Relevant bibliographies by topics / Legislative bodies – Central America

Academic literature on the topic 'Legislative bodies – Central America'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Legislative bodies – Central America"

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Massard da Fonseca, Elize, Francisco Inácio Bastos, and Gilberto Lopes. "Increasing Access to Oral Anticancer Medicines in Middle-Income Countries: A Case Study of Private Health Insurance Coverage in Brazil." Journal of Global Oncology 2, no. 1 (February 2016): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2015.001917.

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The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 60% of the world’s new annual cancer cases occur in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, and that 70% of cancer deaths occur in these regions. Although oral chemotherapy is a promising intervention for cancer treatment, given its high cost, it is usually unavailable in middle-income countries. In 2013, after strong lobbying from civil society, Brazil's Congress passed legislation mandating that all private health insurance companies provide access to oral antineoplastic treatment. The decision to scale up the provision of oral chemotherapy was a watershed event in the regulation of private health insurance in Brazil. Until then, private insurers, which cover 25% of the population, were exempted from the provision of pharmaceutical drugs for home care treatments. This article explores the political process involved in regulating the provision of oral chemotherapy medicines by private health insurers. Elements of this successful advocacy case included investment in strategic communication, specialized knowledge of regulatory policy, and the ability to act via democratic channels of political representation. In turn, the receptiveness of government branches such as the Congress and regulating bodies, as well as the Cancer Awareness Month campaign, opened a window of opportunity. However, prospects for expanded access to such medicines in the public health system are bleak in the short term because of the ongoing political and economic crisis.
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Barnes, Tiffany D., and Gregory W. Saxton. "Working-Class Legislators and Perceptions of Representation in Latin America." Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 910–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919829583.

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How does the near-exclusion of working-class citizens from legislatures affect citizens’ perceptions of representation? We argue that when groups of people are continually denied access to representation, citizens are less likely to believe that their interests are represented by the legislature. By contrast, more inclusive institutions that incorporate members of the working class foster support for representative bodies. Using a multilevel analysis of eighteen Latin American countries—a region plagued by disapproval of and disenchantment with representation—we find that greater inclusion of the working class is associated with better evaluations of legislative performance. These findings have important implications for strengthening democracy in Latin America, as they indicate that more diverse political institutions may be key to deepening citizens’ attachments to representative bodies.
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DeRogatis, Amy. "Christian Bodies, Blood, and Feelings in America." Church History 85, no. 2 (May 27, 2016): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640716000056.

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In Emptiness: Feeling Christian in America, John Corrigan delivers a sweeping study of the dialectic between emptiness and fullness in American Christianities. He draws from an impressive breadth of sources both over time and within different forms of American Christianity to explore how Christians have integrated the feelings of emptiness and, in turn fullness, as central to their identities, beliefs and practices. At the outset of the book Corrigan explains, “The practice of Christianity that was grounded in the feeling of emptiness, however, was not ambiguous. Christians determinedly chased the feeling of emptiness, valorized it as a longing for God, and performed devotions to prompt and deepen it.” He unpacks this argument in five chapters devoted to feelings, bodies, spaces, times, and believers.
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Liu, Qiucen. "The system and development of People’s Republic of China legislation." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 11, no. 3 (2020): 666–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2020.309.

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The article describes the current stage of development of the People’s Republic of China, which is distinguished by the specifics used by the author. Legislative activity in the PRC as a special procedure reflecting the will of the ruling class and supporting the coercive one. The concept of “law” today includes the activities in China of central and local authorities, individual administrative bodies for the adoption of bodies, decrees, administrative acts. According to the PRC Constitution, the National People’s Congress (NPC) and its permanent body, the NPC Standing Committee, are the legislative branch. Within the autonomous administrative territories of the PRC, its legislative power, determined by the Constitution of the PRC, operates. The author turns to the history of Chinese legislation, dwelling separately on the features of autonomous territories and special administrative systems. In the conclusion of the study, three problems emerge from the theory and practice of the PRC legislation: clarification of the guidelines; determination of rights and obligations in the field of legislation; unification of the legislative process. Discussion regarding principles does not currently cross the threshold of science, proposals for practical implementation can be implemented in the future. There are no rights and obligations in the field of legislation, and the problem of risky confusion arises from the two-tier system of legislative bodies and how they are delegated. Finally, the unification of the legislative process is also important, which consists of revising old acts and adopting new achievements of the goal of the current social and technological demands of the state and society.
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Pereira, Cesar, and Leonardo F. Souza-McMurtrie. "The development of arbitration involving State Parties in Brazil: comparative remarks with Latin America." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 19, Issue 75 (September 1, 2022): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2022027.

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Arbitration involving state entities in Brazil has a long history. This paper analyses how this type of arbitration arose in Brazil, what were the strategies that Brazilian courts and legislative bodies employed to make it work and how do they compare to the rest of Latin America. This paper shows what were the key legal issues associated with resolving commercial conflicts with state parties in Brazil, how they were regulated and, most importantly, why arbitration became so relevant for state parties in Brazil, while other countries in Latin America avoid using the method. State entities; arbitration; Brazil; development; public.
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Vasilyev, Dmitry V. "Sources for Studying Administration Policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh Steppe in the 18th Century and in the First Half of the 19th Century from the Archives of Russia and Kazakhstan." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2018): 892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-3-892-901.

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The article reviews major groups of sources on the administration policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century. Acts of law and legislative drafts make up the first group. Materials of the Asian and the Siberian Committees, supreme bodies directly involved in imperial policy-making in the Kazakh steppe, form the second group. Official correspondence (dispatches, official reports, statements, official notes, directions, and letters) of the major regional and central authorities that concern the carrying out the state policy in the southeast periphery are included in the third group. Studying laws, bills, and supporting materials allows not just to highlight changes in governmental views over time, but also to understand basic principles underlying state policies. Legislation concerning the Kazakh steppe was deposited in the archives of the State Council, the Governing Senate, the Committee of Ministers, the Asian Committee, the Siberian Committee, the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Some pertinent materials can be found in papers of the Siberian Prikaz and, in some measure, of the Ambassadorial Prikaz: they contain documents on the establishment of diplomatic and trade relations with the Kazakhs. Fonds of the governing bodies of the Russian Empire store unpublished legislation and documents on the legislative process (drafts, materials for their discussion, etc.), correspondence of high-ranking officials with regional administration and traditional Kazakh elite. Some legal documents of imperial lawmaking are deposited in archival fonds of central governing bodies – the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Ministry of War. A sizeable portion of materials on discussions of legislative drafts is stored in regional archives, in fonds of local (regional) administrative agencies (boards, offices of military governors and governor generals) and in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
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Esty, Kaisha. "“I Told Him to Let Me Alone, That He Hurt Me”: Black Women and Girls and the Battle over Labor and Sexual Consent in Union-Occupied Territory." Labor 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-9475702.

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Abstract During the American Civil War, laboring African American women and girls in Union-occupied territory embarked on their own war over the use of their bodies. As fugitives, “contraband,” and refugees, displaced Black women and girls of liminal status confronted gender violence in conditions that often resembled the systemic sexual violence of slavery. As this article argues, central to this gender violence was the assumption that Black women were always willing to negotiate sex as part of their (nonsexual) labor. The introduction of wartime legislation protecting women from sexual assault was pivotal. In race-neutral terms, such legislation created a powerful avenue for refugee Black women and girls not only to seek sexual justice but also to challenge and redefine existing cultural and legal understandings of sexual consent. Analysis of testimonies to wartime sexual violence uncovers how formerly enslaved African American women and girls located their violation in relation to their sense of virtue, respectability, and sexual sovereignty. These testimonies mark a significant period of Black women's vocalization as liminal and stateless actors, prompting a reframing of histories of dissemblance, respectability, labor, and gender violence.
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Bezuglya, Anna A., Radmila E. Arutyunyan, Elena E. Kolpakova, Saidakhmed I. Mutsalov, and Pavel A. C. Ngatheyo. "Functional interaction between public bodies." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (November 4, 2021): 918–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1666.

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This paper examines the constitutional approaches accepted in the Central African countries regarding the formalization of interaction between the chambers of parliaments. The study found that all constitutional texts of the considered group of countries as a universal (typical) form of interaction between the chambers of parliament consolidate the adoption of legislative acts; joint meetings (on the taking of their oath by the heads of states or members of the Constitutional Court, making a decision on the introduction of a state of emergency or siege in the country, dismissing the head of state, appointing officials, etc.); the formation of joint commissions and supreme bodies of state power, and the appointment of officials. It was noted that despite the "constitutional equality" of the chambers in terms of introducing bills, financial bills are submitted exclusively to the lower chamber of parliament. The ratification of international treaties by the chambers of parliament (Gabon, Congo) is classified as an atypical (specific) form of interaction between the chambers of parliaments.
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Solt, Frederick. "Electoral Competition, Legislative Pluralism, and Institutional Development: Evidence From Mexico's States." Latin American Research Review 39, no. 1 (2004): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002387910003898x.

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In presidential systems such as those of Latin America, the institutionalization of legislatures as autonomous representative bodies able to constrain executives and check abuses of power is an important aspect of democratization. Drawing on the experiences of Mexico's state governments, this paper seeks to explain differences in legislative institutionalization. It argues that pluralism within the legislature, rather than electoral competition in itself, provides the best explanation for institutionalization. A process-tracing analysis of the state legislature of Michoacán supports this argument, and a statistical analysis of Mexico's thirty-one states confirms that pluralism in the electorate does shape legislative pluralism—and so indirectly the extent of pressures for institutionalization—but reveals that differences in state electoral laws also play an important role.
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CARRUBBA, CLIFFORD J., MATTHEW GABEL, and CHARLES HANKLA. "Judicial Behavior under Political Constraints: Evidence from the European Court of Justice." American Political Science Review 102, no. 4 (November 2008): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055408080350.

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The actual impact of judicial decisions often depends on the behavior of executive and legislative bodies that implement the rulings. Consequently, when a court hears a case involving the interests of those controlling the executive and legislative institutions, those interests can threaten to obstruct the court's intended outcome. In this paper, we evaluate whether and to what extent such constraints shape judicial rulings. Specifically, we examine how threats of noncompliance and legislative override influence decisions by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Based on a statistical analysis of a novel dataset of ECJ rulings, we find that the preferences of member-state governments—whose interests are central to threats of noncompliance and override—have a systematic and substantively important impact on ECJ decisions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legislative bodies – Central America"

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MARTINEZ, BARAHONA Elena. "Seeking the Political Role of the Third Government Branch: A comparative approach to high courts in Central America." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7931.

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Defence date: 22 January 2007
Examining board: Prof. Pilar Domingo (Universidad de Salamanca) ; Prof. Carlo Guarnieri (Università di Bologna) ; Prof. Donatella Della Porta (European University Institute) ; Prof. Philippe C. Schmitter (European University Institute)(Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Until recently, Courts were not an important component of political science research on Latin America. The quantity of research on the judiciary does not compare even remotely to the vast literature on others institutions. However, despite the relative inattention to their role, courts are institutions whose performance has concrete and relevant effects on the socio-political system. Indeed, Courts have currently emerged as active participants in the political process offering new opportunities to citizens, social movements, interest groups, and politicians. Focusing on three countries of Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Guatemala), this dissertation illustrates how far the political system in these countries is shaped in significant ways by the role of Courts as political institutions. Throughout a comparative approach, this study offers what may be the first cross-national analysis explicitly designed to serve as a comprehensive measure of the political role of High Courts.
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Kober, Ryan Kylie. "Bodies of Evidence: A Qualitative Analysis of the Lived Experiences of Female Central American and Mexican Asylum Seekers in Dallas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984243/.

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This work addresses the experiences of female asylum seekers from Central and Mexico currently living in Dallas, TX. The main purpose is to analyze how these women engage in the gendered processes of both migrating to and accessing legal resources and protection within the United States. As the women move through male-dominated spaces in their home country, the borderlands, and the asylum court they must challenge the patriarchal institutions that attempt to silence their narratives and criminalize their bodies. Their physical wounds become evidence in the courtroom, while outside of the courtroom their movements are monitored and tracked through multiple mechanisms of state control: ankle monitors, detention centers, ICE check-ins. They face intersectional discrimination as they are targeted as both women and immigrants. However, these female asylum seekers are not victims. They constantly display agency as they represent themselves in court, find solace in their faith, and form community with each other.
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Esterhues, Jan. "Die Gemeindegebietsreform im Raum Münster von 1975 ein Beitrag zur handlungsorientierten politisch-geographischen Konfliktforschung /." Münster : Geographische Kommission für Westfalen, 2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=uKCAAAAAMAAJ.

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AJENJO, FRESNO Natalia. "Constitutional design, legislative procedures and agenda control in presidential systems : an empirical analysis of four Central American countries in comparative perspective." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5194.

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Defence date: 29 June 2005
Examining Board: Prof. Manuela Alcantara (Univeristy of Salamanca, Spain) ; Prof. Maurizio Cotta (University of Siena, Italy) ; Prof. Adirenne Heritier (European University Institute, Florence) ; Prof. Philippe Schmitter (European University Institute, Supervisor)
First made available online on 12 January 2015
The thesis covers issues of constitutional design, legislative procedures and agenda control in presidential systems, with specific empirical application to four Central American cases in a comparative perspective. The results relate to the critical view that presidential systems are inherently prone to institutional deadlock, deriving from their rigid constitutional design. My findings suggest that constitutional rules only determine broad parameters of variation, and that greater attention should be paid to the endogenous procedural design of the legislative process of policy approval in the explanation of institutional performance and inter-branch dynamics. The work is comparative and bridges quantitative and qualitative analysis. The data employed are original and allow for an innovative connection between theory-driven hypotheses on the incentives for majority political actors to circumvent ordinary procedures and play strategically employing procedural choices and political outcomes, by assessing the patterns of legislative production. The hypotheses are generated with attention to the degree of aggregation of interests in the decision-making process, as a measure of the representativeness of the decision-making process and hence as a general characteristic of the everyday democratic process. In fact, while democracy is understood as a process and not as a formal procedure, it is important to observe procedures as subtle devices where majority actors may find embedded comparative advantages to impose their political agenda unilaterally. The analysis further represents a thorough effort of theory testing whereby a competitive assessment of informational theories of legislative politics, exogenous factors such as electoral pressures or endogenous contextual characteristics such as the degree of fragmentation and polarization on the floor, is unpacked and delivers important analytical refinements to these theories. Finally, the normative agenda for analysis includes a view on constitutional choice and on methodological biases in the literature of Comparative Politics which have a large impact on the research output. The theoretical, substantive and methodological implications of the findings are thus reinserted into a normative view on procedural justice and the quality of democracy.
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Jandus, Michal. "Ústřední orgány USA podle ústav z let 1781 a 1787 a jejich pravomoc." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-447195.

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Central US bodies under the constitutions between 1781 and 1787 and their competences Abstract The subject of this thesis is the central bodies of the United States of America and their competences. In the context of this work the central bodies are the President of the United States as the head of the executive branch, bicameral Congress, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, as the major body of the legislative branch and the Supreme Court as the major body of the judicial branch. The aim of this work was to analyze how these bodies function and their position within the constitutional system of the United States, both horizontally and vertically. The first part of the thesis deals with the circumstances of the establishment of the United States of America, the adoption of the Declaration of Independence and the end of the American War of Independence. The second part deals with the Articles of Confederation, the first US Constitution, and the process of their creation, the bodies that were created on their basis and their competences. The third part deals with the reasons for the creation and process of adoption of the US Constitution, the problems that accompanied its creation, the legal principles on the basis of which it was created and the content of the Bill of Rights. The...
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Books on the topic "Legislative bodies – Central America"

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Seminar "The Making of Parliaments : 19th and 20th Century, Europe and America (2007 Oxford, England). The making of parliaments: 19th and 20th Century, Europe and America. Donostia: Sociedad de Estudios Vascos, 2010.

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Coalition for a New Foreign and Military Policy (U.S.) and Commission on U.S.-Central American Relations (U.S.), eds. Central America 1985: Basic information and legislative history on U.S.-Central American relations. Washington, D.C: The Coalition, 1985.

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Subardjo. Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) menurut Undang-Undang Dasar negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945 dan penerapan sistem bikameral dalam lembaga perwakilan Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2012.

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Hungary) Central and Eastern European Interparliamentary Seminar (1991 Budapest. The parliament's responsibility for economic development: Report of the Central and Eastern European Interparliamentary Seminar, Budapest, Hungary, March 22-24, 1991. Washington, D.C.]: Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1991.

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EUROVOC, Seminar '95 (1995 Prague Czech Republic). EUROVOC Seminar '95: Prague, June 27-28, 1995 : proceedings of the Seminar for EUROVOC Thesaurus Users from Central and Eastern European Parliamentary Libraries and Information Institutions. [Prague?]: Chancellery of the Chamber of Deputies, Parliamentary Library, 1995.

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M, Olson David, and Norton Philip, eds. The new parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe. London: Frank Cass, 1996.

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Attila, Ágh, ed. The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments: The first steps. Budapest: Hungarian Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994.

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Cushing, Luther Stearns. Lex parliamentaria Americana: Elements of the law and practice of legislative assemblies in the United States of America. [Littleton, Colo.]: F.B. Rothman, 1989.

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Cushing, Luther Stearns. Elements of the law and practice of legislative assemblies in the United States of America =: Lex parliamentaria Americana. Holmes Beach, Fla: Gaunt, 1999.

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New Zealand. Parliament. Delegation to Canada, the United States of America, and Mexico. Report of the parliamentary Delegation led by the Speaker to Canada, the United States of America and Mexico, 16-29 April 2005. Wellington]: New Zealand House of Representatives, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Legislative bodies – Central America"

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Macías, Ricardo Córdova. "Executive-Legislative Relations and the Institutionalisation of Democracy." In Central America: Fragile Transition, 137–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24522-2_5.

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Kruzslicz, Péter. "The Separation of Powers." In Comparative Constitutionalism in Central Europe : Analysis on Certain Central and Eastern European Countries, 239–53. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.lcslt.ccice_13.

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The constitutional principle of the separation of powers and the doctrine behind the principle are as fundamental as they are complex. Three main reasons are behind this complexity. Firstly, a doctrine and a proper theory based on which the doctrine and the principle are developed hide behind the principle. Secondly, by its nature, the concept of the separation of powers is related to the more general constitutional principle of the rule of law. Even though the rule of law appeared mainly after the separation of powers, as a more abstract principle, it also encompasses its constitutional requirement. At the same time, the substance of the separation of powers concerns the institutional organisation of the state despite its above-mentioned relation to the more general principle of rule of law.1 Thirdly, the functions of the branches of power that are to be separated according to the principle are radically different. Regarding the three main branches, it is obvious that while the judiciary asks for complete independence, a logical gap exists between legislative and executive powers,2 with the first one being general when the legal norms are adopted and the second one being concrete when it proceeds to the implementation of the norms. Hence, their separation is not so evident, and the principle may require an equilibrium by balancing those powers.3 Finally, the last reason for the complexity inherent in the concept of separation of powers is due to the different approaches used for the interpretation of the principle. On one hand, it can convey the institutional meaning of separation of bodies, and on the other hand, it can be more functional if an equilibrium is to be maintained while exercising different state functions.4 As with all constitutional principles, the founding theory of the separation of powers should be analysed in the larger context in which it developed. It is strongly linked to what Montesquieu thought to be the English constitutional regime, even though he was obviously misreading the actual political context. It was implemented – not for the first time but with the most important consequences – in the newly established constitutional regime of the United States of America, and of course, the impact of the American context was greatly influenced the result of its implementation. When it comes to analysing the separation of powers in the context of contemporary states of the Central European region, those contextual facts should also be noticed. In addition, for this region of interest, in a comparative constitutional study, it is also important to notice that a voluntary implementation of an already well-developed principle in a new or different political context can lead to confusing results. Central European states have a particularly rich constitutional heritage, e.g. the Constitution of Poland and Lithuania was among the first to implement the separation of powers5 as contemporary constitutional regulation, and the principle could be reintroduced in the very foundations of the legal order of Poland when socialist regime disappeared. When doing so, the constituent power of Central Europe could not only use the well-established theory and doctrine of the separation of powers, but it was also aware of and used the already existing constitutional solutions of other constitutional states for the implementation of the principle. However, the exportation of constitutional models to a different context can result in discrepancies in the political praxis. According to the main hypothesis of this chapter, the separation of powers as implemented in the Central European region leads to the rise of strong executive powers. This pheonomenon is independent of the presidential or the parliamentary character of the regimes. On the contrary, a strong executive power is even more common in parliamentary regimes. In addition, if there is a general, international tendency towards the strengthening of executives for many reasons,6 the emergence of strong executives in the region can also be read as a consequence of Central European traditions and a special need for such strong governments in the particular political context of the region. On one hand, Central European states have struggled with important political, social and economic challenges during their modern history, often demanding a strong and stable executive. They did so to spare themselves of political difficulties which can result from a permanent governmental crisis due to the lack of strong leadership. Some of them also had a negative historical memory of the excessively strong parliamentarism causing such difficulties.7 On the other hand, a permanent need for reforms – especially after the change of regimes – also required a strong political executive that would be able not only to propose but especially to implement such reforms with success. Thus, even for states such as Hungary or Croatia, which benefitted from an important tradition of parliamentarism under the dualist regime of the Habsburg empire, after the cataclysms of the twentieth century, a stronger executive seemed to be a good solution. However, implementing the separation of powers can be difficult in such a political and constitutional background and may call for special arrangements to guarantee the very fundamental aim of the principle: creating a legal obstacle to the concentration of power.
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Köbel, Szilvia. "The Legislative Power." In Comparative Constitutionalism in Central Europe : Analysis on Certain Central and Eastern European Countries, 273–92. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.lcslt.ccice_15.

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In this chapter, we present the legislative branches of eight countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Hungary) through the following subjects: a) legislative bodies and sources of parliamentary law (laws regulating the function of the parliament, bylaws etc.); b)the authorities of parliaments; c) the officeholders of parliaments, the house president, and committees of parliaments; d)parliamentary groups; e) the legal status of officeholders (rights of the MPs, conflict of interest, immunity). The structure of the study follows the order of the above-mentioned subjects and treats them as subchapters. At the beginning of each subchapter is a short explanation of the subject, highlighting in broad terms what it wishes to showcase. The study focuses on the legislative branches of governments as the main goal of the study is to observe their legislative ecosystem and organs, powers and members.
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Ugues, Antonio. "Electoral Management Bodies in Central America." In Advancing Electoral Integrity, 118–34. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199368709.003.0007.

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Posner, C. M., Christopher Martin, and Elsa Guzmán. "Multimodality and Theatre: Material Objects, Bodies and Language." In Education in Mexico, Central America and the Latin Caribbean, 29–40. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474267717.0008.

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Patashnik, Eric. "Paying for Medicare: Benefits, Budgets, and Wilbur Mills’s Policy Legacy." In Governing America. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691150734.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the origins and consequences of Medicare's peculiar bifurcated structure, focusing on the role played by former House Ways and Means Committee chair Wilbur D. Mills. It shows that fiscal conservatism has been no less central to Medicare than the commitment to social insurance principles. The chapter first reviews the scholarly literature on Medicare finance and welfare state before discussing the logic of Mills's financing design. Three aspects of Medicare's legislative design are analyzed: the financing scheme chosen for Hospital Insurance; the financing scheme chosen for Supplementary Medical Insurance; and why Medicare's financing came to be divided in the first place. The chapter concludes with an assessment of recent Medicare reform proposals that featured competing financing approaches.
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Taylor, Andrew J. "Legislative Speech in Presidential Systems." In The Politics of Legislative Debates, 51–71. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849063.003.0004.

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This essay constitutes a sort of corrective to the considerable attention scholars of legislative speech have given to bodies in parliamentary regimes. I survey the study of legislative speech in presidential systems by categorizing it into two types. The first presents patterns of speech across memberships as indicative of other factors such as electoral institutions and the strength of legislative parties. Here, I use Proksch and Slapin’s theoretical framework for purchase and refer to a small but growing corpus of literature on Latin America. The subject of the second is the content of speech. The approach is normative and assumes words spoken are independent variables that can have important effects on policy, politics, and the health of the broader polity. I conclude by remarking upon the opportunities computer software and newly accessible data provide for researchers of speech in the legislatures of presidential systems. I also suggest avenues for future research.
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Huhle, Rainer. "‘Urgent Actions’ for the Search for Disappeared Persons in the Specialised Bodies of the United Nations." In Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America, 234–41. British Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0016.

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The chapter discusses the urgent humanitarian interventions of the two bodies within the UN system dedicated to the protection of human rights related to the issue of (en)forced disappearance: The Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID) and the Committee on Enforced Disappearance (CED). It explains the ‘urgent actions’ of both bodies in light of their respective origins and mandates and describes in detail the procedures, working methods and results of these ‘urgent actions’ that have become central to their work.
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Sims, John D. "Chapter 6: Chronology of displacement on the San Andreas fault in central California: Evidence from reversed positions of exotic rock bodies near Parkfield, California." In Geological Society of America Memoirs, 231–56. Geological Society of America, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/mem178-p231.

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Gribben, Crawford. "Conclusion." In Survival and Resistance in Evangelical America, 136–50. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199370221.003.0007.

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Paradoxically, the failure of the first generation of Christian Reconstructionists to cohere, either personally or ideologically, has worked in the movement’s favor, creating an internal marketplace of ideas by means of which competing groupings within political and religious conservatism have been able to appropriate and adopt their central arguments. Recognizing that a “moral majority” does not exist, and therefore abandoning the top-down political strategies of earlier evangelicals, the believers who participate in the migration to the Pacific Northwest work to build communities that will expand organically and over time to renew America and to replace the supposed neutrality of its legislative base. The project is working. But it is not clear whether the integrity of these ideas will continue as their audience base grows. Mass culture routinizes what was once regarded as radical, with effects that may not easily be predicted at the “end of white, Christian America.”
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Conference papers on the topic "Legislative bodies – Central America"

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Infante, Pedro, Luis Tumalli, Tony Flores, and Fidel Gilart. "Computational model to obtain SAR produced by EMF from telecommunications services over adult human bodies." In 2017 IEEE 37th Central America and Panama Convention (CONCAPAN XXXVII). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/concapan.2017.8278526.

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Moroz, Svetlana. "Kazakhstan’s Investment Legislation: Past, Present and Future." In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.12.

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This article is devoted to the study of the formation and development of investment legislation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author identifies five stages of the formation of Kazakhstan’s investment legislation from 1990 to the present. The author describes each stage of the development of investment legislation, analyzes all the enacted legislative acts and reforms that have been implemented to attract investors to the country’s economy. It is noted that the Republic of Kazakhstan since its independence has taken serious steps to create a favorable investment climate, and certain results in this direction have been achieved, but there are also problems. It is emphasized that cardinal changes in the country’s investment policy, constant reforms in the public administration system, the creation of various state bodies to regulate investors’ activities have a negative impact on Kazakhstan’s investment attractiveness. In this regard, the author concludes that it is necessary to change the investment policy in the field of granting tax preferences, improve the investment and tax legislation of Kazakhstan to ensure proper protection of investors’ rights.
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