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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Jaleta, Moti, Paswel Marenya, Bedru Beshir, and Olaf Erenstein. "Does crop diversification reduce downside risk of external maize yield-enhancing technology? Evidence from Ethiopia." African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.53936/afjare.2020.15(2).07.

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Unexpectedly lower yield outcomes (downside risks) challenge farmers’ use of external inputs that can enhance crop productivity. Using household-level panel data collected from Ethiopia, we estimated the effects of crop diversification through maize-legume intercropping/rotation on maize yield distribution and downside risk. Results from endogenous switching regression models and quintile moment approaches show that plots with maize-legume intercropping/rotation have the highest average maize yield. Such crop diversification reduces the downside risk in maize yield more when applied to plots receiving external inputs. The results imply that, in addition to the technical support around external input use in smallholder maize production, Ethiopia’s agricultural extension may also need to give due emphasis to both spatial and temporal crop diversification practices. This could enhance crop productivity further and reduce the potential downside risks typically hampering smallholders’ external input use in maize production.
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2

KERR, RACHEL BEZNER, SIEGLINDE SNAPP, MARKO CHIRWA (deceased), LIZZIE SHUMBA, and RODGERS MSACHI. "PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH ON LEGUME DIVERSIFICATION WITH MALAWIAN SMALLHOLDER FARMERS FOR IMPROVED HUMAN NUTRITION AND SOIL FERTILITY." Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 4 (October 2007): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479707005339.

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Legume species are uniquely suited to enhance soil productivity and provide nutrient-enriched grains and vegetables for limited-resource farmers. Yet substantial barriers to diversification with legumes exist, such as moderate yield potential and establishment costs, indicating the need for long-term engagement and farmer-centered research and extension. This review and in-depth analysis of a Malawian case study illustrates that farmer experimentation and adoption of legumes can be fostered among even the most resource-poor smallholders. Multi-educational activities and participatory research involving farmer research teams was carried out with 80 communities. Over five years more than 3000 farmers tested legumes and gained knowledge of legume contributions to child nutrition and soil productivity. The average area of expansion of legume systems was 862 m2 in 2005; 772 m2 for women and 956 m2 for men indicating a gender dimension to legume adoption. Farmers chose edible legume intercrops such as pigeonpea and groundnut over the mucuna green manure system, particularly women farmers. Interestingly, expansion in area of doubled-up edible legumes (854 m2 in 2005) was practiced by more farmers, but was a smaller area than that of mucuna green manure system (1429 m2). An information gap was discovered around the biological consequences of legume residue management. Education on the soil benefits of improved residue management and participatory methods of knowledge sharing were associated with enhanced labour investment; 72 % of farmers reported burying legume residues in 2005 compared to 15 % in 2000. Households reported feeding significantly more edible legumes to their children compared with control households. Participatory research that incorporated nutritional education fostered discussions within households and communities, the foundation for sustained adoption of legume-diversified systems.
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3

Silberg, Timothy R., Vimbayi Grace Petrova Chimonyo, Robert B. Richardson, Sieglinde S. Snapp, and Karen Renner. "Legume diversification and weed management in African cereal-based systems." Agricultural Systems 174 (August 2019): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.05.004.

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4

Koenen, E. J. M., J. M. de Vos, G. W. Atchison, M. F. Simon, B. D. Schrire, E. R. de Souza, L. P. de Queiroz, and C. E. Hughes. "Exploring the tempo of species diversification in legumes." South African Journal of Botany 89 (November 2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.07.005.

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5

Mhango, Wezi G., Sieglinde S. Snapp, and George Y. K. Phiri. "Opportunities and constraints to legume diversification for sustainable maize production on smallholder farms in Malawi." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no. 3 (May 16, 2012): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000178.

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AbstractSustainable intensification of smallholder farms in Africa is highly dependent on enhancing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Legume diversification of maize-based systems is a core example of sustainable intensification, with the food security of millions of farm families at stake. This study highlights the constraints and opportunities associated with the adoption of legumes by smallholder farmers in southern Africa. A two-part survey of households and farm fields (n=88) was conducted in the Ekwendeni watershed of northern Malawi. Participatory research and education activities have been underway for over a decade in this region, resulting in expanded uptake of a range of legume species as intercrops and in rotation with the staple maize crop. Farmer adoption has occurred to a varying extent for soybean (Glycine max), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and fish bean (Tephrosia vogelii). Farmers, working with the project valued pigeon pea and other legumes for soil fertility purposes to a greater extent than farmers not working with the project. Legumes were valued for a wide range of purposes beyond soil cover and fertility enhancement, notably for infant nutrition (at least for soybean), insect control, and vegetable and grain production for both market and home consumption. Literature values for BNF in tropical legumes range up to 170 kg N ha−1for grain and 300 kg N ha−1for green manure species; however, our field interviews illustrated the extent of constraints imposed by soil properties on smallholder fields in Malawi. The key edaphic constraints observed were very deficient to moderate phosphorus levels (range 4–142, average 33 mg kg−1), and moderately acid soils (range pH 5.1–7.9, average 6.2). The per farm hectarage devoted to legume production relative to maize production was also low (0.15 versus 0.35 ha), a surprising find in an area with demonstrated interest in novel legume species. Further, farmers showed a strong preference for legumes that produced edible grain, regardless of the associated nutrient removal in the harvested grain, and did not sow large areas to legume crops. These farm-level decisions act as constraints to BNF inputs in maize-based smallholder cropping systems. Overall, we found that legume productivity could be enhanced. We documented the value of policies and educational efforts that support farmers gaining access to high-quality seeds, amendments for phosphorus-deficient soils, and promotion of multipurpose legumes that build soils through leafy residues and roots, as well as providing grain for food security and sales.
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6

Maquia, Ivete, Silvia Catarino, Ana R. Pena, Denise R. A. Brito, Natasha S. Ribeiro, Maria M. Romeiras, and Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros. "Diversification of African Tree Legumes in Miombo–Mopane Woodlands." Plants 8, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8060182.

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The southern African Miombo and Mopane ecoregions constitute a unique repository of plant diversity whose diversification and evolutionary history is still understudied. In this work, we assessed the diversity, distribution, and conservation status of Miombo and Mopane tree legumes within the Zambezian phytoregion. Data were retrieved from several plant and gene databases and phylogenetic analyses were performed based on genetic barcodes. Seventy-eight species (74 from Miombo and 23 from Mopane, 19 common to both ecoregions) have been scored. Species diversity was high within both ecoregions, but information about the actual conservation status is scarce and available only for ca. 15% of the species. Results of phylogenetic analyses were consistent with current legume classification but did not allow us to draw any conclusion regarding the evolutionary history of Miombo and Mopane tree legumes. Future studies are proposed to dissect the diversity and structure of key species in order to consolidate the network of conservation areas.
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7

Lauren, J. G., R. Shrestha, M. A. Sattar, and R. L. Yadav. "Legumes and Diversification of the Rice-Wheat Cropping System." Journal of Crop Production 3, no. 2 (January 2001): 67–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j144v03n02_04.

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8

Jiang, Dongzhu, Linzheng Liao, Haitao Xing, Zhidan Chen, Xuemei Luo, and Honglei Li. "Interplay of Ecological Opportunities and Functional Traits Drives the Evolution and Diversification of Millettiod Legumes (Fabaceae)." Genes 13, no. 12 (November 27, 2022): 2220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122220.

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Understanding the striking diversity of the angiosperms is a paramount issue in biology and of interest to biologists. The Millettiod legumes is one of the most hyper-diverse groups of the legume family, containing many economically important medicine, furniture and craft species. In the present study, we explore how the interplay of past climate change, ecological opportunities and functional traits’ evolution may have triggered diversification of the Millettiod legumes. Using a comprehensive species-level phylogeny from three plastid markers, we estimate divergence times, infer habit shifts, test the phylogenetic and temporal diversification heterogeneity, and reconstruct ancestral biogeographical ranges. We found that three dramatic accumulations of the Millettiod legumes occurred during the Miocene. The rapid diversification of the Millettiod legumes in the Miocene was driven by ecological opportunities created by the emergence of new niches and range expansion. Additionally, habit shifts and the switch between biomes might have facilitated the rapid diversification of the Millettiod legumes. The Millettiod legumes provide an excellent case for supporting the idea that the interplay of functional traits, biomes, and climatic and geographic factors drives evolutionary success.
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9

Sauvadet, Marie, Jean Trap, Gaëlle Damour, Claude Plassard, Karel Van den Meersche, Raphaël Achard, Clémentine Allinne, et al. "Agroecosystem diversification with legumes or non-legumes improves differently soil fertility according to soil type." Science of The Total Environment 795 (November 2021): 148934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148934.

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10

Krzyżanowski, Julian. "The Evaluation of Implementation of Agricultural Sustainable Development Policy in the European Union." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.2.45.

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Author tries to evaluate two elements of implementation of agricultural sustainable development policy in the European Union. Those elements are: “greening” and European innovation partnership. Greening is carried out by: crop diversification, maintenance of permanent grassland (PG), maintenance of ecological focus areas (EFA). Diversification of crops was carried out for three fourth of areas of arable lands in the EU. Diversification prevents soil erosion. Share of PG in the overall area of agricultural land in the EU is 29 %. The highest indicator is at present in the United Kingdom (90%), and the lowest in Cyprus, Malta, Denmark and Finland. From the set of actions maintaining the pro-environmental areas (EFA), the most popular were: setting aside (27 member states), and the least popular – afforestation (only 11 countries). When it comes to EFA area, the biggest share was the area for legume plants. New pro-environmental instrument is European Innovation Partnership for productive and sustainable agriculture. There has already been some results of this action in the EU countries.
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11

Villegas-Fernández, Ángel M., Ahmad AlAshqar Amarna, Juan Moral, and Diego Rubiales. "Crop Diversification to Control Powdery Mildew in Pea." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040690.

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Pea is a temperate grain legume cultivated worldwide that can be severely constrained by powdery mildew infection. Control by fungicides and the use of resistant cultivars is possible, but there is a growing interest in alternative control methods such as crop diversification, particularly in low input agriculture. The aim of this work was to assess the potential of intercropping pea with other crops and of pea cultivar mixtures for powdery mildew management on pea crop. Results show a reduction of powdery mildew on pea when intercropped by replacement at a 50:50 ratio with barley or with faba bean, but not when intercropped with wheat. A barrier effect seems to explain a major part of this decrease, especially in the pea/barley intercrop. This hypothesis was further supported by inoculated seedlings under controlled conditions, where powdery mildew infection on pea decreased with the distance to the inoculation point, this decrease being larger in the intercrop with barley than in the intercrop with wheat and in the pea monocrop. Powdery mildew was also reduced in the mixture of resistant and susceptible cultivars, with infection decreasing with the increasing proportions of the resistant one. Overall, this work shows that crop diversification may be a good strategy to reduce powdery mildew in pea.
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12

Rodríguez, María Pía, Anahí Domínguez, Melisa Moreira Ferroni, Luis Gabriel Wall, and José Camilo Bedano. "The Diversification and Intensification of Crop Rotations under No-Till Promote Earthworm Abundance and Biomass." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070919.

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The diversification and intensification of crop rotations (DICR) in no-till systems is a novel approach that aims to increase crop production, together with decreasing environmental impact. Our objective was to analyze the effect of different levels of DICR on the abundance, biomass, and species composition of earthworm communities in Argentinean Pampas. We studied three levels of DICR—typical rotation (TY), high intensification with grass (HG), and with legume (HL); along with three references—natural grassland (NG), pasture (PA), and an agricultural external reference (ER). The NG had the highest earthworm abundance. Among the DICR treatments, abundance and biomass were higher in HL than in HG and, in both, these were higher than in TY. The NG and PA had a distinctive taxonomic composition and higher species richness. Instead, the DICR treatments had a similar richness and species composition. Earthworm abundance and biomass were positively related to rotation intensity and legume proportion indices, carbon input, and particulate organic matter content. The application of DICR for four years, mainly with legumes, favors the development of earthworm populations. This means that a subtle change in management, as DICR, can have a positive impact on earthworms, and thus on earthworm-mediated ecosystem services, which are important for crop production.
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13

Yang, Shuyi, Aurélie Grall, and Mark A. Chapman. "Origin and diversification of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.), a multipurpose underutilized legume." American Journal of Botany 105, no. 5 (May 2018): 888–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1093.

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14

Kidane, Mekonnen Sime, and Edilegnaw Wale Zegeye. "Crop diversification and productivity in semiarid and sub-humid maize-legume production systems of Ethiopia." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 42, no. 10 (August 6, 2018): 1106–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1505679.

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15

Sanderson, Michael J., and Martin F. Wojciechowski. "Diversification rates in a temperate legume clade: Are there “so many species” of Astragalus (Fabaceae)?" American Journal of Botany 83, no. 11 (November 1996): 1488–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb13942.x.

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16

Ghosh, Probir Kumar, Kali Krishna Hazra, Madasur Subbabhat Venkatesh, Chandra Sekhar Praharaj, Narendra Kumar, Chaitanya Prasad Nath, Ummed Singh, and Sati Shankar Singh. "Grain legume inclusion in cereal–cereal rotation increased base crop productivity in the long run." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 1 (September 10, 2019): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000243.

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AbstractSustainability of cereal-based cropping systems remains crucial for food security in South Asia. However, productivity of cereal–cereal rotations has declined in the long run, demonstrating the need for a sustainable alternative. Base crop, that is, common crop in different crop rotations, productivity could be used as a sustainability indicator for the assessment of different long-term crop rotations. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grain legume inclusion in lowland rice–wheat (R-W) and upland maize–wheat (M-W) rotation on system’s base crop (rice in lowland and wheat in upland crop rotations) productivity and sustainability and also in soil fertility. Mung bean (April–May) inclusion in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 10–14%. In upland, mung bean inclusion in M-W rotation increased wheat grain yield by 5–11%. Replacing wheat with chickpea in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 5–8%. Increased base crop productivity in legume inclusive rotations was attributed to significant improvement in panicle (rice) or spike (wheat) attributes. Increased soil organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus in the legume inclusive rotations significantly influenced the base crop productivity in both the production systems. Among the crop rotations, R-W-Mb (in lowland) and M-W-Mb (in upland) rotations had the highest system productivity and net return. Therefore, intensification/diversification of cereal–cereal rotations with grain legume could improve soil fertility and sustain crop productivity.
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17

Elliott, L. F., and P. Chevalier. "Diversification for new management systems opportunities in the Pacific Northwest." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 11, no. 2-3 (September 1996): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300006822.

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Sustainable rainfed cropping systems are needed in the Pacific Northwest of the United States to reduce or eliminate wind and water erosion, improve soil quality, and control weeds with reduced chemical inputs. A grass seed cropping system is excellent for improving soil quality and for controlling erosion, and can be grazed by sheep to produce meat and wool Tilla ge and residue management methods that create a rough surface to reduce wind and water erosion and increase water infiltration include: use of a chisel to create large clods; leaving residue on the surface; and use of the Paratill to shatter the soil to increase water infiltration with little disturbance of the soil surface. Including a legume in the rotation may help to break disease cycles, add N and C to the soil, and improve soil biological properties. The use of surface residues and tillage to control erosion and increase water infiltration may demand new approaches to weed contro I Rhizobacteria that attack the roots of weeds but not of wheat may reduce the need for chemica I herbicides. Research being conducted on these techniques in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and in other countries should soon result in guidelines for sustainable agricultural systems for the dryland, rainfed areas of the world.
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18

Manda, Julius, Carlo Azzarri, Shiferaw Feleke, Bekele Kotu, Lieven Claessens, and Mateete Bekunda. "Welfare impacts of smallholder farmers’ participation in multiple output markets: Empirical evidence from Tanzania." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0250848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250848.

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A relatively large body of literature has documented the welfare effects of smallholder farmers’ participation in single-commodity output markets. However, limited empirical evidence is available when smallholder farmers participate in multiple-commodities output markets. We tried to fill this gap in the literature by estimating the impacts of smallholder farmers’ contemporaneous participation in both maize and legume markets vis-à-vis in only maize or legume markets using household-level data from Tanzania. Applying a multinomial endogenous switching regression model that allows controlling for observed and unobserved heterogeneity associated with market participation in single-commodity and multiple-commodity markets, results showed that smallholder farmers’ participation in both single–and multiple–commodity markets was positively and significantly associated with household income and food security. Moreover, the greatest benefits were obtained when farmers participated in multiple-commodity markets, suggesting the importance of policies promoting diversification in crop income sources to increase welfare and food security. Our findings also signal the complementary–rather than substitute–nature of accessing multiple-commodity markets for enhancing household livelihoods under a specialization strategy. Finally, important policy implications are suggested, from promoting and supporting public infrastructure investments to expanding road networks to reduce transportation costs, especially in remote communities, to enhance smallholder farmer access to profitable maize and legume markets in Tanzania.
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19

Cusworth, George, Tara Garnett, and Jamie Lorimer. "Agroecological break out: Legumes, crop diversification and the regenerative futures of UK agriculture." Journal of Rural Studies 88 (December 2021): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.10.005.

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20

Solis-Miranda, Jorge, Citlali Fonseca-García, Noreide Nava, Ronal Pacheco, and Carmen Quinto. "Genome-Wide Identification of the CrRLK1L Subfamily and Comparative Analysis of Its Role in the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis." Genes 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11070793.

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The plant receptor-like-kinase subfamily CrRLK1L has been widely studied, and CrRLK1Ls have been described as crucial regulators in many processes in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.), Heynh. Little is known, however, about the functions of these proteins in other plant species, including potential roles in symbiotic nodulation. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of CrRLK1L subfamily receptors of 57 different plant species and identified 1050 CrRLK1L proteins, clustered into 11 clades. This analysis revealed that the CrRLK1L subfamily probably arose in plants during the transition from chlorophytes to embryophytes and has undergone several duplication events during its evolution. Among the CrRLK1Ls of legumes and A. thaliana, protein structure, gene structure, and expression patterns were highly conserved. Some legume CrRLK1L genes were active in nodules. A detailed analysis of eight nodule-expressed genes in Phaseolus vulgaris L. showed that these genes were differentially expressed in roots at different stages of the symbiotic process. These data suggest that CrRLK1Ls are both conserved and underwent diversification in a wide group of plants, and shed light on the roles of these genes in legume–rhizobia symbiosis.
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21

CHOUDHARY, ANIL K., VARATHARAJAN T, ROHULLAH ROHULLAH, R. S. BANA, V. POONIYA, A. DASS, ABHISHEK KUMAR, and HARISH M. N. "Integrated crop management technology for enhanced productivity, resource-use efficiency and soil health in legumes – A review." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 10 (December 4, 2020): 1839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i10.107882.

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Under impeding production–and resource–vulnerabilities in India, our approach to agriculture needs to be redefined with inclination towards climate resilient integrated crop and resource management (ICRM) having low risk vulnerability, high factor productivity and sustained farm profitability with safe food and environmental quality. In above context, integrated crop management (ICM) practices hold great potential which take into account economic, social and environment sustainability. In irrigated agro-ecosystem of Indo-Gangetic Plains Region (IGPR), continuous cultivation of rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) with intensive input use has caused a serious threat to agricultural sustainability with numerous production constraints. In order to diversify the IGPR production systems, pulses and other legumes like soybean and pigeonpea etc. hold great promises. Thus, legume-based cropping systems coupled with ICM practices may bring overall sustainability in IGPR. As per FAO, ICM is a recent concept in agriculture. ICM practices are the integrated technology package of appropriate site-specific crop management, integrated nutrient management, crop residue recycling, tillage management, water management, crop diversification/legume intervention, varietal selection, crop protection, energy saving and post-harvest management. Overall, this review paper highlights sufficient research findings which establish the superiority of ICM practices; in addition, it invokes for further strengthening of this research area for improving agricultural productivity, resource use efficiency and soil health with special reference to legume crops.
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22

Fazalova, Varvara, and Bruno Nevado. "Low Spontaneous Mutation Rate and Pleistocene Radiation of Pea Aphids." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 7 (March 12, 2020): 2045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa066.

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Abstract Accurate estimates of divergence times are essential to understand the evolutionary history of species. It allows linking evolutionary histories of the diverging lineages with past geological, climatic, and other changes in environment and shed light on the processes involved in speciation. The pea aphid radiation includes multiple host races adapted to different legume host plants. It is thought that diversification in this system occurred very recently, over the past 8,000–16,000 years. This young age estimate was used to link diversification in pea aphids to the onset of human agriculture, and led to the establishment of the pea aphid radiation as a model system in the study of speciation with gene flow. Here, we re-examine the age of the pea aphid radiation, by combining a mutation accumulation experiment with a genome-wide estimate of divergence between distantly related pea aphid host races. We estimate the spontaneous mutation rate for pea aphids as 2.7×10-10 per haploid genome per parthenogenic generation. Using this estimate of mutation rate and the genome-wide genetic differentiation observed between pea aphid host races, we show that the pea aphid radiation is much more ancient than assumed previously, predating Neolithic agriculture by several hundreds of thousands of years. Our results rule out human agriculture as the driver of diversification of the pea aphid radiation, and call for re-assessment of the role of allopatric isolation during Pleistocene climatic oscillations in divergence of the pea aphid complex.
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23

Guo, Xianwu, Santiago Castillo-Ramírez, Víctor González, Patricia Bustos, José Luís Fernández-Vázquez, Rosa Santamaría, Jesús Arellano, Miguel A. Cevallos, and Guillermo Dávila. "Rapid evolutionary change of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) plastome, and the genomic diversification of legume chloroplasts." BMC Genomics 8, no. 1 (2007): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-8-228.

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24

Snak, Cristiane, Mohammad Vatanparast, Christian Silva, Gwilym Peter Lewis, Matt Lavin, Tadashi Kajita, and Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz. "A dated phylogeny of the papilionoid legume genus Canavalia reveals recent diversification by a pantropical liana lineage." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 98 (May 2016): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.001.

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25

Zhu, Hongyan, Steven B. Cannon, Nevin D. Young, and Douglas R. Cook. "Phylogeny and Genomic Organization of the TIR and Non-TIR NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Family in Medicago truncatul." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 6 (June 2002): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.6.529.

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Sequences homologous to the nucleotide binding site (NBS) domain of NBS-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) resistance genes were retrieved from the model legume M. truncatula through several methods. Phylogenetic analysis classified these sequences into TIR (toll and interleukin-1 receptor) and non-TIR NBS subfamilies and further subclassified them into several well-defined clades within each subfamily. Comparison of M. truncatula NBS sequences with those from several closely related legumes, including members of the tribes Trifoleae, Viceae, and Phaseoleae, reveals that most clades contain sequences from multiple legume species. Moreover, sequences from species within the closely related Trifoleae and Viceae tribes (e.g., Medicago and Pisum spp.) tended to be cophyletic and distinct from sequences of Phaseoleae species (e.g., soybean and bean). These results suggest that the origin of major clades within the NBS-LRR family predate radiation of these Papilionoid legumes, while continued diversification of these sequences mirrors speciation within this legume subfamily. Detailed genetic and physical mapping of both TIR and non-TIR NBS sequences in M. truncatula reveals that most NBS sequences are organized into clusters, and few, if any, clusters contain both TIR and non-TIR sequences. Examples were found, however, of physical clusters that contain sequences from distinct phylogenetic clades within the TIR or non-TIR subfamilies. Comparative mapping reveals several blocks of resistance gene loci that are syntenic between M. truncatula and soybean and between M. truncatula and pea.
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SAHA, PRIYANKA, JITENDRA SINGH BOHRA, HARSITA NAYAK, TEJBAL SINGH, and ANAMIKA BARMAN. "Diversification of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping system of Varanasi for enhanced productivity and employment generation." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 1026–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i8.119692.

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A field experiment was conducted during 2019–20 with an objective to study the effect of diversification of rice- wheat cropping system with different fodder, legume and high value crops for enhanced productivity and employment generation under irrigated ecosystem. The rice equivalent yield was maximum with sudan fodder (4412 kg/ha), capsicum (8371 kg/ha) and lady’s finger (6519 kg/ ha) for rainy (kharif), winter (rabi) and summer season, respectively. However, high value rice-potato-lady’s finger recorded significantly higher system productivity and was comparable to high value rice-capsicum-vegetable cowpea sequence. Cropping sequences containing more than one crop gave better land use efficiency and more employment generation opportunities by engaging more farm labours. Hence, both the sequences, S9 and S10 recorded higher land use efficiency and labour engagement over other crop sequences thus leading to better employment generation.
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Soemeinaboedhy, I. Nyoman, Padusung Padusung, I. Gusti Made Kusnarta, Mahrup Mahrup, and Fahrudin Fahrudin. "Teknik Bedeng Permanen Alternatif Mengurangi Biaya Produksi Usahatani Pada Kondisi Pendemi Covid19." Jurnal Gema Ngabdi 3, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jgn.v3i3.153.

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Permanent raised-beds can be used in several soil seasons and aim to increase production through the application of sustainable and sustainable agriculture and can improve the welfare of farmers. The three basic principles of conservation agriculture are: i) applying minimal or no tillage ii) applying cover crops continuously throughout the year, and iii) applying crop diversification, either by intercropping, crop rotation, and consecutive cropping (relay cropping), especially between non-legume and legume crops. Service activities provide knowledge to farmers by demonstrating the application of permanent bed farming techniques to reduce farm production costs. This activity is expected to: 1) as an example of the application of permanent bed-based agriculture to prevent soil erosion by planting cover crops and mulch, 2) as an example of a permanent bed technique to maintain soil stability and save costs, 3) as an example of a natural way to restore physical, chemical and biological fertility of dry soil, and 4) as an example of how to increase soil productivity in dry paddy fields typology. To achieve this, several conservation methods will be introduced, as well as several types of vegetable crops and minimum tillage techniques will be introduced.
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Magallón-Puebla, Susana, and Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz. "Fossil legume fruits from tertiary strata of Puebla, Mexico." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1027–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-129.

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A small assemblage of fossil legume fruits, leaf fragments, and leaflets has been recovered from the Tertiary (Oligocene) "Los Ahuehuetes" flora near the town of Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, in south-central Mexico. Five legume fruits are described and compared with fruits of extant genera. Four fruit types were identified as belonging to the modern genera Prosopis (Mimoseae; Mimosoideae), Mimosa (Mimoseae; Mimosoideae), Lysiloma (Ingeae; Mimosoideae), and Sophora (Sophoreae; Papilionoideae). Another fruit exhibits a combination of characters unknown among extant legumes, and although superficially similar to some species of Papilionoideae, it represents an extinct genus. The four identified genera are diverse in the extant vegetation of Mexico; in fact, Mexico represents an important area of distribution for them. The presence of Prosopis, Mimosa, Lysiloma, and Sophora in the fossil flora of Puebla documents the occurrence of these genera in this part of their present area of distribution by the Oligocene. The climatic affinities of modern species of Mimosa, Lysiloma, and Sophora are so varied as to preclude any useful paleoclimatic inference. Prosopis is regularly associated with arid environments; however, the genus has been reported from fossil localities where humid conditions prevailed. This observation, together with the assemblage of plants that co-occur in the Los Ahuehuetes flora, suggests that plant communities of the past may have been composed, at least partly, of elements that today are associated with different habitats and environmental conditions. The fossil legume fruits from Los Ahuehuetes flora add to the previously known diversity of Leguminosae by the Tertiary, confirm tropical America as one of the important areas of radiation and diversification for Leguminosae, and contribute to the knowledge of Tertiary floras of southern North America. Key words: Leguminosae, Tertiary, Mexico, paleobotany, fossil legume.
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Jouan, Julia, Aude Ridier, and Matthieu Carof. "Economic Drivers of Legume Production: Approached via Opportunity Costs and Transaction Costs." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030705.

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Crop diversification is one of the main mechanisms identified for developing a more sustainable agriculture. Legumes are interesting diversifying crops to add to crop rotations because of their many positive impacts on agronomic systems. Nonetheless, production of these crops remains relatively low in Europe, in part because of socio-economic factors. The objective of this study was to analyze how the economic attractiveness of legumes may be influenced by two factors: opportunity costs and transaction costs. The method is divided into three steps. First, we built a database of opportunity costs of legumes from a literature review. Second, we qualitatively characterized transaction costs associated with exchange of legumes between producers and collectors. Third, we qualitatively analyzed if contracts currently offered in western France decreased transaction costs. For comparison, transaction costs of linseed were also studied. Our results indicate that legumes are economically attractive at the rotation scale due to zero or negative opportunity costs, but that their transaction costs are high. The contracts studied do not decrease these transaction costs sufficiently, in particular because uncertainties in price remain high in half of these contracts. Downstream differentiation seems necessary to decrease transaction costs by creating added value along the entire agro-food chain.
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Marazzi, Brigitte, and Michael J. Sanderson. "LARGE-SCALE PATTERNS OF DIVERSIFICATION IN THE WIDESPREAD LEGUME GENUS SENNA AND THE EVOLUTIONARY ROLE OF EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES." Evolution 64, no. 12 (July 16, 2010): 3570–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x.

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31

VERMA, RAKESH KUMAR, YASHBIR SINGH SHIVAY, MUKESH CHOUDHARY, PRAKASH CHAND GHASAL, and RAGHAVENDRA MADAR. "Nutrient mobilization and crop assimilation as influenced by nutrient management strategies under direct seeded basmati rice (Oryza sativa) – based cropping systems." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 10 (December 4, 2020): 1894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i10.107891.

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The field experiment was carried out for two consecutive years (2014–2016) in split-plot design to investigate the effect of integrated nutrient management and crop diversification through inclusion of legume and vegetable crops in direct seeded basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)–based cropping systems (DSRB) on nutrient availability for crop uptake. The study involved four cropping systems (CS) in main plots (DSBR‒wheat‒fallow (CS1), DSBR‒wheat‒greengram (CS2), DSBR‒cabbage‒greengram (CS3) and DSBR‒cabbage‒onion (CS4) and four nutrient management strategies under subplots (unfertilized (NS0), 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (NS1), 50% RDF + 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through leaf compost (LC) + biofertilizer (NS2), 50% RDF + 25% RDN through vermicompost (VC) + biofertilizer (NS3)). The results revealed that diversification of rice–wheat system with legume (greengram) or vegetable (cabbage and onion) crops and integrated nutrient management strategies had positive effect on nutrient uptake and available nutrient status in the soil. Significantly higher uptake of N, P and K in all crops and Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in rice and wheat were observed with NS2 and NS3 as compared to NS0. Available N, P and K status were significantly higher in NS2 and NS3 as against NS0 and NS1. Inclusion of cereal crops in the cropping systems showed a negative apparent N balance, but inclusion of vegetable crops in the cropping systems exhibited positive apparent N balance under different nutrient management strategies except NS0. The highest positive apparent N balance was observed in NS1 treatment. The apparent P balance was found to be positive in all the cropping systems with all the nutrients sources except NS0. Apparent K balance was found negative in all the cropping systems under different nutrient management strategies. Thus, cropping systems with summer greengram, cabbage and onion (CS2, CS3 and CS4) under integrated nutrient management practices (NS2 and NS3) were found more sustainable after two years of cropping cycle and can be advocated by the farmers of IGP.
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Mandal, Drishti, and Senjuti Sinharoy. "A Toolbox for Nodule Development Studies in Chickpea: A Hairy-Root Transformation Protocol and an Efficient Laboratory Strain of Mesorhizobium sp." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 4 (April 2019): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-18-0264-ta.

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A Mesorhizobium sp. produces root nodules in chickpea. Chickpea and model legume Medicago truncatula are members of the inverted repeat–lacking clade (IRLC). The rhizobia, after internalization into the plant cell, are called bacteroids. Nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides in IRLC legumes guide bacteroids to a terminally differentiated swollen (TDS) form. Bacteroids in chickpea are less TDS than those in Medicago spp. Nodule development in chickpea indicates recent evolutionary diversification and merits further study. A hairy-root transformation protocol and an efficient laboratory strain are prerequisites for performing any genetic study on nodulation. We have standardized a protocol for composite plant generation in chickpea with a transformation frequency above 50%, as shown by fluorescent markers. This protocol also works well in different ecotypes of chickpea. Localization of subcellular markers in these transformed roots is similar to the localization observed in transformed Medicago roots. When checked inside transformed nodules, peroxisomes were concentrated along the periphery of the nodules, while endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies surrounded the symbiosomes. Different Mesorhizobium strains were evaluated for their ability to initiate nodule development and efficiency of nitrogen fixation. Inoculation with different strains resulted in different shapes of TDS bacteroids with variable nitrogen fixation. Our study provides a toolbox to study nodule development in the crop legume chickpea.
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33

Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr, Ernest L. Molua, Siri B. Ngoh, and Samuel E. Beteck. "Production, consumption and market diversification of grain legumes in the humid forest agroecology of cameroon." Sustainable Production and Consumption 27 (July 2021): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.023.

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34

Häger, K. P., B. Müller, C. Wind, S. Erbach, and H. Fischer. "Evolution of legumin genes: loss of an ancestral intron at the beginning of angiosperm diversification." FEBS Letters 387, no. 1 (May 27, 1996): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(96)00477-2.

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35

Raul, Bikash, Oindrila Bhattacharjee, Amit Ghosh, Priya Upadhyay, Kunal Tembhare, Ajeet Singh, Tarannum Shaheen, et al. "Microscopic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Dalbergoid Legume Peanut Reveal a Divergent Evolution Leading to Nod-Factor-Dependent Epidermal Crack-Entry and Terminal Bacteroid Differentiation." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 35, no. 2 (February 2022): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0122-r.

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Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is the pillar behind sustainable agriculture and plays a pivotal role in the environmental nitrogen cycle. Most of the genetic, molecular, and cell-biological knowledge on RNS comes from model legumes that exhibit a root-hair mode of bacterial infection, in contrast to the Dalbergoid legumes exhibiting crack-entry of rhizobia. As a step toward understanding this important group of legumes, we have combined microscopic analysis and temporal transcriptome to obtain a dynamic view of plant gene expression during Arachis hypogaea (peanut) nodule development. We generated comprehensive transcriptome data by mapping the reads to A. hypogaea, and two diploid progenitor genomes. Additionally, we performed BLAST searches to identify nodule-induced yet-to-be annotated peanut genes. Comparison between peanut, Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, and Glycine max showed upregulation of 61 peanut orthologs among 111 tested known RNS-related genes, indicating conservation in mechanisms of nodule development among members of the Papilionoid family. Unlike model legumes, recruitment of class 1 phytoglobin-derived symbiotic hemoglobin (SymH) in peanut indicates diversification of oxygen-scavenging mechanisms in the Papilionoid family. Finally, the absence of cysteine-rich motif-1-containing nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptide (NCR) genes but the recruitment of defensin-like NCRs suggest a diverse molecular mechanism of terminal bacteroid differentiation. In summary, our work describes genetic conservation and diversification in legume–rhizobia symbiosis in the Papilionoid family, as well as among members of the Dalbergoid legumes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Jensen, Erik S., Iman R. Chongtham, Nawa R. Dhamala, Carolina Rodriguez, Nicolas Carton, and Georg Carlsson. "Diversifying European agricultural systems by intercropping." International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 47, no. 3 (December 2020): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v47i3.2241.

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Cropping system diversification is a key factor in developing more sustainable cropping and food systems. The agroecological practice of intercropping, meaning the simultaneous cultivation of two or more species in the same field, has recently gained renewed interest as a means of ecological intensification in European agricultural research. We discuss some recent research developments regarding 1) intercropping for ecological intensification in agroecological and conventional cropping systems, 2) studies on nitrogen resource use by cereal-grain legume intercropping cultivation, 3) the role of intercropping in the management of biotic stressors, especially weeds, and 4) intercropping as a means of creating cropping systems that are more resilient to the abiotic and biotic stress associated with climate change. Finally, we propose methods for the greater adoption of intercropping in European agriculture by unlocking farming systems from upstream and downstream barriers, with the aim of developing more sustainable agricultural and food systems.
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Roy, Proyash, Mingkee Achom, Helen Wilkinson, Beatriz Lagunas, and Miriam L. Gifford. "Symbiotic Outcome Modified by the Diversification from 7 to over 700 Nodule-Specific Cysteine-Rich Peptides." Genes 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040348.

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Legume-rhizobium symbiosis represents one of the most successfully co-evolved mutualisms. Within nodules, the bacterial cells undergo distinct metabolic and morphological changes and differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Legumes in the inverted repeat lacking clade (IRLC) employ an array of defensin-like small secreted peptides (SSPs), known as nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides, to regulate bacteroid differentiation and activity. While most NCRs exhibit bactericidal effects in vitro, studies confirm that inside nodules they target the bacterial cell cycle and other cellular pathways to control and extend rhizobial differentiation into an irreversible (or terminal) state where the host gains control over bacteroids. While NCRs are well established as positive regulators of effective symbiosis, more recent findings also suggest that NCRs affect partner compatibility. The extent of bacterial differentiation has been linked to species-specific size and complexity of the NCR gene family that varies even among closely related species, suggesting a more recent origin of NCRs followed by rapid expansion in certain species. NCRs have diversified functionally, as well as in their expression patterns and responsiveness, likely driving further functional specialisation. In this review, we evaluate the functions of NCR peptides and their role as a driving force underlying the outcome of rhizobial symbiosis, where the plant is able to determine the outcome of rhizobial interaction in a temporal and spatial manner.
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Min, Xueyang, Kai Luo, Wenxian Liu, Keyou Zhou, Junyi Li, and Zhenwu Wei. "Molecular Characterization of the miR156/MsSPL Model in Regulating the Compound Leaf Development and Abiotic Stress Response in Alfalfa." Genes 13, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13020331.

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Plant leaf patterns and shapes are spectacularly diverse. Changing the complexity of leaflet numbers is a valuable approach to increase its nutrition and photosynthesis. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the most important forage legume species and has diversified compound leaf patterns, which makes it a model species for studying compound leaf development. However, transcriptomic information from alfalfa remains limited. In this study, RNA-Seq technology was used to identify 3746 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between multifoliate and trifoliate alfalfa. Through an analysis of annotation information and expression data, SPL, one of the key regulators in modifiable plant development and abiotic stress response, was further analyzed. Here, thirty MsSPL genes were obtained from the alfalfa genome, of which 16 had the putative miR156 binding site. A tissue expression pattern analysis showed that the miR156-targeted MsSPLs were divided into two classes, namely, either tissue-specific or widely expressed in all tissues. All miR156-targeted SPLs strongly showed diversification and positive roles under drought and salt conditions. Importantly, miR156/MsSPL08 was significantly suppressed in multifoliate alfalfa. Furthermore, in the paralogous mutant of MsSPL08 isolated from Medicago truncatula, the phenotypes of mutant plants reveal that miR156/MsSPL08 is involved not only involved the branches but also especially regulates the number of leaflets. The legume is a typical compound leaf plant; the ratio of the leaflet often affects the quality of the forage. This study sheds light on new functions of SPL genes that regulate leaflet number development.
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Neuhoff, Daniel, and Julius Kwesiga. "Para-organic intensification of future farming as alternative concept to reactor-based staple food production in Africa." Organic Agriculture 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00326-y.

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AbstractCurrently, staple food self-sufficiency in Africa is just above 80%, and the population is expected to more than double until 2050. To cope with this challenge, technological solutions such as reactor food seem seductive. Western pilot projects have shown considerable production potentials, e.g., 7 t ha−1 of starch within 150 days by algae in reactors that may also be used in Africa. Are these approaches suitable for Africa justifying extensive research activities? Here, we argue that both physical availability of substrates and missing profitability substantially limit the development of reactor food in SSA, also in a mid-term perspective. It is rather suggested to close the considerable existing yield gaps by implementing para-organic farming systems, which combine basic principles of organic farming such as crop diversification, legume growing, and manuring, with a reasonable use of inputs, in particular mineral fertilizers. In combination with irrigation, staple food production in SSA has the potential to keep pace with growing demand.
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Hossain, Md Shakhawat, Arina Shrestha, Sihui Zhong, Mandana Miri, Ryan S. Austin, Shusei Sato, Loretta Ross, et al. "Lotus japonicus NF-YA1 Plays an Essential Role During Nodule Differentiation and Targets Members of the SHI/STY Gene Family." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, no. 12 (December 2016): 950–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-16-0206-r.

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Legume plants engage in intimate relationships with rhizobial bacteria to form nitrogen-fixing nodules, root-derived organs that accommodate the microsymbiont. Members of the Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y) gene family, which have undergone significant expansion and functional diversification during plant evolution, are essential for this symbiotic liaison. Acting in a partially redundant manner, NF-Y proteins were shown, previously, to regulate bacterial infection, including selection of a superior rhizobial strain, and to mediate nodule structure formation. However, the exact mechanism by which these transcriptional factors exert their symbiotic functions has remained elusive. By carrying out detailed functional analyses of Lotus japonicus mutants, we demonstrate that LjNF-YA1 becomes indispensable downstream from the initial cortical cell divisions but prior to nodule differentiation, including cell enlargement and vascular bundle formation. Three affiliates of the SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH transcription factor gene family, called STY1, STY2, and STY3, are demonstrated to be among likely direct targets of LjNF-YA1, and our results point to their involvement in nodule formation.
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41

Kumar, Narendra, C. P. Nath, K. K. Hazra, Krishnashis Das, M. S. Venkatesh, M. K. Singh, S. S. Singh, C. S. Praharaj, and N. P. Singh. "Impact of zero-till residue management and crop diversification with legumes on soil aggregation and carbon sequestration." Soil and Tillage Research 189 (June 2019): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.02.001.

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42

Lynch, Derek H., Rupert W. Jannasch, Alan H. Fredeen, and Ralph C. Martin. "Improving the nutrient status of a commercial dairy farm: An integrated approach." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 18, no. 3 (September 2003): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ajaa200344.

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AbstractMinimizing nutrient surpluses and improving efficiency of nutrient use are key challenges for all dairy farming production systems, driven by economic, environmental and increasing regulatory constraints. Our study examined the efficiency of N, P and K use on a commercial dairy farm through an integrated approach that evaluated the nutrient status of all aspects of the production system of the case-study farm, a 75 lactating Holstein cow dairy in Kings County, Nova Scotia, Canada. During the decade after 1988, the farm owner implemented a series of changes in production practices, including diversification of the crop rotation, implementation of a management intensive grazing (MIG) regime and adoption of a systematic approach to soil and nutrient management. Milk production, and associated farm exports of N, P and K, increased by 666 kg cow−1 between 1990 and 2000. Purchases of N-P-K fertilizers were eliminated in 1990 and feed nutrient imports were dramatically reduced. Feed costs per liter of milk declined from 14.3 cents (CDN) liter−1 in 1990–92 to 11.6 cents liter−1 in 1998–2000, even as feed prices increased regionally by 10–20% over the same period. Modeling of current whole farm mass N, P and K balance indicated that 25.0% of all N inputs are recovered inform products, milk and meat. Non-legume-derived field N input (67kg Nha−1 before losses) was close to optimum for the predominantly legume/grass-based forage cropping system. Model-determined annual farm nutrient surpluses (outputs-inputs) for P (9.0kgha−1 yr−1) and K (8.2 kg ha−1 yr−1) were significantly lower than those previously reported for regional confinement-based dairy farms, which were more reliant on corn production. However, data from 16 years of soil analysis (1985–2001) indicated an increase in soil-test P levels of approximately 2 mg kg−1 yr−1. Recent refinements in dairy animal dietary P levels have further reduced the farm P surplus (2.6 kg ha−1 in year 2001) and are shown as key to a strategy for reversal of the trend in soil-test P levels. In summary, the combined approach of whole-farm system nutrient management, crop diversification and MIG increased milk production and minimized costs while reducing farm nutrient inputs. The study demonstrates how an approach to dairy farm nutrient management which integrates livestock and crop nutrient requirements may reduce dairy farm nutrient loading while maintaining productivity.
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43

KERMAH, M., A. C. FRANKE, B. D. K. AHIABOR, S. ADJEI-NSIAH, R. C. ABAIDOO, and K. E. GILLER. "LEGUME–MAIZE ROTATION OR RELAY? OPTIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION OF SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN THE GUINEA SAVANNA OF NORTHERN GHANA." Experimental Agriculture 55, no. 5 (July 10, 2018): 673–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479718000273.

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SUMMARYSoil nutrient constraints coupled with erratic rainfall have led to poor crop yields and occasionally to crop failure in sole cropping in the Guinea savanna of West Africa. We explored different maize-grain legume diversification and intensification options that can contribute to mitigating risks of crop failure, increase crop productivity under different soil fertility levels, while improving soil fertility due to biological N2-fixation by the legume. There were four relay patterns with cowpea sown first and maize sown at least 2 weeks after sowing (WAS) cowpea; two relay patterns with maize sown first and cowpea sown at least 3 WAS maize in different spatial arrangements. These were compared with groundnut-maize, soybean–maize, fallow-maize and continuous maize rotations in fields high, medium and poor in fertility at a site each in the southern (SGS) and northern (NGS) Guinea savanna of northern Ghana. Legumes grown in the poorly fertile fields relied more on N2-fixation for growth leading to generally larger net N inputs to the soil. Crop yields declined with decreasing soil fertility and were larger in the SGS than in the NGS due to more favourable rainfall and soil fertility. Spatial arrangements of relay intercrops did not have any significant impact on maize and legume grain yields. Sowing maize first followed by a cowpea relay resulted in 0.18–0.26 t ha−1 reduction in cowpea grain yield relative to cowpea sown from the onset. Relaying maize into cowpea led to a 0.29–0.64 t ha−1 reduction in maize grain yield relative to maize sown from the onset in the SGS. In the NGS, a decline of 0.66 and 0.82 t ha−1 in maize grain yield relative to maize sown from the onset was observed due to less rainfall received by the relay maize. Groundnut and soybean induced 0.38–1.01 t ha−1 more grain yield of a subsequent maize relative to continuous maize, and 1.17–1.71 t ha−1 more yield relative to relay maize across both sites. Accumulated crop yields over both years suggest that sowing maize first followed by cowpea relay is a promising ecological intensification option besides the more common legume–maize rotation in the Guinea savanna, as it was comparable with soybean–maize rotation and more productive than the other treatments.
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Squire, Geoffrey R., Mark W. Young, and Cathy Hawes. "Agroecological Management and Increased Grain Legume Area Needed to Meet Nitrogen Reduction Targets for Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Nitrogen 3, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3030035.

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The nitrogen applied (N-input) to cropping systems supports a high yield but generates major environmental pollution in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and losses to land and water (N-surplus). This paper examines the scope to meet both GHG emission targets and zero N-surplus in high-intensity, mainly cereal, cropping in a region of the Atlantic zone in Europe. A regional survey provides background to crops grown at an experimental farm platform over a run of 5 years. For three main cereal crops under standard management (mean N-input 154 kg ha−1), N-surplus remained well above zero (single year maximum 55% of N-input, five-year mean 27%), but was reduced to near zero by crop diversification (three cereals, one oilseed and one grain legume) and converted to a net nitrogen gain (+39 kg ha−1, 25 crop-years) by implementing low nitrification management in all fields. Up-scaling N-input to the agricultural region indicated the government GHG emissions target of 70% of the 1990 mean could only be met with a combination of low nitrification management and raising the proportion of grain legumes from the current 1–2% to at least 10% at the expense of high-input cereals. Major strategic change in the agri-food system of the region is therefore needed to meet GHG emissions targets.
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Hazra, Kali Krishna, Chaitanya Prasad Nath, Ummed Singh, Chandra Sekhar Praharaj, Narendra Kumar, Sati Shankar Singh, and Narendra Pratap Singh. "Diversification of maize-wheat cropping system with legumes and integrated nutrient management increases soil aggregation and carbon sequestration." Geoderma 353 (November 2019): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.06.039.

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46

Madsen, Sidney, R. Bezner Kerr, L. Shumba, and L. Dakishoni. "Agroecological practices of legume residue management and crop diversification for improved smallholder food security, dietary diversity and sustainable land use in Malawi." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 45, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2020.1811828.

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47

Martinelli, Federico, Anna-Lena Vollheyde, Miguel A. Cebrián-Piqueras, Christina von Haaren, Elisa Lorenzetti, Paolo Barberi, Francesco Loreto, et al. "LEGU-MED: Developing Biodiversity-Based Agriculture with Legume Cropping Systems in the Mediterranean Basin." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010132.

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Environmental degradation and the decrease of ecosystem service provision are currently of major concern, with current agricultural systems being a major driver. To meet our future environmental and sustainability targets a transformation of the agro-food systems and current agricultural value chain are crucial. One approach to redesign farming systems is the concept of biodiversity-based agriculture (BBA) which relies on sustainable diversification of biological components and their natural interactions in farming systems to maximize fertility, productivity, and resilience to external perturbations. Despite minimizing anthropogenic inputs, BBA is not yet able to meet all beneficial environmental objectives. BBA applied in the Mediterranean basin requires urgent innovation in approaches, methodologies, and models for small-holder traditional farming systems to ensure a stable provision of ecosystem services and better resilience to environmental stresses linked to climate change. Legumes are the backbone of the Mediterranean agro-ecosystems from ancient times, but their unique and wide biodiversity was not sufficiently valorized, especially by North-African countries. Here, we present LEGU-MED, a three-year international project funded by PRIMA initiative 2019. An international consortium was established involving five universities, 5 research institutes, and one private company from 8 countries: Italy, Germany, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Lebanon, and Croatia. The main objective of this project is to put forward an international and well-integrated plan to valorize the legume agrobiodiversity of the Mediterranean in biodiversity-based farming systems and consequently enhance agro-ecosystem functions and services in the Mediterranean basin. The successful completion of LEGU-MED will have the following impacts on Mediterranean legume-based farming systems: (1) improve water use efficiency, (2) reduce the use of anthropogenic inputs through the maintenance of soil fertility, (3) enhance pollination and improve ecological connectivity with flora and fauna, (4) protect close-by wildland ecosystems, (5) enhance other ecosystem services (e.g., pest, disease, and weed suppression), and (6) provide healthier and safer protein-rich food.
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48

Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W., Alexander Bernhuber, Stefan Kammlander, Helmut Wagentristl, Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra, Tomáš Lošák, Kuanysh K. Zholamanov, and Hans-Peter Kaul. "Nitrogen Yields and Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Winter Grain Legumes." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040681.

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Grain legumes are valuable sources of protein and contribute to the diversification and sustainability of agricultural systems. Shifting the sowing date from spring to autumn is a strategy to address low yields of spring grain legumes under conditions of climate change. A two-year field experiment was conducted under Pannonian climate conditions in eastern Austria to assess the nitrogen yield and biological N2 fixation of winter peas and winter faba beans compared to their spring forms. The grain nitrogen yields of winter peas and winter faba beans were 1.83-fold and 1.35-fold higher compared to their spring forms, respectively, with a higher value for winter peas. This was mainly due to higher grain yields of winter legumes, as winter faba beans had a 1.06-fold higher grain nitrogen concentration than spring faba bean. Soil mineral nitrate after harvest was similar for all grain legumes, with by 2.85- and 2.92-fold higher values for peas and faba beans than for cereals, respectively. The N2 fixation of winter peas and winter faba beans were 3.90-fold and 2.28-fold higher compared to their spring forms, with winter peas having a 1.60-fold higher N2 fixation than winter faba beans. The negative nitrogen balance of winter peas was smaller than that of winter faba beans as they demonstrated the ability to overcompensate for higher nitrogen removal with grain through higher N2 fixation. The cultivation of winter grain legumes, especially winter peas, can be recommended under Pannonian climate conditions as they achieve high nitrogen yields and high levels of N2 fixation.
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49

Mutwiri, Linet N., Florence Kyallo, Beatrice Kiage, Bart Van der Schueren, and Christophe Matthys. "Can Improved Legume Varieties Optimize Iron Status in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? A Systematic Review." Advances in Nutrition 11, no. 5 (April 24, 2020): 1315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa038.

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ABSTRACT Iron and zinc deficiencies are some of the most widespread micronutrient deficiencies in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Dietary diversification, food fortification, nutrition education, and supplementation can be used to control micronutrient deficiencies. Legumes are important staple foods in most households in LMIC. Legumes are highly nutritious (good sources of essential minerals, fiber, and low glycemic index) and offer potential benefits in addressing nutrition insecurity in LMIC. Several efforts have been made to increase micronutrient intake by use of improved legumes. Improved legumes have a higher nutrient bioavailability, lower phytate, or reduced hard-to-cook (HTC) defect. We hypothesize that consumption of improved legumes leads to optimization of zinc and iron status and associated health outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the evidence on the efficacy of interventions using improved legumes. Nine relevant studies are included in the review. Consumption of improved legumes resulted in a ≥1.5-fold increase in iron intake. Several studies noted modest improvements in biomarkers of iron status [hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), and transferrin receptor] associated with consumption of improved legumes. Currently, no efficacy studies assessing the relation between consumption of improved legumes and zinc status are available in the literature. Evidence shows that, in addition to repletion of biomarkers of iron status, consumption of improved legumes is associated with both clinical and functional outcomes. The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) decreases with consumption of improved legumes, with increases of ≤3.0 g/L in Hb concentrations. Improvement in cognition and brain function in women has been reported as well. However, further research is necessary in more at-risk groups and also to show if the reported improvements in status markers translate to improved health outcomes. Evidence from the included studies shows potential from consumption of improved legumes suggesting them to be a sustainable solution to improve iron status.
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50

Kimeklis, Anastasiia K., Elizaveta R. Chirak, Irina G. Kuznetsova, Anna L. Sazanova, Vera I. Safronova, Andrey A. Belimov, Olga P. Onishchuk, et al. "Rhizobia Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa Represent a Genetically Specific Group within Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae." Genes 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10120991.

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Twenty-two rhizobia strains isolated from three distinct populations (North Ossetia, Dagestan, and Armenia) of a relict legume Vavilovia formosa were analysed to determine their position within Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (Rlv). These bacteria are described as symbionts of four plant genera Pisum, Vicia, Lathyrus, and Lens from the Fabeae tribe, of which Vavilovia is considered to be closest to its last common ancestor (LCA). In contrast to biovar viciae, bacteria from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii (Rlt) inoculate plants from the Trifolieae tribe. Comparison of house-keeping (hkg: 16S rRNA, glnII, gltA, and dnaK) and symbiotic (sym: nodA, nodC, nodD, and nifH) genes of the symbionts of V. formosa with those of other Rlv and Rlt strains reveals a significant group separation, which was most pronounced for sym genes. A remarkable feature of the strains isolated from V. formosa was the presence of the nodX gene, which was commonly found in Rlv strains isolated from Afghanistan pea genotypes. Tube testing of different strains on nine plant species, including all genera from the Fabeae tribe, demonstrated that the strains from V. formosa nodulated the same cross inoculation group as the other Rlv strains. Comparison of nucleotide similarity in sym genes suggested that their diversification within sym-biotypes of Rlv was elicited by host plants. Contrariwise, that of hkg genes could be caused by either local adaptation to soil niches or by genetic drift. Long-term ecological isolation, genetic separation, and the ancestral position of V. formosa suggested that symbionts of V. formosa could be responsible for preserving ancestral genotypes of the Rlv biovar.
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