Academic literature on the topic 'Legionella pneumophila Dot'

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Journal articles on the topic "Legionella pneumophila Dot"

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Berk, Sharon G., Gary Faulkner, Elizabeth Garduño, Mark C. Joy, Marco A. Ortiz-Jimenez, and Rafael A. Garduño. "Packaging of Live Legionella pneumophila into Pellets Expelled by Tetrahymena spp. Does Not Require Bacterial Replication and Depends on a Dot/Icm-Mediated Survival Mechanism." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 7 (February 1, 2008): 2187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01214-07.

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ABSTRACT The freshwater ciliate Tetrahymena sp. efficiently ingested, but poorly digested, virulent strains of the gram-negative intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Ciliates expelled live legionellae packaged in free spherical pellets. The ingested legionellae showed no ultrastructural indicators of cell division either within intracellular food vacuoles or in the expelled pellets, while the number of CFU consistently decreased as a function of time postinoculation, suggesting a lack of L. pneumophila replication inside Tetrahymena. Pulse-chase feeding experiments with fluorescent L. pneumophila and Escherichia coli indicated that actively feeding ciliates maintain a rapid and steady turnover of food vacuoles, so that the intravacuolar residence of the ingested bacteria was as short as 1 to 2 h. L. pneumophila mutants with a defective Dot/Icm virulence system were efficiently digested by Tetrahymena sp. In contrast to pellets of virulent L. pneumophila, the pellets produced by ciliates feeding on dot mutants contained very few bacterial cells but abundant membrane whorls. The whorls became labeled with a specific antibody against L. pneumophila OmpS, indicating that they were outer membrane remnants of digested legionellae. Ciliates that fed on genetically complemented dot mutants produced numerous pellets containing live legionellae, establishing the importance of the Dot/Icm system to resist digestion. We thus concluded that production of pellets containing live virulent L. pneumophila depends on bacterial survival (mediated by the Dot/Icm system) and occurs in the absence of bacterial replication. Pellets of virulent L. pneumophila may contribute to the transmission of Legionnaires’ disease, an issue currently under investigation.
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Takamatsu, Reika, Eriko Takeshima, Chie Ishikawa, Kei Yamamoto, Hiromitsu Teruya, Klaus Heuner, Futoshi Higa, Jiro Fujita, and Naoki Mori. "Inhibition of Akt/GSK3β signalling pathway by Legionella pneumophila is involved in induction of T-cell apoptosis." Biochemical Journal 427, no. 1 (March 15, 2010): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20091768.

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Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of human Legionnaires' disease. L. pneumophila has been shown to induce apoptosis of T-cells and this may be important pathologically and clinically. The present study has determined the molecular mechanisms underlying L. pneumophila-induced apoptosis, which were unclear. Wild-type L. pneumophila and flagellin-deficient Legionella, but not L. pneumophila lacking a functional type IV secretion system Dot/Icm, replicated in T-cells. However, apoptosis was efficiently induced in T-cells only by wild-type L. pneumophila, and not flagellin-deficient or Dot/Icm-deficient Legionella. Induction of apoptosis involved activation of the initiator caspase 9 and effector caspase 3. Infection with L. pneumophila inhibited phosphorylation of Akt (also known as protein kinase B) and the Akt substrate GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β), and reduced the levels of β-catenin, a transcriptional activator regulated by GSK3β. It also caused the activation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and inhibited the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis) via inhibition of the Akt pathway. In conclusion, L. pneumophila induces mitochondria-mediated T-cell apoptosis through inhibition of the Akt/GSK3β signalling pathway.
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Kozak, Natalia A., Meghan Buss, Claressa E. Lucas, Michael Frace, Dhwani Govil, Tatiana Travis, Melissa Olsen-Rasmussen, Robert F. Benson, and Barry S. Fields. "Virulence Factors Encoded by Legionella longbeachae Identified on the Basis of the Genome Sequence Analysis of Clinical Isolate D-4968." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 4 (December 11, 2009): 1030–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01272-09.

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ABSTRACT Legionella longbeachae causes most cases of legionellosis in Australia and may be underreported worldwide due to the lack of L. longbeachae-specific diagnostic tests. L. longbeachae displays distinctive differences in intracellular trafficking, caspase 1 activation, and infection in mouse models compared to Legionella pneumophila, yet these two species have indistinguishable clinical presentations in humans. Unlike other legionellae, which inhabit freshwater systems, L. longbeachae is found predominantly in moist soil. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the genome of an L. longbeachae clinical isolate from Oregon, isolate D-4968, and compared it to the previously published genomes of L. pneumophila. The results revealed that the D-4968 genome is larger than the L. pneumophila genome and has a gene order that is different from that of the L. pneumophila genome. Genes encoding structural components of type II, type IV Lvh, and type IV Icm/Dot secretion systems are conserved. In contrast, only 42/140 homologs of genes encoding L. pneumophila Icm/Dot substrates have been found in the D-4968 genome. L. longbeachae encodes numerous proteins with eukaryotic motifs and eukaryote-like proteins unique to this species, including 16 ankyrin repeat-containing proteins and a novel U-box protein. We predict that these proteins are secreted by the L. longbeachae Icm/Dot secretion system. In contrast to the L. pneumophila genome, the L. longbeachae D-4968 genome does not contain flagellar biosynthesis genes, yet it contains a chemotaxis operon. The lack of a flagellum explains the failure of L. longbeachae to activate caspase 1 and trigger pyroptosis in murine macrophages. These unique features of L. longbeachae may reflect adaptation of this species to life in soil.
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Santic, Marina, Rexford Asare, Miljenko Doric, and Yousef Abu Kwaik. "Host-Dependent Trigger of Caspases and Apoptosis by Legionella pneumophila." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 6 (April 9, 2007): 2903–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00147-07.

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ABSTRACT The Dot/Icm system of Legionella pneumophila triggers activation of caspase-3 during early stages of infection of human macrophages, but apoptosis is delayed until late stages of infection. During early stages of infection of mouse macrophages, the organism triggers rapid caspase-1-mediated cytotoxicity, which is mediated by bacterial flagellin. However, it is not known whether caspase-1 is triggered by L. pneumophila in human macrophages or whether caspase-3 is activated in permissive or nonpermissive mouse macrophages. Using single-cell analyses, we show that the wild-type strain of L. pneumophila does not trigger caspase-1 activation throughout the intracellular infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs), even when the flagellated bacteria escape into the cytoplasm during late stages. Using single-cell analyses, we show that the Dot/Icm system of L. pneumophila triggers caspase-3 but not caspase-1 within permissive A/J mouse bone marrow-derived primary macrophages by 2 to 8 h, but apoptosis is delayed until late stages of infection. While L. pneumophila triggers a Dot/Icm-dependent activation of caspase-1 in nonpermissive BALB/c mouse-derived macrophages, caspase-3 is not activated at any stage of infection. We show that robust intrapulmonary replication of the wild-type strain of L. pneumophila in susceptible A/J mice is associated with late-stage Dot/Icm-dependent pulmonary apoptosis and alveolar inflammation. In the lungs of nonpermissive BALB/c mice, L. pneumophila does not replicate and does not trigger pulmonary apoptosis or alveolar inflammation. Thus, similar to hMDMs, L. pneumophila does not trigger caspase-1 but triggers caspase-3 activation during early and exponential replication in permissive A/J mouse-derived macrophages, and apoptosis is delayed until late stages of infection. The Dot/Icm type IV secretion system is essential for pulmonary apoptosis in the genetically susceptible A/J mice.
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Hovel-Miner, Galadriel, Sergey Pampou, Sebastien P. Faucher, Margaret Clarke, Irina Morozova, Pavel Morozov, James J. Russo, Howard A. Shuman, and Sergey Kalachikov. "σS Controls Multiple Pathways Associated with Intracellular Multiplication of Legionella pneumophila." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 8 (February 13, 2009): 2461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01578-08.

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ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of the severe and potentially fatal pneumonia Legionnaires' disease. L. pneumophila is able to replicate within macrophages and protozoa by establishing a replicative compartment in a process that requires the Icm/Dot type IVB secretion system. The signals and regulatory pathways required for Legionella infection and intracellular replication are poorly understood. Mutation of the rpoS gene, which encodes σS, does not affect growth in rich medium but severely decreases L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication within protozoan hosts. To gain insight into the intracellular multiplication defect of an rpoS mutant, we examined its pattern of gene expression during exponential and postexponential growth. We found that σS affects distinct groups of genes that contribute to Legionella intracellular multiplication. We demonstrate that rpoS mutants have a functional Icm/Dot system yet are defective for the expression of many genes encoding Icm/Dot-translocated substrates. We also show that σS affects the transcription of the cpxR and pmrA genes, which encode two-component response regulators that directly affect the transcription of Icm/Dot substrates. Our characterization of the L. pneumophila small RNA csrB homologs, rsmY and rsmZ, introduces a link between σS and the posttranscriptional regulator CsrA. We analyzed the network of σS-controlled genes by mutational analysis of transcriptional regulators affected by σS. One of these, encoding the L. pneumophila arginine repressor homolog gene, argR, is required for maximal intracellular growth in amoebae. These data show that σS is a key regulator of multiple pathways required for L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication.
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Aurass, P., B. Pless, K. Rydzewski, G. Holland, N. Bannert, and A. Flieger. "bdhA-patD Operon as a Virulence Determinant, Revealed by a Novel Large-Scale Approach for Identification of Legionella pneumophila Mutants Defective for Amoeba Infection." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 13 (May 1, 2009): 4506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00187-09.

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ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is an intracellular parasite of eukaryotic cells. In the environment, it colonizes amoebae. After being inhaled into the human lung, the bacteria infect and damage alveolar cells in a way that is mechanistically similar to the amoeba infection. Several L. pneumophila traits, among those the Dot/Icm type IVB protein secretion machinery, are essential for exploiting host cells. In our search for novel Legionella virulence factors, we developed an agar plate assay, designated the scatter screen, which allowed screening for mutants deficient in infecting Acanthamoeba castellanii amoebae. Likewise, an L. pneumophila clone bank consisting of 23,000 transposon mutants was investigated here, and 19 different established Legionella virulence genes, for example, dot/icm genes, were identified. Importantly, 70 novel virulence-associated genes were found. One of those is L. pneumophila bdhA, coding for a protein with homology to established 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases involved in poly-3-hydroxybutyrate metabolism. Our study revealed that bdhA is cotranscribed with patD, encoding a patatin-like protein of L. pneumophila showing phospholipase A and lysophospholipase A activities. In addition to strongly reduced lipolytic activities and increased poly-3-hydroxybutyrate levels, the L. pneumophila bdhA-patD mutant showed a severe replication defect in amoebae and U937 macrophages. Our data suggest that the operon is involved in poly-3-hydroxybutyrate utilization and phospholipolysis and show that the bdhA-patD operon is a virulence determinant of L. pneumophila. In summary, the screen for amoeba-sensitive Legionella clones efficiently isolated mutants that do not grow in amoebae and, in the case of the bdhA-patD mutant, also human cells.
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Zusman, Tal, Gal Yerushalmi, and Gil Segal. "Functional Similarities between the icm/dot Pathogenesis Systems of Coxiella burnetii and Legionella pneumophila." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 7 (July 2003): 3714–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.7.3714-3723.2003.

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ABSTRACT Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of Q fever, is an obligate intracellular pathogen, whereas Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is a facultative intracellular pathogen. During infection of humans both of these pathogens multiply in alveolar macrophages inside a closed phagosome. L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication was shown to be dependent on the icm/dot system, which probably encodes a type IV-related translocation apparatus. Recently, genes homologous to all of the L. pneumophila icm/dot genes (besides icmR) were found in C. burnetii. To explore the similarities and differences between the icm/dot pathogenesis systems of these two pathogens, interspecies complementation analysis was performed. Nine C. burnetii icm homologous genes (icmT, icmS, icmQ, icmP, icmO, icmJ, icmB, icmW, and icmX) were cloned under regulation of the corresponding L. pneumophila icm genes and examined for the ability to complement L. pneumophila mutants with mutations in these genes. The C. burnetii icmS and icmW homologous genes were found to complement the corresponding L. pneumophila icm mutants to wild-type levels of intracellular growth in both HL-60-derived human macrophages and Acanthamoeba castellanii. In addition, the C. burnetii icmT homologous gene was found to completely complement an L. pneumophila insertion mutant for intracellular growth in HL-60-derived human macrophages, but it only partially complemented the same mutant for intracellular growth in A. castellanii. Moreover, as previously shown for L. pneumophila, the proteins encoded by the C. burnetii icmS and icmW homologous genes were found to interact with one another, and interspecies protein interaction was observed as well. Our results strongly indicate that the Icm/Dot pathogenesis systems of C. burnetii and L. pneumophila have common features.
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Vincent, Carr D., Benjamin A. Buscher, Jonathan R. Friedman, Lee Anne Williams, Patrick Bardill, and Joseph P. Vogel. "Identification of Non-dot/icm Suppressors of the Legionella pneumophila ΔdotL Lethality Phenotype." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 23 (September 22, 2006): 8231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00937-06.

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ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila, a causative agent of bacterial pneumonia, survives inside phagocytic cells by avoiding rapid targeting to the lysosome. This bacterium utilizes a type IVB secretion system, encoded by the dot/icm genes, to replicate inside host cells. DotL, a critical component of the Dot/Icm secretion apparatus, functions as the type IV coupling protein. In contrast to most dot/icm genes, which are dispensable for growth on bacteriological media, dotL is required for the viability of wild-type L. pneumophila. Previously we reported that ΔdotL lethality could be suppressed by inactivation of the Dot/Icm complex via mutations in other dot/icm genes. Here we report the isolation of non-dot/icm suppressors of this phenotype. These ΔdotL suppressors include insertions that disrupt the function of the L. pneumophila homologs of cpxR, djlA, lysS, and two novel open reading frames, lpg0742 and lpg1594, that we have named ldsA and ldsB for lethality of ΔdotL suppressor. In addition to suppressing ΔdotL lethality, inactivation of these genes in a wild-type strain background causes a range of defects in L. pneumophila virulence traits, including intracellular growth, implicating these factors in the proper function of the Dot/Icm complex. Consistent with previous data showing a role for the cpx system in regulating expression of several dot/icm genes, the cpxR insertion mutant produced decreased levels of three Dot/Icm proteins, DotA, IcmV, and IcmW. The remaining four suppressors did not affect the steady-state levels of any Dot/Icm protein and are likely to represent the first identified factors necessary for assembly and/or activation of the Dot/Icm secretion complex.
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Newton, Hayley J., Fiona M. Sansom, Vicki Bennett-Wood, and Elizabeth L. Hartland. "Identification of Legionella pneumophila-Specific Genes by Genomic Subtractive Hybridization with Legionella micdadei and Identification of lpnE, a Gene Required for Efficient Host Cell Entry." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 3 (March 2006): 1683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.3.1683-1691.2006.

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ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila is a ubiquitous environmental organism and a facultative intracellular pathogen of humans. To identify genes that may contribute to the virulence of L. pneumophila, we performed genomic subtractive hybridization between L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strain 02/41 and L. micdadei strain 02/42. A total of 144 L. pneumophila-specific clones were sequenced, revealing 151 genes that were absent in L. micdadei strain 02/42. Low-stringency Southern hybridization was used to determine the distribution of 41 sequences, representing 40 open reading frames (ORFs) with a range of putative functions among L. pneumophila isolates of various serogroups as well as strains of Legionella longbeachae, L. micdadei, Legionella gormanii, and Legionella jordanis. Twelve predicted ORFs were L. pneumophila specific, including the gene encoding the dot/icm effector, lepB, as well as several genes predicted to play a role in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and cell wall synthesis and several sequences with similarity to virulence-associated determinants. A further nine predicted ORFs were in all L. pneumophila serotypes tested and an isolate of L. gormanii. These included icmD, the 5′ end of a pilMNOPQ locus, and two genes known to be upregulated during growth within macrophages, cadA2 and ceaA. Disruption of an L. pneumophila-specific gene (lpg2222 locus tag) encoding a putative protein with eight tetratricopeptide repeats resulted in reduced entry into the macrophage-like cell line, THP-1, and the type II alveolar epithelial cell line, A549. The gene was subsequently renamed lpnE, for “L. pneumophila entry.” In summary, this investigation has revealed important genetic differences between L. pneumophila and other Legionella species that may contribute to the phenotypic and clinical differences observed within this genus.
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Wood, Rebecca E., Patrice Newton, Eleanor A. Latomanski, and Hayley J. Newton. "Dot/Icm Effector Translocation by Legionella longbeachae Creates a Replicative Vacuole Similar to That of Legionella pneumophila despite Translocation of Distinct Effector Repertoires." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 10 (July 27, 2015): 4081–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00461-15.

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Legionellaorganisms are environmental bacteria and accidental human pathogens that can cause severe pneumonia, termed Legionnaires' disease. These bacteria replicate within a pathogen-derived vacuole termed theLegionella-containing vacuole (LCV). Our understanding of the development and dynamics of this vacuole is based on extensive analysis ofLegionella pneumophila. Here, we have characterized theLegionella longbeachaereplicative vacuole (longbeachae-LCV) and demonstrated that, despite important genomic differences, key features of the replicative LCV are comparable to those of the LCV ofL. pneumophila(pneumophila-LCV). We constructed a Dot/Icm-deficient strain by deletingdotBand demonstrated the inability of this mutant to replicate inside THP-1 cells.L. longbeachaedoes not enter THP-1 cells as efficiently asL. pneumophila, and this is reflected in the observation that translocation of BlaM-RalFLLO(where RalFLLOis theL. longbeachaehomologue of RalF) into THP-1 cells by theL. longbeachaeDot/Icm system is less efficient than that byL. pneumophila. This difference is negated in A549 cells whereL. longbeachaeandL. pneumophilainfect with similar entry dynamics. A β-lactamase assay was employed to demonstrate the translocation of a novel family of proteins, theRab-likeeffector (Rle) proteins. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that these proteins enter the host cell during infection and display distinct subcellular localizations, with RleA and RleC present on thelongbeachae-LCV. We observed that the host Rab GTPase, Rab1, and the v-SNARE Sec22b are also recruited to thelongbeachae-LCV during the early stages of infection, coinciding with the LCV avoiding endocytic maturation. These studies further our understanding of theL. longbeachaereplicative vacuole, highlighting phenotypic similarities to the vacuole ofL. pneumophilaas well as unique aspects of LCV biology.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legionella pneumophila Dot"

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ANTÃO, Ana Catarina Ramos Batista. "Infeção de culturas primárias de monócitos humanos com a bactéria Legionella pneumophila." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/21860.

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Legionella pneumophila é um bacilo gram-negativo capaz de invadir e de se multiplicar em células eucariotas, incluindo monócitos humanos e células epiteliais. Legionella pneumophila tem a capacidade de manipular os processos celulares sendo este, um dos mecanismos chave que a bactéria utiliza para proliferar dentro do hospedeiro. A infeção por Legionella pode apresentar-se sob duas formas clinicamente distintas, a Doença dos Legionários, causando uma pneumonia grave e a Febre de Pontiac, uma infeção brônquica autolimitada. As fases do ciclo de vida da bactéria e os fatores que promovem a sua replicação dentro da célula fagocítica e a sua transmissão para um novo hospedeiro têm sido objecto de numerosos estudos utilizando diferentes espécies de amibas e linhas contínuas, no entanto, em células monocíticas primárias são poucos os estudos realizados. O principal objectivo deste trabalho foi estudar o processo de replicação da Legionella pneumophila em linhas primárias de monócitos (obtidos partir de sangue periférico doado voluntariamente) e em macrófagos (obtidos por diferenciação de culturas primárias de monócitos humanos). Para se obter uma cultura primária é necessário obter uma grande quantidade de células polimorfonucleares de sangue periférico, sendo que cada isolamento é influenciado pela idade e sexo do dador. Após a infeção das linhas primárias de monócitos e macrófagos com Legionella pneumophila, verificou-se alterações na morfologia das células infetadas. Esta observação foi numa primeira fase corroborada pela quantificação das bactérias às 24h, isto é, a comparação dos valores obtidos no plaqueamento do sobrenadante e do lisado da monocamada apontavam para existência de fagocitose. No entanto, ao comparar o crescimento da bactéria às 24h e 48h depois da infeção, verifica-se que não existiu multiplicação intracelular.
Legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative bacillus that can invade and multiply in eukaryotic cells, including human monocytes and epithelial cells. Legionella pneumophila has the ability to manipulate cellular processes, with this being one of the key mechanisms that the bacteria utilizes to proliferate within the host. Infection by Legionella may present itself clinically in two different ways, Legionnaires' disease, causing severe pneumonia and Pontiac fever, or by a self-limiting bronchial infection. The phases of the bacterial life cycle and the factors that promote replication within the phagocytic cell and its transmission to a new host have been the subject of numerous studies using different species of amoebae and continuous lines, however, there are few studies on primary monocytic. The main objective of this work was to study the process of replication of Legionella pneumophila in primary monocyte lines (obtained from peripheral blood donated voluntarily) and macrophages (obtained by differentiation of primary cultures of human monocytes). To obtain a primary culture it is required to obtain a large amount of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells, with each isolation being influenced by the age and gender of the donor. After the infection of primary monocytes and macrophage lines with Legionella pneumophila, changes were observed in the morphology of infected cells. This observation was initially confirmed by the quantification of bacteria at 24h, that is, the comparison of the values obtained in the plating of the supernatant the lysate from the monolayer pointed to phagocytosis. However, comparing the growth of bacteria at 24h and 48h after infection, it appears that there was no intracellular multiplication.
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Chedid, Maria Bernadete Fernandes. "Incidência de infecção por Legionella pneumophila em pacientes que internaram no HCPA com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3761.

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Introdução: O diagnóstico microbiológico da infecção por Legionella é complexo, pois a bactéria não é visualizada à coloração de Gram no escarro, e sua cultura não é realizada na maioria dos laboratórios clínicos. A imunofluorescência direta nas secreções respiratórias tem baixa sensibilidade, em torno de 40% e a técnica da “PCR” não é ainda recomendada para o diagnóstico clínico (CDC, 1997). A detecção de anticorpos no soro é a técnica mais utilizada, e o critério definitivo é a soroconversão para no mínimo 1:128, cuja sensibilidade é de 70 a 80% (Edelstein, 1993). Como critérios diagnósticos de possível pneumonia por Legionella, eram utilizados: título único de anticorpos a L pneumophila positivo na diluição 1:256, em paciente com quadro clínico compatível (CDC, 1990) e o achado de antígeno a Legionella na urina (WHO, 1990). Nos últimos anos, porém, com o uso crescente do teste de antigenúria, foram detectados casos de pneumonia por Legionella, que não eram diagnosticados por cultura ou sorologia, tornando-o método diagnóstico de certeza para o diagnóstico de pneumonia por Legionella (CDC, 1997). Por sua fácil execução, resultado imediato, e alta sensibilidade - de 86% a 98% (Kashuba & Ballow, 1986; Harrison & Doshi, 2001), tem sido recomendado para o diagnóstico das PAC que necessitam internação hospitalar (Mulazimoglu & Yu, 2001; Gupta et al., 2001; Marrie, 2001), especialmente em UTI (ATS, 2001). Vários estudos documentaram baixo valor preditivo positivo do título único positivo de 1:256, tornando-o sem valor para o diagnóstico da pneumonia por Legionella, exceto, talvez, em surtos (Plouffe et al., 1995). Outros detectaram alta prevalência de anticorpos positivos na diluição 1:256 na população, em pessoas normais (Wilkinson et al., 1983; Nichol et al., 1991). A partir de 1996, o CDC de Atlanta recomendou que não seja mais utilizado o critério de caso provável de infecção por Legionella pneumophila por título único de fase convalescente ≥1:256, por falta de especificidade(CDC, 1997). A pneumonia por Legionella é raramente diagnosticada, e sua incidência é subestimada. Em estudos de PAC, a incidência da pneumonia por Legionella nos EUA, Europa, Israel e Austrália, foi estimada entre 1% a 16% (Muder & Yu, 2000). Nos EUA, foi estimado que cerca de 8 000 a 23 000 casos de PAC por Legionella ocorrem anualmente, em pacientes que requerem hospitalização (Marston et al., 1994 e 1977). No Brasil, a incidência de PAC causadas por Legionella em pacientes hospitalizados é tema de investigação pertinente, ainda não relatado na literatura. Objetivo: detectar a incidência de pneumonias causadas por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6, em pacientes que internaram no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre por PAC, por um ano. Material e Métodos: o delineamento escolhido foi um estudo de coorte (de incidência), constituída por casos consecutivos de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade que internaram no HCPA de 19 de julho de 2000 a 18 de julho de 2001. Para a identificação dos casos, foram examinados diariamente o registro computadorizado das internações hospitalares, exceto as internações da pediatria e da obstetrícia, sendo selecionados todos os pacientes internados com o diagnóstico de pneumonia e de insuficiência respiratória aguda. Foram excluídos aqueles com menos de 18 anos ou mais de 80 anos; os procedentes de instituições, HIV-positivos, gestantes, pacientes restritos ao leito; e portadores de doença estrutural pulmonar ou traqueostomias. Foram excluídos os pacientes que tivessem tido alta hospitalar nos últimos 15 dias, e aqueles já incluídos no decorrer do estudo. Os pacientes selecionados foram examinados por um pesquisador, e incluídos para estudo se apresentassem infiltrado ao RX de tórax compatível com pneumonia, associado a pelo menos um dos sintomas respiratórios maiores (temperatura axilar > 37,8ºC, tosse ou escarro; ou dois sintomas menores (pleurisia, dispnéia, alteração do estado mental, sinais de consolidação à ausculta pulmonar, mais de 12 000 leucócitos/mm3). O estudo foi previamente aprovado pela Comissão de Ética em Pesquisa do HCPA. Os pacientes eram entrevistados por um pesquisador, dando seu consentimento por escrito, e então seus dados clínicos e laboratoriais eram registrados em protocolo individual. Não houve interferência do pesquisador, durante a internação, exceto pela coleta de urina e de sangue para exame laboratoriais específicos da pesquisa. Os pacientes eram agendados, no ambulatório de pesquisa, num prazo de 4 a 12 semanas após sua inclusão no estudo, quando realizavam nova coleta de sangue, RX de tórax de controle, e outros exames que se fizessem necessários para esclarecimento diagnóstico.Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por 1 ano, após sua inclusão no estudo.Foram utilizadas a técnica de imunofluorescência indireta para detecção de anticorpos das classes IgG, IgM e IgA a Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6 no soro, em duas amostras, colhidas, respectivamente, na 1ª semana de internação e depois de 4 a 12 semanas; e a técnica imunológica por teste ELISA para a detecção do antígeno de Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1 na urina, colhida na primeira semana de internação. As urinas eram armazenadas, imediatamente após sua coleta, em freezer a –70ºC, e depois descongeladas e processadas em grupos de cerca de 20 amostras. A imunofluorescência foi feita no laboratório de doenças Infecciosas da Universidade de Louisville (KY, EUA), em amostras de soro da fase aguda e convalescente, a partir da diluição 1:8; e a detecção do antígeno de Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1, nas amostras de urina, foi realizada no laboratório de pesquisa do HCPA, pelos investigadores, utilizando um kit comercial de teste ELISA fabricado por Binax (Binax Legionella Urinary Enzyme Assay, Raritan, EUA). As urinas positivas eram recongeladas novamente, para serem enviadas para confirmação no mesmo laboratório americano, ao fim do estudo. Foram adotados como critérios definitivos de infecção por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6, a soroconversão (elevação de 4 vezes no título de anticorpos séricos entre o soro da fase aguda e da fase convalescente para no mínimo 1:128); ou o achado de antígeno de L pneumophila sorogrupo 1 na urina não concentrada, numa razão superior a 3, conforme instruções do fabricante e da literatura.Os pacientes foram classificados, de acordo com suas características clínicas, em 1º) portadores de doenças crônicas (doenças pulmonares, cardíacas, diabete mellitus, hepatopatias e insuficiência renal); 2º) portadores de doenças subjacentes com imunossupressão; 3º) pacientes hígidos ou com outras doenças que não determinassem insuficiência orgânica. Imunossupressão foi definida como esplenectomia, ser portador de neoplasia hematológica, portador de doença auto-imune, ou de transplante; ou uso de medicação imunossupressora nas 4 semanas anteriores ao diagnóstico (Yu et al., 2002b); ou uso de prednisolona 10 mg/dia ou equivalente nos últimos 3 meses (Lim et al., 2001). As características clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes que evoluíram ao óbito por pneumonia foram comparados àquelas dos pacientes que obtiveram cura. Para a análise das variáveis categóricas, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher. Para as variáveis numéricas contínuas, utilizou-se o teste “t“ de Student. Um valor de p< 0,05 foi considerado como resultado estatisticamente significativo (programas SPSS, versão 10). Foi calculada a freqüência de mortes por pneumonia na população estudada, adotando-se a alta hospitalar como critério de cura. Foi calculada a incidência cumulativa para pneumonia por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6, em um hospital geral, no período de 1 ano. Resultados: durante um ano de estudo foram examinados 645 registros de internação, nos quais constavam, como motivo de baixa hospitalar, o diagnóstico de pneumonia ou de insuficiência respiratória aguda; a maioria desses diagnósticos iniciais não foram confirmados. Desses 645 pacientes, foram incluídos no estudo 82 pacientes, nos quais os critérios clínicos ou radiológicos de pneumonia foram confirmados pelos pesquisadores. Durante o acompanhamento desses pacientes, porém, foram excluídos 23 pacientes por apresentarem outras patologias que mimetizavam pneumonia: DPOC agudizado (5), insuficiência cardíaca (3), tuberculose pulmonar (2), colagenose (1), fibrose pulmonar idiopática (1), edema pulmonar em paciente com cirrose (1), somente infecçâo respiratória em paciente com sequelas pulmonares (4); ou por apresentarem critérios de exclusão: bronquiectasias (4), HIV positivo (1), pneumatocele prévia (1). Ao final, foram estudados 59 pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade, sendo 20 do sexo feminino e 39 do sexo masculino, com idade entre 24 e 80 anos (média de 57,6 anos e desvio padrão de ±10,6). Tivemos 36 pacientes com doenças subjacentes classificadas como “doenças crônicas”, dos quais 18 pacientes apresentavam mais de uma co-morbidade, por ordem de prevalência: doenças pulmonares, cardíacas, diabete mellitus, hepatopatias e insuficiência renal; neoplasias ocorreram em 9 pacientes, sendo sólidas em 7 pacientes e hematológicas em 2. Dos 59 pacientes, 61% eram tabagistas e 16,9%, alcoolistas. Do total, 10 pacientes apresentavam imunossupressão. Dos demais 13 pacientes, somente um era previamente hígido, enquanto os outros apresentavam tabagismo, sinusite, anemia, HAS, gota, ou arterite de Takayasu. A apresentação radiológica inicial foi broncopneumonia em 59,3% dos casos; pneumonia alveolar ocorreu em 23,7% dos casos, enquanto ambos padrões ocorreram em 15,2% dos pacientes. Pneumonia intersticial ocorreu em somente um caso, enquanto broncopneumonia obstrutiva ocorreu em 5 pacientes (8,5%). Derrame pleural ocorreu em 22% dos casos, e em 21 pacientes (35%) houve comprometimento de mais de um lobo ao RX de tórax. Foram usados beta-lactâmicos para o tratamento da maioria dos pacientes (72,9%9). A segunda classe de antibióticos mais usados foi a das fluoroquinolonas respiratórias, que foram receitadas para 23 pacientes (39,0%), e em 3º lugar, os macrolídeos, usados por 11 pacientes (18,6%). Apenas 16 pacientes não usaram beta-lactâmicos, em sua maioria recebendo quinolonas ou macrolídeos. Dos 43 pacientes que usaram beta-lactâmicos, 25 não usaram nem macrolídeos, nem quinolonas. Em 13 pacientes as fluoroquinolonas respiratórias foram as únicas drogas usadas para o tratamento da pneumonia. Do total, 8 pacientes foram a óbito por pneumonia; em outros 3 pacientes, o óbito foi atribuído a neoplasia em estágio avançado. Dos 48 pacientes que obtiveram cura, 33 (68,7%) estavam vivos após 12 meses. Os resultados da comparação realizada evidenciaram tendência a maior mortalidade no sexo masculino e em pacientes com imunossupressão, porém essa associação não alcançou significância estatística. Os pacientes que usaram somente beta-lactâmicos não apresentaram maior mortalidade do que os pacientes que usaram beta-lactâmicos associados a outras classes de antibióticos ou somente outras classes de antibióticos. Examinando-se os pacientes que utiizaram macrolídeos ou quinolonas em seu regime de tratamento, isoladamente ou combinados a outros antibióticos, observou-se que também não houve diferença dos outros pacientes, quanto à mortalidade. Os pacientes com padrão radiológico de pneumonia alveolar tiveram maior mortalidade, e essa diferença apresentou uma significância limítrofe (p= 0,05). Nossa mortalidade (11,9%) foi similar à de Fang et al. (1990), em estudo clássico de 1991 (13,7%); foi também similar à média de mortalidade das PAC internadas não em UTI (12%), relatada pela ATS, no seu último consenso para o tratamento empírico das PAC (ATS, 2001). Foram detectados 3 pacientes com pneumonia por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1 na população estudada: 2 foram diagnosticados por soroconversão e por antigenúria positiva, e o 3º foi diagnosticado somente pelo critério de antigenúria positiva, tendo sorologia negativa, como alguns autores (McWhinney et al., 2000). Dois pacientes com PAC por Legionella não responderam ao tratamento inicial com beta-lactâmicos, obtendo cura com levofloxacina; o 3º paciente foi tratado somente com betalactâmicos, obtendo cura. Conclusões: A incidência anual de PAC por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6, no HCPA, foi de 5,1%, que representa a incidência anual de PAC por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6 em um hospital geral universitário. Comentários e Perspectivas: Há necessidade de se empregar métodos diagnósticos específicos para o diagnóstico das pneumonias por Legionella em nosso meio, como a cultura, a sorologia com detecção de todas as classes de anticorpos, e a detecção do antígeno urinário, pois somente com o uso simultâneo de técnicas complementares pode-se detectar a incidência real de pneumonias causadas tanto por Legionella pneumophila, como por outras espécies. A detecção do antígeno de Legionella na urina é o teste diagnóstico de maior rendimento, sendo recomendado seu uso em todas as PAC que necessitarem internação hospitalar (Mulazimoglu & Yu, 2001; Gupta et al., 2001); em todos os pacientes com PAC que apresentarem fatores de risco potenciais para legionelose (Marrie, 2001); e para o diagnóstico etiológico das pneumonias graves (ATS, 2001). Seu uso é indicado, com unanimidade na literatura, para a pesquisa de legionelose nosocomial e de surtos de legionelose na comunidade.
Introduction: Legionella infections are difficult to diagnose, because the bacteria is not seen at Gram stain and the sputum culture is not performed at most laboratories. Besides that, the direct fluorescent fluorescent antibody test of respiratory secretion has low sensitivity (40%) and detection by PCR techiques is still not recommended for clinical diagnosis (CDC, 1997). The most used test is antibody detection by immunofluorescence technique or by ELISA, with a demonstration of fourfold or greater rise in the reciprocal immunofluorescente antibody (IFA) titer to greater than or equal to 1:128 against Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 between paired acute-and convalescent-phase serum specimens, which sensitivity ranges between 70 - 80% (Edelstein, 1993).Case definitions for Legionnaires´disease agreed that patients with pneumonia who have positive results in urinary antigen assays or positive results in the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining of respiratory secretions, had “probable” or presumptive” disease (WHO; 1990), as well as those who have single antibody titers of ≥1:256 (CDC, 1990). The Legionella urinary antigen test have been increasingly used in the last years, showing patients with positive results despite of negative culture tests or non-diagnostic serologies. Since then, the urinary antigen test has became a valuable tool in the prompt diagnosis of Legionnaires´disease, and also a definitive criterion for the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonias (CDC, 1997). Due to its high sensitivity, in the range of 86% to 98% (Kashubba & Ballow, 1986; Harrison & Doshi, 2001), it has been recommended to the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia which requires hospitalization (Mulazimoglu & Yu, 2001; Gupta et al, 2001), mainly in the ICU (ATS, 2001). Concerning to the “presumptive” criterion of single antibody title of 1:256, in the absence of seroconversion, it was concluded that it shall not be used except in the outbreak setting, since it has been reported to have low predictive value (Plouffe et al, 1995); and has also low specificity (CDC, 1997), since it has been reported high prevalence of positive antibodies at 1:256 in healthy populations (Wilkinson et al, 1983; Nichol et al, 1991). Legionnaires´disease is markedly undiagnosed, either its incidence underestimated. In several studies of CAP conducted in the USA, Europe, Israel and Australia the proportion of pneumonias caused by Legionella has ranged from 1% to 16% (Muder & Yu, 2000). In USA, the incidence of Legionella CAP in patients requiring hospitalization is estimated between 8000 to 23 000 cases per year (Marston et al, 1994 ; Marston et al, 1997). Such incidence in Brazil has not yet been estimated, being an important issue to study Objective : our goal is to detect the incidence of Legionella CAP in patients requiring hospitalization for a year, at the HCPA. Material and Methods: a cohort study ( an incidence study) of adult patients with CAP who were hospitalized for one year ( from 2000-2001) at HCPA. All patients with age 18≥80 were screened for study entry except: residents in institutions, those disabled to walk, those who had been discharged from hospital in the last 15 days; either pregnant women, HIV-positives, or patients with estructural lung diseases (bronchiectasis, cistic fibrosis) or tracheostomized. Admission logs were screened daily from Monday trough Friday (including the ones who had been hospitalized in the week-end) by the researchers. Patients with an admission diagnosis either of pneumonia or acute respiratory failure were evaluated daily by the researchers, and enrolled if they had a Chest X-Ray taken within 48 hours of admission revealing a new infiltrate consistent with pneumonia and at least 1 of the following “ major criteria” : fever (axillary temperature ≥37,8ºC), cough, or sputum; or 2 of the following “minor criteria”: dyspnea, abnormal mental status, signs of consolidation by examination, pleuritic chest pain or abnormal white blood cell count (> 12.000/cm3 or band forms > 4 % ). Information about risk factors, symptoms and outcome was collected through interview and medical chart review. Urine and serum samples were collected from consenting individuals during the acute fase at the hospital. After discharge, they came to the research ambulatory to consultation 4 to 12 weeks after patient enrollment, when the research doctor asked a new Chest X-Ray and serum sample of the convalescent phase to antibody test, along with other necessary exams. All the survivors were followed for a whole year after their inclusion in the study. Acute and convalescent sera were stored at – 70ºC and sent in dry ice (in a “batch”) to the Infectious Diseases laboratory of University of Louisville ( KY, USA), where they were tested by indirect immunofluorescent assay to IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to L pneumophila serogroups1-6, starting at dilution of 1:8. It was used a kit test manufactured by Zeus Scientific, Inc (Raritan, NJ, USA). All the urine samples collected were immediately frozen at –70ºC to be further tested in batches, at the Research lab of HCPA, by the investigators, with a commercial EIA kit test manufactured by Binax (BINAX Legionella Urinary Enzyme Assay). The positive ones were refrozen and further sent in a “batch” to the American laboratory, to be retested by the same kit test. Patients were diagnosed as having definite infection by L pneumophila serogroups 1-6 either if they had a 4-fold rise in antibody titer to at least 1:128 or greater dilution; or if they had positive urinary antigen, performed at our lab as recommended by the manfacturer and by the literature. A comparison was made between the patients who died and the survivors, regarding his clinical and laboratory features. Testing procedures to detect significant differences between groups included the Pearson chi-squared test or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables and Student´s t-test for continuous variables. Associations were considered statistically significant if the p value was < 0,05, using a 2-tailed test (SPSS program, version 10). Death by pneumonia was definite as the patient who died primarily due to the worsening of his lung sickness; thus, was calculated the frequency of deaths in our population. Patients who improved and were discharged, were classified as “cured”. Finally, we calculated the cumulative incidence of CAP caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-6 in a general hospital, for a year. Results: during a whole year, from 645 hospital admission logs with the diagnosis of pneumonia or acute respiratory failure screened, only 82 cases of CAP were obtained. During the follow up in the hospital or ambulatory, 23 patients were excluded either because Chest X-Ray failed to show a new pulmonary infiltrate (5 patients), alternative diagnosis were made (COPD, 5 patients; heart failure, 3; tuberculosis, 2; colagenosis, 1; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1). Aditional 6 patients revealed exclusion criteria as being HIV positive (1 patient), to have bronchiectasis (4) or pneumatocele (1). Thus, 59 patients constituted the final study group, being each patient enrolled only once. The mean age was 57,6 years (ranging from 24 to 80), being 20 women and 39 men. Most of them ( 36 patients, 61%) had chronic underlying diseases; half of them had more than one disease, being more prevalent: lung diseases, heart diseases, diabete mellitus, liver diseases and renal failure. Regular cigarette smokers represented 61% of the total, and alcohhol intake, 16,9%. Cancer ocurred in 9 patients, being solid organ malignancy in 7 and haematologic malignancy in 2. From our 59 patients, 10 were classified as immunossupressed, defined as splenectomy, haematological malignancy, autoimmune disease, transplant recipient, cancer chemotherapy within 4 weeks (Yu et al, 2002), or prednisolone use ≥10 mg/day (or equivalent), for at least 3 months before admission (LIM et al, 2001). In the remaining 13 patients, only one was previously healthy, while the others had sinusitis, anemia, hypertension, or other mild diseases. At admission, Chest X-Ray showed intersticial pneumonia in only one patient; bronchopneumonia in 59,3% and airspace pneumonia in 23,7%, while both patterns ocurred concomitantly in 15,2%. Obstructive pneumonia (Fang et al, 1990) ocurred in 5 patients with lung cancer. Pleural effusion ocurred in 22%, and in 21 patients (35%) the presentation was multilobar.The antibiotic class most used were beta-lactams, in 72,9% of the patients. The remaining received at most respiratory quinolones and macrolides. From the group that used beta-lactams, 25 patients did not use either quinolones or macrolides.There were not statistic differences in mortality regarding age, sex, or treatment between the groups who received beta-lactams alone versus the group that received macrolides or respiratory quinolones. The only significant association ocurred between radiographic pattern of airspace pneumonia and greater mortality (p= 0,05). In this study 3 patients had pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1: 2 patients had seroconversion and positive antigen urinary test; the third patient had a positive urinary antigen with negative serologies, like some authors (McWHINNEY et al, 2000). The former two patients worsened with beta-lactams, prescribed before the etiological diagnosis, getting resolution of their pneumonia with levofloxacin; the third one used only beta-lactams, getting cure. There were 7 deaths for pneumonia, and 4 deaths for cancer. From 48 survivors, 33 patients (68,7%) were alive after 12 months. Our mortality rate (13,5%) is similar to the one reported in the literature (ATS, 2001). Conclusions: the incidence of hospitalized CAP by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-6 in our hospital in the year 2000-2001 was 5,1%, which represents the annual incidence of Legionnaires´ disease in a general hospital of South Brazil. Comments and perspectives: complementary diagnostic methods like culture, serologies to detection of all classes of immunoglobulins and urinary antigen tests shall be used to detect infections by Legionella in our country to detect the real incidence of pneumonias caused by Legionella species. At the moment, the Legionella antigen test has the greatest yeld among the available tests. It is recommended to all hospitalized PAC patients (Mulazimoglu &Yu, 2001; Gupta et al, 2001); and also to all patients who have potential risk factors for legionellosis (Marrie, 2001), as well as to the etiological diagnosis of severe pneumonias (ATS, 2001). Its use is recommended, with unanimity, to the diagnosis of community and nosocomial outbreaks.
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Lopes, Sandro Ribeiro. "Functional diversity of Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Effector SdhA in Galleria mellonella model." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83085.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Biologia Celular e Molecular apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Legionella pneumophila é o principal agente da Doença dos Legionários, uma pneumonia severa e ocasionalmente mortal. Esta bactéria gram negativa, é ubíqua em ambientes aquáticos não salinos e em sistemas artificiais de água, replicando-se dentro de protozários aquáticos (principalmente amebas), mas também dentro de macrófagos alveolares humanos.A virulência de L. pneumophila depende da sua capacidade de remodelar o vacuolo fagocítico, denominado “Legionella-containing vacuole” (LCV), para criar um nicho replicativo prevenindo a fusão do fagossoma com o lisossoma, evitando assim o sistema imunitário do hospedeiro. Para realizar estas tarefas, L. pneumophila efectua a translocação de numerosos efectores bacterianos para a célula hospedeira através do sistema de secreção Dot/Icm Tipo IV (T4BSS). Este sistema de secreção é responsável pela translocação um vasto número de efectores que modulam diversas atividades da célula hospedeira. Apesar do elevado número de efetores identificados, apenas alguns são considerados críticos para o crescimento intracelular da bactéria, como a proteína SdhA. Esta proteína é importante para a manutenção da integridade do LCV em macrófagos, uma vez que na sua ausência o LCV é fragmentado resultando na morte da célula hospedeira e da bactéria.Nos últimos anos o uso de Galleria mellonella como um modelo de infeção para o estudo de agentes patogénicos tem aumentado devido a existência de uma correlação entre a virulência de bactérias patogénicas em insetos e nos modelos em mamíferos. Neste inseto, a mortalidade induzida por L. pneumophila é dependente da dose e do sistema de secreção Dot/Icm T4BSS funcional. Para além disso, a utilização de G. mellonella na determinação da função e relevância de efetores do Dot/Icm T4BSS, como o SdhA, na virulência desta bactéria já foi demonstrada.O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar se o efetor SdhA translocado por Dot/Icm T4BSS e crucial para a virulência de L. pneumophila em G. mellonella, é está envolvido em diferenças de virulência em estirpes de L. pneumophila não relacionadas, isoladas de diferentes ambientes e com origens genéticas distintas, usando a larva G. mellonella como um modelo de infeção.Neste estudo verificámos que a virulência da maioria das estirpes de L. pneumophila é dependente do efetor SdhA. Para além disso, a relevância deste efector na infeção por L. pneumophila variou entre as estirpes analisadas. Assim, concluímos que o efector SdhA é responsável pelos níveis distintos de virulência observados entre estirpes de L. pneumophila isoladas de ambientes distintos e com diferentes contextos genéticos. Adicionalmente, detetámos pela primeira vez a existência de redundância funcional para SdhA na infeção em G. mellonella entre estirpes de L. pneumophila
Legionella pneumophila is the major agent of Legionnaire´s Disease (LD) a severe and occasionally fatal pneumonia. This gram negative bacteria that is ubiquitous in freshwater environments and in many man-made water systems, replicates within aquatic protozoa (mainly amoeba), but also within human alveolar macrophages.L. pneumophila virulence depends on the ability to use the phagocytic vacuole, namely Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), to create a replicative niche preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion and evade the host immune system. To accomplish these tasks L. pneumophila translocate numerous bacterial effectors into the host cell though Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System (TB4SS). This secretion system is responsible for the translocation of vast number of effectors that modulate diverse host cell functions. Despite this large number of recognized effectors only a few are considered to be critical for intracellular growth and disease, such as SdhA protein. This protein is crucial for the maintenance of LCV integrity in macrophages, since in the absence of this effector occurs the LCV disruption resulting in the death of both host cell and bacterium.An increase in use of G. mellonella as an infection model for human pathogens occurred in the last year due the existence of a large correlation between virulence of bacterial pathogens in the insect and in mammalian models. In this insect, mortality induced by this L. pneumophila is both dose and functional Dot/Icm T4BSS-depedent. Moreover, the suitability of G. mellonella to determine the role of Dot/Icm T4BSS effectors, such SdhA, in virulence of this bacterium was already demonstrated.The main objective of this study was to determine if the role of the crucial virulence-related Dot/Icm T4BSS effector SdhA induce different levels of virulence among unrelated L. pneumophila strains, isolated from different environments and with distinct genetic backgrounds, using G. mellonella larvae as an infection model.In this study the majority of L. pneumophila strains induced a sdhA-dependent larval mortality. In addition, relevant differences on the role of sdhA were observed among the studied strains. In sum, SdhA induced different levels of virulence among unrelated L. pneumophila strains in G. mellonella infection. Importantly, some degree of functional redundancy towards SdhA was detected for the first time in a L. pneumophila strain.
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Chasqueira, Maria de Jesus Fernandes. "Doença dos legionários : estudo da diversidade de isolados de legionella obtidos em Portugal, 1987-2016." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/22302.

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RESUMO: O trabalho desenvolvido dividiu-se em duas áreas do conhecimento do género Legionella: a epidemiologia e a interação bactéria-hospedeiro natural. Estudou-se a epidemiologia da Doença dos Legionários em Portugal, no período entre 1987 e 2016, analisando 205 isolados, 178 dos quais recuperados de doentes com formas graves de pneumonia e 27 de amostras ambientais. Entre os isolados clínicos, 130 foram enviados através do Programa de Vigilância Epidemiológica Integrada da Doença dos Legionários e 48 foram recuperados num hospital da área de Lisboa, com vários casos de infeção hospitalar durante 21 anos e em cuja água do sistema de distribuição foi sistematicamente isolada a bactéria. Na tipificação destes isolados, utilizaram-se duas metodologias preconizadas pelo Grupo Europeu, anticorpos monoclonais (MAbs) do Painel de Dresden e a tipificação baseada em sequências (SBT). No grupo dos isolados provenientes de casos de infeção hospitalar foram aplicados mais dois métodos, o que avalia os polimorfismos de fragmentos amplificados por PCR (AFLP) e a sequenciação total do genoma (WGS). Os resultados da tipificação mostraram que todos os isolados pertencem à espécie Legionella pneumophila e maioritariamente ao serogrupo 1, e que todos, à exceção de um, reagem com o monoclonal MAb3/1. Na tipificação baseada em sequências, identificaram-se 39 perfis diferentes, 16 dos quais são novos, isto é, nunca antes identificados. Na sequenciação total do genoma, dos 48 isolados provenientes de infeção hospitalar, foi possível agrupá-los num mesmo clone, com uma microevolução marcada essencialmente pela fixação de mutações pontuais. Entre os isolados foi possível identificar três sub-linhagens, com base no número de diferenças nucleotídicas. A caracterização feita diretamente nas amostras clínicas por uma técnica de nested PCR permitiu a identificação de alguns alelos, verificando-se que só em amostras provenientes de sobrenadantes de culturas de amibas foi detetado o perfil alélico completo. Foi ainda efetuado o estudo da relação filogenética entre os perfis alélicos identificados em Portugal e os reportados à Base de dados Europeia por outros países. A população de Legionella responsável por casos de doença em Portugal é constituída por uma mistura de perfis específicos (exclusivos de Portugal) e de perfis comuns a outros países, tendo-se verificado nesta avaliação que 34 dos perfis têm relação com, pelo menos, um perfil dos existentes na referida Base. Na segunda parte desta tese, desenvolveu-se o estudo da interação Legionella-hospedeiro natural, tendo-se utilizado a espécie Acanthamoeba castellanii. Avaliaram-se as taxas de internalização e multiplicação às 4, 14 e 22h, a sensibilidade ao sódio e ao choque osmótico com potássio, e ainda, o transcritoma da bactéria, 22 horas após o início da co-cultura. Os resultados mostraram especificidade em relação às duas estirpes utilizadas e, embora estas apresentem neste momento do seu ciclo de vida um fenótipo característico de fase transmissível, verificou-se que o padrão de expressão génica é semelhante ao evidenciado por outras estirpes, na fase replicativa, sugerindo que a Legionella na fase final do seu ciclo de multiplicação intracelular, já está a preparar a próxima fase replicativa.
ABSTRACT: The work developed was divided into two different areas of knowledge of the genus Legionella: epidemiology and natural bacterial-host interaction. The epidemiology of Legionnaires‘ disease was studied in Portugal between 1987 and 2016, analyzing 205 isolates, 178 of which recovered from patients with severe forms of disease and 27 from environmental samples. Among the clinical isolates, 130 were sent by the Program of Integrated Epidemiological Surveillance of Legionnaires' Disease and 48 were recovered in a hospital in the Lisbon area, with several cases of hospital infection for 21 years, and with systematic isolation over the years in the water of the distribution system. For typing of these isolates, two methodologies recommended by the European Group, the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of the Dresden Panel and the sequence-based typing (SBT) were used. In the group of isolates from cases of hospital infection, two other methods were applied, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The typing results showed that all isolates belong to the species Legionella pneumophila and mainly to serogroup 1, and all but one reacts with the monoclonal MAb3/1. In sequence-based typing (SBT), 39 different profiles were identified, 16 of which were new profiles, therefore never previously identified. In the whole genome sequencing, of the 48 isolates from hospital infection, it was possible to group them in the same clone, with a microevolution marked essentially by the fixation of point mutations. Among the isolates, it was possible to identify three sub-lineages, based on the number of nucleotide differences. The direct characterization on clinical samples by a nested PCR technique allowed the identification of some alleles, and it was verified that only in samples from supernatants of amoeba cultures the complete allelic profile was detected. It was also carried out the study of the phylogenetic relationship between the allelic profiles identified in Portugal and those reported to the European Database by other countries. The population of Legionella responsible for cases of disease in Portugal consists of a mixture of specific profiles (exclusive of Portugal) plus profiles common to other countries, and it was verified in this evaluation that 34 of the profiles have relation with at least one profile of the European Database. In the second part of this thesis, the study of the interaction Legionella-natural host was developed, using the species Acanthamoeba castellanii. The rates of internalization and multiplication were evaluated at 4, 14 and 22h, sensitivity to sodium, osmotic shock with potassium, and bacterial transcriptome, 22 hours after the start of co-culture. The results showed specificity in relation to the two strains used, and although they presented a transmissible phenotype, it was verified that the pattern of gene expression is similar to that evidenced by strains in the replicative phase, suggesting that Legionella at the final phase of its intracellular multiplication cycle is already preparing the next replicative phase.
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Domingues, João Pedro Antunes. "Surto de Legionella em Portugal no ano 2014 : Análise ao conhecimento da população." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/26976.

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Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2015
Enquadramento: Entre Outubro e Dezembro de 2014, ocorreu em Vila Franca de Xira, o surto de Legionella de maiores dimensões em Portugal, e um dos maiores da Europa, com 375 casos notificados e 12 óbitos declarados. A doença dos Legionários é uma doença respiratória, geralmente causada pela bactéria Legionella pneumophila e apresenta um quadro sintomático muito semelhante a uma pneumonia comum. Apesar de poder afetar qualquer pessoa, os homens, os fumadores, os imunocomprometidos e as pessoas com mais de 50 anos estão mais suscetíveis à infeção. A transmissão é feita por inalação de água contaminada pela bactéria, muitas vezes proveniente de torres de refrigeração e duches. Objetivos: Fazer uma recolha de informação e analisar o nível de conhecimento da população relativamente ao surto de doença dos legionários em Vila Franca de Xira, através de um inquérito à população. Métodos: Os artigos científicos foram obtidos na base de dados Pubmed, OMS e DGS. O inquérito foi elaborado na plataforma Google Forms, e disponibilizado online, através de fóruns e das redes sociais. Pontualmente, foram elaborados inquéritos por entrevista pessoal. Os dados foram tratados com recurso a Microsoft Excel e a Epi Info 7. Resultados: Numa tentativa de quantificar o conhecimento da população, atribuiu-se uma pontuação a cada resposta ao questionário, que resultou numa pontuação média de 67.53 num máximo de 100 pts. Globalmente, os inquiridos souberam responder às questões, apresentando alguma dificuldade em reconhecer que ser do género masculino é um fator de risco e que a tosse com expetoração não é um sintoma da doença. Conclusão: O conhecimento geral do surto é satisfatório, apresentando apenas algumas lacunas na seleção correta de todos os sintomas e fatores de risco.
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Vasconcelos, Mafalda Margarida Pereira de. "Legionelose." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/27119.

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Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2015
A Doença dos Legionários ou Legionelose é uma doença provocada pela bactéria Legionella pneumophila. A sua transmissão ocorre através da inalação de aerossóis contaminados e apresenta-se sob a forma de pneumonia contraídas na comunidade ou em ambiente hospitalar. A limpeza dos sistemas de distribuição de água e refrigeração do ar constitui a principal medida preventiva para que não ocorra a transmissão da bactéria. O tratamento é efetuado através de antibioterapia, sobretudo com azitromicina. O atraso na terapêutica aumenta consideravelmente a taxa de mortalidade associada à patologia. Atualmente, a Legionelose constitui um problema de Saúde Pública que deve ser obrigatoriamente notificado. No entanto, através do questionário efetuado verificou-se que a grande maioria dos inquiridos está equivocado sobre a forma de transmissão dos bacilos e sobre a prevenção da doença. A Farmácia pela proximidade que mantém com o utente, poderá ser, por excelência, onde deverão ser ministrados de forma objetiva, clara e concisa estes esclarecimentos que em situações de surto poderão fazer a diferença numa população.
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Book chapters on the topic "Legionella pneumophila Dot"

1

Vincent, Carr D., Kwang Cheol Jeong, Jessica Sexton, Emily Buford, and Joseph P. Vogel. "The Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System." In Legionella, 184–91. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815660.ch47.

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Isberg, Ralph R., and Matthias Machner. "Identification of Translocated Substrates of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm System without the use of Eukaryotic Host Cells." In Legionella, 167–76. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815660.ch45.

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Segal, Gil. "Evolution of Legionella pneumophila Icm/Dot Pathogenesis System." In Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens, 455–64. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815639.ch38.

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Kubori, Tomoko, and Hiroki Nagai. "Isolation of the Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System Core Complex from Legionella pneumophila." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 241–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9048-1_15.

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Zhu, Wenhan, and Zhao-Qing Luo. "Methods for Determining Protein Translocation by the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 323–32. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-161-5_19.

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Segal, Gil. "The Legionella pneumophila Two-Component Regulatory Systems that Participate in the Regulation of Icm/Dot Effectors." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 35–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/82_2013_346.

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