Journal articles on the topic 'Legge 685'

The 2013 Seddon earthquake (Mw 6.5), the 2013 Lake Grassmere earthquake (Mw 6.6), and the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake (Mw 7.8) provided an opportunity to assemble the most extensive damage database to wine storage tanks ever compiled worldwide. An overview of this damage database is presented herein based on the in-field post-earthquake damage data collected for 2058 wine storage tanks (1512 legged tanks and 546 flat-based tanks) following the 2013 earthquakes and 1401 wine storage tanks (599 legged tanks and 802 flat-based tanks) following the 2016 earthquake. Critique of the earthquake damage database revealed that in 2013, 39% and 47% of the flat-based wine tanks sustained damage to their base shells and anchors respectively, while due to resilience measures implemented following the 2013 earthquakes, in the 2016 earthquake the damage to tank base shells and tank anchors of flat-based wine tanks was reduced to 32% and 23% respectively and instead damage to tank barrels (54%) and tank cones (43%) was identified as the two most frequently occurring damage modes for this type of tank. Analysis of damage data for legged wine tanks revealed that the frame-legs of legged wine tanks sustained the greatest damage percentage among different parts of legged tanks in both the 2013 earthquakes (40%) and in the 2016 earthquake (44%). Analysis of damage data and socio-economic findings highlight the need for industry-wide standards, which may have socio-economic implications for wineries.

The etiology of Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease (LCPD) is unknown. There are many insights however from epidemiologic/demographic information. A systematic medical literature review regarding LCPD was performed. The incidence ranges from 0.4/100,000 to 29.0/100,000 children <15 years of age. There is significant variability in incidence within racial groups and is frequently higher in lower socioeconomic classes. The typical age at presentation ranges from 4 to 8 years (average 6.5 years), except for children from the Indian subcontinent (average 9.5 years). There is a mild familial component. The children demonstrate impaired growth in height, skeletal age, and birth weight. This impaired growth coincides with an age appropriate reduced somatomedin A activity and decreased levels of IGF. LCPD can be associated with abnormalities in the coagulation cascade, including an increase in factor V Leiden mutation, low levels of protein C and/or S, and decreased antithrombin activity. There is decreased turnover in type I collagen and synthesis of type III collagen, as well as reduced levels of urinary glycosaminoglycans in the active phases of the disorder. Subtle abnormalities in the opposite hip and other minor/major congenital defects are reported. Children with LCPD are active and score abnormally in certain standardized psychological tests.

Bacterial biofilms are complex biological systems that are difficult to eradicate at a medical, industrial, or environmental level. Biofilms confer bacteria protection against external factors and antimicrobial treatments. Taking into account that about 80% of human infections are caused by bacterial biofilms, the eradication of these structures is a great priority. Biofilms are resistant to old-generation antibiotics, which has led to the search for new antimicrobials from different sources, including deep oceans/seas. In this study, 675 extracts obtained from 225 cyanobacteria and microalgae species (11 phyla and 6 samples belonging to unknown group) were obtained from different culture collections: The Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Culture Collection (LEGE-CC), the Coimbra Collection of Algae (ACOI) from Portugal, and the Roscoff Culture Collection (RCC) from France. The largest number of samples was made up of the microalgae phylum Chlorophyta (270) followed by Cyanobacteria (261). To obtain a large range of new bioactive compounds, a method involving three consecutive extractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) was used. The antibiofilm activity of extracts was determined against seven different bacterial species and two Candida strains in terms of minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The highest biofilm inhibition rates (%) were achieved against Candida albicans and Enterobacter cloacae. Charophyta, Chlorophyta, and Cyanobacteria were the most effective against all microorganisms. In particular, extracts of Cercozoa phylum presented the lowest MBIC50 and MBIC90 values for all the strains except C. albicans.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah efektivitas bimbingan kelompok Teknik self-management dalam meningkatkan kebiasaan belajar terhadap prestasi belajar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket kebiasaan belajar dengan skala likert dan dokumen legger dari nilai hasil prestasi belajar yang dilakukan sebanyak 2 (Dua) kali pertemuan. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Uji-T berpasangan. Jumlah sampel penelitian 10 (Sepuluh) siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan sampling purposive. Dan perhitungan hasil yang menggunakan pre-test dan post-test one group design. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan diperoleh hasil penggunaaan bimbingan kelompok melalui layanan bimbingan kelompok dengan teknik self-management sebelum diberi treatment hasil pretest skor rata-rata kebiasaan belajar 50 setelah diberi treatment berubah menjadi 68,5 dengan peningkatan 18,5. Sedangkan untuk nilai hasil prestasi belajar sebelum diberi treatment hasil nilai rata-rata legger pretest 70,1 setelah diberi treatment berubah menjadi 76,46 dengan peningkatan 6,36. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa adanya peningkatan antara pretest dan posttest. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dan hasil uji hipotesis taraf kesalahan 5% jika t hitung < t tabel db n-1 diketahui bahwa thitung kebiasaan belajar -9,6214 dan ttabel2,262. Ini berarti thitung > ttabel maka Ho ditolak dan Ha­ diterima sehingga disimpulkanbahwa bimbingan kelompok dengan menggunakan teknik self-management efektif meningkatkan kebiasaan belajar terhadap prestasi belajar siswa kelas IX-B MTs Muslimat NU Palangka Raya.

Background:The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Frailty Index (SLICC-FI) has been developed as a predictor of outcomes in SLE patients1-3. However, it needs to be validated in several populations.Objectives:To evaluate the SLICC-FI as a predictor of future damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.Methods:Patients from a single-center prevalent cohort were included. Damage accrual was defined as the increase in SLICC/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) damage index (SDI) scores between the baseline and last visits. The SLICC-FI was measured at baseline. Univariable and multivariable negative binomial regression were performed to determine the association between the baseline SLICC-FI (per 0.05 increase) and damage accrual during follow-up, adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis, socioeconomic status, disease duration, SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K), SDI, prednisone daily dose, antimalarial and immunosuppressive drug use at baseline, and duration of follow-up.Results:Of the 265 patients included, 248 (93.6%) were female with mean (SD) age 35.1 (13.6) years at diagnosis. At baseline, mean (SD) SLE disease duration was 7.3 (6.5) years, SDI was 1.1 (1.3) and SLEDAI-2K was 5.3 (4.6). The mean (SD) baseline SLICC-FI was 0.22 (0.05). After a mean (SD) of 5.2 (2.2) years of follow-up, the SDI increased in 126 (47.5%) patients, and the final mean (SD) SDI score was 1.7 (1.7). Higher SLICC-FI scores at baseline predicted greater damage accrual in the univariable analysis [Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR)=1.283, (CI95% 1.072-1.536); p=0.007]. The SLICC-FI remained associated with damage accrual in the multivariable model, after adjustment for possible confounders [IRR= 1.224 (CI95% 1.007-1.488); p=0.042].Conclusion:The SLICC-FI predicts damage accrual in prevalent SLE, supporting the relevance of this index in the evaluation of SLE patients. This is the first study validating the SLICC-FI in South American populationReferences:[1]Legge A, Kirkland S, Rockwood K, et al. Construction of a Frailty Index as a Novel Health Measure in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2020; 47: 72-81[2]Legge A, Kirkland S, Rockwood K, et al. Evaluating the Properties of a Frailty Index and Its Association With Mortality Risk Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019; 71: 1297-107[3]Legge A, Kirkland S, Rockwood K, et al. Prediction of Damage Accrual in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Frailty Index (SLICC-FI). Arthitis Rheumatol. Epub ahead of print 2019 Oct 21.Disclosure of Interests:Manuel F. Ugarte-Gil Grant/research support from: Jannsen, Pfizer, Rocío Violeta Gamboa Cárdenas Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Cristina Reategui Sokolova: None declared, Victor Pimentel-Quiroz: None declared, Mariela Medina Chinchon: None declared, Claudia Elera-Fitzcarrald Consultant of: Tecnofarma, Jose Alfaro Lozano Speakers bureau: Lilly, Zoila Rodriguez Bellido: None declared, Cesar Pastor Asurza: None declared, Risto Perich Campos Consultant of: Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Pfizer, Graciela S Alarcon: None declared

Fifteen years ago, at least one multimated female yellow-legged Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836) arrived in France, which gave rise to a pan-European invasion. In this study, the isolation and characterization of chitin (CHI) that was obtained from Vespa velutina (CHIVV) is described. In addition, an easy procedure is carried out to capture the raw insect, selectively and with high rates of success. The chitin contents of dry VV was observed to be 11.7%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state NMR (ssNMR), elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) characterized the physicochemical properties of CHIVV. The obtained CHIVV is close to pure (43.47% C, 6.94% H, and 6.85% N), and full acetylated with a value of 95.44%. Additionally, lifetime and kinetic parameters such as activation E and the frequency factor A using model-free and model-fitting methods, were determined. For CHIVV the solid state mechanism that follows the thermodegradation is of type F2 (random nucleation around two nuclei). The invasive Asian hornet is a promising alternative source of CHI, based on certain factors, such as the current and probable continued abundance of the quantity and quality of the product obtained.

We hypothesized that reducing arterial O2 content ([Formula: see text]) by lowering the hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) would result in a higher blood flow, as observed with a low [Formula: see text], and maintenance of O2 delivery. Seven young healthy men were studied twice, at rest and during two-legged submaximal and peak dynamic knee extensor exercise in a control condition (mean control [Hb] 144 g/l) and after 1–1.5 liters of whole blood had been withdrawn and replaced with albumin {mean drop in [Hb] 29 g/l (range 19–38 g/l); low [Hb]}. Limb blood flow (LBF) was higher ( P < 0.01) with low [Hb] during submaximal exercise (i.e., at 30 W, LBF was 2.5 ± 0.1 and 3.0 ± 0.1 l/min for control [Hb] and low [Hb], respectively; P < 0.01), resulting in a maintained O2 delivery and O2 uptake for a given workload. However, at peak exercise, LBF was unaltered (6.5 ± 0.4 and 6.6 ± 0.6 l/min for control [Hb] and low [Hb], respectively), which resulted in an 18% reduction in O2 delivery ( P < 0.01). This occurred despite peak cardiac output in neither condition reaching >75% of maximal cardiac output (∼26 l/min). It is concluded that a low CaO2 induces an elevation in submaximal muscle blood flow and that O2 delivery to contracting muscles is tightly regulated.

Background: The relationship between physical therapy (PT) visit utilization and performance during single-legged hop testing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in young patients is unclear. Purpose: To examine the effect of PT utilization on hop testing performance in pediatric and adolescent patients after ACLR. Methods: A retrospective review of patients who underwent primary ACLR between 2013 and 2019 at 5 institutions was conducted. All patients followed a structured rehabilitation protocol as directed by the treating institution and completed a return to sport (RTS) test which included single-legged hop testing. PT frequency was assessed both overall and by time period (first 6 weeks, week 7-month 3, 3-6 months, and 6-12 months). PT visits were recorded up until the time of hop testing. To account for variability, the average number of visits attended per week during the observed time was calculated for each patient. The effect of PT visit rate on the odds of passing a hop test was assessed using multivariable logistic regression controlling for time to test, age, sex, and insurance status. Passing was defined as achieving a limb symmetry index (LSI) ≥ 90% on all available tests (single hop, triple hop, crossover hop, and timed hop, if performed), as well as passing just the single hop test. The primary predictor of interest included the average rate of PT visits at the time of hop test (≥1 visit per week vs. <1 visit per week). Results: 289 patients were identified (mean age, 15.7 ± 1.9 years). The mean time from surgery to the first PT visit was 0.36 ± 0.24 months. RTS testing was performed at a mean of 8.0 ± 1.9 months. Patients averaged 0.98 ± 0.38 visits per week until the RTS test. Mean LSIs for the single hop, triple hop, crossover hop, and timed hop were 96.3 ± 8.2, 97.1 ± 6.5, 98.5 ± 7.8, and 98.2 ± 7.4, respectively. 68.9% of patients passed all performed test; 85.5% passed the single hop test. The weekly rate of PT visits had no statistically significant effect on the odds of passing all performed hop tests (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.56-1.71) or the single hop test (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.51-2.18). Furthermore, the distribution of PT visits did not affect hop testing performance (Table 1). Conclusion: The rate and distribution of PT visit utilization was not associated with hop testing performance in pediatric and adolescent patients after ACLR. [Table: see text]

Synechocystis salina is a cyanobacterium that has biotechnological potential thanks to its ability to synthesize several bioactive compounds of interest. Therefore, this study aimed to find optimal conditions, in terms of temperature (15–25 °C), pH (6.5–9.5), and NaCl concentration (10–40 g·L−1), using as objective functions the productivities of biomass, total carotenoids, total PBPs, phycocyanin (PC), allophycocyanin (APC), phycoerythrin (PE), and antioxidants (AOXs) capacity of Synechocystis salina (S. salina) strain LEGE 06155, based in factorial design resorting to Box-Behnken. The model predicted higher biomass productivities under a temperature of 25 °C, a pH of 7.5, and low NaCl concentrations (10 g·L−1). Maximum productivities in terms of bioactive compounds were attained at lower NaCl concentrations (10 g·L−1) (except for PE), with the best temperature and pH in terms of carotenoids and total and individual PBPs ranging from 23–25 °C to 7.5–9.5, respectively. PE was the only pigment for which the best productivity was reached at a lower temperature (15 °C) and pH (6.5) and a higher concentration of NaCl (≈25 g·L−1). AOX productivities, determined in both ethanolic and aqueous extracts, were positively influenced by lower temperatures (15–19 °C) and higher salinities (≈15–25 g·L−1). However, ethanolic AOXs were better recovered at a higher pH (pH ≈ 9.5), while aqueous AOXs were favored by a pH of 8. The model showed that biomass production can be enhanced by 175% (compared to non-optimized conditions), total carotenoids by 91%, PC by 13%, APC by 50%, PE by 130%, and total PBPs by 39%; for AOX productivities, only water extracts exhibited a (marginal) improvement of 1.4%. This study provided insightful information for the eventual upgrading of Synechocystis salina biomass in the biotechnological market.

Objective Our aim is to determine the strong predictors of the onset of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) decline in community-dwelling older people. Design A prospective cohort study with a two-year follow-up. Setting Kashiwa City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan and Toshima Ward, Tokyo Metropolitan, Japan. Participants The data were acquired from two cohorts. The final sample comprised 1,523 community-dwelling older people aged 65–94 years (681 men, 842 women). They were individuals who were independent in IADL at baseline and participated in follow-up IADL assessments two years later. Measurements At baseline, comprehensive assessments were performed including: health interview, gait function, hand-grip strength, skeletal muscle mass, balance function, oral function, dietary lifestyle, cognitive function, quality of life, mental status, and social network. When the two-year follow-up was performed, IADL declines were observed in 53 out of 1,523 people. The association of each Z-transformed parameter with the occurrence of IADL decline was examined by employing a binominal logistic regression model adjusting for age, gender, body weight, body height, and medical history. An odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval were calculated and compared between different parameters. Results A decrease in walking speed and one-legged stance time, whereas an increased timed up & go test time was associated with significant ORs for the occurrence of IADL decline. Conclusion Gait-related parameters appear to be the strong predictors of the onset of IADL decline in community-dwelling older people.

Background: Sufficient cardiorespiratory fitness has been regarded a prerequisite for prosthetic walking. In order to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, adequate strain ought to be placed on the system during training. Objectives: To determine cardiorespiratory fitness at the start and end of inpatient rehabilitation after lower limb amputation and determine the physical strain experienced during conventional prosthetic rehabilitation. Study design: Multicenter prospective cohort study. Methods: Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a peak one-legged cycle exercise test. Physical strain was assessed during a minimum of three full rehabilitation days using heart rate recordings. Physical strain was expressed in the time per day that heart rate exceeded 40% of heart rate reserve. Results: At the start of rehabilitation, peak aerobic capacity was on average 16.9 (SD, 6.5) mL/kg/min ( n = 33). Overall, peak aerobic capacity did not improve over the course of rehabilitation ( n = 23, p = 0.464). Fifty percent of the patients experienced a physical strain level that satisfies minimum criteria for maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness (>40% heart rate reserve for 30 min/day). Conclusion: Cardiorespiratory fitness was low and did not increase during conventional prosthetic rehabilitation. On average, the physical strain during rehabilitation was insufficient to elicit potential improvements in aerobic capacity. Results stress the need for dedicated physical training modules at the individual level. Clinical relevance This study shows that clinicians ought to be aware of the relatively low cardiorespiratory fitness of people who have undergone lower limb amputation and that improvements during rehabilitation are not always obtained. Results stress the need for physical training modules in which intensity is imposed at the individual level.

Background:Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton comprising two subtypes within the same spectrum: radiographic (r-axSpA) and non-radiographic (nr-axSpA). Previous studies have shown that clinical presentation and treatment response of males and females may differ1 despite similar disease burden.2 Ixekizumab (IXE), a high-affinity monoclonal antibody that selectively targets interleukin-17A, has demonstrated superior efficacy to placebo in the treatment of patients with r-axSpA (COAST-V/W [bDMARD- naïve/TNFi-experienced]) and nr-axSpA (COAST-X [bDMARD-naïve]).3Objectives:Assess baseline characteristics and treatment response to IXE categorised by sex in patients with r-axSpA and nr-axSpA for up to 52 weeks.Methods:Patients fulfilled the ASAS classification criteria for r-axSpA or nr-axSpA. Patients were randomized to receive 80 mg subcutaneous IXE every 2 weeks (Q2W) or 4 weeks (Q4W), or to placebo (PBO) [16 weeks COAST-V/W; 52 weeks COAST-X]. Baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes were assessed. Patients were categorised by sex, missing data was controlled for using non-responder imputation (NRI) and modified baseline observation carried forward (mBOCF) analysis was conducted on continuous efficacy variables.Results:At baseline, females were older, with significantly higher pain and fatigue scores and peripheral joint symptoms (table 1). ASAS40 response rate with IXEQ4W was achieved in 39% of males with r-axSpA by week 16, and 44% by week 52. Females achieved 16.7% at week 16, and 33.3% at week 52. In nr-axSpA, 46% of IXEQ4W males achieved ASAS40 at week 16 and 30% at week 52. 23.9% of females achieved ASAS40 at week 16, increasing to 30.4% at week 52.Table 1.Baseline Characteristics of Patients Categorised by SexPatients with r-axSpA(COAST-V/W)(n=376)Patients with nr-axSpA(COAST-X)(n=198)CharacteristicMale (n=298)Female (n=78)p valueMale (n=99)Female (n=99)p valueAge at onset (yrs), mean (SD)26.5 (8.7)30.1 (10.1)0.002*27.9 (7.7)32.0 (10.7)0.002*Symptom duration (yrs), mean (SD)16.7 (10.5)17.8 (12.2)0.4209.5 (9.2)12.3 (11.3)0.057ASDAS, mean (SD)4.0 (0.8)3.9 (0.7)0.3043.7 (0.8)3.9 (0.8)0.143BASDAI, mean (SD)7.10 (1.4)7.4 (1.5)0.1796.9 (1.4)7.4 1.4)0.013*Fatigue/tiredness (BASDAI Q1), mean (SD)7.4 (1.6)7.8 (1.5)0.036*7.0 (1.6)7.9 (1.5)<0.001*Spinal pain (BASDAI Q2), mean (SD)7.9 (1.5)8.0 (1.5)0.6827.5 (1.4)7.9 (1.5)0.029*Pain/swelling in other joints (BASDAI Q3), mean (SD)6.5 (2.1)6.9 (2.2)0.1296.6 (2.3)7.2 (1.9)0.039*Tenderness to touch/pressure (BASDAI Q4), mean (SD)6.8 (1.8)7.0 (1.9)0.3396.6 (1.9)6.8 (1.8)0.404Morning stiffness (BASDAI Q5), mean (SD)7.5 (1.6)7.7 (1.8)0.5047.3 (1.7)7.7 (1.9)0.137Morning stiffness duration (BASDAI Q6), mean (SD)6.5 (2.3)6.5 (2.8)0.9446.3 (2.3)6.6 (2.5)0.392Spinal pain at night NRS, mean (SD)7.4 (1.5)7.8 (1.7)0.033*7.0 (1.8)7.6 (1.8)0.027*BASFI, mean (SD)6.8 (1.8)7.0 (2.0)0.4666.2 (1.8)6.7 (2.1)0.108SF-36 PCS, mean (SD)30.9 (8.3)28.9 (8.2)0.07533.1 (7.7)32.1 (7.2)0.348p-value from Fisher’s exact test analysis of variance (ANOVA) with sex as a factor for continuous data. Data includes pooled IXEQ2W and IXEQ4W.Conclusion:This analysis demonstrates that for the axSpA disease spectrum, females present with higher disease burden as reflected by higher scores in fatigue/tiredness, and spinal pain at night. Our findings indicate that males and females respond to IXE; however, females experience this benefit later in their treatment course, with a more prolonged attainment of peak response.References:[1]van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:1550-1558.[2]Zhao SS, et al. Rheumatology. 2019;58:2025-2030.[3]Deodhar A, et al. Lancet. 2020;395:53-64.Figure 1.COAST-V/W ASAS40 (ITT, NRI) Patients initially randomized to PBO in COAST-V/W switched to IXEQ2W or Q4W at week 16 by study design; PBO data are summarised up to week 16.Acknowledgements:Writing support was provided by Dr Geraldine Fahy, an employee of Eli Lilly and CompanyDisclosure of Interests:Irene van der Horst-Bruinsma Speakers bureau: BMS, AbbVie, Pfizer, UCB, MSD, Consultant of: Abbvie, UCB, MSD, Lilly, Novartis, Grant/research support from: MSD, Pfizer, AbbVie, Rebecca Bolce Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, Theresa Hunter Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, David Sandoval Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, Danting Zhu Employee of: Eli Lilly, Vladimir J. Geneus Employee of: Eli Lilly, Jeffrey Lisse Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, Soyi Liu Leage Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, Marina Magrey Consultant of: Novartis, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Abbvie, UCB and Jansen, Grant/research support from: Amgen, AbbVie, and UCB Pharma

The article proves that one of the conditions for achieving the putpose of the physical education teacher professional competencies formation is the activity whuvh develops ythe idea of health introduving health-preserving technologies into the educational process. In the modern realities, the training of the future physical education teachers is gradually transferring fromeducational and disciplinary to person-centered form of learning. This helps to create the preconditions for pedagogical creativity of future teachers and to increase their competitiveness in future professional activities. The most effective means of forming professionalism is education, and high professionalism is the key to succeedin socially significant activities. Pedagogical skills are based on the high professional level of the teacher, one’s behavior norms and pedagogical experience, and the necessary conditions for pedagogical skills are the teacher’s humanistic position and professionally significant personal qualities.The aimof the arficle is to substantiate the expediency of the students’ professional competencies formation applying health-preserving learning technologies. The study of the students’ basic knowledge of the compulsory educational component showed the difference between their self-assessmemt and teacher's evaluation. The results analysis shows that out of 46 students, 8.7 % of the students received a high level of knowledge, 39.1 % - medium, 32.6% - low, and 19.6 % - poor. Only 15.2 % ofstudents know the methodology of conducting a physical education class at school atthehigh methodological level, 52.3 % have an average level of proficiency, 30.3 % have a low level of proficiency, and 2.2 % dono tha vesufficient know ledge and skills. It has been proved that not all the students are familiar with modern physical culture and health-improving technologies, as indicated by 6.5 of students and 17.4 % of teachers. Among the surveyed respondents, 17.3 % have high professional competencies, 50.0 % have professional competencies developed at the middle level, 28.3 % - at the low level, and only 4.4 % have not mastered the professional competencies of a physical education teacher. In general, 95.6 % of students are ready to work as a physical education teacher at school. The results of the experimental works howed the positive dynamics of the formation of professional competence (at the meddle an dhigh levels) throughtheuse of health-preserving learningte chnologies.

<p style="text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pl-PL" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Przeszłość zwykło się oceniać w różny sposób. Zwycięzcy zazwyczaj wskazują pozytywne strony zdarzeń, a przegrani z reguły skupiają się na ich negatywnych aspektach. XX-wieczne traktaty pokojowe niosły za sobą ogromne zmiany terytorialne. W czasach scentralizowanych państw narodowych uzyskanie obywatelstwa innego państwa oznacza bardziej znaczące zmiany w życiu ludzi, niż miało to miejsce kiedykolwiek wcześniej.</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Traktaty pokojowe kończące I wojnę światową na nowo nakreśliły mapę Europy Środkowej. Doprowadziły do powstania nowych państw, które nie istniały nigdy wcześniej. W tym burzliwym okresie Węgry poniosły największe straty. Terytorium państwa uległo zmniejszeniu z 282 870 km² do 92 952 km², z czego Czechosłowacja pozyskała 61 646 km². Liczba mieszkańców spadła z 18 264 533 do 7 615 117, przy czym na terytorium Czechosłowacji przeszło 3 517 568 osób (wliczając w to 1 066 685 Węgrów). Historyczne Górne Węgry (węg. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Felvidék)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"> zostały przemianowane na Słowację i stały się częścią Czechosłowacji. Proces pokojowy przypominał stan wojny, bo nawet po wprowadzeniu zawieszenia broni doszło do wybuchu walk między Węgierską Republiką Rad a Legionem Czechosłowackim</span></span></span><span lang="pl-PL">(</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Československé legie)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Powyższe wydarzenia są oceniane w zupełnie odmienny sposób przez historyków węgierskich i słowackich. Podczas gdy strona węgierska skupia się głównie na poniesionych stratach, wskazywaniu sprzeczności w czechosłowackiej argumentacji praktykowanej w dyplomacji, jak i niepoprawnej interpretacji faktów, historycy słowaccy robią to samo, tyle że z ich perspektywy: oskarżają węgierską politykę w sprawie mniejszości narodowych, negującą prawdziwość danych ze spisów mniejszości narodowych, jak również krytykują węgierskie wysiłki zmierzające do utrzymania granic</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><em>status quo</em></span></span></span><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">ante</span></em></span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">. Zasadniczym celem ich historiografii jest uzasadnienie czeskich działań politycznych w czasie powstawania Czechosłowacji w (do niedawna) aktualnych granicach.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pl-PL" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">W artykule podjęto próbę przedstawienia współczesnych poglądów na traktat pokojowy w Trianon, wyrażanych przez słowackich historyków w ostatnio opublikowanych syntezach. Starałem się podsumować główne poglądy prezentowane zarówno przez poszczególnych historyków akademickich, których opinie są szeroko akceptowane, jak i badaczy o nastawieniu „nacjonalistycznym”. Publikacja w pierwszej kolejności dotyczy poglądów historiografii słowackiej. Węgierski punkt widzenia został streszczony w ostatniej części artykułu.</span></span></p>

Background: Although the cause of rotational instability after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is multifactorial, the rationale of adding an extra-articular procedure is based on its ability to restrict rotational instability. Purpose: To assess the effect of anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction on revision ACLR. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 87 patients who underwent revision ACLR between March 2011 and July 2014 with a follow-up of more than 3 years were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into the isolated revision ACLR group (group I, n = 45, from March 2011 to January 2013) or the revision ACLR in combination with ALL reconstruction group (group C, n = 42, from February 2013 to July 2014). Subjective knee assessments including the subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) form, Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, and Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale were used. Clinical and functional tests were performed before surgery and at ≥6 months after surgery. All tests were usually completed at 36 months of follow-up. Results: The mean follow-up duration for groups I and C were 41.5 ± 8.2 and 38.2 ± 6.9 months, respectively ( P = .451). The subjective IKDC score, Tegner score, and ACL-RSI score were significantly better in group C compared with those in group I at the last follow-up (84.3 ± 18.5 vs 75.9 ± 19.2, 7.0 ± 0.8 vs 6.3 ± 0.7, and 69.5 ± 25.4 vs 51.9 ± 23.1, respectively), although they were not significantly different between the 2 groups at 12 months after surgery (79.2 ± 18.8 vs 76.7 ± 17.2, 6.7 ± 0.7 vs 6.5 ± 0.9, and 50.2 ± 24.6 vs 49.9 ± 25.1, respectively). There were no significant differences in KT-2000 arthrometer, isokinetic extensor strength, single-legged hop for distance, co-contraction test, or carioca test results between the 2 groups at the last follow-up ( P = .304, .068, .125, .056, and .066, respectively). Preoperatively, 43 (95.6%) patients in group I and 40 (95.2%) patients in group C had a grade 2 or 3 pivot shift ( P = .387). Postoperatively, 23 (53.5%) patients in group I and 38 (90.5%) patients in group C had a negative pivot shift ( P < .001). Group C showed a higher rate of return to the same level of sports activity than group I (57.1% vs 25.6%, respectively; P = .008), although there was no significant difference in the rate of return to any sports activity at the last follow-up (88.4% in group I vs 88.1% in group C; P = .713). Conclusion: Revision ACLR in combination with ALL reconstruction significantly reduced rotational laxity and showed a higher rate of return to the same level of sports activity than revision ACLR alone, although there were no significant differences in anterior laxity or functional test results between the 2 groups.

BackgroundIxekizumab (IXE), a monoclonal antibody that selectively targets interleukin IL-17A, has shown efficacy in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA). Spinal pain, in particular spinal pain at night (SP-N), is a major contributor to the patient burden of r-axSpA.ObjectivesTo assess SP-N improvement in patients up to week (W) 52 and to determine the association of SP-N improvement in patients treated with IXE with other patient-reported outcomes (PROs) at W16 and with reaching ASDAS LDA at W52.MethodsThe Phase III COAST-V (NCT02696785) trial investigated the efficacy of IXE in 341 patients with r-axSpA and were biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (bDMARD)-naïve. Patients were randomised to IXE every 2W (IXEQ2W), IXE every 4W (IXEQ4W), adalimumab (ADA) or placebo (PBO) up to W16. Only approved dose IXEQ4W data are presented here. SP-N was measured at each visit using a numeric rating scale (NRS) (0-10). A clinically relevant improvement in SP-N was defined as >2 point improvement from baseline. Differences in baseline variables between those achieving versus not achieving >2 improvement in SP-N were tested using Fisher’s exact test (binary variables) and analysis of variance (ANOVA; continuous variables). Associations of SP-N improvement with PROs (BASFI, Fatigue Severity NRS, Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (JSEQ), SF-36 PCS) at W16, and ASDAS LDA at W52 were tested using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA; continuous variables) and logistic regression (binary variables). Missing values were imputed using non-responder imputation, and modified baseline observation carried forward.ResultsA greater proportion of patients achieved >2 improvement in SP-N with IXE treatment compared to PBO at W16 (63.0% vs. 32.2%, p <0.001) and improvement was sustained up to W52 (Figure 1). Of the 81 patients originally randomised to IXE, those achieving >2 improvement in SP-N (63%) at W16 were younger, more frequently positive for HLA-B27 and had higher disease activity at baseline compared to those that did not achieve >2 improvement (Table 1). Achieving >2 improvement in SP-N was associated with improvement in PROs including BASFI, Fatigue Severity, JSEQ and SF-36 PCS at W16 and with achieving ASDAS<2.1 at W52 compared to those not achieving >2 improvement in SP-N (Table 1).Table 1.Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and PROs of IXE treated patients achieving vs. not achieving >2 improvement in SP-N at W16.Achieved >2 Improvement in SP-N at W16Yes (n=51)No (n=30)Baseline CharacteristicsAge, yrs38.6 (11.4)*44.9 (12.4)Positive for HLA-B27, n (%)50.0 (98.0)*25.0 (83.3)CRP (mg/L)14.9 (14.9)*7.6 (8.4)ASDAS3.9 (0.8)*3.5 (0.6)Spinal Pain at Night7.4 (1.3)*6.4 (1.4)PROsBaselineW16 CFBBaselineW16 CFBBASFI6.1 (1.9)-3.4 (2.2)***6.0 (1.6)-0.7 (1.5)Fatigue Severity NRS6.9 (1.7)-3.5 (2.6)***6.3 (1.6)-0.7 (2.0)JSEQ7.1 (5.4)-3.2 (4.2)***7.2 (5.2)-0.1 (2.7)SF-36 PCS32.8 (7.7)10.9 (7.7)***36.1 (6.7)2.0 (6.5)ASDAS <2.1 at W52 Response, n (%)34 (66.7)**9 (33.3)Values represent mean (SD) unless otherwise stated. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 versus those not achieving >2 improvement in SP-N.HLA-B27; Human Leukocyte antigen-B27, CRP; C-reactive protein, ASDAS; Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score, CFB; change from baseline, BASFI; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, NRS; Numeric Rating Score, JSEQ; Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, SF-36 PCS; Short-Form 36 physical component score.Figure 1.Patients achieving meaningful spinal pain at night improvement through W52.ConclusionIXE improved SP-N for patients with r-axSpA not previously treated with bDMARDs. Improvements in SP-N were associated with improvements in disease activity, function, fatigue and quality of life.Disclosure of InterestsSofia Ramiro Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Novartis, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Galapagos, Pfizer, Novartis, UCB, Cédric Lukas Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Novartis, Pfizer, Galapagos, Consultant of: AbbVie, BMS, Chugai, Roche, Eli Lilly and Cmpany, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Amgen, Grant/research support from: Roche, Pfizer, Novartis, Eli Lilly and Company, Michael J. Nissen Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Novartis, Consultant of: AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Yves Schymura Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Khai Ng Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Andrew Bradley Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Gabriel Doridot Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Soyi Liu Leage Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Antoni Chan Speakers bureau: Novartis, AbbVie, Amgen, UCB, Janssen, Celgene, Biogen, Consultant of: Novartis, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Amgen, UCB, AbbVie, James Cheng-Chung Wei Consultant of: tsh biopharma, Abbvie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Eisai, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB pharma, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB pharma

Background:Ixekizumab (IXE), an IL-17A antagonist, is effective in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (rad-axSpA). Assessment in SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) 40 response – the primary study endpoint – was achieved at week (wk) 16 by 48% of those treated with 80mg subcutaneous IXE every 4 wks (Q4W) in the phase 3 COAST V trial (NCT 02696785) 1. Until now, no information has been available on the efficacy of IXE on the components of ASAS40 composite endpoint.Objectives:To describe which individual components of ASAS40 drive achievement of efficacy response.Methods:This exploratory post-hoc analysis was based on COAST V data. Patients enrolled in COAST V met ASAS criteria for rad-axSpA and were biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD)-naïve. Patients were assigned 1:1:1:1 to subcutaneous placebo (PBO), IXE Q4W, IXE Q2W or 40 mg adalimumab (ADA). Only data for approved doses are shown.To reach ASAS40 response, patients must have an improvement of at least 40% and at least 2 units for at least 3 of 4 individual components which define response (patient global assessment of disease activity, spinal pain, inflammation (defined as the mean of Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) questions 5 and 6), and function (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index - BASFI)), without worsening in the remaining component. We describe the percentage of patients who achieved this change, had an insufficient response, or deteriorated in each component out to wk 16 for IXE Q4W, ADA and PBO. The time course of the change from baseline in individual components of the ASAS response is depicted descriptively per treatment arm by use of the mean and standard deviation. Observed data have been utilised.Results:IXE Q4W response at 16 wks was driven by all 4 individual components of the ASAS40 with the largest improvements for patients treated with IXE Q4W seen in inflammation and spinal pain (Figure 1).At wk 16, at least 50% of all patients treated with IXE Q4W achieved response on spinal pain (60.3%), inflammation (60.3%) and patient global assessment (50%), with 43.6% of patients meeting the response criteria for function (Table 1). The corresponding results for ADA were 43.2%, 47.7% 39.8%, and 35.2%.Conclusion:Our findings show that meeting ASAS40 response criterion for an individual component at 16 wks by patients treated with IXE Q4W was broadly similar between individual components. However, a clinically relevant improvement was more frequently observed for the spinal pain and inflammation components.References:[1]Dougados, M., et al. (2020). Ann Rheum Dis79(2): 176-185.Table 1.Observed changes from baseline (CFB), percentage improvements and response status of patients enrolled in COAST V trial at wk 16MeasureObserved CFB(SD)Observed % improvement (SD)Improvement >=40% and >=2 unitsn (%)Insufficient responsen (%)Deterioratedn (%)IXE Q4W (N=78) Patient global assessment-2.6 (2.9)32.3 (51.1)39 (50.0)30 (38.5)9 (11.5) Spinal pain-3.3 (2.7)43.4 (34.4)47 (60.3)27 (34.6) 4 (5.1) Inflammation*-3.2 (2.5)46.8 (32.8)47 (60.3)25 (32.0)6 (7.7) Function-2.5 (2.3)39.6 (31.0)34 (43.6)37 (47.4)7 (9.0)ADA (N=88) Patient global assessment-2.6 (2.4)35.2 (33.4)35 (39.8)48 (54.5)5 (5.7) Spinal pain-2.6 (2.4)36.8 (34.7)38 (43.2)44 (50.0)6 (6.8) Inflammation*-2.6 (2.4)38.4 (36.9)42 (47.7)37 (42.0)9 (10.2)Function-2.1 (2.2)35.2 (34.3)31 (35.2)48 (54.6)9 (10.2)PBO (N=86) Patient global assessment-1.5 (2.0)18.0 (37.9)21 (24.4)54(62.8)11(12.8) Spinal pain-1.9 (1.9)25.8 (26.7)23 (26.8)55(64.0)8(9.3) Inflammation*-1.4 (1.9)20.9 (33.9)19 (22.1)53 (61.6)14 (16.3) Function-1.3 (1.8)19.1 (31.6)16 (18.6)51 (59.3)19 (22.1)*Inflammation is the mean of BASDAI 5 (Morning stiffness severity) and BASDAI 6 (Morning stiffness duration)Mean baseline values for PBO, ADA and IXE Q4W respectively: Patient global assessment (7.1, 7.1, 6.9), spinal pain (7.4, 7.0, 7.2), inflammation (Q5/6) (6.7, 6.6, 6.5), function (6.3, 6.1, 6.1)Acknowledgements:Alan Ó Céilleachair, an employee of Eli Lilly and Company, provided editorial and writing support.Disclosure of Interests:Denis Poddubnyy Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Biocad, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung Bioepis, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer, Suzan Attar: None declared., Michael J. Nissen Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Novartis and Pfizer., Consultant of: AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Novartis and Pfizer., Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Erica Filippi Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Hagen Russ Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Alper Erdogan Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Yves Schymura Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Soyi Liu Leage Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Eduardo Collantes Estevez Speakers bureau: Novartis, Janssen, Eli Lilly and Company, AbbVie, Paid instructor for: Novartis, Grant/research support from: Eli Lilly and Company, francesco ciccia Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Celgene, UCB, Pfizer, MSD, Amgen, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis, Sobi, Roche, BMS, Paid instructor for: Novartis, UCB, Pfizer, Consultant of: Novartis, UCB, Pfizer, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Roche, UCB.

Deltakere på landsmøtet Yrkesaktive tannleger 1 389 Tannleger, pensjonistmedlemmer 36 Tannlegestudenter 181 Tannleger på videreutdanning 20 Tannleger, årskandidater 122 Totalt, tannleger og studenter 1 748 Tannhelsesekretærer 684 Tannpleiere 180 Tannteknikere 3 Foredragsholdere 30 Hovedstyre, fagnemd, sekretariat 48 Inviterte gjester 54 Deltakere kun på forkurs onsdag 26 Besøkende 23 Presse 7 Totalt, alle kategorier 2 803 Nordental Antall stands 94 Antall utstillerbedrifter 120 Antall utstillere, personer 700 Antall kvadratmeter, netto, uttegnet utstillingsareale 2 495 m2 Antall brutto utstillingsareale 4 300 m2 Antall solgte billetter 226 Benyttede invitasjoner 88

1. Corte costituzionale ordinanza 4/21.7.2011 n. 222 - minore straniero affidato o sottoposto a tutela - conversione del permesso di soggiorno - applicazione del nuovo art. 32 TU n. 286/1998 - obbligo di ricercare un'interpretazione costituzionalmente orientata della norma censurata2. Corte costituzionale ordinanza 22.11/2.12.2011 n. 326 - minore straniero affidato o sottoposto a tutela - conversione del permesso di soggiorno - applicazione del nuovo art. 32 TU n. 286/1998 - obbligo di ricercare una interpretazione costituzionalmente orientata della norma censurata3. Corte appello di Brescia 7.10.2011 - autorizzazione ex art. 31 co. 3 - espulsione del genitore - gravi motivi connessi con lo sviluppo psicofisico - accoglimento4. Tribunale di Padova 22.3.2011 n. 625 - famiglia marocchina - reato di maltrattamenti - particolare contesto religioso e culturale - obbligo di portare il velo e di non uscire di casa da sola - episodi di percosse - insussistenza del reatoNOTA di Lorenzo Miazzi, Fondamentalismo religioso, percosse e maltrattamenti alla moglie5. Tribunale amministrativo regionale Emilia Romagna 15.11.2011 n. 786 - minore non accompagnato - raggiungimento della maggiore etŕ - diniego di rilascio permesso di soggiorno - irretroattivitŕ della legge n. 94/2009 - annullamento del diniego

Purpose Ultrasound has been used to diagnose hip dysplasia in neonates and to screen until the end of their first year. For older children, femoral head containment disorders such as developmental dysplasia of the hip, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease or cerebral palsy are usually diagnosed with plain radiographs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate ultrasound in comparison with radiographic imaging in children up to age 12 years and to determine reference values for sonographic containment parameters. Methods Hip ultrasound and radiographic imaging were acquired on the same day and then compared. As a reference, normal acetabular angle and acetabulum head index were determined on radiographs. Lateral cartilage distance (LCD), lateral head distance (LHD) and femoral head extrusion angle (HA) were measured on ultrasound images. Results We included 96 patients with 167 healthy hips in the study. A total of 55 patients were female and 41 male. The mean age was 5.2 years (sd 3.3; 1.0 to 11.9). LCDultrasound, LHDultrasound and HAultrasound correlated significantly with radiographic parameters. The following ultrasound values were calculated as limits for impending loss of containment: LCDultrasound ≥ 6.5 mm, LHDultrasound ≥ 3.3 mm and HAultrasound ≥ 27.6°. Conclusion Ultrasound is a simple, radiation-free diagnostic tool to detect femoral head containment disorders, even in children older than one year. This study provides reference values for hip ultrasound in children up to 12 years. Level of evidence III

Background: Two cannulated screws were proposed for prophylactic fixation in adult patients with an aggressive benign femoral neck lesion in recent literature. However, the biomechanical properties of this intervention have not yet been investigated.Methods: After the evaluation of the heterogeneity of bone mineral density and geometry via quantitative computed tomography, 24 embalmed adult human cadaver femurs were randomized into the control, inferior half of the anterior cortical (25%) bone defect, entire anterior cortical (50%) bone defect, and the 50% bone defect and two cannulated screw group. Biomechanical analysis was conducted to compare the stiffness and failure load among the four groups when mimicking a one-legged stance. A CT-based finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to mimic the cortical and cancellous bone defect and the implantation of two cannulated screws of the four groups. Measurements of the maximal displacement and von Mises stress were conducted with the longitudinal load force and boundary conditions being established for a one-leg-standing status.Results: We noted a significant improvement in the failure load after the insertion of two 6.5 mm cannulated screws in femurs with 50% bone defect (+95%, p = 0.048), and no significant difference was found between the screw group and the intact femur. Similar trends were also found in the measurements of stiffness (+23%, p &gt; 0.05) via biomechanical testing and the von Mises stresses (−71%, p = 0.043) by FEA when comparing the screw group and the 50% bone defect group.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that two cannulated screws provided sufficient biomechanical strength for prophylactic fixation in adult patients with an aggressive benign femoral neck lesion even when the entire anterior cortical bone is involved.

Abstract Background Hallux valgus deformity has been reported to be associated with increased postural sway. However, the direction and magnitude of postural sway associated with hallux valgus remain inconclusive. We assessed the association between hallux valgus deformity and postural sway using a force plate. Methods The subjects were 169 healthy volunteers, > 40 years old (63 males, 106 females, average age: 66.0 ± 12.4 years old), who took part in an annual medical examination. We investigated the photographic hallux valgus angle (°), total trajectory length of the gravity center fluctuation (mm), area of the center of pressure (mm2), mediolateral and anteroposterior postural sway (mm) in a standing position with 2-legged stance and eyes open, hallux pain (Numerical Rating Scale), trunk and lower limb muscle mass (kg). We classified the subjects into a hallux valgus group (n = 44, photographic hallux valgus angle of 1 or both feet ≥ 20°) and a no hallux valgus group (n = 125, photographic hallux valgus angle of both feet < 20°) and analyzed the relationship between hallux valgus and postural sway. Results The anteroposterior postural sway in the hallux valgus group (6.5 ± 2.8) was significantly greater than in the no hallux valgus group (5.4 ± 2.2, p = 0.014), and the lower limb muscle mass in the hallux valgus group (12.4 ± 2.2) was significantly smaller than in the no hallux valgus group (13.5 ± 3.2, p = 0.016). The total value of the photographic hallux valgus angle on both feet was positively correlated with the anteroposterior postural sway (p = 0.021) and negatively correlated with the lower limb muscle mass (p = 0.038). The presence of hallux valgus (p = 0.024) and photographic hallux valgus angle (p = 0.008) were independently related to the magnitude of anteroposterior postural sway. Conclusions Hallux valgus deformity and its severity were positively associated with the magnitude of the anteroposterior postural sway. Trial registration 2017 − 135. Registered 22 August 2017.

Abstract Background Legg–Calvé–Perthes (LCP) is a common orthopedic childhood disease that causes a deformity of the femoral head and to an adaptive deformity of the acetabulum. The altered joint biomechanics can result in early joint degeneration that requires total hip arthroplasty. In 2002, Ganz et al. introduced the femoral head reduction osteotomy (FHRO) as a direct joint-preserving treatment. The procedure remains one of the most challenging in hip surgery. Computer-based 3D preoperative planning and patient-specific navigation instruments have been successfully used to reduce technical complexity in other anatomies. The purpose of this study was to report the first results in the treatment of 6 patients to investigate whether our approach is feasible and safe. Methods In this retrospective pilot study, 6 LCP patients were treated with FHRO in multiple centers between May 2017 and June 2019. Based on patient-specific 3D-models of the hips, the surgeries were simulated in a step-wise fashion. Patient-specific instruments tailored for FHRO were designed, 3D-printed and used in the surgeries for navigating the osteotomies. The results were assessed radiographically [diameter index, sphericity index, Stulberg classification, extrusion index, LCE-, Tönnis-, CCD-angle and Shenton line] and the time and costs were recorded. Radiologic values were tested for normal distribution using the Shapiro–Wilk test and for significance using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The sphericity index improved postoperatively by 20% (p = 0.028). The postoperative diameter of the femoral head differed by only 1.8% (p = 0.043) from the contralateral side and Stulberg grading improved from poor coxarthrosis outcome to good outcome (p = 0.026). All patients underwent acetabular reorientation by periacetabular osteotomy. The average time (in minutes) for preliminary analysis, computer simulation and patient-specific instrument design was 63 (±48), 156 (±64) and 105 (±68.5), respectively. Conclusion The clinical feasibility of our approach to FHRO has been demonstrated. The results showed significant improvement compared to the preoperative situation. All operations were performed by experienced surgeons; nevertheless, three complications occurred, showing that FHRO remains one of the most complex hip surgeries even with computer assistance. However, none of the complications were directly related to the simulation or the navigation technique.

Barnhart, L. Edwin (2003) The Milky Way as the Path to the Otherworld: A Comparison of Pre-Columbian New World Cultures. Austin: University of Texas Press, 16 p. Breck, J. (2008). The shape of biblical language: Chiasmus in the scriptures and beyond. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. Concepts and contrasts: monography (2017) Petluchenko, N.V., Potapenko, S.I., Babelyuk O.A., Streltsov, E.I. (chief ed. N.V. Petluchenko). Odessa: Publishing House “Helvetika”, 632 p. Condra, Jill (2013). Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World. ABC-CLIO, p. 624. Freeman, M.H. (2007). Poetic iconicity. In Cognition in language. Chlopicki, W., Pawelec, A., & Pokojska, A. (eds.). Krakow: Terrium, pp. 472-501. Garrett, J.T. & Garrett, M. (1996) Medicine of the Cherokee. The Way of Right Relationship. Rochester, Vermont: Bear & Company Publishing, 223 p. Garrett, M. (1998). Walking on the wind: Cherokee teachings for healing through harmony and balance. New York: Bear and company publishing, 193 p. Hogan, L. (1995). Dwellings. New York: Toughstone Book, 159 p. Hogan, L. (2000). Mean spirit. NewYork: The Ballantine Publishing Group, 377 p. Kline, A.S. (2000) Ovid. The Metamorphoses. Nerthelands: Poetry in Translation, 681 p. Lincoln, K. (1985). Native American Renaissance. California: University of California Press, 313 p. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2009). 11th edition, Kindle Edition, 1664 p. Powers, William K. (1975) Oglala Religion. Lincoln/London: University of Nebraska Press, 225 p. Skagga. S. (2017) Fire Signs. A Semiotic Theory for Graphic Design. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: The MIT Press, 275 p. Schmid, W. (2010) Narratology: an Introduction. Berlin/New York : De Gruyter, 258 p. Shanley, K.W. (1997). Linda Hogan. In Dictionary of literary biography. Detroit: Bruccoli Clark Layman, 175, p. 123-130. Tollers, V. L. & Maier J. (1990). Mappings of the biblical terrain: The bible as text. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. Urton, Gary (1981) At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky - An Andean Cosmology. Austin: University of Texas Press, p. 38. Volkova, S.V. (2017) The Semiotics of Folkdance in Amerindian Literary Prose. In Language – Literature – the Arts: A Cognitive-Semiotic Interface. Frankfurt am Main ∙ Bern ∙ New York ∙ Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien: Peter Lang Edition, vol. 14. Text – Meaning – Context: Cracow Studies in English Language, Literature and Culture, pp. 149 – 164. Volkova, S.V. (2018) Iconicity of syntax and narrative in Amerindian prosaic texts. In Lege Artis. Language yesterday, today, tomorrow. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open, vol. III (1), pp. 448-479.

Introduction: Brutal?The word “brutal” has associations with cruelty, inhumanity, and aggression. Within the field of architecture, however, the term “Brutalism” refers to a post-World War II Modernist style, deriving from the French phrase betón brut, which means raw concrete (Clement 18). Core traits of Brutalism include functionalist design, daring geometry, overbearing scale, and the blatant exposure of structural materials, chiefly concrete and steel (Meades 1).The emergence of Brutalism coincided with chronic housing shortages in European countries ravaged by World War II (Power 5) and government-sponsored slum clearance in the UK (Power 190; Baker). Brutalism’s promise to accommodate an astonishing number of civilians within a minimal area through high-rise configurations and elevated walkways was alluring to architects and city planners (High Rise Dreams). Concrete was the material of choice due to its affordability, durability, and versatility; it also allowed buildings to be erected quickly (Allen and Iano 622).The Brutalist style was used for cultural centres, such as the Perth Concert Hall in Western Australia, educational institutions such as the Yale School of Architecture, and government buildings such as the Secretariat Building in Chandigarh, India. However, as pioneering Brutalist architect Alison Smithson explained, the style achieved full expression by “thinking on a much bigger scale somehow than if you only got [sic] one house to do” (Smithson and Smithson, Conversation 40). Brutalism, therefore, lent itself to the design of large residential complexes. It was consequently used worldwide for public housing developments, that is, residences built by a government authority with the aim of providing affordable housing. Notable examples include the Western City Gate in Belgrade, Serbia, and Habitat 67 in Montreal, Canada.Brutalist architecture polarised opinion and continues to do so to this day. On the one hand, protected cultural heritage status has been awarded to some Brutalist buildings (Carter; Glancey) and the style remains extremely influential, for example in the recent award-winning work of architect Zaha Hadid (Niesewand). On the other hand, the public housing projects associated with Brutalism are widely perceived as failures (The Great British Housing Disaster). Many Brutalist objects currently at risk of demolition are social housing estates, such as the Smithsons’ Robin Hood Gardens in London, UK. Whether the blame for the demise of such housing developments lies with architects, inhabitants, or local government has been widely debated. In the UK and USA, local authorities had relocated families of predominantly lower socio-economic status into the newly completed developments, but were unable or unwilling to finance subsequent maintenance and security costs (Hanley 115; R. Carroll; The Pruitt-Igoe Myth). Consequently, the residents became fearful of criminal activity in staircases and corridors that lacked “defensible space” (Newman 9), which undermined a vision of “streets in the sky” (Moran 615).In spite of its later problems, Brutalism’s architects had intended to develop a style that expressed 1950s contemporary living in an authentic manner. To them, this meant exposing building materials in their “raw” state and creating an aesthetic for an age of science, machine mass production, and consumerism (Stadler 264; 267; Smithson and Smithson, But Today 44). Corporeal sensations did not feature in this “machine” aesthetic (Dalrymple). Exceptionally, acclaimed Brutalist architect Ernö Goldfinger discussed how “visual sensation,” “sound and touch with smell,” and “the physical touch of the walls of a narrow passage” contributed to “sensations of space” within architecture (Goldfinger 48). However, the effects of residing within Brutalist objects may not have quite conformed to predictions, since Goldfinger moved out of his Brutalist construction, Balfron Tower, after two months, to live in a terraced house (Hanley 112).An abstract perspective that favours theorisation over subjective experiences characterises discourse on Brutalist social housing developments to this day (Singh). There are limited data on the everyday lived experience of residents of Brutalist social housing estates, both then and now (for exceptions, see Hanley; The Pruitt-Igoe Myth; Cooper et al.).Yet, our bodily interaction with the objects around us shapes our lived experience. On a broader physical scale, this includes the structures within which we live and work. The importance of the interaction between architecture and embodied being is increasingly recognised. Today, architecture is described in corporeal terms—for example, as a “skin” that surrounds and protects its human inhabitants (Manan and Smith 37; Armstrong 77). Biological processes are also inspiring new architectural approaches, such as synthetic building materials with life-like biochemical properties (Armstrong 79), and structures that exhibit emergent behaviour in response to human presence, like a living system (Biloria 76).In this article, we employ an autoethnographic perspective to explore the corporeal effects of Brutalist buildings, thereby revealing a new dimension to the anthropological significance of these controversial structures. We trace how they shape the physicality of the bodies interacting within them. Our approach is one step towards considering the historically under-appreciated subjective, corporeal experience elicited in interaction with Brutalist objects.Method: An Autoethnographic ApproachAutoethnography is a form of self-narrative research that connects the researcher’s personal experience to wider cultural understandings (Ellis 31; Johnson). It can be analytical (Anderson 374) or emotionally evocative (Denzin 426).We investigated two Brutalist residential estates in London, UK:(i) The Barbican Estate: This was devised to redevelop London’s severely bombed post-WWII Cripplegate area, combining private residences for middle class professionals with an assortment of amenities including a concert hall, library, conservatory, and school. It was designed by architects Chamberlin, Powell, and Bon. Opened in 1982, the Estate polarised opinion on its aesthetic qualities but has enjoyed success with residents and visitors. The development now comprises extremely expensive housing (Brophy). It was Grade II-listed in 2001 (Glancey), indicating a status of architectural preservation that restricts alterations to significant buildings.(ii) Trellick Tower: This was built to replace dilapidated 19th-century housing in the North Kensington area. It was designed by Hungarian-born architect Ernő Goldfinger to be a social housing development and was completed in 1972. During the 1980s and 1990s, it became known as the “Tower of Terror” due to its high level of crime (Hanley 113). Nevertheless, Trellick Tower was granted Grade II listed status in 1998 (Carter), and subsequent improvements have increased its desirability as a residence (R. Carroll).We explored the grounds, communal spaces, and one dwelling within each structure, independently recording our corporeal impressions and sensations in detailed notes, which formed the basis of longhand journals written afterwards. Our analysis was developed through co-constructed autoethnographic reflection (emerald and Carpenter 748).For reasons of space, one full journal entry is presented for each Brutalist structure, with an excerpt from each remaining journal presented in the subsequent analysis. To identify quotations from our journals, we use the codes R- and N- to refer to RB’s and NC’s journals, respectively; we use -B and -T to refer to the Barbican Estate and Trellick Tower, respectively.The Barbican Estate: Autoethnographic JournalAn intricate concrete world emerges almost without warning from the throng of glass office blocks and commercial buildings that make up the City of London's Square Mile. The Barbican Estate comprises a multitude of low-rise buildings, a glass conservatory, and three enormous high-rise towers. Each modular building component is finished in the same coarse concrete with burnished brick underfoot, whilst the entire structure is elevated above ground level by enormous concrete stilts. Plants hang from residential balconies over glimmering pools in a manner evocative of concrete Hanging Gardens of Babylon.Figure 1. Barbican Estate Figure 2. Cromwell Tower from below, Barbican Estate. Figure 3: The stairwell, Cromwell Tower, Barbican Estate. Figure 4. Lift button pods, Cromwell Tower, Barbican Estate.R’s journalMy first footsteps upon the Barbican Estate are elevated two storeys above the street below, and already an eerie calm settles on me. The noise of traffic and the bustle of pedestrians have seemingly been left far behind, and a path of polished brown brick has replaced the paving slabs of the city's pavement. I am made more aware of the sound of my shoes upon the ground as I take each step through the serenity.Running my hands along the walkway's concrete sides as we proceed further into the estate I feel its coarseness, and look up to imagine the same sensation touching the uppermost balcony of the towers. As we travel, the cold nature and relentless employ of concrete takes over and quickly becomes the norm.Our route takes us through the Barbican's central Arts building and into the Conservatory, a space full of plant-life and water features. The noise of rushing water comes as a shock, and I'm reminded just how hauntingly peaceful the atmosphere of the outside estate has been. As we leave the conservatory, the hush returns and we follow another walkway, this time allowing a balcony-like view over the edge of the estate. I'm quickly absorbed by a sensation I can liken only to peering down at the ground from a concrete cloud as we observe the pedestrians and traffic below.Turning back, we follow the walkways and begin our approach to Cromwell Tower, a jagged structure scraping the sky ahead of us and growing menacingly larger with every step. The estate has up till now seemed devoid of wind, but even so a cold begins to prickle my neck and I increase my speed toward the door.A high-ceilinged foyer greets us as we enter and continue to the lifts. As we push the button and wait, I am suddenly aware that carpet has replaced bricks beneath my feet. A homely sensation spreads, my breathing slows, and for a brief moment I begin to relax.We travel at heart-racing speed upwards to the 32nd floor to observe the view from the Tower's fire escape stairwell. A brief glance over the stair's railing as we enter reveals over 30 storeys of stair casing in a hard-edged, triangular configuration. My mind reels, I take a second glance and fail once again to achieve focus on the speck of ground at the bottom far below. After appreciating the eastward view from the adjacent window that encompasses almost the entirety of Central London, we make our way to a 23rd floor apartment.Entering the dwelling, we explore from room to room before reaching the balcony of the apartment's main living space. Looking sheepishly from the ledge, nothing short of a genuine concrete fortress stretches out beneath us in all directions. The spirit and commotion of London as I know it seems yet more distant as we gaze at the now miniaturized buildings. An impression of self-satisfied confidence dawns on me. The fortress where we stand offers security, elevation, sanctuary and I'm furnished with the power to view London's chaos at such a distance that it's almost silent.As we leave the apartment, I am shadowed by the same inherent air of tranquillity, pressing yet another futuristic lift access button, plummeting silently back towards the ground, and padding across the foyer's soft carpet to pursue our exit route through the estate's sky-suspended walkways, back to the bustle of regular London civilization.Trellick Tower: Autoethnographic JournalThe concrete majesty of Trellick Tower is visible from Westbourne Park, the nearest Tube station. The Tower dominates the skyline, soaring above its neighbouring estate, cafes, and shops. As one nears the Tower, the south face becomes visible, revealing the suspended corridors that join the service tower to the main body of flats. Light of all shades and colours pours from its tightly stacked dwellings, which stretch up into the sky. Figure 5. Trellick Tower, South face. Figure 6. Balcony in a 27th-floor flat, Trellick Tower.N’s journalOutside the tower, I sense danger and experience a heightened sense of awareness. A thorny frame of metal poles holds up the tower’s facade, each pole poised as if to slip down and impale me as I enter the building.At first, the tower is too big for comprehension; the scale is unnatural, gigantic. I feel small and quite squashable in comparison. Swathes of unmarked concrete surround the tower, walls that are just too high to see over. Who or what are they hiding? I feel uncertain about what is around me.It takes some time to reach the 27th floor, even though the lift only stops on every 3rd floor. I feel the forces of acceleration exert their pressure on me as we rise. The lift is very quiet.Looking through the windows on the 27th-floor walkway that connects the lift tower to the main building, I realise how high up I am. I can see fog. The city moves and modulates beneath me. It is so far away, and I can’t reach it. I’m suspended, isolated, cut off in the air, as if floating in space.The buildings underneath appear tiny in comparison to me, but I know I’m tiny compared to this building. It’s a dichotomy, an internal tension, and feels quite unreal.The sound of the wind in the corridors is a constant whine.In the flat, the large kitchen window above the sink opens directly onto the narrow, low-ceilinged corridor, on the other side of which, through a second window, I again see London far beneath. People pass by here to reach their front doors, moving so close to the kitchen window that you could touch them while you’re washing up, if it weren’t for the glass. Eye contact is possible with a neighbour, or a stranger. I am close to that which I’m normally separated from, but at the same time I’m far from what I could normally access.On the balcony, I have a strong sensation of vertigo. We are so high up that we cannot be seen by the city and we cannot see others. I feel physically cut off from the world and realise that I’m dependent on the lift or endlessly spiralling stairs to reach it again.Materials: sharp edges, rough concrete, is abrasive to my skin, not warm or welcoming. Sharp little stones are embedded in some places. I mind not to brush close against them.Behind the tower is a mysterious dark maze of sharp turns that I can’t see around, and dark, narrow walkways that confine me to straight movements on sloping ramps.“Relentless Employ of Concrete:” Body versus Stone and HeightThe “relentless employ of concrete” (R-B) in the Barbican Estate and Trellick Tower determined our physical interactions with these Brutalist objects. Our attention was first directed towards texture: rough, abrasive, sharp, frictive. Raw concrete’s potential to damage skin, should one fall or brush too hard against it, made our bodies vulnerable. Simultaneously, the ubiquitous grey colour and the constant cold anaesthetised our senses.As we continued to explore, the constant presence of concrete, metal gratings, wire, and reinforced glass affected our real and imagined corporeal potentialities. Bodies are powerless against these materials, such that, in these buildings, you can only go where you are allowed to go by design, and there are no other options.Conversely, the strength of concrete also has a corporeal manifestation through a sense of increased physical security. To R, standing within the “concrete fortress” of the Barbican Estate, the object offered “security, elevation, sanctuary,” and even “power” (R-B).The heights of the Barbican’s towers (123 metres) and Trellick Tower (93 metres) were physically overwhelming when first encountered. We both felt that these menacing, jagged towers dominated our bodies.Excerpt from R’s journal (Trellick Tower)Gaining access to the apartment, we begin to explore from room to room. As we proceed through to the main living area we spot the balcony and I am suddenly aware that, in a short space of time, I had abandoned the knowledge that some 26 floors lay below me. My balance is again shaken and I dig my heels into the laminate flooring, as if to achieve some imaginary extra purchase.What are the consequences of extreme height on the body? Certainly, there is the possibility of a lethal fall and those with vertigo or who fear heights would feel uncomfortable. We discovered that height also affects physical instantiation in many other ways, both empowering and destabilising.Distance from ground-level bustle contributed to a profound silence and sense of calm. Areas of intermediate height, such as elevated communal walkways, enhanced our sensory abilities by granting the advantage of observation from above.Extreme heights, however, limited our ability to sense the outside world, placing objects beyond our range of visual focus, and setting up a “bizarre segregation” (R-T) between our physical presence and that of the rest of the world. Height also limited potentialities of movement: no longer self-sufficient, we depended on a working lift to regain access to the ground and the rest of the city. In the lift itself, our bodies passively endured a cycle of opposing forces as we plummeted up or down numerous storeys in mere seconds.At both locations, N noticed how extreme height altered her relative body size: for example, “London looks really small. I have become huge compared to the tiny city” (N-B). As such, the building’s lift could be likened to a cake or potion from Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland. This illustrates how the heuristics that we use to discern visual perspective and object size, which are determined by the environment in which we live (Segall et al.), can be undermined by the unusual scales and distances found in Brutalist structures.Excerpt from N’s journal (Barbican Estate)Warning: These buildings give you AFTER-EFFECTS. On the way home, the size of other buildings seems tiny, perspectives feel strange; all the scales seem to have been re-scaled. I had to become re-used to the sensation of travelling on public trains, after travelling in the tower lifts.We both experienced perceptual after-effects from the disproportional perspectives of Brutalist spaces. Brutalist structures thus have the power to affect physical sensations even when the body is no longer in direct interaction with them!“Challenge to Privacy:” Intersubjective Ideals in Brutalist DesignAs embodied beings, our corporeal manifestations are the primary transducers of our interactions with other people, who in turn contribute to our own body schema construction (Joas). Architects of Brutalist habitats aimed to create residential utopias, but we found that the impact of their designs on intersubjective corporeality were often incoherent and contradictory. Brutalist structures positioned us at two extremes in relation to the bodies of others, forcing either an uncomfortable intersection of personal space or, conversely, excessive separation.The confined spaces of the lifts, and ubiquitous narrow, low-ceilinged corridors produced uncomfortable overlaps in the personal space of the individuals present. We were fascinated by the design of the flat in Trellick Tower, where the large kitchen window opened out directly onto the narrow 27th-floor corridor, as described in N’s journal. This enforced a physical “challenge to privacy” (R-T), although the original aim may have been to promote a sense of community in the “streets in the sky” (Moran 615). The inter-slotting of hundreds of flats in Trellick Tower led to “a multitude of different cooking aromas from neighbouring flats” (R-T) and hence a direct sensing of the closeness of other people’s corporeal activities, such as eating.By contrast, enormous heights and scales constantly placed other people out of sight, out of hearing, and out of reach. Sharp-angled walkways and blind alleys rendered other bodies invisible even when they were near. In the Barbican Estate, huge concrete columns, behind which one could hide, instilled a sense of unease.We also considered the intersubjective interaction between the Brutalist architect-designer and the inhabitant. The elements of futuristic design—such as the “spaceship”-like pods for lift buttons in Cromwell Tower (N-B)—reconstruct the inhabitant’s physicality as alien relative to the Brutalist building, and by extension, to the city that commissioned it.ReflectionsThe strength of the autoethnographic approach is also its limitation (Chang 54); it is an individual’s subjective perspective, and as such we cannot experience or represent the full range of corporeal effects of Brutalist designs. Corporeal experience is informed by myriad factors, including age, body size, and ability or disability. Since we only visited these structures, rather than lived in them, we could have experienced heightened sensations that would become normalised through familiarity over time. Class dynamics, including previous residences and, importantly, the amount of choice that one has over where one lives, would also affect this experience. For a full perspective, further data on the everyday lived experiences of residents from a range of different backgrounds are necessary.R’s reflectionDespite researching Brutalist architecture for years, I was unprepared for the true corporeal experience of exploring these buildings. Reading back through my journals, I'm struck by an evident conflict between stylistic admiration and physical uneasiness. I feel I have gained a sympathetic perspective on the notion of residing in the structures day-to-day.Nevertheless, analysing Brutalist objects through a corporeal perspective helped to further our understanding of the experience of living within them in a way that abstract thought could never have done. Our reflections also emphasise the tension between the physical and the psychological, whereby corporeal struggle intertwines with an abstract, aesthetic admiration of the Brutalist objects.N’s reflectionIt was a wonderful experience to explore these extraordinary buildings with an inward focus on my own physical sensations and an outward focus on my body’s interaction with others. On re-reading my journals, I was surprised by the negativity that pervaded my descriptions. How does physical discomfort and alienation translate into cognitive pleasure, or delight?ConclusionBrutalist objects shape corporeality in fundamental and sometimes contradictory ways. The range of visual and somatosensory experiences is narrowed by the ubiquitous use of raw concrete and metal. Materials that damage skin combine with lethal heights to emphasise corporeal vulnerability. The body’s movements and sensations of the external world are alternately limited or extended by extreme heights and scales, which also dominate the human frame and undermine normal heuristics of perception. Simultaneously, the structures endow a sense of physical stability, security, and even power. By positioning multiple corporealities in extremes of overlap or segregation, Brutalist objects constitute a unique challenge to both physical privacy and intersubjective potentiality.Recognising these effects on embodied being enhances our current understanding of the impact of Brutalist residences on corporeal sensation. This can inform the future design of residential estates. Our autoethnographic findings are also in line with the suggestion that Brutalist structures can be “appreciated as challenging, enlivening environments” exactly because they demand “physical and perceptual exertion” (Sroat). Instead of being demolished, Brutalist objects that are no longer considered appropriate as residences could be repurposed for creative, cultural, or academic use, where their challenging corporeal effects could contribute to a stimulating or even thrilling environment.ReferencesAllen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods. 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.Anderson, Leon. “Analytic Autoethnography.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35.4 (2006): 373-95.Armstrong, Rachel. “Biological Architecture.” Forward, The Architecture and Design Journal of the National Associates Committee: Architecture and the Body Spring (2010): 77-79.Baker, Shirley. “The Streets Belong to Us: Shirley Baker’s 1960s Manchester in Pictures.” The Guardian, 22 Jul. 2015. 16 Feb. 2016 <http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/jul/22/shirley-baker-1960s-manchester-in-pictures>.Biloria, Nimish. “Inter-Active Bodies.” Forward, The Architecture and Design Journal of the National Associates Committee: Architecture and the Body Spring (2010): 77-79.Brophy, Gwenda. “Fortress Barbican.” The Telegraph, 15 Mar. 2007. 16 Feb. 2016 <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/3357100/Fortress-Barbican.html>.Carroll, Lewis. Alice in Wonderland. London: Macmillan, 1865.Carroll, Rory. “How Did This Become the Height of Fashion?” The Guardian, 11 Mar. 1999. 16 Feb. 2016 <http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/mar/11/features11.g28>.Carter, Claire. “London Tower Blocks Given Listed Building Status.”Daily Telegraph, 10 Jul. 2013. 16 Feb. 2016<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/10170663/London-tower-blocks-given-listed-building-status.html>.Chang, Heewon. Autoethnography as Method. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast, 2008.Clement, Alexander. Brutalism: Post-War British Architecture. Marlborough: Crowood Press, 2012.Cooper, Niall, Joe Fleming, Peter Marcus, Elsie Michie, Craig Russell, and Brigitte Soltau. “Lessons from Hulme.” Reports, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1 Sep. 1994. 16 Feb. 2016 <https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/lessons-hulme>.Dalrymple, Theodore. “The Architect as Totalitarian: Le Corbusier’s Baleful Influence.” Oh to Be in England. The City Journal, Autumn 2009. 16 Feb. 2016 <http://www.city-journal.org/2009/19_4_otbie-le-corbusier.html>.Denzin, Norman K. “Analytic Autoethnography, or Déjà Vu All Over Again.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35.4 (2006): 419-28.Ellis, Carolyn. The Ethnographic I: A Methodological Novel about Autoethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2004.emerald, elke, and Lorelei Carpenter. “Vulnerability and Emotions in Research: Risks, Dilemmas, and Doubts.” Qualitative Inquiry 21.8 (2015): 741-50.Glancey, Jonathan. “A Great Place To Live.” The Guardian, 7 Sep. 2001. 16 Feb. 2016 <http://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/sep/07/arts.highereducation>.Goldfinger, Ernö. “The Sensation of Space,” reprinted in Dunnet, James and Gavin Stamp, Ernö Goldfinger. London: Architectural Association Press, 1983.Hanley, Lynsey. Estates: An Intimate History. London: Granta, 2012.“High Rise Dreams.” Time Shift. BB4, Bristol. 19 Jun. 2003.Joas, Hans. “The Intersubjective Constitution of the Body-Image.” Human Studies 6.1 (1983): 197-204.Johnson, Sophia A. “‘Getting Personal’: Contemplating Changes in Intersubjectivity, Methodology and Ethnography.” M/C Journal 18.5 (2015).Manan, Mohd. S.A., and Chris L. Smith. “Beyond Building: Architecture through the Human Body.” Alam Cipta: International Journal on Sustainable Tropical Design Research and Practice 5.1 (2012): 35-42.Meades, Jonathan. “The Incredible Hulks: Jonathan Meades’ A-Z of Brutalism.” The Guardian, 13 Feb. 2014. 16 Feb. 2016 <http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/feb/13/jonathan-meades-brutalism-a-z>.Moran, Joe. “Housing, Memory and Everyday Life in Contemporary Britain.” Cultural Studies 18.4 (2004): 607-27.Newman, Oscar. Creating Defensible Space. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 1996.Niesewand, Nonie. “Architecture: What Zaha Hadid Next.” The Independent, 1 Oct. 1998. 16Feb. 2016 <http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture-what-zaha-hadid-next-1175631.html>.Power, Anne. Hovels to Highrise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850. Taylor & Francis, 2005.Segall, Marshall H., Donald T. Campbell, and Melville J. Herskovits. “Cultural Differences in the Perception of Geometric Illusions.” Science 139.3556 (1963): 769-71.Singh, Anita. “Lord Rogers Would Live on This Estate? Let Him Be Our Guest.” The Telegraph, 20 Jun. 2015. 16 Feb. 2016 <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/architecture/11687078/Lord-Rogers-would-live-on-this-estate-Let-him-be-our-guest.html>.Smithson, Alison, and Peter Smithson. “But Today We Collect Ads.” Reprinted in L’Architecture Aujourd’hui Jan./Feb (2003): 44.Smithson, Alison, and Peter Smithson. “Conversation with Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry.” Zodiac 4 (1959): 73-81.Sroat, Helen. “Brutalism: An Architecture of Exhilaration.” Presentation at the Paul Rudolph Symposium. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, MA, 13 Apr. 2005. Stadler, Laurent. “‘New Brutalism’, ‘Topology’ and ‘Image:’ Some Remarks on the Architectural Debates in England around 1950.” The Journal of Architecture 13.3 (2008): 263-81.The Great British Housing Disaster. Dir. Adam Curtis. BBC Documentaries. BBC, London. 4 Sep. 1984.The Pruitt-Igoe Myth. Dir. Chad Friedrichs. First Run Features, 2012.