Academic literature on the topic 'Legal services – United States'
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Journal articles on the topic "Legal services – United States"
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KOSTENKO, O. "Electronic signature and electronic trust services in the legislation of the United States of America." INFORMATION AND LAW, no. 3(26) (September 26, 2018): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2018.3(26).270635.
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The article analyzes the experience of the United States of America in the legal regulation of electronic signatures and electronic trust services. The main directions of legal regulation of the problems related to use of electronic signatures and their certificates, as well as the mutual recognition of these services, are investigated. Recommendations on standardization of legal norms during mutual recognition of trust services between the United States and Ukraine are provided.
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SAVTSOVA, Natalya Aleksandrovna, Maria Alexandrovna VOLKOVA, Eduard Victorovich BOGMATSERA, and Natalya Viktorovna LUTOVINOVA. "Tourism Services Contract in Russia and the United States." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 6 (December 24, 2019): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.6(38).07.
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This article discusses the features of concluding contracts in the field of tourism services. The purpose of the article is to consider the contract as a form of implementation of tourism services. The authors have analyzed the practice of Russia and the United States in this area. Special attention has been paid to the specifics of these legal relations, as well as the directions of using foreign experience in the activities of national tourism companies. As a result, it has been concluded that legal regulation of the contract for rendering tourism services in these countries is somewhat similar. However, in Russia, this institution is regulated at the federal level and in more detail, which indicates the greater effectiveness of Russian legislation in this area. It has been proposed to make some changes and additions to the current Russian legislation in order to more fully regulate this institute.
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Morgan, David L., Michael P. Wainscott, and Heidi C. Knowles. "Emergency Medical Services Liability Litigation in the United States: 1987 to 1992." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0004142x.
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AbstractIntroduction:Although emergency medical services (EMS) liability litigation is a concern of many prehospital health care providers, there have been no studies of these legal cases nationwide and no local case studies since 1987.Methods:A retrospective case series was obtained from a computerized database of trial court cases filed against EMS agencies nation-wide. All legal cases that met the inclusion criteria were included in the study sample. These cases must have involved either ambulance collisions (AC) or patient care (PC) incidents, and they must have been closed between 1987 and 1992.Results:There were 76 cases that met the inclusion criteria. Half of these cases involved an AC, and the other cases alleged negligence of a PC encounter. Thirty (78.9%) of the plaintiffs in the AC cases were other motorists, and 35 (92.1%) of the plaintiffs in the PC cases were EMS patients. Almost half of the cases named an individual (usually an emergency medical technician or paramedic) as a codefendant. Thirty-one (40.8%) of the cases were closed without any payment to the plaintiff. There were five cases with plaintiffs' awards or settlements greater than [US] $1 million. Most (71.0%) ofthe ACs occurred in an intersection or when one vehicle rear-ended another vehicle. The most common negligence allegations in the PC cases were arrival delay, inadequate assessment, inadequate treatment, patient transport delay, and no patient transport.Conclusion:Risk management for EMS requires specific knowledge of the common sources of EMS liability litigation. This sample of recent legal cases provides the common allegations of negligence. Recommendations to decrease the legal risk of EMS agencies and prehospital providers are suggested.
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Karpovich, Oleg G. "International legal problems of extradition in the united states:theory and practice." Yugra State University Bulletin 17, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/byusu202104103-110.
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Abstract: Russia consistently supports the return of interstate cooperation to the framework of generally recognized principles and norms of international law with the central coordinating role of the United Nations. Russia insists on stopping the "hunting" of American special services for Russian citizens in third countries, returning them to their homeland, who were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment in the United States under far-fetched pretexts. It is necessary to correct the problems artificially created by Washington with cooperation on legal assistance, to normalize the conditions for the functioning of our diplomatic and consular institutions in the United States.
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Novikova, Inna D. "LEGAL REGULATION OF GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN THE PROVISION OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA." RUDN Journal of Law 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-2-289-304.
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Having adopted the Constitution in 1993 and declared itself a social state, the Russian Federation assumed the duty not to exert power over its citizens, but to provide them with services. However, the provision of services has become a new, previously uncharacteristic area of activity of the state apparatus. Given this, the issue of creating a qualitatively new system of public administration in Russia was of particular relevance. Since the early 2000s. its decision is directly related to the «administrative reform», in which, among other things, the term «public service» was introduced into domestic legal circulation. Currently, the issue of improving the efficiency of public services is still on the agenda, because in the sphere of realization of citizens and organizations of their right to receive public services remains unresolved a number of problems, the main of which is the lack of a full legislative framework governing the institution of public services. The author, having carried out a comparative legal analysis of the administrative legislation of the Russian Federation with the legislation of the United States, which is considered more progressive in this area, attempts to identify the most significant advantages and disadvantages of the current domestic legal framework in the provision of public services. Taking into account the findings, the author formulates proposals aimed at improving the efficiency of management decisions in the provision of public services.
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Bordner, Landon S., and Joseph Lavino. "Pharmacist-led Smoking-Cessation Services in the United States – A Multijurisdictional Legal Analysis." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 13, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v13i1.4643.
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A challenge presents itself when pharmacy students and pharmacists have the knowledge, skills, and abilities to provide optimal patient care, which can prevent the healthcare industry from incurring expenditures reaching billions of dollars annually from chronic and acute disease state management, yet due to the lack of statutory or regulatory authority to independently prescribe and dispense smoking cessation products they are unable to tap into this potential. Prescriptive authority of pharmacists is not a novel concept; however, State Legislatures and Boards of Pharmacy have been slow to expand upon the pharmacist’s scope of practice to include this authority. As a consequence, this inaction hinders the opportunity of almost 21.5 million patients, who attempt to quit smoking annually, the ability to access a U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved, evidence-based medication-assisted or nicotine replacement therapy prescribed by a pharmacist.2 Current legislative efforts, laws, and regulations regarding a pharmacist’s prescriptive authority for tobacco cessation therapy vary greatly amongst the states and do not include reference to e-cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems (e.g., e-cigs, vape pens, vapes, mods, etc.). Additionally, pharmacists are often required to practice under a statewide protocol or enter into a collaborative practice agreement (“CPA”) with a designated physician, which are often complex and create significant barriers for the pharmacist to practice at the top of their license and for the benefit of the patient. This legal and regulatory study reveals the following: 1) Those States that have addressed or attempted to address the pharmacist’s prescriptive authority for tobacco cessation therapy, 2) the authority to independently prescribe vs. practice under a statewide protocol, 3) the products able to be prescriber or dispensed under the pharmacist’s prescriptive authority or statewide protocol, and 4) the guidelines and/or protocols referenced within their respective State laws and regulations. States and their residents would benefit greatly from amending their laws and regulations to expand upon the pharmacist’s prescriptive authority, granting them the ability to help their communities by performing services they are highly trained to perform.
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Johnsen, Jon T. "Rural Justice: Country Lawyers and Legal Services in the United States and Britain." Law & Social Inquiry 17, no. 03 (1992): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1992.tb00620.x.
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Major, Justice J. C. "Lawyers' Obligation to Provide Legal Services." Alberta Law Review 33, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1112.
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This article addresses ethical concerns in the legal profession and the challenge of not only providing legal services, but ensuring that the public has access to them. The author asserts that the whole profession is under an obligation to render legal services pro bono publico. Such has been the tradition since the beginning of the profession in thirteenth century Europe. The article follows the history of pro bono work since medieval times, and compares the system in the United States with that in Canada. In the U.S. there is a greater commitment by firms to provide pro bono work, whereas in Canada, it tends to be on a more ad hoc basis. Canadian lawyers too often assume that government-funded legal aid systems adequately meet the public's needs. Legal aid, however, is facing increasing financial challenges. Moreover, a large number of Canadians who do not meet the eligibility requirements cannot afford to retain a lawyer. There is a need for a modified pro bono program that will assist not only the poor, but the working class as well.
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Perlman, Andrew M. "The Public's Unmet Need for Legal Services & What Law Schools Can Do about It." Daedalus 148, no. 1 (January 2019): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00537.
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Civil legal services in the United States are increasingly unaffordable and inaccessible. Although the causes are complex, law schools can help in three ways beyond simply offering free legal clinics staffed by lawyers and students. Law schools can teach the next generation of lawyers more efficient and less expensive ways to deliver legal services, ensure that educational debt does not preclude lawyers from serving people of modest means, and conduct and disseminate research on alternative models for delivering legal services. These strategies will not solve all of the problems that exist, but they hold the promise of meaningfully improving the affordability and accessibility of civil legal services.
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(Leich), Marian Nash. "Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law." American Journal of International Law 92, no. 2 (April 1998): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998034.
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In January 1998, the Department of State released its Publication 10518, Consular Notification and Access: Instructions for Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement and Other Officials Regarding Foreign Nationals in the United States and the Rights of Consular Officials to Assist Them. Prepared in the Office of the Legal Adviser, the booklet contains “instructions and guidance relating to the arrest and detention of foreign nationals, deaths of foreign nationals, the appointment of guardians for minors or incompetent adults who are foreign nationals, and related issues pertaining to the provision of consular services to foreign nationals in the United States.” The foreword points out that cooperation of federal, state and local law enforcement agencies in ensuring treatment of foreign nationals in accordance with the instructions not only will permit the United States to comply with its consular legal obligations domestically, but also will help ensure that the United States can insist upon “rigorous compliance by foreign governments with respect to United States citizens abroad.”
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legal services – United States"
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Kayser, Valérie. "Legal aspects of private launch services in the United States." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60462.
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The last decade has witnessed the development of a private launch industry. Under international space law, in particular the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, States shall supervise and authorize the activities of their nationals, including private launch companies, in Outer Space. In the United States, a substantial set of regulations has been elaborated to exercise this control over the activities of the private launch industry. This thesis analyzes, in a first chapter, the evolution which led to these regulations. The Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 and the subsequent regulations issued by the Office of Commercial Space Transportation, regarding the licensing process are dealt with in the second chapter. The third chapter examines the most important practical legal issue relating to private launch services, namely liability and insurance.
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Lindholm, Johan. "State Procedure and Union Rights : A Comparison of the European Union and the United States." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Iustus, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016250418&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Schafer, D. Sue. "Environmental Scanning Behavior in Physical Therapy Private Practice Firms: its Relationship to the Level of Entrepreneurship and Legal Regulatory Environment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331736/.
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This study examined the effects of entrepreneurship level and legal regulatory environment on environmental scanning in one component of the health services industry, private practice physical therapy. Two aspects of scanning served as dependent variables: (1) extent to which firms scrutinized six environmental sectors (competitor, customer, technological, regulatory, economic, social-political) and (2) frequency of information source use (human vs. written). Availability of information was a covariate for frequency of source use. Three levels of entrepreneurship were determined by scores on the Covin and Slevin (1986) entrepreneurship scale. Firms were placed in one of three legal regulatory categories according to the state in which the firm delivered services. A structured questionnaire was sent to 450 randomly selected members of the American Physical Therapy Association's Private Practice Section. Respondents were major decision makers, e.g., owners, chief executive officers. The sample was stratified according to three types of regulatory environment. A response rate of 75% was achieved (n = 318) with equal representation from each stratum. All questionnaire subscales exhibited high internal reliability and validity. The study used a 3x3 factorial design to analyze the data. Two multivariate analyses were conducted, one for each dependent variable set. Results indicated that "high" entrepreneurial level firms scanned the technological, competitor and customer environmental sectors to a significantly greater degree than "middle" or "low" level groups, regardless of type of legal regulatory environment. Also, "high" level firms were found to use human sources to a significantly greater degree than did lower level groups. Empirical evidence supporting Miles and Snow's (1978) proposition that "high" level entrepreneurial firms (prospectors) monitor a wider range of environmental conditions when compared to "low" level (defender) firms was presented. The results also confirmed that market and technological environments were scanned most often. Finally, the results added to the construct validity of the Covin and Slevin entrepreneurship scale and provided evidence of its generalizability to small businesses.
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ALVES, CLEBER FRANCISCO. "THE STRUCTURE OF FULL AND FREE LEGAL ASSISTANCE SERVICES FOR THE POOR IN THE UNITED STATES, IN FRANCE AND IN BRAZIL AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO ACHIEVE EQUAL JUSTICE FOR ALL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8069@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORUNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE PETRÓPOLIS
A Constituição da República, de 1988, estabelece que os Estados e a União Federal têm a obrigação de prestar assistência jurídica integral e gratuita aos necessitados devendo fazê-lo por intermédio da Defensoria Pública. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo permitir uma melhor compreensão acerca desse modelo brasileiro de prestação de assistência jurídica, tal como estabelecido na Constituição, com o propósito de averiguar se realmente é o mais apto para garantir o pleno acesso de todos à Justiça e, conseqüentemente, assegurar a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais das pessoas desprovidas de recursos econômicos para atingir esses fins por meios próprios. Para cumprir com esse objetivo, realizou-se inicialmente uma análise crítica na perspectiva histórica e das principais referências normativas do ordenamento jurídico constitucional e infraconstitucional em vigor no país, que regem o exercício do direito à assistência jurídica integral, ou seja, a assistência que é prestada tanto em âmbito judicial quanto extrajudicial, e um estudo das normas que regem o funcionamento da Defensoria Pública. Outro caminho percorrido foi o de investigar mais a fundo os modelos de assistência jurídica gratuita em funcionamento na França e nos Estados Unidos. Tais sociedades foram escolhidas não apenas pela grande influência histórica que têm tido na evolução das instituições jurídico-políticas brasileiras, mas também porque apresentam características bem diversificadas em seus sistemas jurídicos, o que contribuiu para a ampliação dos horizontes do estudo realizado. Para melhor compreensão desses sistemas alienígenas, realizamos duas temporadas consecutivas de estudos no exterior, permanecendo seis meses nos Estados Unidos e seis meses na França. Utilizando a metodologia de caráter etnográfico (observação e entrevistas), tivemos a oportunidade de acompanhar de perto o funcionamento real desses dois modelos de assistência jurídica, com visitas a instituições e acompanhamento de seu trabalho cotidiano, entrevistas com personalidades do mundo jurídico e, também, realizando amplo levantamento bibliográfico acerca do tema nos respectivos países. A partir da análise crítica na perspectiva histórica e das referências normativas atuais que regem o funcionamento desses dois sistemas estrangeiros de assistência jurídica aos necessitados, foi possível realizar um contraste com o modelo brasileiro, destacando-se as virtudes e os defeitos que, como é próprio de toda obra humana, se fazem presentes em cada um desses três sistemas analisados. Espera-se que um conhecimento mais profundo acerca do modelo nacional que foi estabelecido na Constituição Federal para a prestação desses serviços de assistência jurídica integral e gratuita venha a contribuir para que os atores institucionais envolvidos no sistema possam potencializar as virtudes e busquem neutralizar os defeitos existentes, de modo que se atinja plenamente a meta de garantir igualdade no acesso à Justiça e de ampla efetividade dos direitos fundamentais de todos os brasileiros, independentemente de sua condição social ou econômica.
The 1988 Constitution of the Brazilian Republic mandates that the States and the Federal Union provide full and free legal assistance to every citizen in need, through the Office of the Public Defender. The following study seeks to develop a better understanding of this Brazilian model of constitutionally mandated legal assistance, and determine whether it is really the best mean of assuring full access to justice for every person, regardless of their financial means. The study approaches this issue from an historical perspective, with reference to the constitutional and statutory legal system operating in Brazil, requiring full legal assistance to the poor (i.e. legal advice and right to counsel in civil and criminal cases), as well as the rules that govern the operations of the Public Defender`s Office. We will also review alternative models of free legal assistance offered in France and the United States. These systems were selected not only for their historical influence over Brazilian political and judicial institutions, but also because they reveal diverse characteristics in their judicial systems that broaden the horizon of our study. In two consecutive seasons of ethnographic research (participant and no participant observation and interviews), six months in the USA, and six months in France, we are able to closely observe the day-to-day functioning of these two models of legal assistance, with visits to offices, interviews with key figures in the judicial system, and an extensive bibliographical review of the literature on legal assistance in the respective countries. Through this critical historical and normative analysis of the operation of these two foreign systems of legal assistance to the poor, we believe it has been possible to throw into greater relief the virtues and defects of the Brazilian model. We hope that this study will produce a deeper understanding of the national model of free and comprehensive legal assistance established in the Brazilian Constitution, and encourage those responsible for administering the system to optimize its virtues and overcome its defects to better achieve its goals of equal access to justice and the guarantee of the fundamental rights of all Brazilians, regardless of theirs social or economic condition.
La Constitution de la République du Brésil, de 1988, établit que les États et l´Union Fédérale sont tenus de fournir l´assistance juridique intégrale et gratuite aux démunis par l´intermédiaire du Bureau de la Défense Publique. Le présent exposé a pour but permettre une meilleure compréhension de ce modèle brésilien d´aide juridique, tel que l´a établi la Constitution, avec l´intention de vérifier si c´est vraiment mieux conçu pour garantir le plein accès de tous à la Justice et, par conséquent, d´assurer l´effectivité des droits fondamentaux des personnes démunies de conditions économiques pour atteindre ces objectifs avec leurs propres moyens. Pour accomplir ce dessein on a développé premièrement une analyse critique sous la perspective historique ainsi que des principales réferences normatives de l´ordonnance juridique constitutionnelle et infraconstitutionnelle en vigueur au Brésil, qui régissent l´exercice du droit d´aide juridique intégrale, soit l´assistance qui est proposée aussi bien en matière judiciaire qu´extrajudiciaire, et une étude des normes qui définissent le fonctionnement de du Bureau de la Défense Publique. Une autre voie parcourue a troit à l´énquête plus à fond des modèles d´assistance juridique gratuite en vigueur en France et aux États-Unis. Ces societés ont été choisies, non seulement en raison de leur grande influence historique dans l´évolution des institutions juridico- politiques brésiliennes, mais aussi parce-qu´elles présentent des caractéristiques bien diversifiées dans leurs systèmes juridiques, ce qui a contribué à l´ouverture des horizons de l´étude réalisé. Pour mieux comprendre ces systèmes d´autres Pays, nous avons fait deux séjours consécutifs d´études à l´étranger, passant six mois aux États-Unis et six mois en France. En utilisant la métodologie de l´observation participative, nous avons eu l´occasion d´accompagner de près le fonctionnement réel de ces deux modéles d´assistance juridique, visitant des institutions et accompagnant leur travail quotidien, obtenant des entrevues avec des personalités du monde juridique et aussi, en organisant une importante bibliographie au sujet du thème dans les Pays respectifs. À partir de l´analyse critique de la perspective historique et des réferences normatives actuelles qui régissent le fonctionnement de ces deux systèmes étrangers d´assistance juridique aux démunis(ies) a été possible d´établir une comparaison avec le modèle brésilien, en soulignant les qualités et les points faibles qui, comme il est propre à toute oeuvre humaine, sont présents en chacun de ces trois systèmes analisés. On espère qu´une connaissance plus profonde, au sujet du modèle national juridique établi par la Constitution Féderale pour la prestation de ces services d´assistance juridique intégrale et gratuite, viendra contribuer pour que les acteurs institutionnels engagés puissent multiplier les qualités autant que neutraliser les points faibles existants, de façon a que l´on puisse atteindre pleinement le but d´assurer l´égalité à l´accès à la Justice et une grande effectivité des droits fondamentaux de tous les brésiliens, indépendamment de leur condition sociale ou économique.
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Satterwhite, Nancy Rae. "Perceptions of the Adoptions and Safe Families Act of 1997 among child welfare and substance abuse professionals." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2716.
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Consolati, Amy Lee. "American forensic social workers' knowledge of and skepticism toward dissociative identity disorder." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2910.
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The purpose of this study was to examine forensic social workers' levels of knowledge about skepticism toward Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) in light of the controversy that surrounds the diagnosis. Relationships between demographic and professional practice variables and workers' levels of knowledge and skepticism were analyzed to assess the possible etiology of skepticism toward DID.
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Neple, Pernille. "The regulation of mercenary and private security-related activities under South African law compared to other legislations and conventions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1896.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) have become increasingly important actors since the end of the Cold War. They provide a wide range of services and are therefore difficult to classify. Many view them as new front companies for mercenaries, which this thesis argues is not the case. Few states have put in place legislation to deal with the problems caused by these companies, and they are therefore generally not accountable to states. This is problematic because their services are within an area where states have traditionally had monopoly. This thesis studies the new South African legislation, the Prohibition of Mercenary Activities and Regulation of Certain Activities in Country of Armed Conflict Act of 2006, which was put in place in order to ban mercenaries and regulate the services offered by the private military and security companies based in the country. By comparing it to the older South African legislation, the thesis evaluates the extent to which the new legislation has been able to close loopholes inherent in the old legislation. The new South African legislation is also compared to the international conventions which bans mercenaries. By banning these actors, South Africa is very much in line with the international community when it designed the conventions. However, PNSCs are not mercenaries. The thesis then compares the new South African legislation to the domestic regulation in place in the United States of America. It finds that despite having many of the same weaknesses as the South African legislation, it is more likely that the American regulation will be abided by than the South African. This is due to the positive relationship between the US government and American PMSCs, and the fact that the government is a major client of the companies. South Africa does not enjoy the same positive relationship with its companies. Finally, the new South African legislation is compared to the UK Green Paper of 2002, which presented options of how to deal with the companies. The ban on mercenaries put in place by the new South African legislation was discouraged in the Green Paper. The licensing regime (as in the USA) that was proposed by the Green Paper, however, is similar to the authorisation scheme established in South Africa.
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Sorge, Keith M. "Legal implications of United States ballistic missile defense systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23967.
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Following the extensive use of ballistic missiles in the 1991 Persian Gulf War, there has been a renewed emphasis within the United States to develop and deploy anti-ballistic missile defenses.This thesis examines whether the current ballistic missile defense programs of the United States comply with the limitations imposed by the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States.
The thesis begins with a review of the development of ballistic missiles and the systems designed to defend against them. Next an analysis of the ABM Treaty is offered, including its differing interpretations. The Treaty's legal restrictions are then applied to current ABM defensive systems in various stages of research and development. The thesis concludes with an examination of the various lawful possibilities to modify the restrictive provision of the Treaty.
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Porwancher, Andrew. "American legal thought and the law of evidence, 1904-1940." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609802.
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Jones, Alfred Renard. "Civil rights initiation and implementation the role of the United States' president 1960-1980 /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1993. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1993.Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2945. Abstract precedes thesis title page as [2] preliminary leaves. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-91).
Books on the topic "Legal services – United States"
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U.S. DEPT. OF THE ARMY. Military judges' benchbook: Legal services. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1993.
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ARMY, U. S. DEPT OF THE. Legal services: Rules of professional conduct for lawyers. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1992.
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U.S. DEPT. OF THE ARMY. Procedural guide for Article 32(b) investigating officer: Legal services. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1997.
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J, Azzara Alan, and Petrie Rick, eds. Legal aspects of emergency medical services. Philadelphia, Penn: W.B. Saunders, 1998.
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Foundation, American Bar, ed. Contingent fees for legal services: Professional economics and responsibilities. New Brunswick (U.S.A.): AldineTransaction, A Division of Transaction Publishers, 2008.
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Rowley, Charles Kershaw. The right to justice: The political economy of legal services in the United States. Aldershot, Hants, England: E. Elgar, 1992.
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Survey, Abortion Provider, and Alan Guttmacher Institute, eds. Abortion services in the United States, each state & metropolitan area, 1984-1985. New York: The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1987.
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Levush, Ruth. Moving the United States Embassy to Jerusalem: A legal analysis. [Washington, D.C.]: Law Library of Congress, 1995.
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R, Wood George, and Miazad Ossai, eds. The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act. New York: BNA Books, 2009.
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States, United. United States code service: Hospitals and asylums : Indians. Charlottesville, Va: LEXIS Pub., 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Legal services – United States"
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Stokes, Sean A., and Jim Baller. "Key Legal and Regulatory Issues Affecting Community Broadband Projects in the United States." In Broadband Services, 47–68. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470022515.ch4.
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Careja, Romana. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Danish Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 143–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_8.
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Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the policy infrastructure and key policies in place concerning the social rights of Danish citizens residing abroad. It builds on evidence from legal and administrative documents, on communications with key informants, as well as on existing studies and reports concerning the Danish Government’s approach to emigration and diaspora policies. Concrete cases for this study are five countries where the largest Danish diaspora concentrate: Sweden, Norway, Germany, the United States of America and the United Kingdom. It argues that reliance on supra-national agreements, previous rather negative public opinion about emigrants as well as the residence principle embedded in the qualifying conditions for social benefits are three main factors which explain the limited attention currently given by the Danish Government to diaspora policies, in particular the social protection of Danish citizens residing abroad.
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Gao, Jian, Ruitao Jia, and Qing Su. "United States." In G20 Entrepreneurship Services Report, 275–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6787-9_21.
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Consterdine, Erica. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for UK Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 433–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_27.
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AbstractDespite having one of the largest diaspora in the world, the United Kingdom peculiarly has no diaspora engagement policy to speak of. Policy, not legal right, underpins consular affairs and social protection policies are extremely limited. Such absence stems from a lack of distinctive British national identity in large part due to the UK being multi-national state, a heterogonous and typically prosperous diaspora driven by lifestyle migration, and in turn the assumption that Britons living abroad do not want or need to engage with the homeland state. Policy towards Britons residing abroad is characterised by limited engagement but effective communication leading to a disengaged state that keeps the dialogue open. Whilst social protection policies are rudimentary, the state is a world leader in providing online information in preparing British emigrants for living overseas. Voting rights of overseas citizens (namely the 15 year residency requirement) has and will continue to be a contentious issue following Brexit − and one subject to change − as has pension inflation adjustment. As the effects of Brexit on Britons residing abroad come to fruition, the politics of social protection and the rights of Britons residing abroad will be an imperative issue on the political agenda.
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Benny, Daniel J. "United States Intelligence Services." In U.S. National Security and the Intelligence Services, 25–39. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003270843-2.
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Coit, Marne, and Theodore A. Feitshans. "The United States legal system." In Food Systems Law, 10–20. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429426544-2.
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Balassa, Bela. "Services in the United States." In Policy Choices for the 1990s, 346–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13033-7_14.
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Maxeiner, James R. "United States Federalism: Harmony Without Unity." In Federalism and Legal Unification, 491–521. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7398-1_19.
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Berg, Ulla D., and Lucía Pérez Martínez. "The Legality of (Im)mobility: Migration, Coyoterismo, and Indigenous Justice in Southern Ecuador." In IMISCOE Research Series, 145–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11061-0_7.
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AbstractMigrant smuggling has in recent decades become more prominent globally as a consequence of increasingly restrictive border and migration control policies. Whereas popular media discourses and official policy typically depict migrant smugglers as organized criminals who prey on vulnerable migrants and asylum seekers, migration scholars have instead argued that migrant smuggling is a complex marketplace involving both licit and illicit transactions and a grounded social and cultural practice through which aspiring migrants confront their lack of legal options for migration. Despite efforts to empirically situate migrant smuggling as something other than just ruthless criminal activity towards innocent victims, less attention has been given to migrants’ own understanding of their travel options and regulation of associated risks. This chapter focuses on coyoterismo -or migrant smuggling – as a community-based activity embedded in the social fabric of migrant-sending communities in Southern Ecuador. We examine the limits of the contractual relationships established between smugglers (coyoteros), money-lenders (chulqueros), and migrants and their families who rely on these services to sustain their mobile livelihoods. Specifically, we focus on how indigenous migrants from Cañar make use of multiple legal systems to assert their agency and establish accountability vis-a-vis the coyotes who facilitate their migration between Ecuador and the United States.
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Stygall, Gail. "Textual Barriers to United States Immigration." In Language in the Legal Process, 35–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522770_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Legal services – United States"
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Si Xue, Xiao, and Xie Wei. "ENLIGHTENMENT TO CHINA BY LEGISLATION OF DAMAGES FOR TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN." In International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Inclusive Education, Management and Legal Services (ISMIEMLS). Volkson Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ismiemls.01.2018.10.12.
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A. Lipinski, Tomas. "To Speak or Not to Speak: Developing Legal Standards for Anonymous Speech on the Internet." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2526.
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This paper explores recent developments in the regulation of Internet speech, in specific, injurious or defamatory speech and the impact such speech has on the rights of anonymous speakers to remain anonymous as opposed to having their identity revealed to plaintiffs or other third parties. The paper proceeds in four sections. First, a brief history of the legal attempts to regulate defamatory Internet speech in the United States is presented. As discussed below this regulation has altered the traditional legal paradigm of responsibility and as a result creates potential problems for the future of anonymous speech on the Internet. As a result plaintiffs are no longer pursuing litigation against service providers but taking their dispute directly to the anonymous speaker. Second, several cases have arisen in the United States where plaintiffs have requested the identity of the anonymous Internet speaker be revealed. These cases are surveyed. Third, the cases are analyzed in order to determine the factors that courts require to be present before the identity of an anonymous speaker will be revealed. The release is typically accomplished by the enforcement of a discovery subpoena issued by the moving party. The factors courts have used are as follows: jurisdiction, good faith (both internal and external), necessity (basic and sometimes absolute), and at times proprietary interest. Finally, these factors are applied in three scenarios—e-commerce, education, and employment—to guide institutions when adopting policies that regulate when the identity of an anonymous speaker— a customer, a student or an employee—would be released as part of an internal initiative, but would nonetheless be consistent with developing legal standards.
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Gregory, S. A. "Understanding Salt Mine Ground Behavior Through Geotechnical Monitoring and Data Analysis." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-0899.
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ABSTRACT: The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) was constructed for the permanent disposal of defense-generated transuranic waste from DOE sites around the United States. WIPP functions as a category 4 mine and category 2 nuclear facility. The waste is to be deposited 660 m (2150 ft) beneath the Earth’s surface inside of the Delaware Basin salt bed for permanent disposal. The first waste shipment arrived at WIPP in 1999 and is currently anticipated to operate beyond 2050. Due to the creeping nature of salt and the hazards involved in handling nuclear waste, it is paramount to monitor the changing conditions of the mine. Throughout the WIPP’s project life, geotechnical and mining engineers have developed and improved upon the data collection methods, instrumentation, and analysis that is required to monitor the ground movement in this unique salt mine. Using forecasting methods, WIPP’s geotechnical engineering team has predicted several ground falls and provides support to the site’s mining endeavors. A review of the historical ground movement data collection methods and analysis is given, as well as examples of ground falls and geotechnical abnormalities. In addition, ongoing application of operations research and engineering statistics will be discussed. 1. DISCLMAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
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Slavulj, Marko, Davor Brčić, Matija Sikirić, and Božo Radulović. "Impact of liberalization on the taxi market in the Republic of Croatia." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1175.
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Market liberalization is an important objective of the European Union. It is a process of removing government restrictions and opening up markets for private companies. Road Transport Act which entered into force on 12 May 2018, enabled a completely free market for taxi services on the territory of the Republic of Croatia. Local self-government units, by this Law, are obliged to enable the provision of taxi services in their administrative area to all business entities that are eligible for taxi transportation. The paper will present a cross-section of the impact of liberalization on the taxi market in the cities of the European Union, as well as analyse specific features in the legal regulations of individual EU member states. The analysis will be made in order to better understand the new situation in the Republic of Croatia. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of liberalization of the taxi service market, and to what extent auto-taxi transportation contributes to the congestion of urban roads in Croatian cities. The aim of the paper is to analyse the structure of traffic flow, the share of taxi vehicles in traffic flow, and to draw guidelines and conclusions based on the analysis.
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Ipatyev, Ivan R., and Konstantin V. Krinichansky. "Actual problems of regulation of the release and circulation of structured financial products." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.pwgl5422.
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The market of structured financial products in emerging economies is a young phenomenon which carries a number of disadvantages. In more developed financial systems in the United States and Europe, it operates in conditions of clearly functioning mechanisms for protecting the rights of consumers of financial services. Despite the efforts made by the Bank of Russia, the system of protection of the rights and legitimate interests of investors, especially individuals, remains incomplete in Russia. There are problems regarding the operation of the information disclosure system, the facts of insider information abuse and market manipulation. Frequent changes in legislation, as well as continuing legislative gaps, create uncertainty. Despite significant discrepancies in the interpretation of the term “structural product”, the grounds for fixing it in legislation and making it “legal” have not yet developed. A structural product, as an artificial or synthetic phenomenon, will be regulated through the application to it of norms relating, respectively, to contracts or securities from which such a product is formed. Also, when purchasing securities on the exchange, the rules on clearing settlements must be observed, and in some cases – on settlements with the participation of a central counterparty, whose functions are traditionally performed by non-bank credit organizations licensed to carry out clearing activities. The task of improving the regulatory framework in order to regulate the issue and circulation of structured products in Russia is especially relevant due to the rapid growth in the number of retail investors.
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Palmieri, Alessandro, and Blerina Nazeraj. "OPEN BANKING AND COMPETITION: AN INTRICATE RELATIONSHIP." In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18822.
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Open banking – promoted in the European Union by the access to account rule contained in the Directive (EU) 2015/2366 on payment services in the internal market (PSD2) – is supposed to enhance consumer’s welfare and to foster competition. However, many observers are fearful about the negative effects of the entry into the market of the so-called BigTech giants. Unless incumbent banks are able to rise above the technological challenges, the risk is that, in the long run, BigTech firms could dominate the market, by virtue of their great ability to collect data on consumer preferences, and to process them with sophisticated tools, such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning techniques; not to mention the possible benefits arising from the cross-subsidisation. This paper aims at analysing the controversial relationship between open banking and competition. In this framework, many aspects must be clarified, such as the definition of the relevant markets; the identification of the dominant entities; the relationship with the essential facility doctrine. The specific competition problems encountered in the financial sector need to be inscribed in the context of the more general debate around access to data in the digital sphere. The evolving scenario poses a serious challenge to regulators, calling them to strike the right balance between fostering innovation and preserving financial stability. The appraisal intends not only to cover EU law and policy, but also to make a comparison with other legal systems. In this respect, something noteworthy is taking place in the United States where, as of today, consumers’ access to financial data sharing has been largely dependent on private-sector efforts. Indeed, Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (passed in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008) provides that, subject to rules prescribed by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB), a consumer financial services provider must make available to a consumer information, in its control or possession, concerning the consumer financial product or service that the consumer obtained from the provider. This provision, which dates back to 2010, has never been implemented. However, on 22 October 2020, the CFBP has announced its intention to regulate open banking, issuing an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking. In light of their investigation, the authors advocate the adaptation of the current strategies to the modified conditions and, in some instances, the creation of novel mechanisms, more suitable to face unprecedented threats.
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Sipior, Janice C., Burke T. Ward, and Georgina R. Roselli. "A United States perspective on the ethical and legal issues of spyware." In the 7th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1089551.1089684.
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Safii, Muchamad, Sanusi Sanusi, and Fajar Sudewo. "Comparison of Criminal Evidence Between The Indonesian and United States' Legal Systems." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, MALAPY 2022, 28 May 2022, Tegal, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.28-5-2022.2320544.
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Korobova, Alexandra Petrovna, and Ksenia Olegovna Koroleva. "COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF TAX RETURNS IN RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES." In Актуальные аспекты развития современной науки. Самара: Самарский государственный экономический университет, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/cadms-2020-pp.467.
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Johnson, Elijah, Mason Pitre, Lindsay C. Maudlin, Chandana Mitra, and Karen Mcneal. "THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF GREENSPACES IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES." In Southeastern Section-70th Annual Meeting-2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021se-362036.
Full textReports on the topic "Legal services – United States"
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.
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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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Barsky, Robert. The Legal Responsibilities of the United States Towards Asylum Seekers. Center for Migration Studies, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14240/cmsesy120418.
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Goldman, Frank G. The International Legal Ramifications of United States Counter-Proliferation Strategy: Problems and Prospects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada529810.
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Lamoreaux, Naomi, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. Legal Regime and Business's Organizational Choice: A Comparison of France and the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10288.
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Solomon, Randy T., and John M. Travieso. Management and Oversight of Services Acquisition Within the United States Air Force. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada493951.
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Rome, Vincent, Jessica Penn Lendon, and Priyanka Singh. Data Brief 411: Adult Day Services Center Participant Characteristics: United States, 2018. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:106697.
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Gindi, Renee. Health, United States, 2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:100685.
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Health, United States, 2019 is the 43rd report on the health status of the nation and is submitted by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to the President and the Congress of the United States in compliance with Section 308 of the Public Health Service Act. This report was compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Health, United States series presents an annual overview of national trends in key health indicators. The 2019 report presents trends and current information on selected measures of morbidity, mortality, health care utilization and access, health risk factors, prevention, health insurance, and personal health care expenditures in a 20-figure chartbook. The Health, United States, 2019 Chartbook is supplemented by several other products including Trend Tables, an At-a-Glance table, and Appendixes available for download on the Health, United States website at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/ index.htm. The Health, United States, 2019 Chartbook contains 20 figures and 20 tables on health and health care in the United States. Examining trends in health informs the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies and programs. The first section (Figures 1–13) focuses on health status and determinants: life expectancy, infant mortality, selected causes of death, overdose deaths, suicide, maternal mortality, teen births, preterm births, use of tobacco products, asthma, hypertension, heart disease and cancer, and functional limitations. The second section (Figures 14–15) presents trends in health care utilization: use of mammography and colorectal tests and unmet medical needs. The third section (Figures 16–17) focuses on health care resources: availability of physicians and dentists. The fourth section (Figures 18–20) describes trends in personal health care expenditures, health insurance coverage, and supplemental insurance coverage among Medicare beneficiaries. The Highlights section summarizes major findings from the Chartbook. Suggested citation: National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2019. Hyattsville, MD. 2021.
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Rabe, Brian J. Legal and Just Use of Armed Force: An Analysis of United States Involvement in Panama and Iraq. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada283494.
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Funk, Kellen, and Lincoln Mullen. Legal Modernism. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31835/legalmodernism.
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