Academic literature on the topic 'Legume seed'
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Journal articles on the topic "Legume seed"
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Diniyah, Nurud, and Sang-Han Lee. "KOMPOSISI SENYAWA FENOL DAN POTENSI ANTIOKSIDAN DARI KACANG-KACANGAN: REVIEW." JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI 14, no. 01 (September 15, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/j-agt.v14i01.17965.
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Legumes are good dietary source of bioactive phenolic compounds which play significant roles in many physiological as well as metabolic processes. Flavonoids, phenolic acids and condensed tannins are the main phenolic compounds that are provide in legume seeds. Majority of the phenolic compounds are serving in the legume seed coats. The majority of seed coat of legume seeds are phenolic acids and flavonoids (mainly catechins and procyanidins). Gallic and protocatechuic acids are common in kidney bean and mung bean. Almost 70% of total phenolic compounds in lentils and cranberry beans (seed coat) are catechins and procyanidins. The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is in lineal intercourse with their chemical structures such as number as well as position of the hydroxyl groups. Processing mostly conducts to the alleviation of phenolic compounds in legumes because of chemical rearrangements. Phenolic content also lessen due to leaching of water-soluble phenolic compounds into the cooking water. This review provides comprehensive information of phenolic compounds identified in grain legume seeds along with discussing their antioxidant.
Keywords: antioxidant activity, legume seeds, phenolic compounds, processing
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Nikolić, Zorica, Zlatica Miladinov, Sanja Vasiljević, Snežana Katanski, Gordana Tamindžić, Dragana Milošević, and Gordana Petrović. "Legume vigour." Acta agriculturae Serbica 26, no. 51 (2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/aaser2151019n.
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Seed vitality and vigour are the two most common parameters related to seed quality. It is crucial to have reliable methods and tests for seed quality and seed vigour testing. The standard germination test can be used to predict field emergence, but laboratory seed testing conditions are often in conflict with field conditions. Validated tests for vigour evaluation in legumes are the conductivity test, the accelerated ageing test and the tetrazolium test. Also, other types of vigour tests have been used to solve different problems in the seed sector. The modern approach, the computerised image analysis of legume seeds and sprouts, based on interactive and traditional methods, is a promising alternative for vigour determination.
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Ge, Liangfa, Jianbin Yu, Hongliang Wang, Diane Luth, Guihua Bai, Kan Wang, and Rujin Chen. "Increasing seed size and quality by manipulating BIG SEEDS1 in legume species." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 44 (October 17, 2016): 12414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611763113.
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Plant organs, such as seeds, are primary sources of food for both humans and animals. Seed size is one of the major agronomic traits that have been selected in crop plants during their domestication. Legume seeds are a major source of dietary proteins and oils. Here, we report a conserved role for the BIG SEEDS1 (BS1) gene in the control of seed size and weight in the model legume Medicago truncatula and the grain legume soybean (Glycine max). BS1 encodes a plant-specific transcription regulator and plays a key role in the control of the size of plant organs, including seeds, seed pods, and leaves, through a regulatory module that targets primary cell proliferation. Importantly, down-regulation of BS1 orthologs in soybean by an artificial microRNA significantly increased soybean seed size, weight, and amino acid content. Our results provide a strategy for the increase in yield and seed quality in legumes.
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Simao, Neto M., and RM Jones. "Recovery of pasture seed ingested by ruminants. 2. Digestion of seed in sacco and in vitro." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 2 (1987): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870247.
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Seeds of the grasses Brachiaria decumbens (signal grass) and Axonopus afinis (carpet grass), and the legumes Neonotonia wightii cv. Tinaroo, Trifolium semipilosum cv. Safari, Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano and S. scabra cv. Seca were suspended in nylon bags in the rumen ofcattle (in sacco) and also subjected to in vitro digestion techniques. Legume seeds were evaluated in 3 categories: seed as supplied (mixture of hard and soft), 100% soft and 100% hard. Seeds were either placed in the rumen of cattle (using nylon bags) for 24, 48 or 96 h or subjected to in vitro digestion (in pepsin, and in rumen liquor or cellulase either with or without subsequent digestion in pepsin). Other seed of the same seed lots had been previously fed to penned cattle, sheep and goats and the recovery in faeces had been measured. Soft legume seed were destroyed by the digestion treatments whereas hard seeds were largely resistant to digestion. Average effects of digestion in vitro on viability were similar to average effects of digestion in nylon bags, but there were large differences between different treatments and between seed lots. The percentage of hard seed in the seed sample was the best guide to the resistance of legume seed to digestion.
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Droushiotis, D. N. "Mixtures of annual legumes and small-grained cereals for forage production under low rainfall." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 2 (October 1989): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600086834.
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SUMMARYTwo small-grained cereals, Mulga oats and a triticale line, and two legumes, local vetch and local peas, were grown in pure stands and in mixtures at various cereal: legume seed ratios (20:80, 40:60, 60:40 and 80:20) for three successive cropping years, 1981/82 to 1983/84, at Laxia and Dromolaxia, Cyprus, in each year.The cereal pure stands produced, on average, more dry matter, 8·40 t/ha, and more digestible organic matter, 4·12 t/ha, than the legume pure stands, 3·68 and 2·18 t/ha, respectively. On average, total dry matter production decreased linearly as the seed proportion of the legume component in the mixture increased. The proportion of the legume in the harvested material was much lower than expected from the seed ratios. The highest proportion of legume was seen in the mixtures of peas with triticale and ranged from 8·1 to 35·5% at the various sowing rates. Digestibility and crude protein content were highest in the mixtures of triticale and peas.
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Wang, M. L., A. G. Gillaspie, J. B. Morris, R. N. Pittman, J. Davis, and G. A. Pederson. "Flavonoid content in different legume germplasm seeds quantified by HPLC." Plant Genetic Resources 6, no. 1 (April 2008): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262108923807.
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Flavonoid content was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and seed-coat colour was recorded from different legume seeds. Soybean seeds generally contained significantly higher amounts of daidzein (315–354 μg/g), genistein (438–458 μg/g), kaempferol (38–68 μg/g) and total measured flavonoids (892–917 μg/g), while cowpea and peanut seeds contained a significantly higher amount of quercetin (214–280 μg/g and 133–289 μg/g, respectively) than the other legumes tested. Significant variation for flavonoid content existed among and within legume species. Daidzein was significantly correlated with genistein and kaempferol (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001; r = 0.68, P < 0.0001), respectively. Genistein was also significantly correlated with kaempferol (r = 0.84, P < 0.0001). Due to differences in genetic background, no consistent relationship was observed between seed-coat colour and flavonoid content. Variation observed in flavonoid content and seed-coat colour would be useful for legume breeding programmes and consumer use.
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McDonald, C. K., and R. M. Jones. "Relationships between age and biomass of individual plants and seed production in two grazed tropical legumes. 2. Validation of models." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 2 (2002): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00176.
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Relationships predicting legume seed production from total legume biomass and from age and biomass of individual legume plants in a grazing trial at CSIRO Narayen Research Station, in south-eastern Queensland, were compared with observed soil seed measurements over 9 years. This was part of a larger project to develop a demographic model of tropical perennial forage legumes in grazed pastures. Suitable data were available from Chamaecrista rotundifolia–Cenchrus ciliaris pastures stocked at 0.54 and 1.09 head/ha and from Stylosanthes scabra– C. ciliaris pastures at 1.09 head/ha. Use of legume plant age and biomass, in conjunction with grass biomass (C. rotundifolia) or kg legume/head (S. scabra), to predict soil seed accounted for 87% (C. rotundifolia) and 77% (S. scabra) of the variation in observed values, and gave accurate and unbiased predictions. Prediction of soil seed from total legume biomass was better correlated with observed values for S. scabra (r2 = 0.72) than for C. rotundifolia(r2 = 0.63), but over-predicted values for S. scabraand under-predicted those for C. rotundifolia. The results highlight that, with C. ciliaris, the grass biomass needs to be kept below 3000 kg/ha to maintain a C. rotundifolia population. Similarly, the results indicate that biomass of S. scabra may need to be kept below 400 kg/head to avoid the possibility of S. scabra dominance, depending on the companion grass. Application of the seed production models in assessing the agronomic adaptation of these legumes and in predicting persistence of legumes and other species (e.g. weeds) is discussed.
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Klein, Melinda A., and Michael A. Grusak. "Identification of nutrient and physical seed trait QTL in the model legume Lotus japonicus." Genome 52, no. 8 (August 2009): 677–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-039.
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Legume seeds have the potential to provide a significant portion of essential micronutrients to the human diet. To identify the genetic basis for seed nutrient density, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was conducted with the Miyakojima MG-20 × Gifu B-129 recombinant inbred population from the model legume Lotus japonicus . This population was grown to seed under greenhouse conditions in 2006 and 2007. Phenotypic data were collected for seed calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) concentrations and content. Data for physical seed traits (average seed mass and seed–pod allocation values) were also collected. Based on these phenotypic data, QTL analyses identified 103 QTL linked to 55 different molecular markers. Transgressive segregation, identified within this recombinant inbred population for both seed nutrient and physical traits, suggests new allelic combinations are available for agronomic trait improvement. QTL co-localization was also seen, suggesting that common transport processes might contribute to seed nutrient loading. Identification of loci involved in seed mineral density can be an important first step in identifying the genetic factors and, consequently, the physiological processes involved in mineral distribution to developing seeds. Longer term research efforts will focus on facilitating agronomic breeding efforts through ortholog identification in related crop legumes.
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Dear, B. S., A. Hodge, D. Lemerle, J. E. Pratley, B. A. Orchard, and A. G. Kaiser. "Influence of forage legume species, seeding rate and seed size on competitiveness with annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seedlings." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 5 (2006): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04058.
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Annual legumes sown as short-term forage crops are an important non-chemical option for the control of herbicide-resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). The relative ability of 5 annual forage legume species (Trifolium subterraneum L., T. michelianum Savi., T. alexandrinum L., Medicago murex Wild and Vicia benghalensis L.) to suppress annual ryegrass seedlings was examined in a glasshouse study. The experiment investigated the importance of legume species, seed size and seeding rate in influencing the relative competitiveness of the legumes. Balansa clover (T. michelianum) and berseem clover (T. alexandrinum), the smallest seeded of the legume species, were the most effective of the 5 legume species, when compared at equivalent seeding rates, at reducing ryegrass biomass. Legume leaf area and biomass were the 2 factors measured that were most closely associated with depressing ryegrass biomass and were themselves most influenced by legume species and seeding rate. Balansa clover and vetch (V. benghalensis) were the most effective at restricting the amount of light penetrating to 50% of the height of the canopy over a range of seeding rates. The study showed that the competitiveness of forage break crops can be optimised by maximising legume biomass through selecting small-seeded legume species with high relative growth rates and dense canopies and by increasing the seeding rate where seed costs are low.
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GHASSALI, F., A. E. OSMAN, and P. S. COCKS. "REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED GRASSLANDS IN NORTH SYRIA: THE USE OF AWASSI SHEEP TO DISPERSE THE SEEDS OF ANNUAL PASTURE LEGUMES." Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (October 1998): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798004086.
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Four experiments were conducted to facilitate the improvement of degraded grasslands in north Syria. The first examined the survival of legume seeds fed to penned Awassi wethers. The second and third observed the germination and establishment of legumes from faecal pellets in the field and in a glasshouse respectively. The fourth explored the possibility of transporting seeds from legume-rich (source) to legume-poor (target) grasslands using commercial flocks on communally-owned land. Seeds of small-seeded clovers passed through sheep in greater numbers (58–72%) than did seeds of larger-seeded species (10–40%). Of the clover seeds Trifolium campestre (seed size 0.45 mg) disintegrated least (72% passage) and T. haussknechtii (seed size 2.68 mg) disintegrated most (10% passage). Recoveries of Medicago noeana and Scorpiurus muricatus seeds were larger than expected on the basis of their seed sizes. Maximum rate of recovery was at 36 h after the seed meal for all species, all seeds were recovered by 120 h and 90% of the recovered seeds were passed in 72 h. Ingestion had little effect on the hardness and viability of most seeds. Experiments 2 and 3 suggested that seeds in pellets germinated and established as successfully as naked seeds. Burial increased establishment, whether in the field or under conditions of low moisture stress in the glasshouse. The small-seeded clovers, T. tomentosum and T. campestre, established most successfully whether from pellets or from naked seeds. About 500 seeds m−2 were successfully transported from the source to the target grassland. About half were Trigonella monspeliaca, a naturally-occurring legume found on both the source and target grasslands. Of the species sown on the source grassland, 115 seeds m−2 of Trifolium campestre (33% of the source seed bank), 62 seeds m−2 of T. tomentosum (27%) and 78 seeds m−2 of T. purpureum (21%) were detected in the target. Few medics were transported (for example, <2% of M. noeana). Apart from Trigonella monspeliaca, Trifolium tomentosum (16 plants m−2) was the most frequent species found in the target grassland in the following April. The results suggest that using sheep is a cheap and practical way of dispersing the seeds of pasture legumes and thereby improving the degraded grasslands of north Syria. They clearly demonstrate the role of small-seeded legumes (<1 mg) in grassland improvement, especially the small-seeded clovers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legume seed"
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Di, Lollo Antonio B. "Thermal and surface properties of crystalline and non-crystalline legume seed proteins." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59973.
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This work was devoted to the study of (a) the physico-chemical, functional, and structural properties of bean (Phaseolus sp.) protein isolates in relation to their microstructures, and (b) the effects of protein carbohydrate interactions on physico-chemical, functional, and structural properties. The contents of protein, and both total and individual sugars of alkali extracted (amorphous) and citric acid extracted (bipyramidal and spheroidal) proteins from Phaseolus vulgaris (white kidney and navy) and Phaseolus lutanus (baby lima and large lima) beans were determined. The proteins were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry, and measurements of surface tension (air-water interface), surface hydrophobicity, and foam expansion. Structural analysis of the proteins were performed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Enzymatic and chemical deglycosylation was performed on a white kidney bean protein isolate.Glucose and mannose were the major sugars found in the isolates. Bipyramidal and spheroidal microstructures with higher protein contents generally had greater mannose content and lower glucose content. Differences in enthalpy of denaturation $( Delta$H), surface tension decay curves, surface hydrophobicities, and foam expansions were observed with isolates of different microstructures. Corresponding differences in molecular structure were not, however, detected by FT-IR spectroscopy. Using statistical analysis, a relationship between foam expansion and the $ Delta$H, solubility, surface hydrophobicity and surface tension of the isolates was obtained. Preliminary results suggest that the removal of carbohydrate influenced the physico-chemical properties of the protein.
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Holland, David. "Glycosylhydrolases and the control of mannose/galactose ratio in legume-seed galactomannan." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322061.
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Atif, Rana Muhammad. "Dissecting the factors controlling seed development in the model legume Medicago truncatula." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS117/document.
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Les légumineuses sont une source riche pour l’alimentation humaine comme celle du bétail mais elles sont aussi nécessaires à une agriculture durable. Cependant, les fractions majeures des protéines de réserve dans la graine sont pauvres en acides aminés soufrés et peuvent être accompagné de facteurs antinutritionnels, ce qui affecte leur valeur nutritive. Dans ce cadre, Medicago truncatula est une espèce modèle pour l’étude du développement de la graine des légumineuses, et en particulier concernant la phase d’accumulation des protéines de réserve. Vu la complexité des graines de légumineuses, une connaissance approfondie de leur morphogenèse ainsi que la caractérisation des mécanismes sous-jacents au développement de l’embryon et au remplissage de la graine sont essentielles. Une étude de mutagenèse a permis d’identifier le facteur de transcription DOF1147 (DNA-binding with One Finger) appartenant à la famille Zn-finger, qui s’exprime dans l’albumen pendant la transition entre les phases d’embryogenèse et de remplissage de la graine. Lors de mon travail de thèse, il a été possible de générer plusieurs constructions pour l’analyse de l’expression de DOF1147 ainsi que de la protéine DOF1147. Un protocole efficace pour la transformation génétique stable de M. truncatula a été établi et des études de localisation subcellulaire ont montré que DOF1147 est une protéine nucléaire. Un arbre phylogénétique a révélé différents groupes de facteurs de transcription DOF avec des domaines conservés dans leur séquence protéique. L’analyse du promoteur in silico chez plusieurs gènes-cible potentiels de DOF1147 a identifié les éléments cis-régulateurs de divers facteurs de transcription ainsi que des éléments répondant aux auxines (AuxREs), ce qui suggère un rôle possible de l’auxine pendant le développement de la graine. Une étude in vitro du développement de la graine avec divers régimes hormonaux, a montré l’effet positif de l’auxine sur la cinétique du développement de la graine, que ce soit en terme de gain de masse ou de taille, plus fort avec l’ANA que l’AIB. Grâce à une approche cytomique de ces graines en développement nous avons, en plus, démontré l’effet de l’auxine sur la mise en place de l’endoreduplication. En effet, celle-ci est l’empreinte cytogénétique de la transition entre les phases de division cellulaire et d’accumulation de substances de réserve lors du développement de la graine. Dans son ensemble, ce travail a démontré que l’auxine module la transition entre le cycle mitotique et les endocycles chez les graines en développement de M. truncatula en favorisant la continuité des divisions cellulaires tout en prolongeant simultanément l’endoreduplicationLegumes are not only indispensible for sustainable agriculture but are also a rich source of protein in food and feed for humans and animals, respectively. However, major proteins stored in legume seeds are poor in sulfur-containing amino acids, and may be accompanied by anti-nutritional factors causing low protein digestibility problems. In this regard, Medicago truncatula serves as a model legume to study legume seed development especially the phase of seed storage protein accumulation. As developing legume seeds are complex structures, a thorough knowledge of the morphogenesis of the seed and the characterization of regulatory mechanisms underlying the embryo development and seed filling of legumes is essential. Mutant studies have identified a DOF1147 (DNA-binding with One Finger) transcription factor belonging to the Zn-Finger family which was expressed in the endosperm at the transition period between embryogenesis and seed filling phase. During my PhD work, a number of transgene constructs were successfully generated for expression analysis of DOF1147 gene as well as the DOF1147 protein. A successful transformation protocol was also established for stable genetic transformation of M. truncatula. Subcellular localization studies have demonstrated that DOF1147 is a nuclear protein. A phylogenetic tree revealed different groups of DOF transcription factors with conserved domains in their protein sequence. In silico promoter analysis of putative target genes of DOF1147 identified cis-regulatory elements of various transcription factors along with auxin responsive elements (AuxREs) suggesting a possible role of auxin during seed development. A study of in vitro seed development under different hormone regimes has demonstrated the positive effect of auxin on kinetics of seed development in terms of gain in seed fresh weight and size, with NAA having a stronger effect than IBA. Using the cytomic approach, we further demonstrated the effect of auxin on the onset of endoreduplication in such seeds, which is the cytogenetic imprint of the transition between the cell division phase and the accumulation of storage products phase during seed development. As a whole, this work highlighted that the auxin treatments modulate the transition between mitotic cycles and endocycles in M. truncatula developing seeds by favouring sustained cell divisions while simultaneously prolonging endoreduplication
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Sublett, Jacob D. "Effects of seed coat variation and population on plant-microbial interactions." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1467569697.
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Parolari, A. "LEGUME PROTEINS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES:HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND DIABETES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/245903.
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Food proteins can be considered as source of bioactive peptides that can exert physiological functions to promote health and prevent chronic diseases, such as lipid disorders diabetes, hypertension cancer and obesity which are typical of industrialized societies. Soybean (Glycine max) and white lupin (Lupinus angustifolium) comprise the most widely grown legume crops in the world. In addition to being an invaluable source of oil and proteins for food and feed, many papers from our group pointed out the positive effect of soybean and white lupin proteins on lipid and glucose metabolism. The aim of the present work has been to evaluate in “in vitro” and “in vivo” experiments the ability of soybean and white lupin polypeptides to interact with the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of plasma and tissue lipids as well as on the glucose homeostasis. Soybean proteins: the α’ subunit of the soybean 7S globulin, the so called β-conglycinin, was shown to play a key role in the up-regulation of liver high affinity-LDL receptors, in “in vivo” and “in vitro” systems suggesting that biologically active peptides, capable of modulating lipid homeostasis, are likely to be produced by cell and gastrointestinal enzymes. Our research group has been following two different approaches to identify the active peptide/s involved in the lipid regulation. The first one has been to reduce the length of the polypeptide chain of α’ by a biotechnological process obtaining an extension form of α’ chain, roughly covering one third of the full-length polypeptide from N-terminus, which has proved active in the LDL-R up-regulation of Hep G2 cells. The second approach has been to make a screening of peptides with amino acid sequences occurring in α’, α and β subunits of soy β-conglycinin, and test their biological effect “in vitro”. These peptides have been evaluated for their effect on the expression of LDL-receptor, SREBP-2 and HMGCoA red mRNAs in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the peptide that proved more promising among the different compounds under study, has been tested in a rat model of human hypercholesterolemia in order to evaluate its potential on lipid homeostasis. gamma-Conglutin, a lupin seed glycoprotein, plays a key role on the glucose metabolism. Since the “in vitro” interaction of gamma -conglutin with mammalian insulin has been described, in the present study the effect of an oral dose of this protein was studied in an animal model of diabetes in order to evaluate its potential in the fine regulation of glucose homeostasis. Moreover in “in vitro” experiments the ability of gamma-conglutin to interact with cell compartment and to interfere in the insulin pathway has been followed in order to ascertain whether the protein was characterized by insulin-like property. Although the data obtained in this study should be confirmed by human studies, the potential of peptides from α’ subunit of soybean as well as that of lupin seed g-conglutin to control plasma lipids and glycaemia could be considered before developing new therapeutic strategies for the prevention or treatment of lipid/ glucose metabolism disorders.
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Rapp, Graeme George. "The value of Indian mustard in cereal and legume crop sequences in northwest NSW." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18504.
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Mustard is an annual oil seed crop that offers farmers greater flexibility compared to oil producing trees.This study examined the economic benefits of growing mustard in north-western NSW, where production is currently limited. The impact of mustard in crop sequences with wheat and chickpeas; the two most important grain crops in this region, was assessed. Yield and market quality of all three crops was examined and the economic consequences for biodiesel production and the manufacture of other industrial products determined. The Wheat-Chickpea-Wheat sequence increased wheat yield by 12.6% and the Wheat-Chickpea-Chickpea sequence increased chickpea grain protein percentage by 9.9%. The wheat yield in the Wheat-Mustard-Wheat-Wheat sequence was 10% higher than continuous wheat, although this sequence produced 5% lower grain protein. High mustard grain yield and high grain protein concentration were observed in the Wheat-Chickpea-Chickpea-Mustard crop sequence compared to continuous mustard. However, the highest seed oil yield was produced in the continuous mustard sequence. The sequences Wheat-Chickpea-Mustard-Mustard and Wheat-Wheat-Mustard-Mustard produced the highest mustard glucosinolates; an important compound for industrial processes. Mustard used significantly more soil moisture than wheat or chickpea, however the levels of soil sulphur and phosphorous after harvest were much higher after mustard. This was offset by generally lower levels of soil N and soil carbon compared to wheat and chickpea. The Wheat-Chickpea-Chickpea-Mustard sequence used more of the available phosphorous, nitrogen and sulphur than other mustard crop sequences and made better use of the higher residual soil moisture retained in the soil after chickpea. The primary economic and environmental benefit to the grain-grower was enhanced yield of wheat following mustard. This research indicates that mustard production can be successfully expanded in a northern farming crop sequence.
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Oldham, Michelle. "Goatsrue (Galega officinalis) Seed Biology, Control, and Toxicity." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/235.
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Goatsrue is an introduced perennial plant that has proven to have great invasive potential, leading to its classification as a noxious weed in many states and at the federal level. This research focused on seed biology, herbicide control, and toxic dynamics of goatsrue. Physical dormancy of mature goatsrue seed was tested through scarification using sulfuric acid with exposures of up to 60 minutes resulting in 100% germination. Comparison of dormancy for 26-year-old and 6-month-old goatsrue seed indicated aged seeds had reduced dormancy levels compared to newly harvested seeds, but had similar viability. Goatsrue seedling emergence was inversely related to burial depth; emergence was greatest at 0.5 cm soil depth (93%), and no emergence occurred from 12 and 14 cm. Goatsrue seed density ranged from 14,832 seeds m-2 to 74,609 seeds m-2 in the soil seed bank of five goatsrue-infested areas. Viability and dormancy of seeds recovered from the soil seed bank survey ranged from 91 to 100% and 80 to 93%, respectively. Goatsrue was most sensitive to the ALS inhibitor herbicides chlorsulfuron and imazapyr in greenhouse trials. Field studies showed that plots treated with dicamba, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, aminopyralid, triclopyr, and picloram provided at least 93% control of goatsrue 12 months after treatment at two field sites and increased perennial grass cover at one site. All treatments at one site decreased seedling goatsrue cover 11 months after treatment. The concentration and pools (dry weight x concentration) of the toxin galegine, found in goatsrue, vary over plant tissues and phenological growth stages. Galegine concentration is significantly different among plant tissues; reproductive tissues have the highest levels of galegine (7 mg/g), followed by leaf (4 mg/g), and then stem (1 mg/g) tissues. Galegine pools or the total amount of galegine per stalk was lowest at the vegetative growth stage and increased until reaching a maximum at the immature pod stage, but decreased nearly in half at the mature seed stage. Average galegine concentration also peaked at the immature pod stage and decreased by half at the mature seed stage. Thus, goatsrue is most toxic in its phenological development at the immature pod stage.
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Dowling, Christopher W. "Seed and Seedling Tolerance of Cereal, Oilseed, Fibre and Legume Crops to Injury from Banded Ammonium Fertilizers." Thesis, Griffith University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366485.
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Processes causing crop establishment damage from ammonium (NH4+) fertilizer placed in close proximity to seed at sowing are generally poorly understood within farming communities of eastern Australia. Currently, the information used to assess establishment hazard includes nitrogen (N) tolerance for a limited range of crop species. Other factors include the N concentration of fertilizer products, with adjustment of the rate expected to be tolerated on the basis of soil moisture and application equipment. Current recommendations were adapted from North American research spanning a period from the start of the century until the 1990s and some recent Australian research (1960s to 1980s) for a limited range of crops and fertilizer types. The incidence of seedling damage from N fertilizer and fertilizer containing other nutrients appears to have grown in recent years. This may be attributed to use of a wider range of NH4+ and other fertilizers, a trend for at-sowing application in zero-tillage and expansion of areas of declining soil fertility, particularly N fertility. Other factors include the sowing of new crops with greater fertilizer sensitivity, low tolerance to establishment loss for high value genetically modified seed and modern designs of sowing and application equipment. The major objective of this research was to investigate ammonia (NH3) tolerance of 10 crop species of importance for eastern Australian cropping systems (maize, Zea mays L.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; canary, Phalaris canariensis L.; canola, Brassica napus L.; panicum, Setaria italica L. and sunflower, Helianthus annuus L.). Experiments were designed to highlight differences among crops in NH3 toxicity and osmotic damage potential for commonly used NH4+ fertilizers. Various strategies were then tested to maintain plant populations within commercially acceptable ranges when affected by NH3 toxicity and/or high osmotic pressure. Tolerance of seeds to NH3 toxicity was evaluated in the field and for atmospheric exposure. Response of various crop species to atmospheric-NH3 exposure showed that certain species responded differently in their germination, coleoptile growth and radicle growth in a closed system. Using these 3 parameters as indices of crop response to NH3 toxicity revealed different ranking for some species; the same species showed a different critical NH4+ concentration for each parameter. Exposing seeds above 200 x 10-4 M NH4OH for 72 h was sufficient to significantly reduce or inhibit germination of all 10 species tested. Seed of most species were unaffected by exposure above 20 x 10-4 M NH4OH. Species rank, combining tolerance for germination, coleoptile growth and radicle growth was established to relate to likely performance in the field. Decreasing order of tolerance for monocot species was: maize > sorghum > wheat = barley > panicum > canary and for dicot species chickpeas > cotton > sunflowers > canola.
A range of physical and chemical seed characteristics was correlated with NH3 tolerance to investigate tolerance mechanisms. For monocot species, tolerance was related to the seed surface area/volume ratio suggesting that diffusion resistance was an important parameter whereas for dicot species N concentration of seed was negatively correlated with tolerance.
In field experiments where NH4+-fertilizers were placed with seeds, difference between species in their tolerance of atmospheric-NH3 was insufficient to describe effects of NH4+-fertilizers on crop emergence. Crop species fell into 3 response categories; high (maize, sorghum, barley and wheat), medium (cotton, canary and sunflower) or low (canola, chickpea and panicum) tolerance to soil NH4+-N. Soil NH4+-N concentrations tolerated by the medium and low tolerance group was 50 % and 15 to 25 % respectively, that of the high tolerance group. Generally, NH3 tolerance response for species such as wheat, barley and sorghum was found similar to current recommendations for urea (~0.5 g/m N as urea) but there were significantly different responses to NH4+-N from different NH4+-fertilizer products, that are not recognised in current recommendations.
Crop species were ranked for sensitivity to mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), triple superphosphate (TSP), urea and ammonium nitrate, and categorised according to the fertilizer rate at which significant establishment damage occurred. Ranking of crop species for NH3 toxicity was generally similar across experiments but the NH4+-N rate tolerated varied with experimental conditions. Urea and DAP caused larger reductions in establishment than equivalent NH4+-N rates from MAP or ammonium nitrate. The "safe" rate for ammonium nitrate (1 g/m NH4+-N) was approximately twice that of urea at equivalent NH4+-N rates. Usually between 20 and 30 % more NH4+-N was tolerated for MAP than for DAP. In the absence of NH3 toxicity, osmotic effects of fertilizer products delayed and occasionally inhibited germination. There was significant difference among species in osmotic tolerance; cotton, maize and sorghum (< -0.3 MPa) were more tolerant than sunflower or soybean (> -0.2 MPa). Strategies to improve crop establishment in the presence of NH4+ fertilizer such as increasing seeding rate, adding water to the seed furrow, changing fertilizer N source and chemically modifying hydrolysis of urea were identified and tested. For low to moderate rates of seed placed NH4+-N, increasing barley seeding rate from 25 to 40 kg/ha was found to be successful strategy to maintain establishment when urea rate was increased from 1.1 to 2.3 g/m of seed row. Changing the fertilizer N source and modifying hydrolysis of urea were successful in lowering soil NH4+ around the seed and thus reducing establishment losses, but osmotic effects also limit the maximum fertilizer application rates. The added cost of these strategies may prevent their widespread adoption. Complex interactions between crop species, fertilizer product, soil texture and moisture, and application equipment highlighted by the results of these experiments, suggest that simple decision tools are insufficient to provide fertilizer recommendations that meet the demands of modern agriculture. A computer based decision support programme, Fertsafe, was developed during this study from experiments conducted and papers reviewed, to provide "safe rate" recommendations to apply fertilizer at sowing for a range of crop species, fertilizers, soils and sowing conditions of eastern Australia. Changes to fertilizer application equipment, other crops and fertilizer products will require ongoing research continuously improve and update this decision support tool.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Eldredge, Sean D. "Beneficial Fungal Interactions Resulting in Accelerated Germination of Astragalus utahensis, a Hard-Seeded Legume." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1231.
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Seed germination is pivotal in the life cycle of native plants in a restorative context because initiation of the metabolic processes critical to establishment is key to survival in such a competitive environment. Dormancy characteristics of some native plants including the subject species, Astragalus utahensis, have evolved mechanisms to control germination in order to maintain a seed bank and ensure germination at the right time under optimal conditions. In vitro germination studies confirm beneficial interactions between Alternaria and Aspergillus fungi and Astragalus utahensis seed. Inoculated seed trials (1.0 x 106 spores/mL) exhibited a highly significant difference in percent germination between the uninoculated control at 5.0 % germination and seeds inoculated with Alternaria and Aspergillus germinating at 95 % and 55 %, respectively. Germination trials conducted in the greenhouse revealed a beneficial relationship between fungal spore inoculation and seed germination. Control seeds germinated in soil at a rate of 16.0 %; three times as high as exhibited in vitro. Seed inoculated with either Alternaria or Aspergillus seeds germinated in soil at the same rate of 50.0 %. A seed germination trial conducted in the field demonstrated a beneficial response with Aspergillus inoculation. Fall plantings on two sites near Fountain Green and Nephi, Utah confirm this beneficial response to Aspergillus spore inoculation. These field trials indicated a highly significant response with the germination of scarified control seed at 14.7 % and the Aspergillus and Alternaria treated seed germinating at 29.3 and 19.3 %, respectively. Greenhouse germination trials with spore-inoculated seed indicated a 100% survival rate. Astragalus utahensis seeds germinated at an accelerated rate when inoculated with Aspergillus and Alternaria spores in-vitro. The beneficial germination response of fungal inoculated seeds indicates the efficacy of these treatments in dormancy contravention in hard-seeded species.
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Meitzel, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Signaling pathways in legume seed development : evidence for a crosstalk between trehalose 6-phosphate and auxin ; [kumulative Dissertation] / Tobias Meitzel." Halle, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1180387953/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Legume seed"
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Center, Rodale Institute Research, and Rodale Institute, eds. Legume seed source directory. Kutztown, Pa: Rodale Institute, 1992.
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Miles, Stanley. Background on Oregon's grass and legume seed industry. Corvallis, Or: Extension Service, Oregon State University, 1990.
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L, Hedley C., ed. Carbohydrates in grain legume seeds: Improving nutritional quality and agronomic characteristics. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub., 2001.
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B, Barlow, and Ontario. Dept. of Agriculture., eds. Legume bacteria: Seed inoculation by Canadian farmers in 1906 and 1907. Toronto: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.
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Akpo, Essegbemon, Chris O. Ojiewo, Issoufou Kapran, Lucky O. Omoigui, Agathe Diama, and Rajeev K. Varshney, eds. Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7.
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Alderson, Erin. The homemade flour cookbook: The home cook's guide to milling nutritious flours and creating delicious recipes with every grain, legume, nut, and seed from a-z. Beverly, MA: Fair Winds Press, 2014.
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Akpo, Essegbemon, Christopher O. Ojiewo, Lucky O. Omoigui, Jean Claude Rubyogo, and Rajeev K. Varshney. Sowing Legume Seeds, Reaping Cash. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0845-5.
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Kirkbride, Joseph H. Legume (fabaceae) fruits and seeds. Boone, N.C: Parkway Publishers, 2000.
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Mameka shigen shokubutsu benran. Tōkyō: Nihon Kagaku Kyōkai, 1987.
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Delorit, Richard J. Seeds of continental United States legumes (Fabaceae). River Falls, Wis: Agronomy Publications, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Legume seed"
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McDonald, Miller B., and Lawrence O. Copeland. "Forage Legume Seeds." In Seed Production, 302–405. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4074-8_15.
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Cole, Michael A. "Legume Seed Inoculation." In Nitrogen in Crop Production, 379–88. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1990.nitrogenincropproduction.c25.
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Domoney, C. "Inhibitors of Legume Seeds." In Seed Proteins, 635–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4431-5_27.
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Dhaubhadel, Sangeeta, and Frédéric Marsolais. "Transcriptomics of Legume Seed: Soybean a Model Grain Legume." In Seed Development: OMICS Technologies toward Improvement of Seed Quality and Crop Yield, 129–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4749-4_8.
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Delseny, Michel, and Monique Raynal. "Globulin Storage Proteins in Crucifers and Non-Legume Dicotyledonous Families." In Seed Proteins, 427–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4431-5_18.
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Monyo, Emmanuel S., Essegbemon Akpo, Chris O. Ojiewo, and Rajeev K. Varshney. "A Cross-Case Analysis of Innovation Platform Experiences in Seven Countries in West and East Africa and South Asia." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 185–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_13.
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AbstractThe Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) funded Tropical Legumes (TL III) project was implemented in seven sub-Saharan Africa countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda) and South Asia (India). Shortage of seed of improved varieties has been identified as the greatest hindrance to farmer adoption of new agricultural technologies developed through this project. This chapter compares the different approaches followed by different countries in the establishment of Multi-Stakeholder Platforms (MSPs) for supply of improved legume seed to farmers. Achievements from this initiative are mixed and multi-dimensional. The details herein provide the reader with insights on the level of success of innovation platforms in the different countries and implications for agricultural technology dissemination to smallholder farmers. Key achievements include strengthened linkages among various legume seed value chain actors, participation of several cadres of seed producers in a decentralized system resulting into significant increase in the production of certified and quality declared seed of legumes, and rapid adoption and use of newly released varieties by smallholder farmers. As for those areas where the initiative did not produce the desired results, it is a testament that unless a well thought-out inclusive and comprehensive approach which defines the critical roles of each player in the value chain is developed, current seed shortages will continue, eroding emerging market opportunities and good intentions of development partners. The reader is directed to individual chapters for details of the process followed by each country/crop in the establishment of MSPs, their composition, key achievements, challenges, and lessons for overall improvement of the national legume seed systems.
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Ozga, Jocelyn A., Dennis M. Reinecke, and Pankaj K. Bhowmik. "Carbohydrate Acquisition During Legume Seed Development." In Biocatalysis and Biomolecular Engineering, 133–40. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470608524.ch9.
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Imsande, J. "Sulphur Nutrition and Legume Seed Quality." In Sulphur in Plants, 295–304. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0289-8_16.
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Lavudi, Harikrishna Naik, and Sateesh Suthari. "Application of Legume Seed Galactomannan Polysaccharides." In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 97–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53017-4_5.
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Noguero, Mélanie, Karine Gallardo, Jérôme Verdier, Christine le signor, Judith Burstin, and Richard Thompson. "Legume Seed Genomics: How to Respond to the Challenges and Potential of a Key Plant Family?" In Seed Genomics, 179–201. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118525524.ch10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Legume seed"
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SPIRIDONOV, Anatoliy. "Problems and prospects of alfalfa cultivation in the north-west of the Russian Federation." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production 29 (77). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-29-77-89-94.
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Alfalfa is the most widespread perennial legume forage crop in the world. Despite the obvious advantages of this crop, the expansion of production crops in the North-West of Russia is being held back for a number of reasons. Among the problems of cultivation, the main ones are the lack of seeds of zoned varieties and the non-compliance of soils with the requirements of culture. Prospects for the expansion of crops are seen in the breeding of plastic varieties and in the organization of their local seed production.
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Kozlov, Nikolay, Tamara Komkova, Mikhail Makarenkov, Valentina Korovina, and Tatyana Kozlova. "DEPENDENCE OF GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF FODDER CROPS ON THE DURATION OF STORAGE IN A GAS ENVIRONMENT." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production 26 (74). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2021-26-74-90-97.
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The research was carried out in the laboratory conditions of the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology on the seed material of nineteen varieties of the selection of VIC, stored since 1986 in a gas environment. The viability of the seeds was determined after 33 years of storage. The laboratory germination rate of the samples after storage varied from 0.7 to 90.3%. Aging of cereal grasses is faster. After storage in a gas environment for 33 years germination of more than 80% was observed in four samples of the legume family and one of the cereals. After being removed from the CSG and placed in normal conditions for a year, most of the samples retained their economic validity, with the exception of forage cereals: brome grass, meadow and reed fescue, and cocksfoot.
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Kutuzova, Anel, Elena Provornaya, Ekaterina Sedova, and Nadezhda Tsybenko. "EFFICIENCY OF LEGUME-GRASS STANDS WITH USING NEW VARIETIES TO CREATE CULTURAL PASTURES IN THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-5-13.
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Based on the analysis of the results of a 5-year field experiment to study the effects of species and cultivars of white clover (VIC 70 and Lugovik), red clover (Tetraploidny VIC and Veteran), alfalfa common (88 Pasture and Agnes) pro-conducting for periods (1–2,
3–4 and 5 years of use) the influence of weather conditions, the years of life herbs, part legume component in the herbage yield, content of total and biological nitrogen in the aboveground mass, the concentration of metabolizable energy in the feed. Set the efficiency of the reception of pre-inoculated seed complementary strains of nodule bacteria in nitrogen and savings acquisition costs of mineral nitrogen fertilizers (at modern prices).
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Abouelezz, Ahmed Helmy Hassan, and Talaat Ahmed. "The Efficacy of Two Household Cleaning and Disinfecting Agents on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) and Faba bean (Vicia faba) Seed Germination." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0023.
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A germination test of Vicia faba and Lens culinaris seeds under the effect of bleach and vinegar was conducted for seven days, and the observations were recorded daily. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used to examine the germination with three replicates at the lab conditions. Six germination parameters were measured, including germination percentage (GP), germination index (GI), mean germination time (MGT), mean germination rate (MGR), vigour index (VI), plus the fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of Vicia faba and Lens culinaris seeds. As a legume crop seeds model, the efficacy of four treatment levels from 0.005% to 0.5% of bleach and vinegar on the germination was tested. A chemical analysis was performed using the ion chromatography (IC) to evaluate the effect of chloride and acetate anions up-take on the seedling germination in addition to other essential nutrients. A significant inhibition in seedling growth was observed with increasing the treatment concentration. The maximum inhibition was recorded for both seeds at 0.5%, followed by 0.1% levels, while a positive effect was represented with the lower concentrations. The chemical analysis of the up-taking active ingredients was corroborated by the germination outputs.
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Kutuzova, Anel, Elena Provornaya, Ekaterina Sedova, and Nadezhda Tsybenko. "EFFICIENCY OF NEW VARIETIES OF BEAN GRASSES IN MEADOW FARMING." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-24-72-9-13.
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Based on the field experiment conducted in 2014–2019, it was found that the productivity of leguminous-grassy stands on sod-podzolic soil was increased by 97–120% compared to cereal grass on average over five years of use. The increase in the collection of edible feed per 1 kg of legume seeds was 1.2–5.1 thousand feed units for this period. Payback 1 ruble costs of seeds of legumes due to the conditionally net income reached 41–44 rubles when using alfalfa and 76–173 rubles when using creeping clover and meadow clover.
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Cerina, Sallija, and Liga Proskina. "Pea seeds and alfalfa hay pellets: to increase the economic return of poultry farms." In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.008.
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The output of poultry products by poultry enterprises in the world was mainly determined by feeding techniques and poultry productivity. The productivity of poultry is characterised by the rate of egg-laying or the number of eggs produced per hen a year and affected by the availability and diversity of feed materials (especially protein). In recent years, researchers have focused on legumes of various species as promising sources of protein for livestock production, such as beans, peas, lupine, alfalfa etc.; therefore, in Latvia more attention is paid to the production of protein crops or legumes. The aim of the research was to identify the impact of domestically sourced legume seeds included in diets for laying hens on the economic performance of egg production. Two kinds of protein crops were examined by the research: peas `Bruno` and dried alfalfa pellets. Feeding laying hens with peas or dried alfalfa pellets made it possible to produce eggs with a heavier weight (55.28-67.07%), which in turn makes it possible to increase revenues (10.3-12.9%) from the sales of eggs with the same feed consumption.
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Wilbur, Jessica, Ozzie Abaye, Bo Zhang, and Carol Willki. "Introducing Mung Bean as an Alternative or Rotation Crop to Tobacco in Virginia." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vsph2015.
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Mung bean [Vigna radiata] is an important grain legume crop in Asia, particularly in India. Mungbean is consumed in the United States by a niche market in Asian cuisines, mostly as bean sprout, but is on the rise for use as an alternative plant protein as it is very high in micronutrients such as zinc, iron, and folic acid while also being low in fat and high in protein. Currently, more than two-thirds of mungbeans consumed in the United States are imported and nearly all domestically farmed mungbeans are produced in Oklahoma. This project explores the viability for mungbean to be produced by Virginia tobacco farmers as an alternative specialty or rotation crop since the demand for tobacco is on the decline. Two cultivars commercially available in the United States, Berken and OK2000, were planted in two locations in southern piedmont Virginia with an early and late planting date to determine the optimal time to plant mungbean and if it is a feasible crop in Virginia. Location played the most determining factor in overall seed size (g/100 seeds) for both cultivars--which is an indicator of quality--but the overall yield was not affected by location or planting date for either cultivar. Berken yielded an average of 771.03 lbs/ ac and OK2000 yielded an average of 728.81 lbs/ac as compared to 1000 lbs/ acre being considered “good yield.” This study suggests that an early versus late planting date has minimal effect on overall yield of mungbean, and with proper management techniques, there is potential for production in Virginia. This project is important to the AOCS community because it looks into the potential for mungbean to be grown in greater acreage within the USA as an alternative plant protein crop.
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Ozhimkova, E. V., and I. V. Uschapovsky. "ULTRASONIC EXTRACTION OF PROTEIN COMPLEXES FROM LEGUME SEEDS." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.551-553.
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The article presents the basics of resource-saving technology for complex processing of legume seeds with obtaining protein components. The use of low-frequency ultrasound is proposed to intensify the extraction of protein complexes from legume seeds. The conditions of ultrasonic exposure that provide the maximum output of the target components are experimentally selected.
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Aluko, Rotimi. "Protein gelation enhances resistance to proteolysis and in vivo cholesterol-lowering ability of the indigestible proteins." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ztlc7556.
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Cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of death globally with excessive levels of blood cholesterol being a major risk factor. A dietary approach towards reducing this health risk is the intake of foods enriched with indigestible proteins that bind cholesterol to minimize reabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the level of indigestible proteins in regular foods is low and normal dietary intake may not provide sufficient cholesterol-lowering effect. Therefore, the aim of this work was to utilize various processing techniques to enhance resistance of food proteins to proteolysis and facilitate recovery of large amounts of indigestible proteins, which was then incorporated into the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats. Various legume seed protein isolates were subjected to the following pretreatments: dry heat, wet heat, autoclave, gelation, and freeze-thaw (3 cycles). The pretreated isolates were digested with pepsin followed by pancreatin to obtain insoluble residue as the indigestible product, which was tested for in vitro bile acid-binding ability. Results showed that the indigestible proteins from gelled cowpea protein isolate (ICP) was most abundant (68% yield) and had strong bile acid-binding ability. The rats were fed high fat diets and divided into 4 groups of 6 each (3 males + 3 females): group 1 was 20% casein diet while groups 2, 3 and 4 consumed same diets but casein was partially substituted with 1% ICP, 5% ICP, and 5% undigested cowpea protein isolate (CPI), respectively. After feeding for 6 weeks, rats that consumed the diet containing 5% ICP had the lowest increase in plasma total cholesterol of 1.8 mmol/L when compared to increases of 9.34 and 4.15 mmol/L for CPI and casein only diets, respectively. Analysis of the fecal matter by gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of a high molecular proteins in the ICP-containing diets but absent in the casein only and CPI diets.
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Zolotarev, Vladimir. "PRIMING AS THE FACTOR OF INCREASE OF EFFICIENCY SEED PRODUCTION OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-24-72-94-105.
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A characteristic property of legumes is the formation of hard-stone seeds. To use such seeds for sowing, it is necessary to carry out measures to increase their seeding indicators. The article provides an overview of methods of pre-sowing preparation of seeds, priming (Seed Priming). The harvest of Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) can contain up to 90% or more hard-stone seeds. Mechanical priming of hard-stone seeds of Birdsfoot trefoil increases their germination energy and field germination.
Reports on the topic "Legume seed"
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Zhang, Hongbin B., David J. Bonfil, and Shahal Abbo. Genomics Tools for Legume Agronomic Gene Mapping and Cloning, and Genome Analysis: Chickpea as a Model. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586464.bard.
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The goals of this project were to develop essential genomic tools for modern chickpea genetics and genomics research, map the genes and quantitative traits of importance to chickpea production and generate DNA markers that are well-suited for enhanced chickpea germplasm analysis and breeding. To achieve these research goals, we proposed the following research objectives in this period of the project: 1) Develop an ordered BAC library with an average insert size of 150 - 200 kb (USA); 2) Develop 300 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with an aid of the BAC library (USA); 3) Develop SSR marker tags for Ascochyta response, flowering date and grain weight (USA); 4) Develop a molecular genetic map consisting of at least 200 SSR markers (Israel and USA); 5) Map genes and QTLs most important to chickpea production in the U.S. and Israel: Ascochyta response, flowering and seed set date, grain weight, and grain yield under extreme dryland conditions (Israel); and 6) Determine the genetic correlation between the above four traits (Israel). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks the first in the Middle East. Chickpea seeds are a good source of plant protein (12.4-31.5%) and carbohydrates (52.4-70.9%). Although it has been demonstrated in other major crops that the modern genetics and genomics research is essential to enhance our capacity for crop genetic improvement and breeding, little work was pursued in these research areas for chickpea. It was absent in resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. For instance, there were no large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, no sufficient and user- friendly DNA markers, and no intraspecific genetic map. Grain sizes, flowering time and Ascochyta response are three main constraints to chickpea production in drylands. Combination of large seeds, early flowering time and Ascochyta blight resistance is desirable and of significance for further genetic improvement of chickpea. However, it was unknown how many genes and/or loci contribute to each of the traits and what correlations occur among them, making breeders difficult to combine these desirable traits. In this period of the project, we developed the resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. In particular, we constructed the proposed large-insert BAC library and an additional plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from an Israeli advanced chickpea cultivar, Hadas. The BAC library contains 30,720 clones and has an average insert size of 151 kb, equivalent to 6.3 x chickpea haploid genomes. The BIBAC library contains 18,432 clones and has an average insert size of 135 kb, equivalent to 3.4 x chickpea haploid genomes. The combined libraries contain 49,152 clones, equivalent to 10.7 x chickpea haploid genomes. We identified all SSR loci-containing clones from the chickpea BAC library, generated sequences for 536 SSR loci from a part of the SSR-containing BACs and developed 310 new SSR markers. From the new SSR markers and selected existing SSR markers, we developed a SSR marker-based molecular genetic map of the chickpea genome. The BAC and BIBAC libraries, SSR markers and the molecular genetic map have provided essential resources and tools for modern genetic and genomic analyses of the chickpea genome. Using the SSR markers and genetic map, we mapped the genes and loci for flowering time and Ascochyta responses; one major QTL and a few minor QTLs have been identified for Ascochyta response and one major QTL has been identified for flowering time. The genetic correlations between flowering time, grain weight and Ascochyta response have been established. These results have provided essential tools and knowledge for effective manipulation and enhanced breeding of the traits in chickpea.
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Sengupta-Gopalan, Champa, Shmuel Galili, and Rachel Amir. Improving Methionine Content in Transgenic Forage Legumes. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580671.bard.
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Leguminous forage crops are high in proteins but deficient in S- amino acids. It has been shown that both wool quality and milk production can be limited by the post-ruminal supply of sulfur-containing amino acids. Efforts to use conventional plant breeding and cell selection techniques to increase the S-amino acid content of alfalfa have met with little success. With the objective to increase the S-amino acid content of forage legumes, the goal of this project was to co- express the methionine rich zein genes from corn along with a gene for a key enzyme in methionine biosynthesis, aspartate kinase(AK). The zeins are seed storage proteins from corn and are groupec into four distinct classes based on their amino acid sequence homologies. The b-zein (15kd) and the 6zein (10kD and 18kD) have proportionately high levels of methionine (10%, 22% and 28%, respectively). Initial studies from our lab had shown that while the 15kD zein accumulated to high levels in vegetative tissues of transgenic tobacco the l0kD zein did not. However, co-expression of the 10kD zein with the 15kD zein genes in tobacco showed stabilization of the 10kD zein and the co-localization of the 10kD and 15kD zein proteins in unique ER derived protein bodies. AK is the key enzyme for producing carbon skeletons for all amino acids of the aspartate family including methionine. It is, however, regulated by end-product feedback inhibition. The specific objectives of this proposal were: i. to co-express the 15kD zein with the 10/18kD zein genes in alfalfa in order to enhance the level of accumulation of the 10/18kD zein; ii. to increase methionine pools by expressing a feedback insensitive AK gene in transformants co-expressing the 15kD and 10/18kD zein genes. The Israeli partners were successful in expressing the AK gene in alfalfa which resulted in an increase in free and bound threonine but not in methionine (Galili et al., 2000). Since our target was to increase methionine pools, we changed our second objective to replace the AK gene with the gene for cystathionine gamma synthase (CGS) in the co-expression studies. The first methionine specific reaction is catalyzed by CGS. An additional objective was to develop a transformation system for Berseem clover, and to introduce the appropriate gene constructs into it with the goal of improving their methionine content. Genes for the 15kD zein along with the genes for either the 10kD or 18kD zein have been introduced into the same alfalfa plant both by sexual crosses and by re-transformation. Analysis of these zein co-expressors have shown that both the IOkD and 18kD zein levels go up 5 to 10 fold when co-expressed with the 15kD zein (Bagga et al., MS in preparation). Incubation of the leaves of transgenic alfalfa co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes, in the rumen of cows have shown that the zein proteins are stable in the rumen. To increase the level of zein accumulation in transgenic alfalfa different promoters have been used to drive the zein genes in alfalfa and we have concluded that the CaMV 35S promoter is superior to the other strong leaf -specific promoters. By feeding callus tissue of alfalfa plants co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes with methionine and its precursors, we have shown that the zein levels could be significantly enhanced by increasing the methionine pools. We have now introduced the CGS gene (from Arabidopsis; kindly provided to us by Dr. Leustek), into the 15kD zein transformants and experiments are in progress to check if the expression of the CGS gene indeed increases the level of zein accumulation in alfalfa. We were not successful in developing a transformation protocol for Berseem clover.
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Birk, Yehudit, Karl J. Kramer, Shalom W. Applebaum, and G. R. Reeck. Structure and Function of Protease Inhibitors from Legume Seeds and Cereal Grains and their Interaction with Digestive Enzymes of Stored Product Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566729.bard.
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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.
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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.
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Abbo, Shahal, Hongbin Zhang, Clarice Coyne, Amir Sherman, Dan Shtienberg, and George J. Vandemark. Winter chickpea; towards a new winter pulse for the semiarid Pacific Northwest and wider adaptation in the Mediterranean basin. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597909.bard.
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Original objectives: [a] Screen an array of chickpea and wild annual Cicer germplasm for winter survival. [b] Genetic analysis of winter hardiness in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [c] Genetic analysis of vernalization response in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [d] Digital expression analysis of a core selection of breeding and germplasm lines of chickpea that differ in winter hardiness and vernalization. [e] Identification of the genes involved in the chickpea winter hardiness and vernalization and construction of gene network controlling these traits. [f] Assessing the phenotypic and genetic correlations between winter hardiness, vernalization response and Ascochyta blight response in chickpea. The complexity of the vernalization response and the inefficiency of our selection experiments (below) required quitting the work on ascochyta response in the framework of this project. Background to the subject: Since its introduction to the Palouse region of WA and Idaho, and the northern Great Plains, chickpea has been a spring rotation legume due to lack of winter hardiness. The short growing season of spring chickpea limits its grain yield and leaves relatively little stubble residue for combating soil erosion. In Israel, chilling temperatures limit pod setting in early springs and narrow the effective reproductive time window of the crop. Winter hardiness and vernalization response of chickpea alleles were lost due to a series of evolutionary bottlenecks; however, such alleles are prevalent in its wild progenitor’s genepool. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: It appears that both vernalization response and winter hardiness are polygenic traits in the wild-domesticated chickpea genepool. The main conclusion from the fieldwork in Israel is that selection of domesticated winter hardy and vernalization responsive types should be conducted in late flowering and late maturity backgrounds to minimize interference by daylength and temperature response alleles (see our Plant Breeding paper on the subject). The main conclusion from the US winter-hardiness studies is that excellent lines have been identified for germplasm release and continued genetic study. Several of the lines have good seed size and growth habit that will be useful for introgressing winter-hardiness into current chickpea cultivars to develop releases for autumn sowing. We sequenced the transcriptomes and profiled the expression of genes in 87 samples. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 2,452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vernalized plants and control plants, of which 287 were shared between two or more Cicer species studied. We cloned 498 genes controlling vernalization, named CVRN genes. Each of the CVRN genes contributes to flowering date advance (FDA) by 3.85% - 10.71%, but 413 (83%) other genes had negative effects on FDA, while only 83 (17%) had positive effects on FDA, when the plant is exposed to cold temperature. The cloned CVRN genes provide new toolkits and knowledge to develop chickpea cultivars that are suitable for autumn-sowing. Scientific & agricultural implications: Unlike the winter cereals (barley, wheat) or pea, in which a single allelic change may induce a switch from winter to spring habit, we were unable to find any evidence for such major gene action in chickpea. In agricultural terms this means that an alternative strategy must be employed in order to isolate late flowering – ascochyta resistant (winter types) domesticated forms to enable autumn sowing of chickpea in the US Great Plains. An environment was identified in U.S. (eastern Washington) where autumn-sown chickpea production is possible using the levels of winter-hardiness discovered once backcrossed into advanced cultivated material with acceptable agronomic traits. The cloned CVRN genes and identified gene networks significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant vernalization in general, and chickpea in particular, and provide a new toolkit for switching chickpea from a spring-sowing to autumn-sowing crop.
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Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.
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Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
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Brice, Jeremy. Investment, power and protein in sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Tara Garnett. TABLE, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/d8817170.
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The place of protein in sub-Saharan Africa’s food system is changing rapidly, raising complex international development, global health and environmental sustainability issues. Despite substantial growth in the region’s livestock agriculture sector, protein consumption per capita remains low, and high levels of undernourishment persist. Meanwhile sub-Saharan Africa’s population is growing and urbanising rapidly, creating expectations that demand for protein will increase rapidly over the coming decades and triggering calls for further investment in the expansion and intensification of the region’s meat and dairy sector. However, growing disquiet over the environmental impacts of further expansion in livestock numbers, and growing sales of alternative protein products in the Global North, has raised questions about the future place of plant-based, insect and lab-grown proteins in African diets and food systems. This report examines financial investment in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. It begins from the position that investors play an important role in shaping the development of diets and food systems because they are able to mobilise the financial resources required to develop new protein products, infrastructures and value chains, or to prevent their development by withholding investment. It therefore investigates which actors are financing the production in sub-Saharan Africa of: a) animal proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products; b) ‘protein crops’ such as beans, pulses and legumes; and c) processed ‘alternative proteins’ derived from plants, insects, microbes or animal cells grown in a tissue culture. Through analysing investment by state, philanthropic and private sector organisations – as well as multilateral financial institutions such as development banks – it aims to establish which protein sources and stages of the value chain are financed by different groups of investors and to explore the values and goals which shape their investment decisions. To this end, the report examines four questions: 1. Who is currently investing in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa? 2. What goals do these investors aim to achieve (or what sort of future do they seek to bring about) through making these investments? 3. Which protein sources and protein production systems do they finance? 4. What theory of change links their investment strategy to these goals? In addressing these questions, this report explores what sorts of protein production and provisioning systems different investor groups might be helping to bring into being in sub-Saharan Africa. It also considers what alternative possibilities might be marginalised due to a lack of investment. It thus seeks to understand whose priorities, preferences and visions for the future of food might be informing the changing place of protein in the region’s diets, economies and food systems.