latin square trials were carried out in order to study three different protein levels (high, medium, and low) and three different silages (grass, faba bean, and field pea). Dry matter intake, milk production, and composition were not affected by treatments. The excretion of ammonia-N in the urine was almost four times lower in the diet with the lowest protein level. The ammonia-N in the urine was twice as high with the pea silage than faba bean and grass silages. In conclusion, the diet containing 13% of protein meets the protein requirement for lactating cows producing 31 kg daily, with low nitrogen excretion in the urine, and the main pathway for the excretion of surplus nitrogen from legume silages is through urine and the metabolization of pea silage protein goes toward ammonia-N.
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Wiking, Lars, Peter K. Theil, Jacob H. Nielsen, and Martin T. Sørensen. "Effect of grazing fresh legumes or feeding silage on fatty acids and enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat in dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Research 77, no. 3 (May 10, 2010): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202991000021x.
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The impact of fresh legume types or silage on the composition of milk fatty acids and transcription of enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat in cows was studied. Three groups of cows grazed high proportions of white clover, red clover and lucerne, respectively. A fourth group of cows was fed maize/grass silage. The cows grazing high proportions of legumes produced significantly more 18:1 trans-11, 18:2 cis9-trans11, 18:2 trans10-cis12 and 18:3 fatty acids than cows fed silage. White clover and lucerne grazing resulted in significantly lower output of 18:1 trans9 in milk than red clover grazing and maize/grass silages. Transcription of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in mammary tissue was significantly increased by grazing high proportions of legume whereas fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were not affected by type of feeding. Furthermore, average milk fat globule diameter was correlated to daily milk fat yield but was not affected by feeding. Although the fresh forage affected the transcription of SCD in mammary tissue, the largest effects were on the trans11-based fatty acids. It is concluded that type of forage, i.e. fresh or silage, had a greater impact on rumen fermentation pattern than on transcription of enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat.
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Tjandraatmadja, M., I. C. MacRae, and B. W. Norton. "Digestion by sheep of silages prepared from mixtures of tropical grasses and legumes." Journal of Agricultural Science 120, no. 3 (June 1993): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076577.
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SUMMARYFour silage diets were prepared from tropical grass and legume mixtures and fed to intestinally fistulated sheep to determine the sites and extent of digestion of the different silage components in the digestive tract. Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) was ensiled either alone or with the addition, 33% (w/w), of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. Caloona). All forages were grown at the University of Queensland farm in 1985. All silages were well preserved as indicated by low pH (< 4·1), ammonia N (< 9% total N), acetic acid (< 13 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and ethanol (< 19 g/kg DM) contents, and high DM (> 290 g/kg) and lactic acid (> 41 g/kg DM) contents. The inclusion of leucaena and gliricidia significantly increased the total N content of the silages. The addition of legumes at ensiling significantly increased rumen ammonia N (pangola 59 mg N/l, legume diets 110–115 mg N/l) and the proportion of propionic acid in rumen fluid. Sheep given pangola + leucaena silages had significantly higher DM intakes (66·3 g/kg W0·75 per day) than sheep given pangola and pangola + cowpea silages (52·4 and 53·2 g/kg W0·75 per day respectively). The inclusion of gliricidia significantly depressed silage intake (43·1 g/kg W0·75 per day). There were no significant effects of diet on DM (551–609 g/kg) and organic matter (550–612 g/rkg) digestibility. Sheep given pangola + leucaena silages had higher N intakes, N balances, rates and efficiencies of microbial N synthesis and total non-ammonia N (NAN) flows to the small intestine than did sheep given the other silages. Apparent degradabilities of silage N in the rumen were similar for all diets (0·491–0·559 g N/kg N intake), but sheep given pangola + leucaena silages had lower true (corrected for endogenous N) N degradabilities (0·648 g N/kg N intake) than those given the other diets (0·751–0·775 g N/kg N intake). The values obtained in this experiment were compared with those reported for temperate grass silages, and it was concluded that whilst the digestibility of tropical grass/legume silages was low, intakes and rumen fermentation characteristics were similar to those found for temperate grass silages.
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Evans, J., G. Scott, D. Lemerle, A. Kaiser, B. Orchard, G. M. Murray, and E. L. Armstrong. "Impact of legume 'break' crops on the yield and grain quality of wheat and relationship with soil mineral N and crop N content." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 8 (2003): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02224.
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The effect of annual 'break' crops on the yield and protein content of wheat was investigated over 3 seasons on a Red Kandasol on the south-western slopes of New South Wales. The 'break' crops included lupin and pea grown for grain, pea and vetch managed for silage, clovers managed for silage or hay, and vetch and clovers managed for green manuring. Wheat was sown for 2 years following the legume year, or canola and wheat followed the legumes. Averaged over 3 experiments the yields of first crop wheat following pea or vetch silage crops were comparable with those after grain pea. Yields following clover forage conservation crops or green manures exceeded those after grain pea by at least 0.41 t/ha; average yield increase after clover green manure was 0.93 t/ha. In one experiment, yields of second crop wheat were greater, by up to 0.37 t/ha, after forage conservation or green manure legume 'breaks' than after grain legumes. In 2 experiments, second crop wheat yields were greater after a first crop of canola than a first crop of wheat. Compared with continuous wheat yield, aggregate mean wheat yield increases were 3.5–4 t/ha following grain legumes, pea, and vetch silage crops, but 5.3–6.3 t/ha following clover forage conservation and green manure crops. However, the relative effects of legume treatments on wheat yield were significantly seasonally dependent. Yield and grain protein variation in wheat after legumes was significantly correlated with variation in mineral N at wheat establishment. However, in one experiment, yield was correlated only with variation in mineral N below the 20-cm soil depth, whereas protein was correlated only with variation in mineral N above the 20 cm soil depth. Yield increases in first crop wheat did not occur at the expense of grain protein.
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Evans, J., G. Scott, D. Lemerle, A. Kaiser, B. Orchard, G. M. Murray, and E. L. Armstrong. "Impact of legume 'break' crops on the residual amount and distribution of soil mineral nitrogen." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 8 (2003): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02149.
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Important factors in the successful uptake of grain legumes by cereal growers have been their capacity to increase soil N and control cereal disease, as these have underpinned high yields in following wheat crops. However, alternative 1-year legume crops are required to introduce additional biodiversity and management flexibility for cereal growers. The effects on soil mineral N and potential contribution to soil total N of other legume enterprises were studied. These included vetch (Vicia bengalhensis) or clovers (mix of Trifolium alexandrinum, T.�versiculosum, T. resupinatum) managed for green manure; pea (Pisum sativum), vetch, or clovers managed for silage; and clovers managed for hay. These were compared with pea and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) managed for grain production. Wheat was also included as a control. The legumes were grown in acidic Red Kandasol soil at Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales, in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Mineral N was measured in the autumn or winter of seasons 1997 and 1998 respectively. Amounts of stubble residue N were measured in all seasons. The green manure crops, particularly vetch, produced more mineral N than both grain legumes. The forage conservation crops (silage or hay) produced similar amounts of mineral N to grain pea and more than grain lupin. For the grain and green manure legume crops, variation in amounts of mineral N was explained by the total N content of legume stubble residue, but for the forage conservation crops, more mineral N was measured than was predictable from stubble N. The amounts of mineral N at different soil depths differed between legume treatments and experiments (sites and years). Based only on above-ground plant N, the green manure crops contributed more to increasing total soil N than grain legumes; in turn, the grain legumes contributed more than the forage conservation crops. It was concluded that alternative annual legume enterprises to grain legumes may provide at least similar enrichment of soil mineral N early in the following season, and that all annual legume enterprises may accumulate nitrate deep in the soil profile in some seasons.
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Dewhurst, R. J., D. W. R. Davies, W. J. Fisher, J. Bertilsson, and R. J. Wilkins. "Intake and milk production responses to legume silages offered to Holstein-Friesian cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000120.
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Earlier work showed that red clover silage has considerable potential for milk production (e.g. Thomas et al., 1985), though low digestibility and difficulties ensiling clovers were seen as problems that needed to be addressed. Advances in legume breeding and conservation technology as well as a renewed emphasis on extensive organic production systems within Agenda 2000 meant that it was timely to reconsider the potential of legume silages for milk production.
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Klimenko, Vladimir, and Svetlana Malyarenko. "Preservation of legumes and legume-grass mixtures with a new biological additive." Adaptive Fodder Production 2022, no. 2 (September 12, 2022): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2022-2-61-68.
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The results of testing a domestic experimental biological additive on perennial legume grasses are pre-sented in this article. High-quality silage was obtained with new preparation on active acidity, content and ratio of organic acids, ammonia, parameters of nutrient losses. The optimal dose of application was de-termined: at ensiling the basic types of legumes — 80 ml/t, for forage galega — 100 ml/t. Under scientific and production conditions the experimental biological additive was used for ensiling alfalfa-gramineous grass mixture, that was non-ensiling raw material. The enzyme-bacterial additive Acidphast NC GOLD, produced by ''Lallemand'' Company, and the Finnish chemical preparation AIV 3 PLUS were used as the controls. The high quality of silage with a new additive was revealed on the basic organoleptic and bio-chemical parameters in comparison to feed, prepared with biological additive Acidphast NC GOLD. Then the nutritional value of obtained silage in each variant was determined in physiological experiments at feeding Romanov`s rams-valukhi when used as the only feed with addition of mineral supplements. A higher digestibility of crude fiber and fat in feeds with biological additives was found. The energy nutri-tional value of the silage with the experimental additive was 9.6 MJ metabolizable energy per 1 kg of dry matter versus 9.5 and 9.4 in feeds, prepared with Acidphast NC GOLD and chemical preservative AIV 3 PLUS respectively. Our investigations proved the high effectiveness of the experimental sample of new enzyme-bacterial additive at preservation of different species of legume grasses.
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Mir, Z., P. S. Mir, S. N. Acharya, M. S. Zaman, W. G. Taylor, G. J. Mears, T. A. McAllister, and L. A. Goonewardene. "Comparison of alfalfa and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) silages supplemented with barley grain on performance of growing steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-087.
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To compare nutritive value of alfalfa and fenugreek silages for weaned back-grounding feedlot steers, isonitrogenous diets of alfalfa or fenugreek silage, supplemented with three levels of steam-rolled barley (0, 15 and 30% DM) were fed ad libitum to 60 steers (initial weight of 237 ± 18 kg). The study was conducted in individual pens for 105 d using a 2 × 3 factorial experiment. Fenugreek was cut 17 wk after seeding while the alfalfa was cut at mid-bloom. Both fenugreek and alfalfa silages were prepared in plastic tube silos after wilting to 38 and 35% DM, respectively. After ensiling for 40 d, silage tubes were opened and a feeding trial was conducted. Alfalfa and fenugreek silage contained similar levels of CP (18.0 and 17.2%, respectively) while fenugreek silage contained a lower level of NDF (38.2%) than alfalfa silage (40.4%). Dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) of steers increased (P < 0.001) and feed efficiency (FE) improved linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing grain level in the diet. Dry matter intake (6.4 vs. 6.2 kg d−1), ADG (0.82 vs. 0.84 kg d−1), FE (8.1 vs. 7.8), total rumen volatile fatty acids (103.4 vs. 105.3 mM), rumen fluid pH (6.9 vs. 6.9) and rumen ammonia concentration (9.6 vs. 10.4 mg dL−1) in steers were similar for both alfalfa- and fenugreek-silage-based diets, respectively. Although in vitro rate of gas production was different at 12.6 and 17.4% h−1 for alfalfa and fenugreek diets, respectively, potential gas production at the end of 72 h of fermentation was similar (21.6 vs. 22.3 mL 100 mg−1 DM). The presence of steroidal saponins in fenugreek plants did not affect steer performance or hormonal status when fed as silage. Results from this study indicate that the nutritive value of fenugreek silage is comparable to that of mid-bloom alfalfa silage, and that fenugreek, a high-DM yielding annual legume, has potential to be a valuable forage in feedlot diets. Key words: Alfalfa silage, fenugreek silage, annual legume, feedlot, steer, barley
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Ligoski, Beatriz, Lucas Ferreira Gonçalves, Flavio Lopes Claudio, Estenio Moreira Alves, Ana Maria Krüger, Beatriz Elisa Bizzuti, Paulo de Mello Tavares Lima, Adibe Luiz Abdalla, and Tiago do Prado Paim. "Silage of Intercropping Corn, Palisade Grass, and Pigeon Pea Increases Protein Content and Reduces In Vitro Methane Production." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111784.
Full textAbstract:
Legume–grass intercropping systems are a sustainable option to improve nutritional quality of animal feed and decrease livestock greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the present study evaluated yield, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of silages produced with intercropped palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha.(A.Rich.) R.D.Webster), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. Super N) and corn (Zea mays. L.). Forage was harvested and placed inside micro-silos, which were opened after 100 days and samples were collected for chemical composition and in vitro gas production analyses. Intercropped silage had higher crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and lignin content than corn silage. Moreover, intercropped silage decreased total gas and methane production. Therefore, intercropped silage showed potential to increase conserved feed nutritional quality and reduce methane emissions in livestock production systems.
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Costa, Clésio dos Santos, Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues, Ricardo Alves de Araújo, Francisco Naysson de Sousa Santos, Giovanne Oliveira Costa Sousa, Juliana Rodrigues Lacerda Lima, Marcônio Martins Rodrigues, Ivone Rodrigues da Silva, Ana Paula Ribeiro de Jesus, and Bruno Eduardo Caxias Miranda. "Nutritional composition of 'Ponta Negra' forage sorghum silage enriched with dried Leucaena leucocephala forage." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 5Supl1 (August 7, 2019): 2397. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5supl1p2397.
Full textAbstract:
he aim of this study was to evaluate fermentation and chemical characteristics and the in situ degradability of sorghum silages enriched with dried Leucaena. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with four treatments (0 - control silage, silage without leucaena; 10.0, 20.0, or 30.0% inclusion of Leucaena) and five replicates, totaling 20 experimental units. The inclusion levels of leucaena influenced (P 0.05), with all silages having values above 90%. Gas loss decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of leucine increased in sorghum silage. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ? 0.0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. There was a linear (P < 0.05) linear effect on neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber. As leucaena inclusion levels increased, for each 1% inclusion a reduction of 0.179 was observed; 0.059 and 0.119% for the values of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber respectively. The inclusion of leucaena influenced (P < 0.05) the increase of silage lignin levels, probably due to the higher lignin content of the legume. The soluble fraction (a) of the silages increased along with the Leucaena inclusion levels, with highest values observed at the inclusion of 20 and 30% of the legume, respectively. Potential degradation (A) increased linearly with the levels of Leucaena added to the silage; the highest value for this variable was observed at 30% inclusion. Effective degradability (ED) increased up to the inclusion level of 20% (46.77%). Degradation rate (c) decreased markedly with the use of 30% Leucaena. The use of the forage part of Leucaena dried for three hours leads to reduced gas production, increased dry matter and crude protein contents, and decreased fiber contents. The degradability of dry matter increases up to the inclusion level of 20%.
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Kennedy, P., and L. E. R. Dawson. "Comparison of the performance of finishing beef cattle offered grass silage and legume / cereal wholecrop silage either alone or in combination with grass silage." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029161.
Full textAbstract:
In Northern Ireland grass silage is the basal forage for beef cattle during the winter feeding period. Increasingly however, other ensiled forages are being considered due to their potentially lower cost and perceived conservation and nutritional attributes. Wholecrop cereals such as wheat have been shown to improve dry matter (DM) intake but not animal performance (Keady et al, 2007). With increasing volatility in world markets creating major fluctuations in protein prices, interest has increased in home grown protein sources. High protein legumes with low input costs, such as lupins have given reasonable animal performance when offered as a monoculture. However, limited scientific research has been undertaken on the role of legumes in combination with a cereal as a bi-crop for finishing beef cattle. Consequently the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of legume/cereal wholecrop offered either alone or in combination with grass silage on the performance of beef cattle.
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Kalač, P., and E. Samková. "The effects of feeding various forages on fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat: A review." Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 12 (December 20, 2010): 521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2485-cjas.
Full textAbstract:
The nutritional image of bovine milk fat has suffered for years because of the association of saturated fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Thus the alteration of fatty acid composition has been a long-term strategy. Forages, even though containing a relatively low level of lipids, are the cheapest and often the major source of beneficial unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant diets. Recent progress in the research of factors affecting fatty acid content and composition in fresh and preserved forages and the associations between feeding such forages and milk fat profile are reviewed. Milk from cows grazed or fed fresh forage, especially from species-rich grasslands or forage legumes, has a considerably higher ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids and a higher content of nutritionally beneficial trans-fatty acids (e.g. CLA, vaccenic acid) than milk from cows fed silage or hay. Grass and legume silages seem to affect the fatty acid profile more propitiously than maize silage.
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Topçu, Gülcan Demi̇roğlu, and Şükrü Sezgi̇ Özkan. "Quality properties of sunn hemp (<i>Crotalaria juncea</i> L.) and maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) silages." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(9)315-320.
Full textAbstract:
Maize is an ideal forage crop for ensilage because of its high levels of fermentable carbohydrates, although it is low in protein. Sunn hemp is a legume with a high crude protein content with potential to be used in combination with maize to provide a silage with a higher protein content. Different percentages of sunn hemp-maize mixtures of 80-20, 60-40, 40-60 and 20-80 respectively were compared to silages of sole maize and sunn hemp. In the laboratory study, DLG classifications (color, smell, structure, total score and quality class), silage loss (%), silage pH, dry matter content, flieg score, crude protein content, crude ash content, NDF, ADF, metabolic energy (MJ kg-1 DM), dry matter intake, percent digestible dry matter and relative feed value were determined at the end of 60 days ensilage. The crude protein contents of silages increased as the sunn hemp ratio in the mixtures increased. In addition, pure sunn hemp silage and mixtures, especially 80% sunn hemp mixed with 20% maize, were found suitable for silage and it was concluded that sunn hemp and sunn hemp-maize silage mixtures could be used in animal husbandry.
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Bijelic, Z., Z. Tomic, D. Ruzic-Muslic, V. Krnjaja, V. Mandic, M. Petricevic, and V. Caro-Petrovic. "Silage fermentation characteristics of grass-legume mixtures harvested at two different maturity stages." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 31, no. 2 (2015): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1502303b.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of our study was to investigate the diversity of individual parameters of quality of grass-legume mixture silages harvested in two stages of crop utilization and the impact of the interaction of studied factors on the quality. Legumes as an important source of protein are very difficult to ensilage. However, in mixture with grasses their fermentable characteristics are improved. During the growth and development of plants, their chemical composition changes, hence their ability and suitability for ensiling also changes. In regard to the studied factors, the phase of exploitation had a highly significant impact on almost all quality parameters in both years. By delaying the harvest period, dry matter content in silage has significantly increased and the level of crude protein and NH3-N decreased. In regard to the content of lactic acid, the studied silages fall into category of good quality silages. Its content in the first year ranged from 24.3-31.5 in the early harvest stage and from 27.9-36.2 g kg-1 DM at the late harvest stage, and in the second year from 27.4 to 31.4 in the early harvest stage and from 28.2- 31.9 g kg-1 DM at the stage of late harvest. According to the content of acetic and butyric acids, studied silages can also be considered as silages of good quality.
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Kennedy, P. C., L. E. R. Dawson, F. O. Lively, R. W. J. Steen, A. M. Fearon, B. W. Moss, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "Effects of offering lupins/triticale and vetch/barley silages alone or in combination with grass silage on animal performance, meat quality and the fatty acid composition of lean meat from beef cattle." Journal of Agricultural Science 156, no. 8 (October 2018): 1005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859618000837.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAn experiment was carried out to examine the effects of offering beef steers grass silage (GS) as the sole forage, lupins/triticale silage (LTS) as the sole forage, a mixture of LTS and GS at a ratio of 70:30 on a dry matter (DM) basis, vetch/barley silage (VBS) as the sole forage, a mixture of VBS and GS at a ratio of 70:30 on a DM basis, giving a total of five silage diets. Each of the five silage diets was supplemented with 2 and 5 kg of concentrates/head/day in a 5 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the five silages at two levels of concentrate intake and to examine possible interactions between silage type and concentrate intake. A total of 80 beef steers were used in the 122-day experiment. The GS was well preserved while the whole crop cereal/legume silages had high ammonia-nitrogen (N) concentrations, low lactic acid concentrations and low butyric acid concentrations For GS, LTS, LTS/GS, VBS and VBS/GS, respectively, silage DM intakes were 6.5, 7.0, 7.2, 6.1 and 6.6 (s.e.d.0.55) kg/day and live weight gains were 0.94, 0.72, 0.63, 0.65 and 0.73 (s.e.d.0.076) kg/day. Silage type did not affect carcass fatness, the colour or tenderness of meat or the fatty acid composition of the intramuscular fat in thelongissimus dorsimuscle.
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Bartoň, L., D. Bureš, and V. Kudrna. "Meat quality and fatty acid profile of the musculus longissimus lumborum in Czech Fleckvieh, Charolais and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh bulls fed different types of silages." Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 1 (January 25, 2010): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1711-cjas.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of breed and diet containing different types of silages on meat quality parameters and fatty acid profile of m. longissimus lumborum (MLL) were evaluated in a total of 30 Czech Fleckvieh (CF), Charolais (CH) and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh (CH × CF) bulls. The animals were fed two mixed diets: MS (based on maize silage) and LCS (based on legume-cereal mixture silage and lucerne silages) with different concentrations of dietary energy and fatty acids. The MLL from CH bulls had the lowest content of dry matter (P < 0.01), less protein (P < 0.01) and lighter meat (P < 0.01) compared to the CF. The extensive LCS diet reduced dry matter (P < 0.01) and intramuscular fat (P < 0.01) and increased the content of hydroxyproline (P < 0.05). The CH bulls exhibited higher PUFA n-3 (P < 0.05) and lower MUFA (P < 0.05) compared to the CF, with the CH × CF being intermediate. The LCS diet enhanced the proportions of PUFA (P < 0.05) and PUFA n-3 (P < 0.001) and reduced MUFA (P < 0.001). In conclusion, both breed and diet affected the meat quality and fatty acid profile of the intramuscular fat of the bulls. The replacement of maize silage with the legume-cereal mixture and lucerne silages in the diet reduced the concentration of intramuscular fat and improved its fatty acid profile from the human nutrition perspective.
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Bartoň, L., D. Bureš, and V. Kudrna. "Meat quality and fatty acid profile of the musculus longissimus lumborum in Czech Fleckvieh, Charolais and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh bulls fed different types of silages." Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 11 (December 14, 2010): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1713-cjas.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of breed and diet containing different types of silages on meat quality parameters and fatty acid profile of m. longissimus lumborum (MLL) were evaluated in a total of 30 Czech Fleckvieh (CF), Charolais (CH) and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh (CH × CF) bulls. The animals were fed two mixed diets: MS (based on maize silage) and LCS (based on legume-cereal mixture silage and lucerne silages) with different concentrations of dietary energy and fatty acids. The MLL from CH bulls had the lowest content of dry matter (P < 0.01), less protein (P < 0.01) and lighter meat (P < 0.01) compared to the CF. The extensive LCS diet reduced dry matter (P < 0.01) and intramuscular fat (P < 0.01) and increased the content of hydroxyproline (P < 0.05). The CH bulls exhibited higher PUFA n-3 (P < 0.05) and lower MUFA (P < 0.05) compared to the CF, with the CH × CF being intermediate. The LCS diet enhanced the proportions of PUFA (P < 0.05) and PUFA n-3 (P < 0.001) and reduced MUFA (P < 0.001). In conclusion, both breed and diet affected the meat quality and fatty acid profile of the intramuscular fat of the bulls. The replacement of maize silage with the legume-cereal mixture and lucerne silages in the diet reduced the concentration of intramuscular fat and improved its fatty acid profile from the human nutrition perspective.
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Delavar, M. H., and M. Danesh Mesgaran. "Digestible dry matter and protein of lucerne hay or lucerne silage treated with sulphuric acid using mobile nylon bag technique." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013235.
Full textAbstract:
Legume forages, because of the tubular and hollow stem structure, low soluble sugar content and high buffering capacity are less likely to undergo otpimal fermentation. Therefore, response to silage additives (such as formic acid) or preservatives may be great with legume forages. This study was conducted to evaluate the DM and protein digestibility of lucerne hay or lucerne silage treated with urea and/or sulphuric acid using mobile nylon bag technique.
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Delavar, Malek Hoseein, Mohsen Daneshe Mesgaran, and Mohhamad Hassan Jahandar. "Chemical characteristics of Lucerne silage treated by urea and sulphuric acid." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021323.
Full textAbstract:
Although Lucerne hay is common using method of Lucerne forage but weather condition always is not suitable to provide it. Besides Lucerne forage due to high buffering capacity because of the tubular and hollow stem structure, low soluble sugar content, high moisture and high protein content is the most difficult to ensile. Therefore, response to silage additives (such as urea and sulphuric acid) or preservatives may be great with legume forage. Experimental evidence indicates that there is main different about chemical composition of Lucerne silage before and after ensiling. This study was conducted to compare of Chemical composition of Lucerne silages treated without or by urea and sulphuric acid.
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Rodehorst, Wayde J., Mike H. Ostlie, Rebecca L. Moore, and Bryan W. Neville. "PSVIII-28 Intercropping corn with field peas or forage soybeans for use as silage." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.583.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production and compare nutrient content of intercropped corn/legume silages. Forage production was determined by harvesting 3 m by 7.7 m plots (n = 4). Corn was seeded at 79,000 seeds/ha and intercropped with 408,000, 538,000, or 815,000 seeds/ha of field peas; or corn intercropped with 272,000, 359,000, or 544,000 seeds/ha of forage soybean. All forages were harvested on a common date. Subsamples of forage were utilized in a laboratory scale ensiling study. Forage samples were stored in vacuum bags for 28 d prior to determination of pH, DM, and nutrient analysis. Intercropping field peas with corn decreased forage production compared to corn alone (P = 0.007). The lower field pea seeding rate resulted in greater forage production (P = 0.002) than either of the higher seeding rates which did not differ (P = 0.65). Intercropping forage soybean with corn increased (P < 0.001) forage production over corn alone. Intercropping corn with field peas increased silage CP (5.8 vs. 4.5 ± 0.13; P < 0.001) compared to corn alone. Including field peas at the lower and higher rate increased (P < 0.001) silage CP compared to the mid-rate and corn alone. Inclusion of soybeans increased silage CP over corn alone (5.9 vs 4.5 ± 0.16; P < 0.001). The middle seeding rate of forage soybean resulted in the greatest silage CP (P < 0.001). All rates of field pea inclusion resulted in decreased (P = 0.03) silage pH (3.8 vs 3.9 ± 0.04) compared to corn alone. Intercropping soybeans resulted did not affect (P = 0.81) silage pH (3.9 ± 0.04) compared to corn alone. Lodging contributed to the decreased yield of intercropped corn and field peas. Further research is needed prior broader recommendation related to intercropping corn and legumes for silage.
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Dewhurst, R. J., D. W. R. Davies, W. J. Fisher, J. Bertilsson, and R. J. Wilkins. "Evaluation of legume silages offered to Holstein-Friesian cows with small amounts of concentrates." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000569x.
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The high intake characteristics of red clover silage has been recognised for many years (e.g. Thomaset al., 1985). Our previous study (Dewhurstet al., 2000) demonstrated the considerable intake and milk production potential of clover silages made using a new approach based on preparation of big-bales from wilted material with the use of biological inoculant additives. The objective of this study was to verify the positive results obtained with red and white clover silages using material taken from a further series of cuts taken in a subsequent year and to evaluate the legume silages with low levels of concentrate feeding.
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De La Torre-Santos, Senén, Luis J. Royo, Adela Martínez-Fernández, Mario Menéndez-Miranda, Rocío Rosa-García, and Fernando Vicente. "Influence of the Type of Silage in the Dairy Cow Ration, with or without Grazing, on the Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Profiles of Milk." Dairy 2, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 716–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040055.
Full textAbstract:
Dairy systems based on grass and forages are widely spread throughout the European Atlantic Arc and they have an influence on milk quality. Likewise, legumes are a key element in the farms to improve cows’ diet and farm feed self-sufficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the legumes in the diet and the feeding system (pasture-based vs. confined) on milk production and composition. An assay was performed with 18 Friesian cows randomized into two management groups (grazing or confined). Three total mixed rations based on Italian ryegrass, faba bean or field pea silages were offered ad libitum for nine continuously housed cows or during two hours after each milking for another nine grazing cows. Regardless of type of silage, grazing cows had higher dry matter intake and milk production than confined cows. Likewise, grazing cows produced milk with a lower concentration of protein and urea than confined cows. The dairy cows fed total mixed rations based on both legume silages had a milk fat with a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, especially with the inclusion of faba bean silage in the diet. The results demonstrate that the profile of fatty acids and antioxidants is related to the feeding system in dairy cows. Grazing directly influenced the composition of milk, decreasing the proportion of saturated fatty acids and increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids, as CLA, and the antioxidants, as lutein and β-cryptoxanthin.
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Rigueira, Joao P. S., Odilon G. Pereira, Karina G. Ribeiro, Sebastião De C. V. Filho, Andréia S. Cezário, Vanessa P. Da Silva, and Mariele C. N. Agarussi. "Silage of Marandu Grass with Levels of Stylo Legume Treated or Not with Microbial Inoculant." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 9 (August 15, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n9p36.
Full textAbstract:
The chemical composition, fermentation profile, microbial population and dry matter recovery were evaluated in marandu grass silages containing different levels of Stylo legume cv. Campo Grande treated or not with microbial inoculant. A 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (four levels of Stylo legume, with and without microbial inoculant) was used in a completely randomized design with four replications. The levels of Stylo legume used were 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the weight in the natural matter. The marandu grass was harvested at 70 days of regrowth and the Stylo legume at the pre-flowering stage. It was observed the effect of interaction between levels of Stylo legume and microbial inoculant on dry matter content, effluent losses, dry matter recovery and yeast and molds populations. The dry matter content of the silages with and without inoculant increased (P < 0.05) linearly with the addition of Stylo legume. A linear decreasing effect was observed for neutral detergent fiber contents and a linear crescent effect for the crude protein contents of the silages with addition of Stylo legume. The pH values had a quadratic effect with addition of Stylo legume, with a maximum value of 4.16 in the inclusion of 12.25% of Stylo legume. The LAB population increased linearly with an increase in the levels of Stylo legume. The dry matter recovery increased linearly with the addition of Stylo legume, in the silages without inoculant. It is concluded that the consortium of marandu grass with Stylo legume improves the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and decrease the dry matter losses of the silages, regardless of the use of microbial inoculant.
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Stewart, T. A., and I. I. McCullough. "A comparison of silages made from red clover/grass, white clover/grass and high nitrogen grass swards for beef production." Animal Science 40, no. 2 (April 1985): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610002537x.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTSilage cut twice annually (June and August) from a tetraploid red clover/grass sward and three times annually (May, July and September) from a low nitrogen (N) and high N perennial ryegrass/white clover sward was fed in proportion to dry-matter yield from each cut, over a 10-week period, each winter for 3 years to castrated male cattle of initial live weight 401 kg in year 1 and 425 kg in years 2 and 3. The silages were supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg concentrate per head daily.Total dry-matter yield from the red clover/grass sward was similar to that from the perennial ryegrass/white clover sward (high N grass) receiving 360 kg N per ha but the digestibility, particularly of first cut material was much lower. Dry-matter production of the low N grass/white clover sward was 0·73 of high N grass sward and produced silages of similar digestibility and fermentation.Dry-matter intakes by the cattle were higher on the legume-based silages in years when clover made a worthwhile contribution to total yield, but this did not significantly improve utilization or animal performance compared with high N grass silage. Mean daily carcass gain per head on red clover/grass silage was 0·41 kg which was significantly less than the 0·61 kg on white clover/grass silage and 0·59 on high N grass (P < 0·001). Carcass output from red clover/grass silage was 618 kg/ha and 629 kg/ha from white clover/grass, both of which were significantly less than the 863 kg/ha from the high N grass silage (P < 0·001). Dressing proportion was also significantly poorer in animals fed red clover/grass silage compared with the other silage types.
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Kuppusamy, Palaniselvam, Dahye Kim, Ilavenil Soundharrajan, Hyung Soo Park, Jeong Sung Jung, Seung Hak Yang, and Ki Choon Choi. "Low-Carbohydrate Tolerant LAB Strains Identified from Rumen Fluid: Investigation of Probiotic Activity and Legume Silage Fermentation." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071044.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with low carbohydrate tolerance from rumen fluid and to elucidate their probiotic properties and the quality of fermentation of Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium incarnatum L. silage in vitro. We isolated 39 LAB strains and screened for growth in MRS broth and a low-carbohydrate supplemented medium; among them, two strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lactobacillus plantarum) RJ1 and Pediococcus pentosaceus S22, were able to grow faster in the low-carbohydrate medium. Both strains have promising probiotic characteristics including antagonistic activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, and E. faecalis; the ability to survive in simulated gastric-intestinal fluid; tolerance to bile salts; and proteolytic activity. Furthermore, an in vitro silage fermentation study revealed that alfalfa and crimson clover silage inoculated with RJ1 and S22 showed significantly decreased pH and an increased LAB population at the end of fermentation. Also, the highest lactic acid production was noted (p < 0.05) in LAB-inoculated silage vs. non-inoculated legume silage at high moisture. Overall, the data suggest that RJ1 and S22 could be effective strains for fermentation of legume silage.
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Speijers, M. H. M., M. D. Fraser, W. Haresign, V. J. Theobald, and J. M. Moorby. "Effects of ensiled forage legumes on performance of twin-bearing ewes and their progeny." Animal Science 81, no. 2 (October 2005): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc50510271.
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Twenty-four twin-bearing mature Mule ewes were used to evaluate the effects of feeding ensiled red clover (Trifolium pratense), lucerne (Medicago sativa) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) during late pregnancy on subsequent ewe and lamb performance. Eight weeks prior to lambing the ewes were individually penned and offered one of the treatment forages ad libitum (no. = 8 per silage). All ewes were supplemented with molassed sugar-beet shreds to avoid dietary energy being a limiting factor and to ensure the responses were primarily attributable to the forage protein content. Individual intakes of the ewes were determined daily and weekly measurements of ewe live weight and body condition score were made. The ewes were also scanned weekly for depths of subcutaneous fat and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. Blood samples were taken at 6, 4, 2, and 1 week(s) before lambing, 24 h after lambing and at 3 weeks after lambing and were analysed for serum concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin, urea, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and plasma concentrations of glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). After lambing all ewes and their lambs were turned out to graze together on a ryegrass sward. The lambs were weighed at birth and at weekly intervals thereafter until 12 weeks post partum. The lucerne silage offered had a higher dry matter (DM) content than the red clover and ryegrass silages (367, 305 and 314 g DM per kg fresh matter, respectively;P< 0·001). Forage type significantly affected crude protein (CP) concentration (240, 215 and 182 g CP per kg DM for lucerne, red clover and ryegrass silages, respectively) and metabolizable energy (ME) density (11·1, 11·6 and 10·8 MJ ME per kg DM respectively). Ewes offered the legume silages had higher intakes of DM, CP and ME than ewes offered ryegrass silage (P< 0·05), which was reflected in higher ewe live-weight gain (P< 0·05) but not in litter birth weight (P> 0·05). Silage treatment affected serum concentrations of TP, albumin, globulins and urea during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy (P< 0·05). Lambs born from ewes offered lucerne and red clover silages prior to lambing had higher growth rates from birth to 3 weeks of age than those from ewes offered ryegrass silage (320, 323 and 282 g/day, respectively;P< 0·05). Lamb live weight at 12 weeks of age was higher for lambs from ewes that had been offered the red clover silage, at 29·1 kg compared with 26·7 and 27·1 kg for lambs from ewes previously offered lucerne and ryegrass silages (P< 0·05). In conclusion, the results showed that red clover and lucerne silages are better able to meet nutrient requirements of ewes in late pregnancy than grass silage.
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Evans, J., G. M. Murray, G. Scott, B. Orchard, J. Brennan, D. Lemerle, A. Kaiser, and E. L. Armstrong. "Impact of annual legume 'break' crops on the yield and quality of canola in comparison with the impact on yield of wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 11 (2006): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05203.
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This study investigated the yield, oil and protein content of canola in response to alternative single-season legume crops, and compared the yield response with that of wheat. Two field trials were conducted in consecutive years at Wagga Wagga on the South West Slopes of New South Wales. The soil type was Red Kandasol. The legume treatments were field pea and vetch managed for silage production, vetch managed for green manure, a mixture of aerial seeding clovers (Berseem, Arrowleaf, Persian: 6 : 3 : 3) managed for silage, hay or green manure, and field pea and narrow-leaf lupin managed for grain. There was one wheat treatment managed for grain. In terms of growing season rainfall, the rainfall-use efficiency of canola was low and similar to that achieved on farms (5.1 kg/ha.mm rainfall). Yields of canola were less than potential water-limited yields and the canola equivalent wheat yields were less than comparative wheat yields. The constraint(s) on canola yield meant that nitrogen-limited yield potential was not reached, and in contrast to wheat in adjacent plots, there was no relationship between canola seed yield and soil mineral nitrogen available during seedling establishment of canola. However, relative to other legume treatments, antecedent crops of the clover mix depressed yield and total oil content, particularly in one year. It was concluded that under field conditions that constrained canola productivity to that similar to on-farm productivity, wheat may make more efficient use of legume nitrogen than canola. Were canola to be used as the response crop, antecedent legumes of vetch or pea, rather than aerial seeding clover, would give higher potential yield and total oil content of the canola.
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STODDARD, F. L., S. HOVINEN, and M. KONTTURI. "Legumes in Finnish agriculture: history, present status and future prospects." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 3-4 (December 4, 2008): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960609790059578.
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Legumes are important in world agriculture, providing biologically fixed nitrogen, breaking cereal disease cycles and contributing locally grown food and feed, including forage. Pea and faba bean were grown by early farmers in Finland, with remains dated to 500 BC. Landraces of pea and faba bean were gradually replaced by better adapted, higher quality materials for food use. While grain legumes have been restricted by their long growing seasons to the south of the country, red, white and alsike clovers are native throughout and have long been used in leys for grazing, hay and silage. Breeding programmes released many cultivars of these crops during the 1900s, particularly pea and red clover. A.I. Virtanen earned the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on both nitrogen fixation and silage preservation. Use of crop mixtures may appear modern, but farmers used them already in the early 1800s, when oat was used to support pea, and much effort has been devoted to improving the system and establishing its other benefits. Although international cultivars have been easily accessible since Finlands 1995 entry into the European Union, the combination of feed quality and appropriate earliness is still needed, as < 1% of arable land is sown to grain legumes and an increase to 910% would allow replacement of imported protein feeds. Climate change will alter the stresses on legume crops, and investment in agronomy, physiology and breeding is needed so that farmers can gain from the many advantages of a legume-supported rotation.;
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Lopez, S., M. D. Carro, C. Carpintero, and J. S. Gonzalez. "The effect of formaldehyde and formic acid as silage additives on the ruminal degradation of a grass-legume silage." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022686.
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One of the main problem of preserving forages by ensiling is the high proportion of non-protein N of the silage as a consequence of the proteolitic action of plant enzymes and the consequent poor utilization of N by the ruminant.Several procedures have been developed with the aim of reduce this protein breakdown but these methods could reduce the ammount of N available for tie rumen microbes and the N digestibility in the post-runinal tract. This study was set up to determine the rumen degradation characteristics of silages treated wit different additives.Three silages were lade from the 3rd cut of a grass-legune mixture sward in 1 t capacity silos. The herbages were treated with either no additive (C), formic acid (4 1 of a solution of 85% foric acid/t of grass) (F) or fonaldehyde (4.9 g fonaldehyde/100 g grass CP) (FA).
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Sharifyanov, B. G., I. F. Yumaguzin, A. L. Aminova, and F. M. Shagaliev. "The use of silos of legume-cereal grass mixtures in the diets of cows as a factor of better use of feed nutrients." Agrarian science, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-356-2-20-27.
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Relevance. Silage of the green mass of perennial legumes remains a difficult task due to the high protein and water content. It is possible to obtain from them a feed slightly inferior to the original green mass in terms of energy nutrition and protein content, as well as biologically active substances, only by siloing them in a slightly dried form (30–40% dry matter) using effective preservatives.Methods. To study the digestibility of nutrients of silos of legume-cereal grass mixtures in the conditions of LLC “Garant” of the Belebeyevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, two physiological studies were conducted. According to the principle of pairs of analogues (breed, age at calving, live weight, lactation phase, productivity level), 6 groups of cows of the Bestuzhev breed were selected at the beginning of lactation, 10 heads each. In the first experiment, 20 kg of corn silage was received as part of the diet of cows of the 1st control group, and animals from the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups were fed with silage from a mixture of alfalfa and boneless stalk in the amount of 20 and 25 kg, respectively. In the second experiment, animals of the 1st control group received 20 kg of corn silage, and in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, 20 and 25 kg of silage of a mixture of clover and boneless stalk were included in the feeding diet. In the third group of each experiment, the proportion of compound feeds in the rations was reduced by 1 kg per head per day.Results. Studies have shown that the use of silos from legume-cereal grass mixtures in the diets of dairy cows in the amount of 20 and 25 kg instead of the same amount of similar feed from corn increases the digestibility and digestibility of feed nutrients. At the same time, the use of compound feeds in the diets of dairy cows is reduced by 1 kg per head per day, which is of great practical importance in the conditions of a modern market economy.
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Soe Htet, Maw Ni, Jiang-Bo Hai, Poe Thinzar Bo, Xiang-Wei Gong, Chun-Juan Liu, Ke Dang, Li-Xin Tian, Rab Nawaz Soomro, Khaing Lin Aung, and Bai-Li Feng. "Evaluation of Nutritive Values through Comparison of Forage Yield and Silage Quality of Mono-Cropped and Intercropped Maize-Soybean Harvested at Two Maturity Stages." Agriculture 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050452.
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Maize and soybean intercropping is a cereal-legume intercropping pattern that not only increases grain yield but also improves the nutritional value of silage. Experiments were conducted in the summer season to compare the yield and nutritional composition of the forage and silage quality of mono-cropped maize and intercropped maize-soybean harvested at two stages of maturity. The main treatments were one sole crop maize (SM) and four maize-soybean intercropping patterns (one-row maize to one-row soybean (1M1S), one-row maize to two-row soybean (1M2S), one-row maize to three-row soybean (1M3S), and two-row maize to one-row soybean (2M1S). The crops were harvested when the maize reached the milk (R3) and maturity (R6) stages. Results indicated a significant increase in the fresh biomass and dry-matter production of maize fodder alone compared with those of maize intercropped with soybean fodder. After 60 days of ensiling period, silage samples were analyzed for pH, organic acids, dry matter, crude protein (CP), ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and other mineral compositions. All intercropped silages showed higher CP values (1M1S, 12.1%; 1M2S, 12.2%; 1M3S, 12.4%; and 2M1S, 12.1%) than the SM silage (8.7%). Higher organic acids were produced in 1M3S than in the other silages. Correlation data showed that CP was highly correlated with lactic acid but negatively associated with crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and NDF. Thus, the intercropping of maize and soybean silage is recommended due its enhanced crop production, nutritional values in dairy animals, and prolific animal feedings and because it was scientifically evaluated as a feed stuff. This study indicated that 1M3S was the most preferable among intercropped silages in terms of nutrient composition.
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Tkachuk, О. P. "Ecological, economic and bioenergy assessment of technologies for winter wheat cultivation after the perennial legume grasses." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 6, no. 1 (August 15, 2022): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0215.
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Topicality. The economic crisis requires modern winter wheat cultivation technologies based on the principles of financial feasibility, energy saving and environmental safety. Issues. Changes in animal husbandry have led to the differentiation of fodder crops, which are used as predecessors of winter wheat. Now, other types of perennial legume grasses are grown along with its traditional predecessor meadow clover. However, it is necessary to carry out research and calculations due to the lack of results of the ecological, economic and bioenergy feasibility of non-traditional perennial legume grasses as predecessors of winter wheat. Aim. To investigate the indicators of ecological, economic and bioenergy efficiency of winter wheat cultivation after six species of perennial legume grasses as predecessors, such as meadow clover, alfalfa, sand esparcet, white sweet clover, bird's-foot-trefoil, eastern galega, and also after the maize for silage (control). Methods. Field studies with subsequent calculation of economic efficiency of winter wheat cultivation based on technological charts and costs, as well as the energy efficiency of the technologies under study according to the methods of O.K. Medvedovskyi, P.I. Ivanenko and VASKHNIL were conducted. Results. The highest grain yield was 6.52 t/ha when winter wheat was cultivated after maize for silage with high rates of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. When winter wheat was cultivated after perennial legume grasses, the rates of mineral fertilizers and pesticides were significantly lower. Accordingly, the grain yield of winter wheat grown after perennial legume grasses was by 11.1–38.2 % lower than after silage maize, and it was 4.03–5.80 t/ha. The highest grain yield was observed after meadow clover, and the lowest – after bird's-foot-trefoil. The highest level of profitability (90.7 %) is provided by the cultivation of winter wheat after the predecessor meadow clover. When winter wheat was grown after such predecessors as meadow clover, white sweet clover, sand esparcet and eastern galega with limited rates of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the level of profitability was 5.7–46.8 % higher than indicator for winter wheat after silage maize with high rates of mineral fertilizers and pesticides At the same time, winter wheat profitability after bird's-foot-trefoil and alfalfa equaled to the indicator for silage maize. Conclusions. The technology of winter wheat cultivation after meadow clover, which provided the highest energy coefficient 4.96, is the most profitable and the least energy-intensive. Key words: economic assessment, bioenergy assessment, cultivation technology, winter wheat, predecessors.
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Urbański, A., and F. Brzóska. "Legume-cereal forage mixtures for silage 2. Nutritive value of silage for dairy cows." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 5, no. 2 (April 12, 1996): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/69592/1996.
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Soe Htet, Maw Ni, Honglu Wang, Vivek Yadav, Thongsouk Sompouviseth, and Baili Feng. "Legume Integration Augments the Forage Productivity and Quality in Maize-Based System in the Loess Plateau Region." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 6022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106022.
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The changing climate, inadequate water supply, insufficient agricultural inputs, decreasing in agricultural arable land areas under forage crops of Northwestern Loess Plateau region, expanding livestock population, increasing demands for meat and milk production, and food and feed security concerns all insist on a necessary requirement in forage quality production. Cereal–legume mixed-cropping is a biological approach to enhancing herbage yield and quality of upgraded animal feed (forage and silage). However, little information exists about the appropriate mixing seeding ratios and its impacts on yield and quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the forage yield and nutritional quality of maize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in mono-and mixed-cropping approaches at the seeding proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 45:55, 25:75, and 0:100 in 2019 and 2020 in Northwestern Loess Plateau region. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used in this experiment. The results indicated that forage quality was significantly affected by the mixture ratios. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of all mixed-cropping treatments greater than 1.0, in which maize–common bean at the 50:50 seeding ratio achieved higher LER (1.46) than that of other treatments, showing that mixed-cropping combination systems are better users of land resources. Laboratory forage quality analysis and Pearson correlation analysis showed that the relative feed value had highly positive correlation with total digestible nutrients and relative forage quality in mixed-cropping treatments. Our results showed that fresh forage yield and dry matter yield were higher in monocropped maize forage than in other intercropped forages, whereas crude protein yield was lower compared with other mixed cropping forages. After 60 days of ensiling, the highest organic acid profile and ammonia-nitrogen were observed in M25:CB75 silage compared with other silages. The highest ensilability of fermentation coefficient was also found in M50:CB50 compared with other intercropped silages. Regarding forage preservation, silage showed higher contents of crude protein, relative feed value and lower crude fiber, water-soluble carbohydrate neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents than forage. This study determined that the ratios of maize–common bean 25:75 and 50:50 were the most desirable mixture ratios among mixed-cropped forage and silage based on chemical composition and quality analysis for livestock feeding.
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Rinne, M., A. Olt, J. Nousiainen, A. Seppälä, M. Tuori, C. Paul, M. D. Fraser, and P. Huhtanen. "Prediction of legume silage digestibility from various laboratory methods." Grass and Forage Science 61, no. 4 (December 2006): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2006.00542.x.
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Kennedy, P., L. Dawson, B. W. Moss, and A. Fearon. "Meat quality of beef cattle offered grass silage and legume / cereal wholecrop silage either alone or in combination with grass silage." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200028891.
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With increasing consumer awareness of meat quality and the relationship between dietary fat and the incidence of diseases, such as coronary heart disease, research has been undertaken to manipulate fatty acid (FA) profiles in beef. Diet has been shown to influence FA composition of meat (Scollan et al, 2006). For example meat from finishing cattle offered red clover (legume) silage in comparison to grass silage had significantly increased polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) concentrations and a decreased n-6:n-3 ratio (3.28:2.30). The aim of this experiment was to assess the effect of offering lupins/triticale, vetch/barley and grass silage to continental beef finishing cattle on instrumental meat quality and FA composition.
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Gomes, Françoise Mara, Karina Guimarães Ribeiro, Igor Alexandre De Souza, Janaina De Lima Silva, Mariele Cristina Nascimento Agarussi, Vanessa Paula Da Silva, Thiago Carvalho Da Silva, and Odilon Gomes Pereira. "Chemical composition, fermentation profile, microbial population and dry matter recovery of silages from mixtures of palisade grass and forage peanut." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(9)34-42.
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The study evaluated chemical composition, fermentation profile, microbial population and dry matter recovery of silages made from mixtures of palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte). The experiment was conducted and analyzed in a complete randomized factorial design using 5 levels of each forage (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% on a fresh matter basis), with and without microbial inoculant and 3 replications. The crude protein concentration increased linearly (P<0.05) and fiber concentration decreased linearly (P<0.05) as forage peanut level in silage increased. There was a positive quadratic effect (without inoculant) and positive linear effect (with inoculant) on lactic acid concentration (P<0.05) and a positive quadratic effect (P<0.05) on lactic acid bacteria population with increasing forage peanut levels in silage. The main effects of the addition of forage peanut to palisade grass at ensiling were improvement in the chemical composition and fermentation profile of the grass silage. We recommend adding 25–75% forage peanut to palisade grass prior to ensiling to improve the quality of the resulting silage but there is little merit in adding microbial inoculant to the forage at ensiling. Feeding studies with animals would verify potential benefits in production from inclusion of legume with grass at ensiling, while studies with addition of energy sources at ensiling would determine any further benefits to be achieved in silage quality.
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Zhang, Haixing, Wei Shi, Shahzad Ali, Shenghua Chang, Qianmin Jia, and Fujiang Hou. "Legume/Maize Intercropping and N Application for Improved Yield, Quality, Water and N Utilization for Forage Production." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081777.
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Legume/maize intercropping has been practiced in many countries as a sustainable cropping system, but the effects of intercropping legumes with maize together with N application rates on biomass yield, quality, water-use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) are limited under arid conditions in Northwest China. Field experiments were carried out in arid areas of Northwest China from 2019 to 2020 with three planting patterns (LM: Dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureus L.)/silage maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping; FM: Fodder soybean (Glycine max L.)/silage maize intercropping; M: silage maize monoculture) and four N application levels (N1: 0 kg N ha−1; N2: 120 kg N ha−1; N3: 240 N kg ha−1; N4: 360 N kg ha−1). The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on total yield, WUE, and various nutrient parameters and the interaction between planting mode and nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on the above indicators, but had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on NUE. Compared with N1, the N3 and N4 treatments significantly increased fresh and hay yield, crude protein yield, crude protein concentration, and crude fat concentration of maize, legumes, and the whole silage system, and decreased the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In comparison with N1, the 2-year average total biomass yield of N3 and N4 increased by 60.38% and 56.45%, respectively, and the total crude protein yield increased by 106.71% and 100.00%, respectively. High N input treatments (N3 and N4) significantly increased WUEB (the WUE of legume and maize biomass), N concentration, N uptake, and NUE than N1, and the 2-year average NUE of N3 was 59.52% greater than that of N4. The results also show that LM and FM increased crude protein concentration and decreased NDF and ADF concentration compared with M, and the forage quality of LM was greater than that of FM. In contrast with M, LM and FM increased biomass yield by 3.70% and 1.72%, crude protein yield by 32.05% and 22.82%, and WUEB by 10.49% and 6.02%, respectively. Application of 240 kg N ha−1 in the Dolichos lablab–maize intercropping systems produced better dry biomass yield with increased forage qualities than other treatments, but the economic analysis is needed before making a recommendation.
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Jacobs, J. L. "A survey on the effect of management techniques and pasture composition and quality at harvesting on silage quality on dairy farms in western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 2 (1998): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97120.
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Summary. Factors associated with silage quality were investigated on 140 dairy farms in western Victoria. The management factors measured were date of lock up, date cut, length of lock up, duration of wilting, raking and tedding during wilting period, rainfall during wilting period and the type of silage made. Pasture variables measured at harvesting included percentage composition (ryegrass, legume, other grasses and weeds), dry matter of pasture, metabolisable energy, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and water-soluble carbohydrate of the pasture, and dry matter yield of the pasture. The average lock up time of pasture for silage was mid September, although the range was from late July to early November. The length of lock up varied from 16 to 91 days with a mean value of 49 days and pastures were on average harvested in early November. Ryegrass on average accounted for 61%, legumes and other grasses accounting for a further 15% each and weeds about 5%. The range in quality of pasture at harvesting was highlighted by the range in metabolisable energy (8.9–11.3 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (10.2–20.4%) values. Wilting times varied from 0.5 to 15 days with the biggest range being observed in pastures used for baled silage. All factors were regressed against final silage metabolisable energy and crude protein. Factors which had the greatest effect on final silage metabolisable energy were date of cutting, length of lock up, type of silage, the interaction between type of silage and length of lock up, length of wilting and mechanical treatment during the wilting period. Final silage crude protein was most strongly associated with date of cutting, crude protein content of the pasture and mechanical treatment during the wilting period. Mechanical treatment during the wilting period had the greatest influence on silage quality. Other options to improve silage quality such as cutting earlier or reducing wilting periods may not be possible or economically viable.
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FLIPOT, PAUL M., J. L. DIONNE, G. LALANDE, and J. M. GIRARD. "EFFET DE DIFFERENTS TRAITEMENTS ALIMENTAIRES SUR LA CROISSANCE ET L'EFFICACITE ALIMENTAIRE DES TAURILLONS DE RACE HOLSTEIN." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-077.
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This study was conducted to evaluate different feeding systems for young Holstein bulls grown from 140 to 525 kg liveweight. In phase I, which lasted 134 d, 184 bulls were assigned to five treatments involving either pasture or silage with different levels of concentrate. In phase II, which lasted until the animals weighed 400 kg, 48 bulls from one pasture treatment and all 96 bulls fed silage in phase I were reassigned, within previous treatments, to subtreatments in which corn silage was supplemented with 0, 250 and 500 g head−1 d−1 of soybean meal. In phase III, which concluded the study, bulls were maintained on corn silage but reassigned, as in phase II, to treatments involving a restricted (5 kg) or ad libitum supplement of barley. In phase I, increasing the level of concentrates up to 3 kg head−1 d−1 for bulls on pasture increased their growth rate but was not associated with improved dry matter intake or feed efficiency. Bulls gained weight faster and were more efficient on pasture than on silage, when their diet was supplemented with 1 kg concentrate. In phase II, gain and feed efficiency were improved by 50 and 28% respectively, by supplementing corn silage with 500 g of soybean meal per head and per day. In phase III, an improvement of 17% in feed efficiency was recorded for bulls fed barley ad libitum rather than at a restricted level. Generally, superior performance in phases II and III was made by bulls whose performance had been restricted in the previous phase. Bulls started on pasture, supplemented with 1 kg concentrate daily, then fed corn silage, supplemented with 500 g soybean meal head−1day−1 in phase II, gained between 920 and 960 g daily over the entire study and this performance was comparable to bulls started on grass-legume silage provided with a concentrate supplemented ad libitum in phase I, regardless of treatment applied with corn silage in phases II or III. Key words: Young bulls, pasture, grass-legume silage, corn silage, soybean meal, barley
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Kasuya, Hirotaka, and Junichi Takahashi. "Methane Emissions from Dry Cows Fed Grass or Legume Silage." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 23, no. 5 (April 21, 2010): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90488.
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Goyal, Meenakshi, and U. S. Tiwana. "Ensiling Legume with Cereal Fodder Influences Quality of Silage Mixtures." Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 33, no. 2 (2016): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-6744.2016.00040.2.
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