Academic literature on the topic 'Legalization proce'
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Journal articles on the topic "Legalization proce"
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Baptista-Leite, Ricardo, and Lisa Ploeg. "The Road towards the Responsible and Safe Legalization of Cannabis Use in Portugal." Acta Médica Portuguesa 31, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.10093.
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Introduction: Recently, the world has seen examples of the legalization of cannabis for recreational purposes. Due to the diversity of experiences in progress, it is urgent to analyze the impacts of this legalization, from a public health perspective. Therefore, this article aims to review the accumulated knowledge in the states and countries where the use of cannabis is legal and to ponder over the relevance of starting a similar path towards legalization in Portugal, thus supporting political decisions to be properly informed and evidence-based.Material and Methods: An extensive literature review was performed using databases and scientific journals, such as PubMed, as well as the search of institutional documentation, including the EMCDDA and SICAD.Results: The gathered information provided insights and enabled assessment of (1) the acute and chronic effects of cannabis use on health, (2) the Portuguese situation related to cannabis and (3) the processes and lessons learned after the legalization of cannabis in other countries or states. Given the above, and according to the data presented, the authors argue for a safe and responsible strategy towards the legalization of cannabis use in Portugal. In accordance, a set of concrete proposals are presented.Discussion: From a public health perspective, it is assumed that the interest of this proposal is to reduce the problematic use of cannabis, to effectively fight against illicit drug trafficking and drug-related crime, as well as health promotion and prevention of addictions and other adverse health impacts. This article reveals that the effects of legalization might, contrary to general beliefs, generate positive results with respect to these aims, given that there will be greater control on the market, price, quality, and information - to name a few - if implementation occurs with proper consideration and definition.Conclusion: The debate on the responsible and safe legalization of cannabis use in Portugal should be open and promoted, based on a public health perspective.
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Hardes, Jennifer Jane. "Governing excess: Boxing, biopolitics and the body." Theoretical Criminology 24, no. 4 (August 2, 2019): 689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480619864310.
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During the late 18th to late 19th centuries, practices of duelling and prize fighting were criminalized in Britain, while boxing remained legal. Through a genealogical method, this article locates discourses, primarily law, medicine, policing and science, to trace these mechanisms of criminalization and legalization. Focusing on the jurisdictions of the United Kingdom and the United States, I argue that the legalization of boxing did not simply emerge as a part of a ‘civilizing process’. Rather, I explain these processes of criminalization and legalization in the context of biopolitical rationalities of governance. In contrast to its contemporaries, boxing was rationalized as a scientific ‘sport’ that fitted with wider biopolitical visions of public health and well-being: allegedly it did not breed violence or threaten the public peace but was instead practised by skilled technicians. However, the biopolitical management of human life within rational and scientific form comes at a price: life’s ontological need for expression, and the drive to experience and witness boxing’s corporeal excesses remains a ghostly presence threatening to undo the sweet ‘science’.
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Machan, Tibor R. "DRUG PROHIBITION IS BOTH WRONG AND UNWORKABLE." Think 11, no. 30 (December 21, 2011): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175611000315.
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Many are growing increasingly skeptical of the claims by government officials about winning the war against drugs. Should this war be supported because a smaller percentage of teenagers use marijuana, or should it be opposed because a larger percentage of teenagers and young adults use cocaine and crack in the USA? Should people be optimistic when multi-billion dollar shipments of cocaine are confiscated, or pessimistic that seizures continue to increase yet have such little impact on price and consumption? Drug prohibition was doomed to failure from the start, no less so than alcohol prohibition, and the best alternative is an immediate return to complete legalization of such drugs.
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Grossman, Michael, Frank J. Chaloupka, and Richard Anderson. "A Survey of Economic Models of Addictive Behavior." Journal of Drug Issues 28, no. 3 (July 1998): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269802800304.
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In economic analyses of addictive behavior, the consumption of a certain good is termed to be an addiction if an increase in past consumption of the good leads to an increase in current consumption. From policy, legal, and public health perspectives, addictive goods are of interest because the consumption of many of these goods harms the consumer and others. The U.S. government and those of many other countries have chosen to regulate such addictive substances as cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana by means of policies that raise their prices. Consequently, the responsiveness of these substances to price is an important parameter in determining the optimal level of taxation or the impacts of legalization of cocaine or marijuana. The economics of addiction is very relevant to these issues because recent theoretical advances predict that addictive goods should be more sensitive to price than previously believed. Current empirical studies confirm this prediction.
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Arnowo, Hadi, and Djudjuk Tri Handayani. "Kebijakan Pertanahan pada Era Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean (MEA)." BHUMI: Jurnal Agraria dan Pertanahan 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jb.v2i2.73.
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Abstract : ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has the aims to transform ASEAN into a stable, prosperous, and highly competitive region through equitable economic development, poverty reduction and socio-economic disparities. As a consequence, since 2015, ASEAN becomes region with free trade of goods, services, investment, and skilled labor. The impact of the implementation of MEA is shown by the price and quality of goods and services that become competitive, affecting domestic products and services from Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), as well as farmers. The government has sought to support SMEs and farmers through direct and indirect assistance. Land is the sector that has the most influential effect among other sectors to provoke economic growth of SMEs and farmers, because land has the function as natural resource as well as work location. To optimize this, land policies are needed to regulate land use arrangement, land asset legalization, control of land utilization and community empowerment through access reform. Asset legalization for SMEs and farmers, as well as asset legalization for infrastructures. Land use and land utilization control was implemented to optimize large-scale agricultural area by set up cooperation scheme with local people. Community empowerment was implemented through access reform, prioritized to the regions that have leading commodities or products. Keywords : competition, land use arrangement, assets legalization, land utilization, community empowermentIntisari : Pembentukan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) bertujuan untuk mentransformasikan ASEAN menjadi kawasan yang stabil, makmur, dan sangat kompetitif melalui ekonomi pembangunan yang adil, berkurangnya kemiskinan dan kesenjangan sosial-ekonomi. Sebagai konsekuensinya, ASEAN menjadi daerah dengan pergerakan bebas barang, jasa, investasi, tenaga kerja terampil, dan aliran modal sejak tahun 2015.Dampak pemberlakuan MEA adalah terjadinya persaingan harga dan kualitas barang dan jasa yang berpengaruh terhadap produk dan jasa domestik yang umumnya dilakukan oleh pelaku Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (UKM) dan petani. Pemerintah telah berupaya membantu pelaku UKM dan petani melalui bantuan langsung dan tidak langsung. Sektor pertanahan adalah sektor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap tumbuhnya perekonomian pelaku UKM dan petani. Hal tersebut karena tanah merupakan sumberdaya alam sekaligus ruang tempat berusaha. Agar dapat membantu pelaku UKM dan petani diperlukan langkah–langkah kebijakan pertanahan berupa penatagunaan tanah, legalisasi aset, pengendalian pemanfaatan tanah, dan pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui akses reform. Legalisasi aset bagi pelaku UKM dan petani serta legalisasi aset untuk infrastruktur. Pengendalian pemanfaatan tanah adalah untuk mengoptimalkan tanah pertanian berskala besar melalui kerjasama dengan penduduk sekitar. Pemberdayaan masyarakat dilaksanakan dengan menfasilitasi UKM dan petani untuk memperoleh akses permodalan dimana prioritas ditujukan pada lokasi–lokasi yang memiliki produk atau komoditi unggulan. Kata Kunci : kompetisi, penatagunaan tanah, legalisasi aset, pemanfaatan tanah, pemberdayaan masyarakat
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Adelia Ananda Salsabila and Maria Indira Aryani. "PRAKTIK BLACK MARKET PADA KASUS PENJUALAN IPHONE SECOND DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2016–2020." Journal Publicuho 5, no. 4 (January 8, 2023): 1202–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v5i4.60.
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The iPhone is a smartphone designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a distinctive brand image. It has technological advantages that cause the iPhone to have an expensive market price. The iPhone's high price in Indonesia has led to the spread of black-market iPhones that come from black market imports and sold after a reconditioning process. Those black-market iPhones followed by unofficial repairs and without an official warranty. This research aims to discover the cause of the high sales figures of black-market iPhones in Indonesia. This research is analyzed using the theory of black-market prices and the black-market concept: supply and demand effects of legalization. This research is qualitative explanatory, which aims to see the cause and effect of the phenomena. The research showed that the high demand of the black-market iPhones in Indonesia is due to the affordable prices, different tax levels, and the forming regulation of IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) validity to respond to the sales/entry of the black-market iphone in Indonesia and the existence of IMEI registration policy for imported iPhones.
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Rosilawati, Yeni, Chi-Ying Chen, Adhianty Nurjanah, Dianita Sugiyo, and Shuhui Sophy Cheng. "Social Marketing Campaign in Tobacco Control (A Comparative Analysis of Indonesia and Taiwan)." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T4 (March 28, 2021): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5864.
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BACKGROUND: Concern about the introduction of young adult smoking is increasing, perhaps because young adults have become a major tobacco marketing target. To solve this issue, both Bali and Taiwan have imposed local regulations on smoke-free areas. Concern about the legalization of young adult smoking is increasing, possibly because young adults have become a major marketing target for tobacco. Both Bali and Taiwan have placed local restrictions on smoke-free areas to solve this issue. AIM: This study will analyze the social marketing strategies used to impact young adults in Indonesia and Taiwan focusing specifically on aspects of the social marketing strategy, including channel analysis, market segmentation and consumer analysis, product, price, location and promotion considerations, as well as the implementation and evaluation. METHODS: This research employed a qualitative approach. Qualitative inquiry is a way of analysis by understanding the meaning of individuals or groups in social problems or human problems. The process comprises questions and procedures. Data collection was conducted by face-to-face interviews. The basic data for this paper came from face-to-face interviews with local government officials, local community leaders and members of the NGO community. RESULTS: The study found that 4P (Product, Price, Place, and Promotions) with the additional +2P (Partnership and Policy) elements of social marketing are employed by social marketing in Bali and Taiwan. The product refers to the principle of a safe life, in which it is easier to avoid than to cure. Price relates to the shift in behavior and the avoidance of early smokers, from smoking to stopping. The distribution networks used in Bali concentrate more on support for families and neighborhoods. CONCLUSION: The social marketing strategy using 4P (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion) and additional +2P (Partnership and Policy) elements is an effective model both in Taiwan and Bali. The commodity on the market is the concept of a safe life, where prevention is better than cure. The price is the shift in action, from smoking to stopping, and the prevention of early smoking. The two countries also include other parties, such as schools and community groups, to collaborate.
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Calvosa, Paolo. "The Influence of E-Commerce in Changing Competition in Regulated Industries: An Analysis in the Italian Sports Betting Market." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n12p306.
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The effect of the Internet and e-commerce on industry competition has been widely discussed in economic-managerial literature. Most of the studies focused on the analysis of the impact of Internet technologies on specific industry structural factors – in particular on sectoral price levels –, but no sufficient empirical evidence based on overall industry change is yet available. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of e-commerce on the transformation of the industrial structure and competition in a regulated market, that of Italian sports betting. This market, because the effect of a process of legalization of on-line sports betting that started in 2006, has been interested by a continuous shift of purchases of sport bets, ranging from the traditional sales channels to digital ones. This has contributed in creating an on-line gambling sector among the most developed and consolidated in the world. From a methodological point of view, firstly the data from a series of secondary sources was processed in order to examine the main changes in the Italian sports betting market induced by the legalization of on-line gambling. Secondly, the data and information collected through specific empirical investigations was used to examine the impact of Internet betting on gambling operators’ business models and on players’ gambling behavior in the Italian market. The results of the analysis has shown that the development of Internet technologies and of e-commerce has had, on the one hand, a positive influence on the growth of the sales in the Italian sports betting market; and on the other hand, has impacted on a series of structural factors in the sector – entry barriers, number of competitors, geographical opening of the market, levels of pricing, average profit margins – in such a way as to determine an increase in industry competition. In particular, use by foreign companies of the electronic distribution channel as a ‘mode of entry’ into different geographical markets is causing the development of competition that goes beyond national borders, reducing the strongly domestic oligopolistic structure that has always characterized the Italian sports betting industry.
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Cheredarchuk, A. M. "Socially Dangerous Consequences Of Criminal Offenses In The Field Of Public Procurement." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 55 (January 17, 2021): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.55.120-129.
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In the article the author analyzes the national legislation, scientific research and the results of law enforcement activities of law enforcement agencies in the field of public procurement. It has been established that the opacity and inefficiency of mechanisms for controlling the public procurement process leads to the use of corruption schemes to embezzle budget funds, legalize and misappropriate them by unscrupulous officials and, as a consequence, to «shadow» the national economy.
In the current conditions of the country’s development, corruption is perhaps the most negative consequence of criminal acts in the field of public procurement. Corruption in the public procurement system, as in any other area, is associated with the exercise of power, distribution or redistribution of material resources or funds, a phenomenon that is not new or even national.
Another clear example of the consequences of public procurement crime is the threat of unfair competition.
Among the abuses committed by public procurement participants, the greatest degree of security threat is conspiracy of participants. A conspiracy is an agreement between two or more participants in a procurement procedure aimed at setting the price of a competitive bidding offer or a price offer at artificial or non-competitive levels with or without the knowledge of the customer.
The main danger of fictitious entrepreneurship is property damage to legal entities and individuals, the state, which, in turn, is expressed in concealing the facts of prohibited activities, illegal conversion of non-cash into cash, creating preconditions for tax evasion and other illegal goals, promoting legalization ( money laundering) of funds obtained by criminal means, etc.
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Turskytė, Ieva, and Alfreda Šapkauskienė. "Evaluation of the European Union’s Policy of Cryptocurrencies‘ Regulation." Buhalterinės apskaitos teorija ir praktika, no. 23 (March 30, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/batp.2021.31.
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In 2008, a global financial crisis happened. It led to strong currency price volatility. Because of that, discussions on the need for an alternative, institution-independent currency occurred. Due to this reason the first decentralized cryptocurrency Bitcoin was created. The new and not yet explored concept of cryptocurrency changed the previously strictly defined role of money. Currently, with the growth of the cryptocurrency market, the most important regional institutions (e.g. FED, EBA) provide regulatory guidelines of a recommendatory nature. The regulations of these institutions remain significant, reflecting the dominant approach to digital money. Because of this reason, the aim of the study is to identify the factors that determine the difficulties in the legalization process of cryptocurrencies and to investigate the features of the European Union's cryptocurrency regulatory policy. Methods used: analysis of scientific literature and legal documents, systematization, comparison, interpretation and generalization of information. The results of the study show that the European Union has taken active regulatory action with the growing importance of cryptocurrencies in the world. To date, a document regulating the definition of cryptocurrencies has not yet been adopted at Union level, but the adoption of the cryptocurrency regulation proposal presented in 2020 would mean greater clarity and security for cryptocurrency issuers, intermediaries and users.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legalization proce"
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KATURIC, IVANA. "Informal housing in the framework of housing and welfare systems in post-communist croatia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/133497.
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The object of this thesis is informal construction in South-East European countries during the post-communist transition, in particular the analysis of the metropolitan area of the city of Split. We will approach the issue of informal construction as a complex path-dependent phenomenon that cannot be separated from the social conditions, which generated it, nor from the institutional context in which it is embedded.
In this thesis, we first discuss the transition of the welfare model in post-communist countries and highlight the specific characteristics of Croatia. Attention is paid to the different ways in which the diverse housing systems, as part of wider welfare systems, influence the phenomena of informal construction. The analysis is conducted at the city level in order to define informal construction in relation to the housing provision.
Secondly, we address the problem of the definition of informal construction by looking at the following variable: ownership over land, the relation to the land use regulation, legality of the built object and its expansion, the current use of the object, permanency of the residence and as the last feature, whether it is built through the self promotion. A typology of informal construction is built and is tested in a survey of different neighborhood of the city of Split.
Thirdly, a survey is carried out on the different typologies of informal construction. The focus of the survey is on the ways in which different social groups in the society benefit or are damaged by the phenomenon of informal construction and on the different possibilities and paths to the legalization process. An additional outcome is a refinement of the typology for further research on the topic of informal construction.
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Endal, David. "Analýza procesu zaměstnávání cizích státních příslušníků." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165589.
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This thesis deals with the employment of foreign nationals in the Czech Republic, namely in Prague. The aim is to analyze the process of employing foreign nationals to point out the shortcomings of applied process and suggest measures to improve the current situation. Analysis of the process of employing foreign nationals is based on publicly available information sources and uses the results of a survey among foreign nationals and interviews with consultants in the field.
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Minnicelli, Jo?o Luiz Portolan Galv?o. "Regulariza??o fundi?ria em ?reas de prote??o permanente (APP s) : conflitos das gest?es urban?stica e ambiental." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2008. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/65.
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Joao Luiz Portolan Galvao Minnicelli.pdf: 2771943 bytes, checksum: a3fe7d2be80e26e4ac8ca144f6714918 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2008-05-26Master?s research with the scope of looking into the origin and the motivation of conflicts that arise between urban planners and environmentalists when the objective is to regulate and legalize situations of dwellings in irregular settlements that have already been established, being those dwellings located in Areas of Permanent Protection (APPs). These are environmental locations that are especially protected. This normatization is carried out by means of land legalization , the beginnings and evolution of which are hereby also researched. Cases of land legalization of inhabited areas located in APPs of Campinas have also been studied; said legalizations have been sponsored by the local municipal government. The objective of the study was verifying the conditions under which said legalizations were conceived, effected and then evaluated.
Pesquisa de Mestrado destinada a averiguar a g?nese e a motiva??o dos conflitos que surgem entre urbanistas e ambientalistas nos casos em que se pretende regular e regularizar situa??es de moradia em assentamentos irregulares j? consolidados, quando tais moradias se situam em ?reas de Prote??o Permanente (APP?s) que s?o espa?os ambientais especialmente protegidos. A regulariza??o se d? por meio do instrumento da regulariza??o fundi?ria cujas origem e evolu??o tamb?m aqui se pesquisa. Estudam-se igualmente os casos de regulariza??o fundi?ria de ?reas de moradia situadas em ?rea de APP em Campinas promovidas pela municipalidade local para se averiguar a forma como tais regulariza??es foram concebidas, realizadas e posteriormente avaliadas.
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Gřešák, Martin. "Vliv konceptu lidské bezpečnosti na proces legalizace a legitimace humanitární intervence." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321981.
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1 Abstract Humanitarian intervention is one of the most contentious issues of contemporary international politics. The roots of the concept of humanitarian intervention can be traced back to the just war theory. Having examined the practice of states, I lean towards the opinion that the international custom legalizing humanitarian intervention has not fully crystallized. Although the realist school comes up with a few very convincing points, I think that the Charter of the United Nations, as it stands now, does not allow to carry out a humanitarian intervention. The International Court of Justice case law does not consider humanitarian intervention legal. The concept of human security became one of the fundamental sources of legitimization of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. It also served as one of the principles, upon which the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty had built the doctrine of The Responsibility to Protect. The principles of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine were passed by the UN General Assembly at the 2005 World Summit. A year later, these principles were referred to in a Security Council resolution on the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Although the United Nations General Assembly resolutions are not legally binding, their come from the fact...
Books on the topic "Legalization proce"
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No Price Too High: Victimless Crimes and the Ninth Amendment. Praeger Publishers, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Legalization proce"
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Ostřanský, Bronislav. "The Spark Has Been Lit Here in Iraq." In The Jihadist Preachers of the End Times, 111–71. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439237.003.0005.
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This chapter addresses in detail the role of the millennial agenda within ISIS propaganda. Using their primary sources (both in Arabic and Western languages), the discussion analyses, step by step, the specific segments of Muslim apocalyptic heritage that have been utilised in ISIS propaganda as a tool for the justification and metaphysical legalization of their struggle. The main objective of this chapter is to carefully discuss the way ISIS has instrumentalized chosen apocalyptic pointers, either events or trends, which, from their own perspective, have already been fulfilled. They have sought to use these claims as a tool to prove the accuracy of their interpretation of contemporary affairs.
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Winter, Jay. "The Road from Geneva." In The Day the Great War Ended, 24 July 1923, 13—C1.P98. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192870735.003.0002.
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Abstract This chapter charts the emergence of a central part of the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923—the compulsory population exchange agreement introduced initially by the League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Fridtjof Nansen on 20 November 1922, and agreed on 30 January 1923 by Greek and Turkish delegates. In the past the end of wars was marked by an exchange of prisoners. This was the first time in history that a compulsory exchange of civilians became a precondition for peace. This measure is placed in the framework of the work of the League of Nations to save the lives of refugees and to prevent the spread of endemic and epidemic disease. The price paid for this agreement was the legalization of ethnic cleansing on a massive scale. Here was the moment when the civilianization of war arrived as an indelible part of the fabric of international affairs.
Conference papers on the topic "Legalization proce"
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Farrelly, Kyra, Jasmine Turna, Emma Marsden, Molly Scarfe, Peter Najdzionek, Jeffrey Wardell, and James MacKillop. "The Good, The Bad, and The Uncertain: A Systematic Review of the Impacts of Recreational Cannabis Legalization." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.45.
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Background: Recreational cannabis legalization has become more prevalent over the past decade, with recreational cannabis now legal in 13 U.S. states and nationally in Uruguay, Canada, and Malta. At the same time, there is evidence for increasing rates of cannabis use and consequences from use (i.e., crime and motor vehicle accidents) among some age groups, particularly in North America. Thus, it is crucial to understand the role of recreational legalization on person-level outcomes, such as cannabis consumption and health-outcomes. Previous reviews have focused on outcomes in the U.S., but there remains a need for a broader international evaluation of the effect of legalization. Additionally, there is a dearth of reviews examining recreational cannabis legalization as past literature has focused more attention on medical cannabis legalization. The current review examined the role of recreational cannabis legalization on a variety of person-centered outcomes to understand if the consequences of legalization. Method: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria involved: empirical quantitative research, article available in English, a research design evaluating the impact of recreational cannabis legalization (e.g., pre vs. post), and person-level cannabis use, and/or clinical outcomes included as dependent variables (opposed to outcomes such as changes in the price or potency of cannabis). Two individuals independently coded studies for eligibility and extracted information. The search revealed 69 studies that met criteria for inclusion. Results: Our search revealed five main categories of outcomes associated with recreational cannabis legalization: cannabis and substance use behaviors, health-care impacts, attitudes surrounding cannabis, crime-related outcomes, and driving-related outcomes. The studies were predominantly cross-sectional designs and most took place within the U.S. The extant literature revealed inconsistencies surrounding the role of recreational legalization. In the case of cannabis use behaviours, there was mixed evidence for different subpopulations. For example, legalization was associated with increased cannabis use for college samples, but there were inconsistent findings for adolescents. Additionally, some studies pointed towards negative consequences associated with legalization, such as increased cannabis use in clinical populations and increased cannabis-related healthcare visits. Other studies suggested no impact of legalization through either no change in examined outcomes or heterogenous conclusions (e.g., cannabis-related attitudes). Finally, there was also evidence of positive consequences for recreational legalization, such as decreased drug-related arrests and cigarette use. Conclusions: Overall, the balance of research suggests there is no clear support for any large magnitude person-level impact of recreational cannabis legalization. This review indicates that more conclusive evidence regarding the impact of recreational legalization is still required and reveals a need for more longitudinal study designs with longer-term follow-ups as well as studies from a broader range of geographic jurisdictions. As recreational cannabis legalization becomes implemented globally, a systematic evaluation of the outcomes associated with enactment is of increasing relevance.
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Japarova, Damira. "Legalization of Paid Services - The Source of Increasing Salaries of Medical Workers." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01389.
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The main reason for the existence of informal payments in health care in Kyrgyzstan is low wages. On preferential treatment of patients is used 94% of funds allocated by the state. The financing of medical services largely transferred to the citizens themselves. Replacement free assistance paid services, in the absence of government regulation, acts as a natural addition to the market price, it is impossible to cancel or destroy. Promote the quality of work does not go beyond payroll. Kyrgyzstan should be legalized paid medical services. The source of the additional accrual of wages may become fund clinics, hospitals generated by paid services.
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Japarova, Damira. "Diagnostics of Financing the System of Public Health in the Kyrgyzstan Republic and its Modernization." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02378.
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Despite the multi-channel resources, the financial sources of state health programs do not cover the needs of their implementation in the Kyrgyz Republic. The residual principle of health financing keeps unchanged and the amount of financing does not match the real health needs. The variety of problems in financing, the ambiguity of their positive practical solutions and controversy of theoretical aspects makes the research topic particularly relevant. No funds are allocated for prevention, and this type of medical service remains formally, just on paper. The main drawback of compulsory health insurance is the lack of forms for the insured patient to participate in the economic system of insurance relations. In this connection, it is relevant to develop a mechanism for attracting additional sources of financing. To increase the interest of commercial structure to this structure, it is proposed to introduce personalized accounting of compulsory medical insurance.
Informal payments in medicine shouldn’t be considered as a “bribe”, since this type of payment for medical services acts as an addition to the market price in the absence of an adequate regulatory mechanism by the state, and it is impossible to cancel such a mechanism. The only way to formalize them is legalization. Revenues from paid services should be the source of the own fund of health organizations and used primarily to increase the salaries of medical workers.
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Japarova, Damira. "None Budgetary Forms of Health Funding in the KR." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02077.
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In Kyrgyzstan, significant share of the state funds used on the preferential treatment and financing of treatment other patients largely tolerated by themselves. However, the replacement of free services with paid ones occurs spontaneously and haphazardly. The strategy of replacement of free Medicare to paid in official documents and normative acts are not formulated, however, it really exists.
With the introduction of co- payment system, patients are forced repeatedly pay for the same medical service, eventually not having a warranty for complete recovery. Many administrators in medicine believe that they do not need to take co-payment from patients, because the patients buying medicines themselves, and in this regard, there are many claims and perturbations on this subject.
Our point of view, informal payments in medicine, i.e., unofficial payments to the doctor should not be seen as a "bribe". In the absence of a regulatory mechanism, the informal payment for services acts as a state-nonregulated addition to the market price, this cannot be canceled or destroyed. The only way to put them to some kind of framework - is legalization these payments. Special funds, or receipts from paid services should become a source of own fund of a polyclinic or hospital, which can be used first of all for increasing the salaries of medical workers. Instead of fixed co-payments in medical care, it is advisable to introduce co-payment in relation to medicines, i.e. pay part of the cost of drugs used in the treatment of the patient.