Journal articles: 'Legibility'

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AKUTSU, Hiromi, and Yuki KONDO. "Character legibility 2：Legibility and reading speed." Japanese Journal of Sensory Evaluation 14, no. 1-2 (2010): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9763/jjsse.14.26.

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AKUTSU, Hiromi. "Character Legibility 1 : Character Size and Legibility Evaluation." Japanese Journal of Sensory Evaluation 12, no. 2-2 (2008): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.9763/jjsse.12.94.

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Herzog, Thomas R., and Olivia L. Leverich. "Searching for Legibility." Environment and Behavior 35, no. 4 (July 2003): 459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916503035004001.

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CHAMBERS, MARLENE. "AFTER LEGIBILITY, WHAT?" Curator: The Museum Journal 36, no. 3 (September 1993): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.1993.tb00790.x.

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Abeynayake, Tharushi, Lakshika Meetiyagoda, Nayomi Kankanamge, and Palpola Kankanamge Senevirathne Mahanama. "IMAGEABILITY AND LEGIBILITY: COGNITIVE ANALYSIS AND VISIBILITY ASSESSMENT IN GALLE HERITAGE CITY." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 46, no. 2 (November 14, 2022): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2022.16177.

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The concepts of imageability and legibility are important aspects of urban design. Many scholars use the terms “imageability” and “legibility” interchangeably, usually examining one concept and applying the implications to the other. This research explores the relationship between these two concepts by answering the research questions: 1. how do people perceive the saliency of landmarks (imageability) and 2. how does the spatial configuration facilitate the visibility level of landmarks (legibility)? The Galle Heritage City in Sri Lanka is considered as the case study. The first part of the empirical study is to assess the level of imageability of urban space users by completing 100 cognitive maps and producing a composite cognitive map that indicates the structural landmarks’ salience or the level of imageability. The second part is the level of legibility of the landmarks by employing the visibility assessment process and the third part compares the two results with a concurrence matrix. The findings highlight that there is a positive relationship between people’s perception (imageability) and level of visibility (legibility). Further, imageability mostly depends on semantic properties than legibility, but legibility predominantly depends on structural properties and visual properties are almost equally important to both concepts.

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Saito, Daisuke, Keiichi Saito, and Masao Saito. "Legibility evaluation with oculomotor analysis. The relationship between contrast and legibility." Electronics and Communications in Japan 93, no. 9 (August 24, 2010): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecj.10243.

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Shi, Yuqi, Yi Zhang, Tao Wang, Chaoyang Li, and Shengqiang Yuan. "The Effects of Ambient Illumination, Color Combination, Sign Height, and Observation Angle on the Legibility of Wayfinding Signs in Metro Stations." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104133.

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Well-designed wayfinding signs play an important role in improving the service level of metro stations, ensuring the safety of passengers in evacuation, and promoting the sustainable development of public transport. This study explored the effects of ambient illumination, color combination, sign height, and observation angle on wayfinding signs’ legibility in metro stations. In the experiment, simulated metro-wayfinding signs were made to test legibility. As designed, the legibility was measured based on the following independent variables: two levels of ambient illumination (70 lux and 273 lux), two target/background color combinations (achromatic-white target on black background, chromatic-yellow target on black background), two sign heights (1.5 m and 2 m), and three observation angles (0°, 45°, 70°). The results showed that brighter ambient illumination provided passengers with higher legibility. Achromatic color combination was more legible than chromatic color combination, but not significantly. Different types of signs, set at different height, did not directly affect legibility. Observation angle had significant effects on legibility. Visibility catchment area of wayfinding signs was like an ellipse, with its short axis nearly equal to the legibility distance of the sign at 0 degrees. The findings will facilitate the layout and setting location of wayfinding signs in metro stations and improve the level of wayfinding service.

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Afghantoloee, Ali, Mir Abolfazl Mostafavi, Geoffrey Edwards, and Amin Gharebaghi. "Personalized Legibility of an Indoor Environment for People with Motor Disabilities: A New Framework." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110649.

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A mental map refers to the personalized representation of spatial knowledge in the human brain and is based on the perceptions, experiences, and interactions of people with their environment. For people with motor disabilities (PWMD) some perceptions and interactions with the environment during their mobility occur in different ways and consequently lead to different mental maps. For example, these people perceive and interact differently with elevators, escalators, and steps during their mobility. Hence, their perceptions of the level of complexity and the legibility of an environment may be different. Legibility of an environment is an indicator that measures the level of complexity and the ease of understanding of that environment by a person. In the literature, legibility is mostly estimated based on the environmental factors such as visibility, connectivity, and layout complexity for a given space. However, the role of personal factors (e.g., capacities) is rarely considered in the legibility assessment, which complicates its personalization. This paper aims at studying the influence of personal factors on the evaluation of the legibility of indoor environments for PWMD. In addition to the visibility, the connectivity, and the complexity of indoor environments, we also integrate the influence of the level of accessibility (i.e., presence of facilitators and obstacles) in the legibility assessment process. The Quebec City Convention Centre is selected as our study area and the legibility of this building is quantified. We show how the integration of the above-mentioned factors can influence the legibility for PWMD and hence their mobility performance in those environments.

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Mao, Chengyuan, Yiming Bie, Yulong Pei, and Weiwei Qi. "Research on Safety and Static-Dynamic Legibility of Distressed Pavement." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/235974.

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In order to study the impacts of distressed pavement on driving safety, the drivers’ driving behavior and driving characteristics need to be analyzed. By analyzing the drivers’ characteristics, driving behavior’ and braking characteristics of vehicles, relation between static legibility distance of the distressed pavement under different driving conditions and dynamic legibility distance during driving is revealed via statistical analysis. The relation between vehicle speeds, braking performance, and the minimum safety legibility distance is developed. The recommended static legibility distances for different speed limits are proposed, which would be useful to improve the driving safety under adverse road conditions.

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Droulers, Olivier, and Jennifer Amar. "The legibility of food package information in France: an equal challenge for young and elderly consumers?" Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 6 (July 13, 2015): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015002141.

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AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigated whether food package information is legible in a real purchase context; more specifically, it examined the level of legibility of non-mandatory, mandatory and nutritional information as well as the influence of age on legibility. This is an important issue, especially for older consumers who are usually advised to pay attention to their diet.DesignAn in-store study was conducted in a French hypermarket. Descriptive statistics were used to measure the overall level of legibility and then ANOVA tests were carried out to examine the influence of age on the legibility of information. Complementary results included the influence of level of education.SettingParticipants were asked to read information on four food packages when they were food shopping.SubjectsThe sample included 196 consumers aged 18–82 years.ResultsAn asymmetry was observed between the extremely high level of legibility of non-mandatory information and the low level of legibility of mandatory and nutritional information provided on food packages. Elderly respondents performed significantly worse than their younger counterparts. An interaction effect was found between age and level of education on the legibility of mandatory information.ConclusionsLegibility of mandatory information is clearly unsatisfactory. There appears to be a hierarchy between significant, but non-mandatory, company information and important mandatory and nutritional information. The first type of information is promoted on food packages whereas the last two are all but concealed to older and less educated consumers.

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Paniati, Jeffrey F. "Legibility and Comprehension of Traffic Sign Symbols." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 10 (October 1988): 568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786762685.

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In recent years, symbols have been used to improve the ability of traffic signs to communicate their messages. A study of traffic sign symbols was recently completed at the Federal Highway Administrations Turner-Fairbanks Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia. In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the relative legibility distance and driver comprehension for 22 symbol warning signs currently in use in the United States. The results showed that the legibility distance of symbols decreases with increasing driver age and that bold symbols of simple design provide the best legibility distance for all age groups. This study also showed that the legibility distance for symbolic signs can be equal to that of alphabetic signs or have as much as 4 times greater legibility distance depending on the message. The sign comprehension data indicated several symbols need redesign or increased driver education efforts.

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SATO, Masaaki, and Kiyohiko KAWAUCHI. "Legibility of Japanese Braille." Japanese Journal of Special Education 38, no. 2 (2000): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6033/tokkyou.38.53_2.

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MIYAZAWA, Isao. "Symbol for Urban Legibility." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 17, no. 66 (1997): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.17.66_173.

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Beswick, Raymond W. "Designing Documents for Legibility." Bulletin of the Association for Business Communication 50, no. 4 (December 1987): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108056998705000413.

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Kwok, Brian Sze-Hang. "Legibility of medicine labels." Information Design Journal 22, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 202–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.22.3.02kwo.

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This study examined three common Chinese typefaces to determine the optimal font and point size to increase the legibility of medicine labels for the elderly. Three tests were applied and the outcome shows different performance results for each one of the tests. Heiti performed better in the reading test, whereas Kaiti performed well in both the character recognition and the searching a phrase tests. Songti performed adequately in all of the tests. Kaiti’s resemblance to Chinese calligraphy significantly improved its performance. The findings indicate that increasing point size alone does not significantly improve legibility among the elderly.

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Arditi, Aries, and Jianna Cho. "Serifs and font legibility." Vision Research 45, no. 23 (November 2005): 2926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2005.06.013.

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Dearden, E. W. "Legibility in lecture theatres." Nature 370, no. 6489 (August 1994): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/370423a0.

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Bapat, Priyanka, and Abhijit Satralkar. "Relationship Between Handgrip Endurance with Handwriting Legibility Scale Among School Going Children Between Age Group of 9-16 Years: A Correlational Study." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20230322.

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INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to find the relationship between handgrip endurance and handwriting legibility among school going children between age 9-16 years. METHOD: 100 students between age group of 9-16 years were selected from various schools in and around Pune for the study using convenient sampling method. An assent form was obtained from parent of each participant and a thorough explanation about the procedure was provided to them. Static and dynamic handgrip endurance tests were carried out using the dynamometer. Handwriting samples were obtained and handwriting legibility was assessed using the handwriting legibility scale. RESULT: The co-relation coefficient (r) between Static Handgrip Endurance and Handwriting Legibility Score was -0.25 which signifies negative co-relation between them. This means as static handgrip endurance increases the HLS score decreases, i.e, more the endurance better is the handwriting. The co-relation coefficient (r) between Dynamic Handgrip Endurance and Handwriting Legibility Score was 0.68 which signifies negative co-relation between them. This means as dynamic handgrip endurance increases the HLS score decreases, i.e. more the endurance better is the handwriting. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that there is significant negative correlation between handgrip endurance and handwriting legibility score among school going children between age group of 9-16 years. We conclude that if static or dynamic handgrip endurance is less than the handwriting is poor and higher handgrip endurance denotes good handwriting. Key words: Handwriting, handgrip endurance, handwriting legibility scale

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Liu, Jen, and Phoebe Sengers. "Legibility and the Legacy of Racialized Dispossession in Digital Agriculture." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (October 13, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3479867.

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This paper examines the causes and consequences of legibility as an organizing principle in the design of digital agriculture (DA) systems in the United States. Legibility refers to systems of governance that use simplified understandings of a situation to control and direct action upon it. Legibility in digital agriculture systems occurs at the confluence of two traditions of legibility: the data-driven model common in the design of digital systems, and tactics for the control of nature and labor that have developed in the United States since the foundation of the colonies. Our argument draws from (1) a historical analysis of broader patterns of agricultural technology and racialized land dispossession in what is now the United States and (2) empirical fieldwork that examines the adoption and maintenance of digital agriculture systems in rural New York State. We describe the role that legibility historically has played in the development of agricultural systems in the US, and their consequences for who is able to farm and how. This history raises the questions: What is made legible to whom? In that process, what becomes illegible? While legibility promises transparent and environmentally beneficial control, in our fieldwork we find that the demands of legibility are also restructuring the physical landscape, creating additional invisible labor, producing systems that are brittle to real-world conditions on farms, and creating opaque systems that block people from adapting to their circumstances. In reading our fieldwork together with the historical case, we demonstrate the pressures that are shaping the stakes, subject, and objects of legibility in agricultural technology. As more data-driven systems are used for environmental contexts, the CSCW community needs to extend its ways to understand how data-driven systems impact land, labor, and resources.

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Ho, Anson, Catherine Maritan, Jeffery Sullivan, Eric Cheng, and Shi Cao. "Measuring Glance Legibility of Wearable Heads-Up Display Interfaces Using an Adaptive Staircase Procedure." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 2073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601470.

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Heads-up displays (HUDs) are growing in popularity and utility, providing novel ways to interact with environments and other individuals. HUD interfaces must allow users to quickly view information without distracting them from their primary task. We test the use of an adaptive staircase as a method to investigate the glance legibility of two Google Glass heads-up display interfaces. Glance legibility refers to an interface’s legibility when viewed in short amounts of time (also known as glance-like conditions). We measure glance legibility by the minimum presentation time required to read an interface and respond correctly to a yes-no question. The applications of this research can help inform the design and evaluation of future heads-up display interfaces under glance-like conditions.

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Manghisi, Vito Modesto, Michele Gattullo, Michele Fiorentino, Antonio Emmanuele Uva, Francescomaria Marino, Vitoantonio Bevilacqua, and Giuseppe Monno. "Predicting Text Legibility over Textured Digital Backgrounds for a Monocular Optical See-Through Display." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00285.

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Text legibility in augmented reality with optical see-through displays can be challenging due to the interaction with the texture on the background. Literature presents several approaches to predict legibility of text superimposed over a specific image, but their validation with an AR display and with images taken from the industrial domain is scarce. In this work, we propose novel indices extracted from the background images, displayed on an LCD screen, and we compare them with those proposed in literature designing a specific user test. We collected the legibility user ratings by displaying white text over 13 industrial background images to 19 subjects using an optical see-through head-worn display. We found that most of the proposed indices have a significant correlation with user ratings. The main result of this work is that some of the novel indices proposed had a better correlation than those used before in the literature to predict legibility. Our results prove that industrial AR developers can effectively predict text legibility by simply running image analysis on the background image.

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Askarizad, Reza, and Jinliao He. "Perception of Spatial Legibility and Its Association with Human Mobility Patterns: An Empirical Assessment of the Historical Districts in Rasht, Iran." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 15258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215258.

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Achieving legibility within the context of historical districts has become a controversial problem due to their widespread growth and unconventional constructions within, which has led to inconsistencies in the urban context system, and a decrease in the level of urban sociability. This paper aims to provide an empirical assessment towards facilitating the perception of spatial legibility and its association with human mobility patterns. To this end, a novel mix method was developed in order to comprehend the association between spatial legibility and human mobility patterns using Space Syntax, cognitive sketch maps, and time-lapse photography. The results revealed that there is a significant association between spatial legibility and human mobility patterns, such that the incorporation of objective and subjective factors affecting legibility, including highly integrated morphological characteristics along with the saliency of landmarks featuring historical values, can lead to increased human mobility patterns in terms of use frequency. Accordingly, this research aids urban planners and designers in recognizing how to deal with historical districts in order to foster the sociability of these areas and create a lively and socially sustainable urban environment.

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Dexter, Sara C., Daichi Hayashi, and James R. Tysome. "The ANKLe Score: An Audit of Otolaryngology Emergency Clinic Record Keeping." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, no. 3 (April 2008): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588408x261537.

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INTRODUCTION Accurate and legible medical records are essential to good quality patient care. Guidelines from The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSE) state the content required to form a complete medical record, but do not address legibility. An audit of otolaryngology emergency clinic record keeping was performed using a new scoring system. PATIENTS AND METHODS The Adjusted Note Keeping and Legibility (ANKLe) score was developed as an objective and quantitative method to assess both the content and legibility of case notes, incorporating the RCSE guidelines. Twenty consecutive otolaryngology emergency clinic case notes from each of 7 senior house officers were audited against standards for legibility and content using the ANKLe score. A proforma was introduced to improve documentation and handwriting advice was given. A further set of 140 notes (20 notes for each of the 7 doctors) was audited in the same way to provide feedback. RESULTS The introduction of a proforma and advice on handwriting significantly increased the quality of case note entries in terms of content, legibility and overall ANKLe score. CONCLUSIONS Accurate note keeping can be improved by the use of a proforma. The legibility of handwriting can be improved using simple advice. The ANKLe score is an objective assessment tool of the overall quality of medical note documentation which can be adapted for use in other specialties.

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Fogel, Yael, and Sara Rosenblum. "Anticipatory Awareness and Actual Handwriting Performance Measures among Adolescents with Deficient Executive Functions." Children 9, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9111628.

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This secondary analysis explores differences and correlations between handwriting anticipatory awareness (time estimation, expected performance, and expected difficulty) before a paragraph copying task and actual performance time and legibility among adolescents with executive function deficits (EFD) versus neurotypical adolescents. Eighty-one adolescents (10–18 years old; 41 with EFD and daily functioning difficulties as per parent reports) estimated their time, expected performance, and expected difficulty before the paragraph copying task using the Self-Awareness of Performance Questionnaire (SAP-Q). Time duration was assessed using the Computerized Penmanship Evaluation Tool (ComPET) software, and legibility was scored using the Handwriting Legibility Scale (HLS). Significant between-group differences were found in actual time duration (ComPET), HLS total score and legibility components, and three SAP-Q questions. Both groups estimated significantly more performance time than their actual performance duration. The adolescents with EFD underestimated their performance before the handwriting task. Significant correlations were found between actual performance, anticipatory awareness, and Executive Function (EF) in both groups. Their performance predictions were significantly correlated with their EF and product’s legibility. The results highlight the potential relationships between anticipatory awareness and actual handwriting performance (time duration and legibility) of adolescents with and without EFD. Further studies may analyze the benefits of focusing on both EF and anticipatory awareness for handwriting improvement among populations with EF deficits.

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Schieber, Frank, and Donald W. Kline. "Age Differences in the Legibility of Symbol Highway Signs as a Function of Luminance and Glare Level: A Preliminary Report." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 2 (October 1994): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800201.

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Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of adult aging upon the legibility of simulated symbol highway signs. Each experiment employed a different set of lighting conditions: (1) daytime luminance, (2) nighttime luminance, and (3) nighttime luminance with glare. Young (ages 18-25) and middle-aged (ages 40-55) observers demonstrated small reductions in legibility when luminance was reduced from daytime to nighttime levels. However, older (ages 65-79) observers demonstrated marked losses in legibility distance with reductions in sign luminance. The introduction of a glare source (equivalent to approaching automobile headlights at 30 m) reduced sign legibility distance for the older observers but had no deleterious effects upon their young and middle-aged counterparts. The relative magnitude of the observed age, luminance and glare effects appeared to be equivalent across all signs examined.

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Ip, Brian, Chern Beverly Brenda Lim, Satvinder Chauhan, and Douglas Black. "From knife to paper: an audit of surgical communication." Clinical Governance: An International Journal 19, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cgij-07-2013-0018.

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Purpose – The paper aims to assess the quality (content and legibility) of handwritten operation notes and the reader's interpretation of legibility by clinical seniority. Design/methodology/approach – Consecutive elective and emergency general surgical operations over a six-week period from September 2011 at one hospital were retrospectively collected. Non-retrieval of operation notes, typed notes and endoscopies were excluded. The content of each operation note was assessed against a 26-item checklist. Legibility was assessed by 4 readers (2 Foundation Doctors and 2 Registrars in General Surgery) using an original objective scoring system. Findings – A total of 404 operations were identified; 45 were excluded following review of operation notes. Operation notes were derived from 12 consultants and 11 registrars. Analysis of the content score suggested that time of procedure (1 per cent), ASA grade (1 per cent) and blood loss (5 per cent) were poorly reported. Clinical indication and post-operative instructions were documented in only 52 per cent and 66 per cent of operation notes respectively. Registrar notes had a higher content score compared with consultant notes (15.8 vs 13.5, p<0.001). Legibility scores were reported to be higher for Registrar readers, compared with Foundation Doctor readers (OR 1.95, 95 per cent CI 1.75-2.18, p<0.001). Registrar-written notes had higher legibility scores compared with consultants (OR 19.0, 95 per cent CI 11.6-31.2, p<0.001). Research limitations/implications – The quality of handwritten notes varies. Registrar-written notes are more content-rich and legible. Practical implications – Clinical seniority and specialty training may improve the interpretation of handwritten operation notes. This study adds to growing evidence supporting the widespread adoption of a computerized immediate operation note. Originality/value – An objective scoring system to assess legibility of operation notes written as freehand was used. Also, legibility according to the reader's seniority in clinical training was evaluated.

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Chrysler, Susan T., Paul J. Carlson, Brad Brimley, and Eun Sug Park. "Effects of Full Matrix Color Changeable Message Signs on Legibility and Roadway Hazard Visibility." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2617, no. 1 (January 2017): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2617-02.

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Transportation agencies are considering public–private partnerships as they struggle to fund infrastructure and operations improvements. The national Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) allows acknowledgments of private sponsors on static signs. The legibility and visibility impacts of including logos of sponsors on changeable message signs (CMSs) were examined. Thirty drivers participated in a closed-course study during daytime and nighttime conditions. Full-sized full matrix color LED signs were used to display travel time and safety reminder messages with and without sponsor acknowledgment logos. Single- and dual-phase messages were tested. The measures of effectiveness were legibility distance for target words on the signs and roadway hazard object detection distance. Legibility distances of the CMS messages were notably greater than those of retroreflective traffic signs and well above the MUTCD threshold of 30 ft/in. During the day, the median legibility index was approximately 60 ft/in. At night, the index was approximately 45 ft/in. Sponsor logos had no significant effect on the legibility distances of travel time signs. Sponsor logos had a small effect on the legibility distance of safety message signs with a blue background but not on those with a black background. The use of sponsor logos marginally affected object detection for certain object locations. The results of this study, coupled with an earlier driving simulation evaluation showing no cognitive distraction due to logos, support the use of sponsorship acknowledgment signs on CMSs. An open road evaluation is planned before statewide implementation is enabled.

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Yusuf, Muhammad Mustofa, Mohamad Amin, and Nugrahaningsih Nugrahaningsih. "Developing of instructional media-based animation video on enzyme and metabolism material in senior high school." Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia 3, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v3i3.4744.

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The research aimed to product a learning material related to animation video on enzyme and metabolism material for high school student which is validated by media and material experts, educational practition and student legibility. Research and development model is ADDIE with quantitative-qualitative data analyzing methode. Data collection was obtained from validation results by media and material experts, educational partition and student legibility. The validation results were scores and suggestion. The percentage of product from expert media validation (100%), expert material validation (89,58%), educational practition (84,61%), and student legibility (81,91%) showed valid of the criteria and feasible to use after revision.

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Schieber, Frank. "Effects of Driving Speed and Sign Reflectance on Nighttime Highway Sign Legibility Distance and Reading Time Requirements." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 22 (September 2005): 1927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504902209.

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Nighttime highway sign legibility distance was evaluated as drivers maintained speeds of 5 versus 60 MPH. Effective legibility distance fell by approximately 30% when driving at high speed (114.9 versus 81.2 m at 5 and 60 MPH, respectively; F (1,9) = 48.6, p < 0.001). This finding suggests that past research, usually conducted under static viewing conditions (i.e., less than 5 MPH), probably overestimates the distance at which drivers can effectively read signs at night. In order to evaluate the appropriateness of new minimum sign reflectance levels proposed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), legibility distance was also evaluated using 100% (new) versus 15% reflectance signs. Results indicate that nighttime legibility distance can be expected to fall by approximately 12% over the life cycle of a microprismatic retroreflective highway sign given the proposed FHWA minimum reflectance specification (104.2 versus 91.9 m for 100% and 15% reflectance, respectively; F (1,9) = 20.6, p < 0.001).

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Treadwell, James. "The Legibility of Liber Amoris." Romanticism on the Net, no. 17 (2000): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/005899ar.

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O'Day, Shannon, and Louis Tijerina. "Legibility: Back to the Basics." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 4, no. 1 (April 12, 2011): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0597.

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Austin, Lisa. "From Privacy to Social Legibility." Surveillance & Society 20, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15762.

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This paper draws upon James Scott’s Seeing Like a State (1998) to argue that privacy law currently suffers from (at least) three defects: a focus on the legibility of individuals that is too narrow, a focus on collection and subsequent use of data that comes too late, and a focus on rights and harms that ignores the need to create new social structures that can empower more local forms of collective decision-making. What this outlines in broad brushstrokes is the need to enfold privacy concerns within a broader data governance framework concerned with the fair and just terms of social legibility.

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Van Rossum, Mark. "A new test of legibility." Quaerendo 27, no. 2 (1997): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006997x00222.

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Bierkowski, Tomasz. "Legibility. Problematyka badań – wyniki – praktyka." Sztuka Edycji 5, no. 2 (May 21, 2014): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/se.2013.024.

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Saito, Daisuke, Keiichi Saito, and Masao Saito. "Legibility Evaluation with Oculomotor Analysis." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 128, no. 7 (2008): 1058–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.128.1058.

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McMonnies, Charles W., and Arthur Ho. "Letter legibility and chart equivalence." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 20, no. 2 (March 2000): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-1313.2000.00490.x.

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Chaparro, Barbara S., A. Dawn Shaikh, and Alex Chaparro. "The Legibility of Cleartype Fonts." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, no. 17 (October 2006): 1829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120605001724.

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O'Hara, Kieron. "Data, Legibility, Creativity ... and Power." IEEE Internet Computing 19, no. 2 (March 2015): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mic.2015.34.

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Bonertz, Lori. "Legibility of prescription medication labelling." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 147, no. 5 (September 2014): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163514544633.

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&NA;. "Prescription legibility REMEDIAL WRITING 101." Nursing 25, no. 9 (September 1995): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199509000-00005.

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O’Hara, Kieron. "Burkean conservatism, legibility and populism." Journal of Political Ideologies 26, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2020.1844371.

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Russell, N. "Reducing errors by increasing legibility." Western Journal of Medicine 173, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ewjm.173.3.163.

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Turk, Yelda Aydin, Beyza Sen, and Aysegul Ozyavuz. "Students Exploration on Campus Legibility." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 197 (July 2015): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.147.

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McMonnies, C. "Letter legibility and chart equivalence." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 20, no. 2 (March 15, 2000): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0275-5408(99)00047-2.

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Bigelow, Charles. "Typeface features and legibility research." Vision Research 165 (December 2019): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2019.05.003.

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Totten, Gary. "Editor’s Introduction: Questions of Legibility." MELUS 42, no. 2 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlx037.

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Philippou, Nicos. "The Legibility of Vernacular Aesthetics." Photographies 3, no. 1 (April 14, 2010): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17540760903561165.

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Benkari, Naima, and Islam Sallam. "Pedestrian Paths as an Indicator of Legibility Aspects of Omani Traditional Settlements." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032018.

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Abstract The interest for studying the Omani built heritage is not recent. However, the published research about the subject since the early 1970s, is limited in number and sporadic in topics and territories investigated. Moreover, there was no or little interest in examining this built heritage from the point of view of its urban design typologies. This paper is examining the urban form of these settlements and linking it with legibility aspects. Legibility and its influence on users of urban spaces have been significant for many theorists in urban studies. In their point of view, behaviour patterns of pedestrians are strongly influenced by legibility perception of the spatial patterns in urban spaces. The current research aims at studying the legibility aspects of traditional Omani residential settlements in an objective evaluation represented by numerical approach. Through a descriptive and analytical method, the results will link the influence of urban forms with legibility and behaviour patterns of pedestrians, which are deeply affected by the perception of body and mind. The paper explored paths’ forms influence on legibility perception of pedestrian in some of traditional settlements in Oman that have a strong urban identification. Five case studies representing traditional Omani settlements were chosen and analysed with an innovative quantitative approach capable of discovering, evaluating deficiencies, and suggesting solutions to develop local concepts for paths in any of urban settlements. The findings disclose that the contest to adopt international approaches to solve local urban spaces has created pointless, despicable, and unused spaces, while adopting local patterns, features and solutions will enhance the legible image of local urban settlements.

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Waller, Robert. "Comparing typefaces for airport signs." Information Design Journal 15, no. 1 (April 25, 2007): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.15.1.01wal.

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This study combined three research methodologies to inform the choice of a typeface for signs at London’s Heathrow Airport. The methodologies were legibility testing, qualitative consumer research, and expert review. The study showed that, contrary to a number of expert predictions, the serifed typeface performed as well as the sans serif in legibility testing. Character width was a more significant factor in legibility, with condensed sans serif performing relatively poorly. The use of multiple methodologies led to a richer basis for decision-making: the qualitative research revealed clear genre expectations among airport users for sans serif signs; the expert reviewers raised a range of additional issues of genre, culture and context.

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McTyre, John H., and W. David Frommer. "Effects of Character/Background Color Combinations on CRT Character Legibility." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 29, no. 8 (October 1985): 779–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128502900811.

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Color is frequently used to enhance computer displays. However, observations indicate that software designers may not always use color to advantage. This study indicates that legibility can be significantly reduced with inappropriate character/background color combination implementation. It also presents a technique for determining character legibility when color is used.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Legibility'

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