Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Legal techniques'

Nowadays, the majority of the services we benefit from, are provided online and their use is regulated by the acceptance to the terms of service by the users. All our data are handled accordingly with the clauses of such document and all our behaviours must comply with it. Given so, it would be very useful to find automated techniques to ensure fairness of the document or inform the users about possible threats. The focus of this work, is to create resources aimed to the development of such tools in languages other than English, which may lack in linguistic resources and annotated corpus. The enormous breakthroughs of the last years in Natural Language Processing techniques made it possible the creation of such tools through automated and unsupervised process. One of the means to achieve that is through the annotation projection between two parallel corpora. The difficulties and costs of creating ad hoc resource for every language has brought the need to find another way for achieving the goal.\\ This work investigates the cross language annotation projection technique based on sentence embedding and similarity metrics to find matches between sentences. Several combination of methods and algorithms are compared, among which there are monolingual and multilingual embedding neural models. The experiments are conducted on two datasets, where the reference language is always English and the projection are evaluated on Italian, German and Polish. The results obtained provide a robust and reliable technique for the task and a good starting point to build multilingual tools.

The aim of this study was to investigate new methods of analysis which might be applied to forensic toxicology problems including those resulting from pesticides, particularly the quaternary ammonium herbicide group, and from drugs, particularly the benzodiazepine group. In the first part of this study, an efficient method for the determination of quaternary ammonium (QA) compounds (pesticides and drugs) in human whole blood was developed. The second part of this study concerned the development of a novel sorbents for solid phase extraction using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The approach adopted was initially to synthesise a known MIP using diazepam as template then to prepare novel MIPs using other benzodiazepines and analogues of QA compounds as templates. In the first of these stages, an anti-diazepam MIP was synthesized using methacrylate acid (MAA) as the monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-liner and was then ground and prepared for use as an SPE sorbent by packing it into SPE cartridges. These cartridges were used to clean up extracts of diazepam and other benzodiazepine drugs made from hair samples via a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) protocol. The MISPE method was also found to be applicable to the analysis of diazepam metabolites and other benzodiazepine drugs in addition to diazepam itself. The application of the extraction method to post-mortem hair samples yielded results that were in good agreement with ELISA data (from blood samples) and data arising from the analysis of the same blood samples using a validated in-house SPE-LC-MS-MS method. The MISPE procedure was also compared with a conventional SPE method for analysis of benzodiazepines in hair samples. The results from MISPE protocol showed better selectivity, specificity and accuracy toward diazepam (template molecule) and other benzodiazepines that display a similar resemblance to diazepam in terms of molecular structure. The MISPE procedure was found to be simpler and to offer cleaner extracts compared to a conventional SPE method.

Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Title from title screen (viewed on 27 Mar. 2006) "Dissertation for Master of arts in arbitration and dispute resolution." Includes bibliographical references.

The use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was evaluated for the determination of drugs of Forensic interest. Three matrices were investigated. The first two (blood and vitreous humor) were compared to SPE and LLE methodology currently in use at the Department of Forensic Science and Medicine. The third matrix, hair, was assessed to determine its usefulness as a marker of past drug use. Three types of drugs were investigated by SFE namely, Benzodiazepines, morphine and methadone. Successful methodology was developed for all three matrices and all three drug types, providing an efficient, reproducible alternative method to SPE and LLE, which reduced the environmental risks from organic solvents. The developed methods were applied to the analysis of authentic forensic samples. In addition to comparing well with the results obtained with the conventional techniques, good correlation was obtained between blood and vitreous humor results for temazepam, diazepam, methadone and morphine. Thus, in cases where a body is badly decomposed or burned, vitreous humor can be used as an alternative post-mortem sample. In addition to the determination of morphine, 6-monoacetyl morphine (6MAM) was used as marker of heroin abuse. 6MAM was detected in all three samples matrices, thus confirming the use of heroin prior to death. Hair analysis for all three types of drugs was carried out using a single extraction method. A wide range of concentrations was found for all drug types. As with blood and vitreous humor, 6MAM was detected and used as a marker of heroin abuse. From this, 61% of known heroin users were confirmed.

Considérant les investissements privés étrangers comme un moteur de croissance économique, les pays en quête de capitaux au rang desquels les pays de l’espace OHADA ont entrepris depuis quelques décennies des politiques d’attractivité, les unes plus incitatives que les autres. Cependant, l’afflux des investissements privés étrangers n’est pas satisfaisant au regard des attentes et reste relativement faible comparativement à d’autres pays. L’analyse des techniques juridiques d’attractivité de ces investissements nous a donc semblé opportune afin de déterminer et apprécier les techniques juridiques sur lesquelles les pays de l’espace OHADA, notamment le Cameroun, fondent l’attractivité de leurs territoires. Il en ressort que cette attractivité se fonde d’une part, sur des techniques de promotion, d’autre part sur des techniques de protection des investissements privés. Sont considérées comme des techniques de promotion, la construction d’un cadre propice à l’investissement privé étranger et la modernisation de l’outillage juridique relatif à l’exercice d’activités économiques. L’objectif ici est d’assurer une sécurité juridique et une libéralisation économique par ailleurs contrôlée. S’agissant des techniques de protection, elles sont de deux ordres. Les unes sont des garanties préventives des contentieux et les autres sont des garanties au soutien du règlement des contentieux. Les premières se traduisent par la réglementation d’une part, des rapports entre l’État d’accueil et les investisseurs étrangers, d’autre part des rapports entre l’investisseur privé étranger et les opérateurs économiques à travers l’assainissement de l’environnement des affaires. Le second volet de la protection se traduit par des garanties au soutien du règlement des contentieux avec une offre d’alternatives au procès et la dynamisation des mécanismes judiciaires. L’objectif escompté étant de permettre aux investisseurs privés étrangers de préserver leurs droits. Ces différentes techniques, quelles qu’elles soient, présentent des limites qui nécessitent une constante prise en compte du dynamisme de l’environnement des affaires et des préoccupations socio-économiques, environnementales des États d’accueil
Considering foreign private investment as an engine of economic growth, countries in search of capital, including the countries of the OHADA area, have undertaken attractiveness policies for several decades, some more attractive than others. However, the influx of foreign private investment is not satisfactory compared to expectations and remains relatively low compared to other countries. The analysis of the legal techniques for the attractiveness of these investments therefore seemed appropriate to us in order to determine and assess the legal techniques on which the countries of the OHADA area, in particular Cameroon, base the attractiveness of their territories. It appears that this attractiveness is based on the one hand, on promotion techniques, and on the other hand on techniques for protecting private investments. Promotion techniques include the construction of a framework conducive to foreign private investment and the modernization of legal tools relating to the exercise of economic activities. The objective here is to ensure legal certainty and otherwise controlled economic liberalization. Regarding protection techniques, there are two types. Some are guarantees preventing disputes and others are guarantees supporting the settlement of disputes. The first result in the regulation, on the one hand, of relations between the host State and foreign investors, and on the other hand of relations between the foreign private investor and economic operators through the sanitation of the business environment. The second aspect of protection translates into guarantees to support the settlement of disputes with an offer of alternatives to trial and the revitalization of judicial mechanisms. The expected objective is to allow foreign private investors to preserve their rights. These different techniques, whatever they may be, have limits which require constant consideration of the dynamism of the business environment and the socio-economic and environmental concerns of the host States

The purpose of this study was to examine the advocacy techniques employed by three state-level child advocacy groups in a mid-western state and to determine the effectiveness of such techniques in influencing policy and legislation.The groups studied were a government-funded bureau, a professional association, and a varied member organization. Each was selected because it met the qualifications set forth for that particular group type. Data collection took place during June and July, 1981.The records examined during data collection included minutes of meetings, publications, fiscal reports, legislative reports and bills, by-laws, and newspaper articles. The data discerned from the records described the groups' founding, objectives, structure, membership, finances, and advocacy strategies, particularly public information campaigns, training, and lobbying efforts. Interviews were conducted with persons knowledgeable of the groups' activities, as necessary.Data were organized into the categories of background information, objectives, membership, structure, funding, and advocacy efforts. Issues considered by any of the three groups were classified either as legislation or as a child-oriented issue. Advocacy techniques utilized to advance a group's position on a piece of legislation were paired with the bill. The effectiveness of the techniques was determined via a scale which examined a bill's progression through the legislative process. Patterns of effective advocacy were listed. Similarly, advocacy techniques employed to advance a group's position on child-oriented issues were paired with the issues. Patterns of advocacy were discerned from that information.As a result of the data analysis, the following conclusions were made; (a) a variety of techniques were used by the groups and contributed to effective advocacy; (b) the techniques of writing to and meeting with legislators or their staffs on behalf of a group were utilized most commonly in successful efforts related to legislation; (c) collaboration and multiple efforts were related to effective advocacy; (d) the professional association was most successful in its legislative advocacy efforts; and (e) the three groups took more positions and utilized more advocacy techniques on child-oriented issues than on legislation.

On s’est habitué à adopter du concept d’autonomie une perception qui est celle d’un déclin, largement prophétisé dès le XIXème siècle chez les auteurs critiques du contrat. Tous les arguments ont contribué à cette interprétation et bien des choses semblent aller en ce sens. Ainsi, le concept laisse apparaître un bouleversement des distinctions classiques vérifiable du point de vue du langage définissant les sources ou autorités du droit (autonomie législative, judiciaire…). En réalité, la première autonomie de nature subjective n’a pas été contredite autant qu’on aurait pu le supposer. L’autonomie individuelle ou collective continue de définir la personne juridique en fonction d’une titularité plus ou moins étroite de ses droits, libertés, capacités ou pouvoirs. Elle contribue, en effet, à la promotion d’un cadre primordial et persiste dans une sorte de contrôle moral des volontés et des identités individuelles confrontées à des mécanismes exagérément objectifs. Une résurgence apparente du vocabulaire romaniste, sous prétexte d’équilibre des prestations, permet paradoxalement un déséquilibre entre les parties. C’est donc à une autonomie renouvelée, forte de nouvelles exigences, que l’on fait appel. Un plan moral succède au plan théorique sous l’angle de la protection des volontés. L’autonomie s’adapte tout en demeurant conforme à un sens subjectif originel. Elle pourrait devenir une référence de régulation, y compris pour les contrats internationaux. Le droit français aurait là une occasion de se rétablir, au moins du point de vue de l’interprétation
We became used to adopt some concept of autonomy a perception which is the one of a decline, largely predicted from the XIXth century at the critical authors of the contract. All arguments contributed to this interpretation and many things seem to go this way. Actually, the concept uncovers a classical upheavel of distinctions whiches verifiable from the point of view of sources or authorities defining langage (legislative, judicial autonomy). In fact, the first autonomy of subjective nature was not as contradicted as it was supposed to. The individual or collective autonomy continues to define the legal person according to a more or less narrow tenure of its rights, liberties, capacities or powers. As a matter of fact it contributes to focus on an essential frame and persists in a kind of moral control of the wills and of the individual identities confronted to excessively objective mechanisms. A similar resurgence of the ancient roman law vocabulary, under the pretext of contractual balance, paradoxically allows a destabilization between the parts. So it is to the renewed autonomy strong on new requirements that we appeal. A moral plan succeeds the theoretical plan under the perspective of the protection of the wills. The autonomy adapts itself while remaining in compliance with an original subjective sense. She could become a reference of regulation, including for the international contracts. French law would then have an opportunity to recover, at least from the point of view of the interpretation

Les problèmes que pose, traditionnellement, la notion d'interprétation en droit (l'idéologie du juge comme bouche de la loi) sont encore multipliés lorsque l'on se place au niveau constitutionnel : ce qui est généralement considéré comme les techniques permettant de garantir la juridicité des interprétations de la loi exposent d'autant plus visiblement leurs lacunes, qu'il n'existe plus de norme supérieure donnant l'apparence de les garantir. En théorie, certains courants ont cherché, après Kelsen, à fonder rationnellement l'interprétation, afin de pouvoir juger de sa vérité. A chaque fois, cependant, il leur a été nécessaire de se rattacher à des éléments externes en droit et dont le caractère de vérité pouvait, de plus, être contesté. A l'opposé, le réalisme juridique se contente d'affirmer le pouvoir créateur du juge, et sa liberté d'interprétation ; ce faisant, pourtant, il ne peut pas rendre compte du processus interprétatif en fait (comment le juge décide-t-il lorsqu'il n'a pas de préjugé ?). La thèse cherchera donc, au moyen d'une étude empirique, à dégager des éléments qui pourraient servir de futurs développements théoriques sur la question de l'interprétation. Pour ce faire, elle mettra en œuvre des outils tirés des sciences littéraire, linguistique et sociologique et construira à partir de là une perspective autre que celle généralement proposée par les travaux sur l’interprétation. Afin d’asseoir plus solidement ses développements, ce travail adopte une méthode comparatiste (France – Allemagne) : les deux cours, fort éloignées à l'origine, mais en train de se rapprocher, ne peuvent manquer d'offrir les tensions nécessaires
When one admits with legal realism that methods of interpretation cannot give the one good answer to a juridical case, and thus cannot assure that the judge is bound to the limits the separation of powers imposes on him, it becomes possible to change the perspective on these techniques. They now can be regarded as revealing the institutional constraints which affect the judge. The first part of this dissertation examines how the judge is writing the constitution. Based on G. Genette’s theories on hypertextuality (hypertextualité) it is possible to describe two different types of interpretation (imitation and transposition). The different interpretational choices made by the French and German judges seem to confirm the general impressions: the German Federal constitutional court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) has a bigger power on shaping the constitution than the French Conseil constitutionnel. The second chapter demonstrates how this difference has a bearing on the two court’s institutional actions. The German judge is more straightforward when it comes to dealing with the legislator, deliberately using the instruments his position as a constitutional judge are offering. The French judge, on the other hand, seems more reluctant in this respect. Vis-à-vis the other judges, the constitutional judge (supported by more direct means of action, such as the constitutional complaint) can take a more and more preponderant position, corresponding to his understanding of the constitution. In France however, the lack of constraining procedures between the different courts results in a system of negotiations – oftentimes to redound to the normal judge’s advantage. Both constitutional courts are exposed to a similar constraint (the articulation between existing juridical system and the system of the constitution). The methods of interpretation are useful to them in order to bring different answers
Einmal angenommen, wie im Legal realism, dass die Auslegungsmethoden nicht zur einzigen richtigen Lösung eines Falles führen und daher nicht für die richterliche Beachtung der von einem System der Gewaltenteilung gesetzten Schranken bürgen können, wird ein Perspektivenwechsel möglich und aufschlussreich. Somit können die Auslegungsmethoden als Ausdruck der institutionellen Zwänge, denen die Richter ausgesetzt sind, betrachtet werden. Der erste Teil dieser Dissertation beschäftigt sich damit, wie die Verfassung durch den Richter geschrieben wird. Anhand der von G. Genette entwickelten Hypertextualitätstheorie werden zwei allgemeine Auslegungsmodelle (Mimesis und Übertragung) ausgearbeitet. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass der vom deutschen und französischen Richter jeweils unterschiedlich gewählte Pfad einen ersten Eindruck bestätigt: das Bundesverfassungsgericht ist mächtiger wenn es darum geht, die Verfassung zu gestalten. Gleichzeitig hat jener Unterschied eine spürbare Wirkung auf das institutionelle Handeln der Gerichte, worauf im zweiten Teil der Arbeit eingegangen wird. Dem Gesetzgeber gegenüber wagt das deutsche Gericht mehr und ist freimütiger als das französische Gericht mit den ihm (als Verfassungsgericht) genauso wie seinem Homolog in Paris zur Verfügung stehenden Instrumenten. Auch nimmt er in seinen Beziehungen zu den anderen Richtern er eine fast überragende Stellung ein (was Verfahren wie die Verfassungsbeschwerde erleichtern), die seinem Verständnis des Grundgesetzes entspricht. Im Gegenteil dazu führt in Frankreich die strenge Trennung zwischen den drei hohen Gerichten zu einem System der Verhandlung, meistens zugunsten des Fachrichters. Anhand der Auslegungsarbeit beantworten somit beide Gerichte die Frage der Eingliederung der herkömmlichen Rechtsordnung und der Verfassungsordnung unterschiedlich

La subtitulación de lenguaje especializado en series es una actividad con un alto grado de dificultad, puesto que el traductor se enfrenta a una triple tarea: 1) ser consistente con las normas y características de la subtitulación, 2) ser preciso y correcto con la terminología jurídica especializada y 3) tener que adaptar los contenidos y terminología para lograr una buena compresión y recepción del producto por parte de la audiencia. Esta triple tarea se dificulta aún más debido a la inherente complejidad de la traducción jurídica y a las restricciones de la traducción audiovisual. Por ello, la presente investigación tiene como finalidad analizar la subtitulación del lenguaje especializado presente en los siguientes dramas legales estadounidenses emitidos de 2009 a 2020: “The Good Wife”, “Suits”, “How to Get Away with Murder” y “American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson”. Mediante la técnica de análisis textual contrastivo, este estudio propone identificar y explicar los problemas que puede suponer esta tarea, al igual que determinar y explicar las técnicas empleadas para resolverlos.
The subtitling of specialized language present in series is an activity with a high degree of difficulty, since the translator faces a triple task: 1) to be consistent with the subtitling norms and characteristics, 2) to be precise and correct with the specialized legal terminology, and 3) to have to adapt the contents and terminology to achieve a good understanding and reception by the audience. The difficulty of this triple task increases in account of the inherent complexity of legal translation and the restrictions of audiovisual translation. Hence, this research aims to analyze the subtitling of specialized language present in the following American legal dramas broadcasted from 2009 to 2020: "The Good Wife," "Suits," "How to Get Away with Murder" and "American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson." By using the contrastive text analysis technique, this study intends to identify and explain the problems that this task may entail, as well as to determine and explain the techniques used to solve them.
Trabajo de investigación

All firearms within the United States are required by the Gun Control Act to be physically marked with a serial number; which is at least 0.003” in depth and 1/16” in height. The purpose of a serial number is to make each firearm uniquely identifiable and traceable. Intentional removal of a serial number is a criminal offense and is used to hide the identity and movements of the involved criminal parties. The current standard for firearm serial number restoration is by chemical etching; which is time & labor intensive as well as destructive to the physical evidence (firearm). It is hypothesized that a new technique that is accurate, precise, and time efficient will greatly aid law enforcement agencies in pursuing criminals. This thesis focuses on using a large chamber scanning electron microscope to take secondary electron (SE) images of a stamped metal plate and analyzing them using the MIRA MX 7 UE image processing software for purposes of depth determination. An experimental peak luminance value of 77 (pixel values) was correlated to the known depth (273 μm) at the bottom of the sample character. Results show that it is potentially possible to determine an unknown depth from a SEM image; using luminance values obtained in the MIRA analysis.

D'apparence banale, le principe de proportionnalité signifie en réalité un bouleversement profond du droit. L'importance de ce développement, ainsi que le retentissement de ce principe partout dans le monde, explique l'intérêt considérable que suscite cette question dans la littérature récente. Cependant, il n'est pas commun d'analyser ce principe dans un contexte particulier, en tant que manifestation d'une culture spécifique. Cette thèse entreprend une telle analyse dans le contexte de l'Union européenne, qui s'avère à maints égards paradigmatique, à partir d'un examen du raisonnement de la Cour de justice dans ses décisions en application des libertés de circulation. Cet examen permet, d'un côté, de prendre acte de l'ampleur du potentiel transformateur du principe de proportionnalité sur les plans formel, matériel et institutionnel. En effet, ce principe ayant été conçu par la Cour comme une évaluation de l'efficience des mesures étatiques, les implications sont lourdes à l'égard de la forme de raisonnement employée par la Cour, la fonction des libertés de circulation et enfin la répartition de compétences entre l'Union et les Etats membres. D'un autre côté, le principe de proportionnalité s'avère également un miroir particulièrement apte à refléter les particularités de la culture juridique de l'Union, au sein de laquelle un discours de nature technocratique se montre prévalent
Despite its apparent innocuousness, the principle of proportionality actually brings about a profound transformation of the law. The importance of this development, as well as the spread of this principle throughout the world, accounts for the considerable interest that this issue has raised in recent scholarship. However, it is uncommon to analyze this principle within a specific context, as a manifestation of a particular culture. This thesis embarks on such an analysis within the context of the European Union, which would seem paradigmatic, by examining the reasoning of the European Court of Justice in its judgments applying the freedoms of circulation. This examination will make it possible, on the one hand, to take cognizance of the potential for transformation of the principle of proportionality at a formal, substantial and institutional level. lndeed, this principle having been conceived by the Court as an evaluation of efficiency of State measures, the implications are significant with regards to the form of reasoning employed by the Court, the function of the freedoms of circulation and finally the distribution of competence between the Union and the Member States. On the other hand, the principle of proportionality becomes a particularly appropriate mirror for reflecting the specific characteristics of the legal culture of the European Union, within which a technocratic discourse appears prevalent

Magistro darbo įvade trumpai pristatoma teismo baudžiamojo įsakymo (toliau – baudžiamasis įsakymas) instituto kilmė, istorija, Europos šalių baudžiamųjų procesinių įstatymų įtaka Lietuvos baudžiamuosiuose procesiniuose teisės aktuose įvirtintam baudžiamojo įsakymo institutui. Taip pat atskleidžiami kai kurie tinkamo teisinio reguliavimo nustatymui taikytini teisėkūros principai, teisėkūros juridinės technikos reikalavimai (toliau – Reikalavimai), kuriais remiantis, Lietuvos Respublikos (toliau – LR) Seimo Baudžiamojo proceso kodekse (toliau – BPK) įtvirtintas baudžiamojo įsakymo institutas. Keliama hipotezė, kad teisėkūros principus, Reikalavimus pažeidžiantys nustatyti baudžiamojo įsakymo priėmimo proceso teisiniai reguliavimai kelia baudžiamojo įsakymo instituto taikymo problemas. Tam, kad patikrinti hipotezę, tyrime pristatoma baudžiamojo įsakymo priėmimo proceso samprata, identifikuojami galimai teisėkūros principus, Reikalavimus pažeidžiantys baudžiamojo įsakymo priėmimo proceso teisiniai reguliavimai (4 teisės normos / teisės normų grupės), konstatuojami pažeidimai, nepažeidimai. Konstatavus pažeidimus, ieškomos ir pristatomos tinkamus teisinius reguliavimus sudarančios teisės normos kai kurių LR BPK nuostatų papildymui / pakeitimui. Pirmajame skyriuje, pateikiant baudžiamojo įsakymo instituto sampratą, apžvelgiama baudžiamojo įsakymo priėmimo proceso eiga, išskiriant esminius jos bruožus. Antrajame skyriuje (4 poskyriuose) atliekamas galimai probleminių baudžiamojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
An origin, an history of an institute of the court‘s penal order (hereinafter – penal order) (a form of a simplified criminal process‘es model), an influence of the European criminal procedure laws on the criminal code of procedure (hereinafter – the CCP) of the Republic of Lithuania is briefly presented within an introduction of the Master‘s thesis (hereinafter – Thesis). In addition, some principles of legal regulation and the requirements of legal technique (hereinafter – Requirements) are represented. An hypothesis is then formed that legal regulations of the penal order‘s issuing process (regulated in the CCP of Lithuania) that violate the principles, Requirements raise problems of applying the institute of the penal order. In order to test the hypothesis, a concept of the penal order‘s issuing process is represented and the most possibly problematic legal regulations identified in the research. Furthermore, there are ascertained which identified legal regulations conflict with the principles, Requirements; proper legal regulations is then proposed to alter or supplement some provisions of the CCP of Lithuania. The structure of the Thesis includes 2 chapters, 4 paragraphs, conclusions and recommendations for the legislator. In the first chapter (the analysis of the concept of the penal order‘s issuing process), the penal order issuing process, which is similar in whole jurisdictions, is briefly presented highlighting it‘s essential features. The second chapter consists... [to full text]

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Este trabalho tratou de investigar as origens do instituto da limitação da responsabilidade dos sócios e estabelecer a importância de tal limitação – a partir da harmonização entre os princípios constitucionais de proteção aos direitos sociais e os princípios – igualmente constitucionais – da livre iniciativa do qual decorre também o princípio da preservação da empresa. De modo semelhante buscou se estabelecer a importância da delimitação da responsabilização dos administradores que não possuem vínculo societário com as empresas por eles administradas tanto no âmbito legislativo quanto judicial. Nesse contexto buscou-se demonstrar – para além dos prejuízos – a ociosidade da aplicação da teoria da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica em face dos remédios jurídicos já existentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para as ocasiões em que se verifique a ocorrência de fraude simulação e prática dos atos ultra vires. Advoga-se neste trabalho a possibilidade de se buscar a preservação da empresa atendendo ao chamado do devido processo legal e – simultaneamente– ao chamado da busca pela satisfação do crédito ou reparação de prejuízos ensejados mediante o abuso. da pessoa jurídica seja por administrador seja por sócio fortalecendo assim os caros institutos da segurança jurídica e previsibilidade das decisões judiciais. Concorrem também para a consagração do tudo quanto aqui exposto uma redução do ativismo judicial que se verifica em preterimento de direitos processuais que gozam de status constitucional como os da ampla defesa e do contraditório. Além disso buscou-se evidenciar a necessidade de diálogo entre Direito – através dos magistrados – e Economia a partir da compreensão por parte daqueles dos reflexos de sua atuação para o desenvolvimento econômico e consequentemente para o desenvolvimento social. Nesse tocante acredita-se útil a colaboração que pode ser fornecida pela Psicanálise a partir de uma das três instâncias do aparelho psíquico: o superego no entendimento do Judiciário como superego da sociedade.
Salvador

Orientador: Eduardo Daruge Júnior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia

En choisissant les arrhes comme objet de comparaison entre le droit français et le droit chinois, la présente étude entend montrer le lien entre la technique juridique et la fonction juridique d'une part, la relation entre la fonction d'une institution et son régime juridique d'autre part.Le mécanisme et la fonction sont deux composantes distinctes de la convention d'arrhes. Les deux systèmes juridiques (la France et la Chine) connaissent le même mécanisme, les fonctions juridiques des arrhes s'éloignent cependant considérablement. Il y a en même temps une interdépendance entre ces deux éléments. D'une part, la fonction des arrhes détermine le rôle joue par le mécanisme. De l'autre côté, l'efficacité de la fonction juridique dépend largement du mécanisme sur lequel elle s'appuie. La divergence fonctionnelle des arrhes se répercute nécessairement sur le régime de cette convention. En premier lieu, le problème du contrôle juridique se pose dans des termes différents. En second lieu, les effets juridiques du jeu des arrhes ne sont pas les mêmes en présence de différentes fonctions. La présente étude montre la nécessité d'assurer une adéquation entre la fonction poursuivie et le régime adopté. A travers l'étude des arrhes, nous entendons survoler les deux systèmes juridiques dans leur ensemble, afin d'une part de permettre aux lecteurs français de mieux connaître le droit chinois, et d'autre part de mettre en lumière les divergences qui séparent les deux pays. L'exploitation de la jurisprudence chinoise constitue d'ailleurs une originalité marquée de la présente étude
By choosing the earnest money as the subject of comparison, the present study tries to illustrate the relationship between the legal technique and the legal function on the one hand, between the function of a legal institution and its legal regime on the other.The technique and the function are two distinct components of the deposit. The technique of deposit is the same in the two contrary, where as its functions differs a lot. At the same time, there is an interdependance between those two elements. The function of the deposit determines the role played by the technique. In return, the efficiency of the function depends on the legal technique used. The functional difference also has an impact on the legal regime of the earnest money. Firstly, the problem of judicial control of the clause are not solved in the same way. Secondly, the legal effets produised by the contract of deposit varies according to the its different functions. The present study shows the necessity to assure the adequacy between the function of a institution and its legal regime.Through this research, we intend to provide an over view of the two legal systems, in order not only to give the french readers a complete picture about Chinese law, but also to bring to light the divergences which seperate French law and Chinese law. The massive use of the chinese courts' decisions constitute a remarquable feature of present work

O fenômeno do ativismo jurisdicional tem como causa a crise do direito. Uma releitura do tema a partir de uma perspectiva existencial permite concluir que sua origem assenta-se na perda do sentido da ocupação e preocupação do homem em relação ao direito. Esta crise articula-se, grosso modo, em dois níveis distintos. De um lado, pelo desgaste do modelo de racionalização contido na proposta da tripartição de poderes de Montesquieu; de outro, na perda do sentido do direito como forma de controle social no processo de incorporação da armação da técnica. Diante da anomia do legislador e do Estado aos desafios atuais em torno do direito, presencia-se, na atualidade, o aumento do ativismo jurisdicional na definição do conteúdo do direito continental. Dentro das possibilidades abertas no horizonte da experiência histórica, a evolução do direito continental permite constatar que esta se formou e perpetua-se a partir dos conceitos antagônicos de mutabilidade (em ajuste às necessidades da evolução da sociedade), mas também de segurança jurídica (representada pela norma posta). Um aumento do ativismo jurisdicional que pretenda preservar a experiência da tradição do direito continental exige que a ocupação e preocupação em torno do Direito se deem em aderência à experiência compartilhada dentro do mundo das vivências e no fino equilíbrio dos conceitos de normas sociais e de garantia, sem o que, no extremo da projeção do Dasein no horizonte de sua injunção social, teríamos inevitavelmente um processo de ruptura conceitual da experiência do Direito ou a anulação do Dasein perante o Direito.
The phenomenon of the jurisdictional activism is caused by the crisis of law. A re-reading of the theme from an existential perspective allows for the conclusion that its origin is based on the loss of mans care and concern sense regarding the law. Broadly, this crisis articulates in two distinct levels. On one side, by the rationalization model exhaustion contained in the tripartite division of powers proposed by Montesquieu; on the other side, in the loss of law sense as a way of social control in the incorporation process of the frame of the technique. As a consequence of the anomy of the legislature branch and the State to the current challenges around the law, the increase of the jurisdictional activism in the definition of the continental law content can be contemporarily noticed. Within the possibilities opened in the historical experience scope, the evolution of the continental law allows for the observation that it was formed and continues from the antagonistic concepts of mutability (adjusted to the evolution needs of the society), but also of legal security (represented by the rule provided for). An increase of the jurisdictional activism intending to preserve the experience of the continental law tradition requires that the care and concern concerning the law comply with the experience shared within the world of experiences and in the fine balance of the social rules and guarantee concepts, without which, in the extreme of the Dasein projection in the scope of its social injunction, we would inevitably have a process of conceptual rupture of the law experience or annulment of Dasein before the law.

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Este trabalho de pesquisa científica, de natureza dissertativa, tem como objeto de estudo uma construção terminológico-conceptual, por certo analítica e distintiva, dos institutos jurídico-processuais, Litígio e Lide, incluindo nesta perspectiva de investigação, apriorística e eminentemente, teorética, uma análise empírico-crítica do fenômeno da teleologicidade processual e da decidibilidade de conflitos, apontando-se e aplicando-se, a posteriori, as implicações teorético-conceptual-metodológicas e tecnológico-pragmáticas que tal distinção traz, como corolário, para a Ciência Jurídico-Processual – e suas instituições e institutos fundamentais – e para a resolução de questões aparentemente aporemáticas da teoria jurídico-processual. Para a consecução deste objeto/problema, fizemos, preliminarmente, uma análise teórico-conceptual e histórico-descritiva dos institutos Litígio e Lide a partir da leitura da dogmática jurídico-processual clássica e moderna, posto que, até então, tais institutos são tomados como elementos conceptuais de mesma referibilidade fenomênica e terminológica. Em seguida, para justificar e mostrar a razão de ser da distinção proposta, demonstramos que tal indiscernibilidade e imprecisão terminológicas resultam numa série de aporias conceptuais para a teoria do processo e, em assim sendo, assentimos, peremptoriamente, como um imperativo categórico e como um verdadeiro pressuposto das teses aqui assentidas, que não há que se falar em conhecimento científico, em Ciência Jurídico-Processual, caracterizada pelos atributos da neutralidade axiológica, da asseptabilidade método-epistemológica, da assertibilidade do discurso científico e da verdade científica, sem a construção de uma terminologia jurídico-conceptual, por certo, específica, apurada e precisa. Nesta perspectiva, assentimos que os termos Litígio e Lide são elementos conceptuais de bedeutung (referência) e sinn (sentido) diferentes, sendo o Litígio um pressuposto processual de natureza fáctico-causal-sociológica, de referibilidade extrínseca, portanto, exoprocessual, caracterizado pela contendere de sujeitos em face de uma pretensão – resistida ou insatisfeita – vetorialmente contrária ao interesse da outra parte e a Lide, por sua vez, um suposto processual – conditio sine qua non do processo – de natureza jurídico-processual stricto sensu, de referibilidade intrínseca, portanto, endoprocessual, caracterizada por uma relação jurídico-processual sinalagmática entre partes e o Estado-juiz. Em síntese, a Lide seria o resultado da dedução quantitativa e qualitativa em juízo do Litígio. Tal construção analítico-distintiva teria, assim, um alto grau de aplicabilidade, sobretudo, para se elucidar algumas aporias da teoria jurídico-processual, tais como a asserção do atributo da jurisdicionalidade na chamada jurisdição voluntária e na aplicação do conceito de Lide na processualística penal. Do mesmo modo, agora do ponto de vista da análise empírico-crítica consecutada, chegamos à conclusão de que a teleologicidade processual, a priori, é a decidibilidade da Lide e, tão-somente, a posteriori – sem isso constituir um telos necessário – a decidibilidade do Litígio; assim também, concluímos que as técnicas processuais de estruturação e formatação de procedimentos diferenciados (especiais) e de limitação da cognição do juiz (Lide < Litígio) são utilizadas, muitas vezes, com influências ideológicas que repercutem, assim, no âmbito de abrangência da res judicata, no direito de acesso à justiça e nos princípios da inafastabilidade do controle jurisdicional e da congruência.
This scientific research project, presented in the format of a dissertation, has as study object a terminological and conceptual construction, more correctly analytic and distinctive, of the institutes legal and procedural, Dispute and Lawsuit, including in this investigation perspective, aprioristic and eminently, theoretical, an empiric and critical analysis of the phenomenon of the teleologicity and the decidability, indicating itself and applying, a posteriori, implications theoretic, conceptual, methodological, technological and pragmatic that such distinction brings, as corollary, for the science legal procedural – and their institutions and fundamental institutes – and for the resolution of questions apparently of difficult solution (aporematicas) of the theory legal procedural. For the development of this problem we have, in the first time, a descriptive conceptual and historic theoretical analysis of institutes Dispute and Lawsuit from the dogmatist’s reading legal procedural classic and modern, in such way that, here such institutes are taken as the conceptual elements in the same way reference phenomenalist and terminological. To justify and show the existence of this proposition we demonstrate then, that such an indiscernibility and terminological imprecision resulting in a set of aporias (of difficult solution) conceptual for the theory of the process and, we approve this form, peremptorily, like a categorical imperative and like a presupposed truly of theses here approved, that cannot speak himself in scientific knowledge, in science legal procedural, characterized by attributes of neutrality axiological, of the acceptability method epistemological, of the assertibility of the scientific speech and scientific truth, without the development of a legal and conceptual terminology, more precisely, specific, refined and precise. In this perspective we approve that terms Dispute and Lawsuit are the conceptual elements of bedeutung (reference) and sinn (sense) different, being Dispute one presupposition procedural of artificial, causal, and sociological nature, of reference extrinsic, therefore, exoprocedural characterized by contendere of litigants in face of a pretension – resisted or unsatisfied – vectorially contrary to the interest of the other party and the Lawsuit, in turn, a presumption procedural – condition sine qua of the process – of natural legal procedural stricto sensu, intrinsic reference, therefore, characterized by a relation legal procedural synallagmatic between parts and the state judges. In synthesis Lawsuit would be the result of the quantitative and qualitative deduction in judgment of the Dispute. So such a distinctive analytic construction would have a high degree of applicability, especially, for the resolution of difficult solution questions (aporias) of the theory legal procedural, as the affirmation of the jurisdictional attribute in the voluntary jurisdiction and in the application of the concept of Lawsuit in the criminal process. Of the point of view of the critical empiric analyses achieved we arrive now to the conclusion in a similar way of which teleologicity procedural, a priori, is the decidability of Lawsuit and, only, a posteriori – without this to constitute a necessary telos – the decidability of the Dispute; thus also, we conclude that the technical procedurals of structuring and formatting of procedures differentiated (special) and of limitation of the judge’s knowledge (Lawsuit