Journal articles on the topic 'Legal services – Europe'
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1
Lee, Robert G. "Liberalisation of legal services in Europe: progress and prospects." Legal Studies 30, no. 2 (June 2010): 186–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2009.00148.x.
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The usual excuse for regulation is the failure of market provision. This paper examines legal services and suggests that, in the case of provision of commercial legal services to corporate clients, true events of market failure, to support the case for regulation, and more particularly self-regulation, are hard to locate. It further argues that the market for legal services is heavily stratified with a commercial legal services market effectively operating quite separately to that of professional legal services for private clients. In consequence, it may be more effective and proportionate to adopt differentiated strategies of regulation. This might be achieved by shifting the focus of regulation away from the individual practitioner, as is historically the case, towards law firms as such. This simple step, it is suggested, could facilitate much greater liberalisation of the market for legal services. This proposal is explored with particular reference to freedom of services within the European single market and, as a backdrop to the paper, progress to date in facilitating cross-border legal services in Europe is reviewed.
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Liakopoulos, Dimitris. "THOUGHTS ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN EUROPE." Diponegoro Law Review 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.5.1.2020.34-50.
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The present work is concentrated on a construction of a legal person's model responsibility for the EU countries, with a particular attention for a comparative analyse of the systems assumed in certain European nations (Italian, France, Spain, German, Belgian systems). The end result of this system is oriented to corporates responsibilities that, after the mass transfer of general interest from public service to privates services, corporates have to attend to relatives guarantees. Because it was established a social insecurity level, we have produced a model of corporation’s organisation engaged of a security position, that exceed the traditional standard of culpability.
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Whelan, Christopher, and Doreen McBarnet. "Lawyers in the Market: Delivering Legal Services in Europe." Journal of Law and Society 19, no. 1 (1992): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1410028.
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Kharitonova, Yu, and L. Sannikova. "Digital Platforms in China and Europe: Legal Challenges." BRICS Law Journal 8, no. 3 (October 26, 2021): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-3-121-147.
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The paper considers the processes of platformatization of the economy and public government, which have become the last decade’s primary trend. Analysis of the digital markets in Russia, China, and Europe proved the dominance of the digital platforms of large technology companies. According to the authors, the concentration of market power in digital platforms threatens a competitive environment in digital markets. In this regard, the demand for antitrust regulation of their activities is justified. Another legal challenge arises concerning the trend of creating public services on the digital platforms of large technology companies. The paper analyzes China’s experience in the platformatization of legal proceedings, where the process of establishing online courts is conducted in close cooperation with the leading digital platforms of the PRC. In contrast to China, in Russia, the main focus is on combining public services, and information systems of various departments within a single platform to provide public services, with large technology companies acting as operators. Therefore, the authors conclude that it is necessary to strengthen legal mechanisms to protect citizens’ rights and interests during the digitization of public services – primarily citizens’ rights to data protection. The problems revealed demonstrate the necessity of a balanced approach to the legal regulation of digital platforms. While it is important to stimulate their development, it is necessary to limit the opportunities for violating the rights and interests of other participants in the digital environment.
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Doncel, Víctor Rodríguez, and Elena Montiel Ponsoda. "LYNX: Towards a Legal Knowledge Graph for Multilingual Europe." Law in Context. A Socio-legal Journal 37, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26826/law-in-context.v37i1.129.
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Lynx is an innovation project in Europe whose objective is to develop services for legal compliance. A legal knowledge graph is built over multilingual, multijurisdictional documents using semantic web technologies. A collection of services implementing natural language techniques enables better legal information retrieval, cross-lingual answering of questions and information discovery. Three use cases are discussed, as well as the overall impact of the project.
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Major, Justice J. C. "Lawyers' Obligation to Provide Legal Services." Alberta Law Review 33, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1112.
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This article addresses ethical concerns in the legal profession and the challenge of not only providing legal services, but ensuring that the public has access to them. The author asserts that the whole profession is under an obligation to render legal services pro bono publico. Such has been the tradition since the beginning of the profession in thirteenth century Europe. The article follows the history of pro bono work since medieval times, and compares the system in the United States with that in Canada. In the U.S. there is a greater commitment by firms to provide pro bono work, whereas in Canada, it tends to be on a more ad hoc basis. Canadian lawyers too often assume that government-funded legal aid systems adequately meet the public's needs. Legal aid, however, is facing increasing financial challenges. Moreover, a large number of Canadians who do not meet the eligibility requirements cannot afford to retain a lawyer. There is a need for a modified pro bono program that will assist not only the poor, but the working class as well.
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Stuard, Susan Mosher. "Where Notaries Provided Legal Services to Medieval Townspeople." Journal of Family History 43, no. 3 (February 26, 2018): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199018759709.
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If notarial offices in medieval Italian towns had not offered their dual services of commercial law contracts and family law documents on the same premises and in the homes of their clients, perhaps the cross-fertilization of ideas that created the instruments of trade sustaining Europe’s emerging market economy would not have followed. Italian traders carried the contracts that undergirded long-distance trade across Europe and the Mediterranean Sea leaving a singular mark on economic development. Corresponding effects on families who were involved in trade were dramatic, if unintended.
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Hurtado, Fernando Rojas. "Comparação entre as tendências de Serviços Legais na América do Norte, Europa e América Latina (segunda parte)." Caderno Eletrônico de Ciências Sociais 4, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24305/cadecs.v4i2.2016.17345.
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Trata-se da segunda parte do estudo comparativo das tendências de serviços legais na América do Norte, Europa e América Latina. Com auxílio de pesquisa de campo colaborativa, especialmente realizada por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e de estudos de caso, o autor apresenta um inventário-panorama de serviços legais inovadores e tradicionais em quatro países da América do Sul durante os anos 1980: Chile, Colômbia, Equador e Peru. Ao mesmo tempo, produz uma comparação quanto àforma de atuar, aos fundamentos, aos objetivos e meios de financiamento destes serviços entre si e destes com seus correspondentes, sobretudo nos Estados Unidos e com alguns aspectos de serviços promovidos no Brasil e na Europa. Ao final do estudo, o autor compreende que a forma de financiamento, sua vinculação com a Igreja ou com agências de apoio internacionais exercem influência sobre a forma de atuar, o modelo de organização e os objetivos dos serviços legais. Em específico quanto aos novos serviços legais, dentre outras conclusões, percebe o autor que, apesar de manterem em grande medida seu caráter utópico-transformador, entre seus objetivos, em geral, há uma tendência para utilização de meios institucionais, ou seja, do sistema judicial, como meio de solução de conflitos. Comparison of trends in Legal Services in North America, Europe and Latin America (second part) This is the second part of the comparative study of trends in legal services in North America, Europe and Latin America. The author presents a survey of innovative and traditional legal services in four South American countries during the 1980s: Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. At the same time, produce a comparison of how to act, the fundamentals, objectives and means of financing these services among themselves and with their correspondents, especially in the United States and with some aspects of services promoted in Brazil and in Europe. At the end of the study, the author understands that the form of funding, its link with the Church or with international support agencies exert influence on the way in which it operates, the organizational model and the objectives of legal services. In particular, in relation to the new legal services, among other conclusions, the author perceives that, although they maintain to a large extent their utopian-transforming character among their objectives, there is a tendency in general to use institutional means, that is, of the judicial system, as a means of conflict resolution.
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Devouassoux, Marion, João Fernandes, Bob Jones, Anna Manou, and Inês Pinto Pereira da Cruz. "CloudBank for Europe." EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125102025.
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The vast amounts of data generated by scientific research pose enormous challenges for capturing, managing and processing this data. Many trials have been made in different projects (such as HNSciCloud and OCRE), but today, commercial cloud services do not yet play a major role in the production computing environments of the publicly funded research sector in Europe. Funded by the Next Generation Internet programme (NGI-Atlantic) from the EC, in partnership with the University California San Diego (UCSD), CERN is piloting the use of CloudBank in Europe. CloudBank has been developed by the UCSD, University of Washington and University of California, Berkeley with NSF grant support, to provide a set of managed services simplifying access to public cloud for research and education, via a cloud procurement partnership with Strategic Blue, a financial broker SME, specialised in cost management and optimisation. The European NGI experiment is provisioning cloud services from multiple vendors and deploying a series of use-cases in the domain of Machine Learning and HPCaaS, contributing to the scientific programme of the Large Hadron Collider. The main objective is to address technical, financial and legal challenges to determine whether CloudBank can be successfully used by Europe’s research community as part of its global research activity.
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Bigo, Didier. "Immigration controls and free movement in Europe." International Review of the Red Cross 91, no. 875 (September 2009): 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383109990385.
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AbstractEffective control of cross-border activities is nearly impossible in market-economy regimes which, in order to remain viable, have to keep their borders open to goods, capital and services. This article exposes the tensions between a legal system predicated on openness and a groundswell of security-driven rhetoric justifying coercive and ostracizing practices against foreigners.
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Ziemiak, Michał P. "Legal Aspects of Robo-Advising in Insurance." Prawo Asekuracyjne 2, no. 107 (June 21, 2021): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8877.
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Robo-advising, to put it simply, should be understood as a process in which, for instance, giving and submitting recommendations regarding specific services is carried out in an automated algorithm-driven manner. Robo-advising is currently used in the insurance industry, in particular in the USA and Western Europe. Nevertheless, Polish legislation is devoid of regulations relating to robo-advising in insurance. The aim of this article is to present basic legal problems related to this issue as an example of possible automation of the processes of customer needs analysis or insurance contract conclusion. Key remarks in this article are presented against the background of the position of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority of 4 November 2020 on the provision of robo-advising services.
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Mangin, P., F. Bonbled, M. Väli, A. Luna, T. Bajanowski, H. P. Hougen, B. Ludes, et al. "European Council of Legal Medicine (ECLM) accreditation of forensic pathology services in Europe." International Journal of Legal Medicine 129, no. 2 (July 6, 2014): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-014-1041-x.
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Antkowiak, Paweł. "Czy to koniec zawodów prawniczych w Europie - przykład Polski." Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/r.2010.1.11.
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The subject of this article is access to legal services in Europe, demonstrated on the basis of Polish solutions in the field. The legal professions operate as corporations called professional self-government. The theoretical assumptions behind professional self-government is that it guarantees high ethical and professional standards, as well as balance between free professional practice and the quality of services provided. Its existence and operation is therefore an integral part of the democratic rule of law.
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Muller, Gilles. "The Liberalization of Legal Services within the EU Internal Market." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 3 (March 1, 2014): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014015.
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The legal profession in Europe has witnessed profound changes over the last 50 years becoming more international and business orientated. By contrast, the regulation of the legal profession in most Member Sates did not follow the same process remaining focused on the local court activities. The local character of these regulations combined with different approaches towards legal services lead to substantial differences between States, resulting in obstacles to cross-border legal practice. In this context, the EU plays a major role in addressing these impediments and contributes to the building of a European legal market. Indeed since its creation European institutions have been working on the removal of the obstacles to the free movement of services within the internal market. Furthermore, since the 2000 Lisbon European Council the Commission has launched a regulatory reform program with the aim to make the EU the most competitive and dynamic-base economy in the world. These two policy objectives underpin the process of liberalization of legal services that is taking place within the EU internal market. The purpose of this article is to analyze this process, through the OECD's five principles for assessing the market openness of a regulatory system, namely transparency, non-discrimination, avoidance of unnecessary restrictions to trade, recognition and application of competition principles.
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Drezno, Konrad. "Opodatkowanie podatkiem od towarów i usług, usług świadczonych w ramach systemów franczyzowych w świetle genezy, istoty i podstaw prawnych franchisingu." Ius et Administratio 44, no. 1 (2021): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/iuseta.2021.1.1.
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Franchising is a legal relationship originating in medieval Europe that has evolved over the years. The above evolution means that the interpretation of franchising requires constant changes. Carrying out a thorough analysis of the origin, essence and legal basis of franchising is therefore the key to understand this institution and its individual elements, in particular when analysing the taxation aspects of this legal relationship. Importantly, this legal relationship has not been defined in the EU or the national law, but there are legal provisions that define individual elements of franchising, such as know-how. This article, through a method of analysis and critical review of the literature as well as the dogmatic method, aims to present the origins and essence of franchise systems and the legal basis of franchising. As a consequence of the above analysis, an analysis of the taxation aspects of franchising was carried out in the field of taxation of goods and services. While achieving the purpose of the article, the author clearly indicates that services provided under a franchise relationship are subject to goods and services tax at a basic rate. The author also indicates the possibility of making an annual adjustment to the amount of input tax and describes the taxation of the services in question when importing services.
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Wang, Faye F. "Legislative Developments in Cybersecurity in the EU." Amicus Curiae 1, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/ac.v1i2.5131.
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Cyber-attacks have become a very serious issue in Europe, targeting essential services such as national health systems, banks, electoral campaigns or mobile services. There is certainly no one single solution to the need to improve cybersecurity, but a wide range of collective and far-reaching technical and legal measures may make it as hard as is possible for those who want to attack the security of infrastructures, services and products. This article aims to aid our understanding of cybersecurity, cyber threats, cyber-attacks and cyber defence from both legal and technological perspectives. It discusses the most recent EU cybersecurity legislative movements and considers whether current legal and technical measures, including the newly adopted EU Cybersecurity Act 2019, have provided efficient solutions to respond to radically changed cyber threats and attacks, in particular in critical services in the EU. It offers insights into the scope and limitations of technical measures in achieving the highest possible level of cybersecurity due to the unpredictable nature of certain cyber-attacks.
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Sutich, Maria Teresa, and Paolo Centore. "Taxation and Digital Economy: Europe Is Ready." Intertax 42, Issue 12 (December 1, 2014): 784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2014070.
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The European Commission DG TAXUD published the report released by the Expert group on taxation of the Digital economy. The analysis provided in the said document shows the progress of the action begun by the European institutions with the aim to give the legal bases and the technical instruments implementing new rules for taxation of electronic services. From January 2015, the destination principle and the MOSS1 are going to enter into force. The application of that model projected within the VAT system is welcome from the Member States and also from international organizations such as the OECD and the G20, with the aim to extend the new rules also to tax field different from indirect taxation.
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Stanberry, Ben, Guy Rossignol, and Phillippe Menke. "Contracting with health-care customers and specialists for the provision of telemedicine services across European borders: The TEN– Telemed legal project." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 6, no. 1_suppl (February 2000): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633001934339.
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Two generic contract models have been developed to resolve the legal and ethical issues that arise when contracting for telemedicine services across Europe. Model 1 relates to the risks and responsibilities of the expert providing the specialist opinion and the telemedicine service organization, while model 2 outlines the risks and responsibilities from the perspective of the client seeking the advice and (again) the telemedicine service organization. These contracts express the legal rights and responsibilities of each of the parties involved.
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Dokmanovic, Mirjana. "Corruption as a 'white-collar crime': International legal instruments on public accountability of public officials." Temida 12, no. 4 (2009): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0904007d.
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Corruption within public services has devastated negative impact on a state, a society, its economy and its citizens. It represents a major threat to the rule of law, democracy, enjoyment of human rights, fairness and social justice. It hinders economic development and endangeres sustainable development, empowerishes national economies, and facilitates the emergence of other threats, such as organized crime. Fighting corruption has become more urgent than ever. This paper deals with the public liability of domestic public officials, highlighting the substantive main international standards for fighting corruption in public services in the international legal instruments adopted by the United Nations and the Council of Europe, such as the United Nations Conventions against Corruption, and the two Convention of Council of Europe, on Civil Law and on Criminal Law. The paper argues that corruption can be prosecuted after the fact, but first and foremost it requires prevention. Preventive policies include the establishment of anti-corruption bodies and enhanced transparency in the financing of election campaigns and political parties. States must endeavour to ensure that their public services are subject to safeguards that promote efficiency, transparency and recruitment based on merit. Once recruited, public servants should be subject to codes of conduct, requirements for financial and other disclosures, and appropriate disciplinary measures. Transparency and accountability in matters of public finance must also be promoted, and specific requirements are established for the prevention of corruption in particularly critical areas of the public sector such as the judiciary and public procurement. Those who use public services must expect a high standard of conduct from their public servants. Preventing public corruption also requires an effort from all members of society at large.
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Lindert, J., M. Schouler-Ocak, A. Heinz, and S. Priebe. "Mental health, health care utilisation of migrants in Europe." European Psychiatry 23, S1 (January 2008): s114—s20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(08)70057-9.
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AbstractBackgroundMigration during the 1990s has been high and has been characterised by new migrations. Migration has been a key force in the demographic changes of the European population. Due to the different condition of migration in Europe, variables related to mental health of migrants are: motivation for migration, living conditions in the home and in the host country.AimsTo give an overview on (i) prevalence of mental disorders; suicide; alcohol and drug abuse; (ii) access to mental health and psychosocial care facilities of migrants in the European region, and (iii) utilisation of health and psychosocial institution of these migrants.MethodsNon-system review of the literature concerning mental health disorders of migrants and their access to and their consumption of health care and psychosocial services in Europe.ResultsIt is impossible to consider “migrants” as a homogeneous group concerning the risk for mental illness. The literature showed (i) mental health differs between migrant groups, (ii) access to psychosocial care facilities is influenced by the legal frame of the host country; (iii) mental health and consumption of care facilities is shaped by migrants used patterns of help-seeking and by the legal frame of the host country.ConclusionData on migrant's mental health is scarce. Longitudinal studies are needed to describe mental health adjusting for life conditions in Europe to identify those factors which imply an increased risk of psychiatric disorders and influence help seeking for psychosocial care. In many European countries migrants fall outside the existing health and social services, particularly asylum seekers and undocumented immigrants.
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Kurek, Przemysław, Łukasz Piechnik, Blanka Wiatrowska, Agnieszka Ważna, Krzysztof Nowakowski, Xosé Pardavila, Jan Cichocki, and Barbara Seget. "Badger Meles meles as Ecosystem Engineer and Its Legal Status in Europe." Animals 12, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12070898.
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The European badger plays an important role as a natural factor shaping species diversity in forests. Its extensive setts can be used by many other animals as shelters. Soil perturbations in their setts support plant communities that differ from the matrix landscape. The badger is also an effective seed disperser. We investigated its role as an ecosystem engineer in preserving species diversity and discussed its legal status across Europe. In most European countries (69.3% of the continent), the badger is hunted, sometimes year-round. The hunting season lasting through winter until early spring may have a negative effect on badger populations, especially when cubs are born in February. Although this species is Red Listed in 19 European countries (with categories ranging from LC to EN), the badger is strictly protected by law in 30.7% of its European range. A reduction in badger populations may limit its ecosystem services (seed dispersal, topsoil disturbances, microhabitat creation). Much new data on the importance of badgers in ecosystem engineering has allowed us to reconsider how we manage badger populations.
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Sabennikova, Irina V. "CLOUD SERVICES FOR STORING DIGITAL DOCUMENTS. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND EXISTING RISKS." History and Archives, no. 2 (2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2022-2-73-82.
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The article analyzes the current situation concerning the storage and management of electronic documents and the creation of the associated cloud services. The paper gives a definition of the cloud storage. It considers the legislative framework formed in the European Union regarding the use of cloud computing for digital records management and storage of digital documents; the article also names the main legal acts, standards and other normative documents adopted in Europe in recent years. It is noted that at present there is no common policy among the European countries on these issues, the decisions they make are often fragmentary. In some countries, the cloud storage legislation has not been developed yet, and consumer protection in the cloud computing market is implemented through data protection and digital rights legislation. Risks associated with the creation and storage of digital documents in cloud systems and the required level of control over the creation, organization, maintenance and access to documents stored in the cloud are described and analyzed in detail. Potential risks should be assessed both on the basis of the content or subject matter of information and documentation, and the level of their confidentiality and significance for the organization’s activities. The rights and obligations of the cloud service providers are discussed. Attention is focused on the still unresolved issues of proof of the authenticity, reliability, security, confidentiality of the documents stored in the cloud
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Nagy, Noémi. "Language Rights of European Minorities in the Administration of Justice, Public Administration and Public Services." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01801006.
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This article provides an overview of European minorities’ language rights in the administration of justice, public administration, and public services in 2019. Relevant legal developments are presented in the activities of the major international organizations, i.e. the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, and the Council of Europe. Since the most relevant treaties on the language rights of minorities in Europe are the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, special attention is paid to the implementation thereof. Whereas international monitoring mechanisms devoted to the effective protection of minorities are abundant, language rights of national minorities receive less attention, especially in the fields of official language use, that is, in public administration and justice. The regulation of these areas has been traditionally considered as almost exclusively belonging to the states’ competence, and international organizations are consequently reluctant to interfere. As a result, the official use of minority languages differs in the various countries of Europe, with both good practices (e.g. the Netherlands, Spain, Finland) and unbalanced situations (e.g. Estonia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan).
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Bugatti, Laura. "Towards a New Era for the Legal Profession." European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 1 (January 1, 2019): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019005.
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The article discusses the regulatory trends and new challenges that the legal profession is currently facing in Europe. To show the complexity and specificity of the professional phenomenon, this article opens with an overview of the main dominant theory – constructions on professions in sociology – followed by analysis of the economic theories of regulation, with particular regards to the public interest and private interest theories. The analysis suggests that the lens through which the professions may be perceived can be different, if not opposite, and as a consequence, the rationale for professional services regulation might be very distant. Starting from the specific EU position towards the application of the competition law in the professional sector, this article provides a comparative analysis of the current legal profession regulations across Europe, considering rules affecting entry restrictions, as well as some restrictions on conduct. This article suggests that the European legal profession is gradually moving from a professional-independence approach to a consumer-centric perspective, even if several forms of alternative resistance are still in place, as the Italian experience shows. In view of the comparative analysis conducted, this article claims that the paradigm of professionalism is not condemned to succumb to commercialism; instead it seems to have hybridized its nature in favour of a new model of regulation, able to promote market competition and innovation without, however, renouncing professionalism and its core values.
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Scherbaum, Norbert, F. Schifano, and Udo Bonnet. "New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) – a Challenge for the Addiction Treatment Services." Pharmacopsychiatry 50, no. 03 (April 25, 2017): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-102059.
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AbstractOver the last few years, hundreds of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have been identified in Europe. Apart from some herbal compounds, NPS mainly include synthetic cannabinoids and a range of new synthetic stimulants (e. g., cathinones). Synthetic NPS are often developed whilst modifying the basic chemical (e. g., phenethylamine or tryptamine) structure. Although the pharmacology and toxicology of most NPS are hardly known, they are being offered, especially online, as “bath salts,” as “incense mixtures,” or under other misleading labels. In addition, NPS are advertised as “legal highs,” suggesting that, in contrast to substances regulated by the national laws, trading with NPS is legal. Although only little is known about the prevalence of NPS use, some of these molecules may be associated with a range of severe adverse reactions. Indeed, different from cannabis, synthetic cannabinoid users may present with epileptic seizures, loss of consciousness, and a range of persisting psychopathological disorders. Future studies should inform better-tailored management strategies.
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Arbyn, Marc, Evert-Ben Van Veen, Kristin Andersson, Johannes Bogers, Gaëlle Boulet, Christine Bergeron, Magnus von Knebel-Doeberitz, and Joakim Dillner. "Cervical Cytology Biobanking in Europe." International Journal of Biological Markers 25, no. 3 (July 2010): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460081002500301.
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A cervical cytology biobank (CCB) is an extension of current cytopathology laboratory practice consisting in the systematic storage of Pap smears or liquid-based cytology samples from women participating in cervical cancer screening with the explicit purpose to facilitate future scientific research and quality audit of preventive services. A CCB should use an internationally agreed uniform cytology terminology, be integrated in a national or regional screening registry, and be linked to other registries (histology, cancer, vaccination). Legal and ethical principles concerning personal integrity and data safety must be respected strictly. Biobank-based studies require approval of ethical review boards. A CCB is an almost inexhaustible resource for fundamental and applied biological research. In particular, it can contribute to answering questions on the natural history of HPV infection and HPV-induced lesions and cancers, screening effectiveness, exploration of new biomarkers, and surveillance of the short- and long-term effects of the introduction of HPV vaccination. To understand the limitations of CCB, more studies are needed on the quality of samples in relation to sample type, storage procedures, and duration of storage.
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Ezer, Tamar, Alphia Abdikeeva, and Martin McKee. "Legal advocacy as a tool to advance Roma Health." Health Economics, Policy and Law 13, no. 1 (September 7, 2017): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133117000238.
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AbstractRoma in central Europe face many violations of their rights, including those that impede their access to high-quality health care. Legal frameworks have the potential to address these violations, whereas legal advocacy services offer a means for enforcement of rights. We undertook key informant interviews with Roma civil society organisations and selected knowledgeable individuals in Macedonia, Romania and Serbia to identify lessons from the development of these services. Achievements were reported in four areas. Legal empowerment, with employment of Roma paralegals was especially effective, increasing awareness of the ability to challenge violations. Documentation of human rights violations is an important basis for advocacy, but does not guarantee redress, and may work best in combination with legal empowerment or international pressure. Strategic litigation can play a key role in removing bureaucratic obstacles that prevent Roma from exercising their right to access to health care. Progress in changing the narrative on Roma in the mainstream media has been limited but examples of good practice exist. Although much remains to be done, Roma groups report that legal advocacy has strengthened their ability to challenge rights violations, thereby enhancing their ability to access effective and responsive care.
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Varga, Bernadett Mária. "Access to healthcare services for the Roma and undocumented migrants in the EU in light of the Covid-19 pandemic." International Journal of Roma Studies 2, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijrs.2020.5952.
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Background. The rising number of the EU Roma citizens from the CEE countries, non-EU Roma citizens from the Western-Balkans, and of undocumented migrants in the European Union makes it interesting to see that most of them face barriers when accessing health services [with a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC)] or have no health coverage at all [no legal entitlement]. European migrant health policies are seemingly well structured and responsive to the needs of migrants, however, results of recent studies raise the question whether the legislations are responsive enough to the needs of the Roma and undocumented migrants when accessing health services. Given the circumstances of the Covid-19 pandemic these groups are now at an increased risk and they might not be able to understand how the virus transmits and how they can protect themselves from it. Methods. Literature review focusing on the access to health services and migrant health policies in the EU and the UK was carried out. The target groups of this research were Roma citizens and third-country national undocumented migrants residing in the European Union. Results. In theory the legal entitlement for accessing healthcare for migrants in general is satisfactory, while in practice these groups face difficulties, such as prejudice, discrimination and other barriers (language, logistical) when approaching health services. Migrants lack trust in the health system and the healthcare professionals, and are not aware of their fundamental rights to healthcare either. Conclusions. Legal entitlements for EU migrant citizens do not differ within EU countries but they significantly vary for undocumented migrants Europe-wide and there seems to be a mismatch between the legal entitlements for undocumented migrants in theory and their implementation in practice. Given the circumstances of the pandemic these groups are at an increased risk and therefore their health inclusion through health literacy programs should take place, as well as health workers should be trained on diversity in order to establish diversity adapted EU health systems. Seeking adaptive practices to establish cultural diversity within the healthcare settings, and introducing the universal health coverage scheme Europe-wide in order for undocumented migrants and EU citizens without employment to benefit from proper healthcare services is encouraged and necessary.
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de Waele, Henri. "The Transposition and Enforcement of the Services Directive: A Challenge for the European and the National Legal Orders." European Public Law 15, Issue 4 (December 1, 2009): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2009037.
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In the European Union, after a long and arduous struggle, agreement was reached on the adoption of the so-called Services Directive in 2006. This Directive aims to create a level playing field for services and to remove all remaining regulatory and administrative obstacles for service transactions in and between Member States. The present short contribution focuses not on the substantive aspects of the Directive but rather highlights its institutional and constitutional impact. Attention is drawn to the great challenge facing the European and national legal orders when it comes to the successful transposition and effective enforcement of its provisions. In order to rise to this challenge and meet the objective of a fully liberalized services market in Europe, a radical alteration in ECJ caselaw appears all but inevitable.
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Upston-Hooper, Karl, Karoliina Anttonen, and Michael Mehling. "Breathing Life into the Carbon Market: Legal Frameworks of Emissions Trading in Europe." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 16, Issue 4 (April 1, 2007): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2007011.
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Directive 2003/87/EC establishes a scheme for “greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community in order to promote reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective and economically efficient manner.” Given its adoption as a directive, the achievement of this mandate largely depends on the domestic implementation by Member States, and in particular on the creation of a functional carbon market enabling the price mechanism to signal investment decisions throughout Europe. Unlike many other commodities, however, emission allowances are a legal construct, and the legal frameworks reifying them are of crucial importance. Domestic regulation of taxation, financial services, insolvency, and accounting issues, to name but a few, all hold the potential to compromise the development of a liquid market. Based on an extensive survey of the implementing legislation adopted in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, this article identifies some of the main challenges faced by the Member States in the evolving carbon market, highlighting aspects whose treatment differs and may lead to conflicts or inconsistencies.
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Shashkova, Anna V., Maria A. Agranovskaya, and David E. Kitsmarishvili. "FinTech & New Digital Instruments. Post-Crisis Developments: Russia and Europe." Digital Law Journal 1, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2020-1-4-25-37.
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The article examines 2020 post-crisis results and 2021 trends in FinTech regulation development. FinTech, being a relatively new term, has become a completely new industry, which combines rapidly developing technologies and financial products (including digital assets) or services. The year 2020, despite the pandemic and localization (and maybe even more so), seems as significant, if not more so, for market change and further development. The world has changed, and new technologies are vital for successful competition among financial players and even for their survival. Most of the leading international financial centers have focused on regulating FinTech and the use of innovations in classic highly regulated areas. In the article we address the pros and cons of technology regulation and make a comparative analysis of the leading revolutionary trends. The most revolutionary developments have appeared in smaller European countries, which the leaders are forced to follow. Law harmonization has become a natural step forward for Europe to regulate blockchain businesses and to agree on terminology and risk prevention measures for innovation support. The research examines the development and regulation of FinTech in such jurisdictions as Switzerland, Malta, Liechtenstein, Gibraltar and the United States. The approach is interdisciplinary, linking Russian legal norms, applicable rules, and expected results. The main methods used in the research are analysis, comparative-legal, and formal-legal methods.
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Cremers, Jan. "Free movement of services and equal treatment of workers: the case of construction." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 12, no. 2 (May 2006): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200205.
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Directive 96/71/EC (the Posted Workers Directive) is the legal framework in Europe for bona fide cross-border work by posted workers. Following fierce debates at the beginning of the 1990s the European institutions adopted this Directive in 1996. The basic purpose of the Directive was to guarantee equal rights to posted workers combined with fair competition for transnational operations, relying on the ‘host country’ principle. A study by the author has shown that national implementation of the Directive after 1996 has been poor. Following enlargement on 1 May 2004 the debate about decent regulation of labour migration and posted and temporary work abroad returned to the agenda. The current discussions on the Services Directive have brought the ‘country of origin’ principle into the spotlight. The political struggle between supporters of decent regulation (and legal application) of labour migration issues and advocates of the free market has entered a new phase.
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Markulynets, А. А. "E-state building: legal approaches." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 66 (November 29, 2021): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.66.10.
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Over the last decade, e-government has evolved tremendously from being a problem in itself to a cross-cutting transformational issue that supports governments' ability to deliver on promises. Defined differently by different actors, e-government usually refers to the use of information and communication technologies to change the relationship between citizens, businesses and different branches of government. This involves much more than just translating government services to digital platforms. Rather, e-government has become a form of interaction between government and non-governmental stakeholders. It is a process that requires a common government (or interagency) strategy, planning, resources, and political will. It is now important for governments to look at their achievements, identify and focus on the medium- and long-term issues that will emerge in the next decade. E-government basically uses information and information technologies and entails the development of e-services and the provision of quality information to citizens. It also seeks to increase transparency and accountability and create effective public institutions. This development has led to an increase in the amount of information that government agencies need to collect, send and pluralize. European governments are encouraged to invest in the development of e-government and provide citizens with access to their information flows. Europe has adopted the Public Sector Information Directive because it is seen as a resource that can stimulate innovation and national development. Governments around the world are enacting freedom of information laws to facilitate access to government information. However, it will also require a robust information management structure that includes archiving and recording information, common specifications to facilitate the exchange of information between government agencies, business process analysis to identify important information, and management of the entire information contingent. This study is aimed at revealing legal approaches to e-government, the concept of e-government in Ukraine and the world, tools for the introduction of the digital state, as well as the prospects and transition of the state apparatus in real time.
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Herts, Alla. "The Peculiarities of Civil-Legal Regulation of Transplantation in Ukraine and Europe." Baltic Journal of European Studies 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2018-0003.
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Abstract In modern realities the issue of the quality and accessibility of health services, the cost of medicines, examinations and treatment in general is being increasingly frequently discussed. The attention is focused on such a narrow surgical field as transplantation, because in Ukraine thousands of patients are waiting in line for organ transplantation and very few operations are performed. The main, most secure and common type of transplantation is the transplantation of organs and tissues from a deceased person, the dead body. Cadaveric transplantation, which is used in most developed countries, is hardly carried out in Ukraine. This is due to the fact that the current regulatory base of Ukraine in the field of transplantation does not fully meet the needs of modern medicine and has many gaps. The aim of donation is a future transplantation (including and in cases of blood transfusion and reproductive cells use). The parts (tissues, organs, their parts, individual cells) extracted (separated) from the body in the process of donation can be used generally in the treatment process in a processed form (blood plasma) or in the original state (fertilized reproductive cells). The detailed analysis of the provisions of the national legal system makes it possible to conclude that, despite the absence of direct regulation of relations concerning organ donation and transplantation as material relations, the legal regulations provide the fundamental provisions, which determine their material nature, and therefore offer opportunities for agreementbased regulation. In our opinion, one of the essential legal means of ensuring the rights of participants in the relations of donation and transplantation can be their agreement-based regulation. The peculiarities of civil-legal regulation of transplantation in Ukraine and Europe are simultaneously analysed; and the grounds of its legitimacy are defined.
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Bäckström, B. "Migrants and Health in Portugal." Health, Culture and Society 7, no. 1 (December 15, 2014): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2014.160.
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The aim of this research is to atain knowledge on immigrant´s health related problems and to identify their dificulties when acesing health care services. The article describes immigrant´s dificulties when acesing health care services that are visiting the health ofice at a National Immigrant Support Centre.Design: : A qualitative study was conducted, analysing available documentation and observing the health isues dealt with at the National Immigrant Support Centre’s (CNAI) Health Ofice. The 148 cases are mainly immigrants coming from Portuguese speaking African countries for health purposes. Immigrants from Brazil have more restricted aces, and feel discrimination on the part of the services. Immigrants from Eastern Europe come in search of information and have communication dificulties. Obstacles are related to the lack of knowledge of the law, but also to the failure of puting the law into practice. The ofice has had a great demand of users seeking information and in acesingthe health care system.Results: The cases analysed are mainly nationals from Portuguese Speaking African Countries (PSAC), Brazil and countries in Eastern Europe. The majority of the immigrants coming from PSAC are patients receiving treatment under international Cooperation Agreements requesting financial and social support. Immigrants from Brazil have more restricted aces and feel greater discrimination on the part of the services. New Labour Migrants from Eastern Europe, on the other hand, come in search of information and are known to have communication dificulties.Conclusions: Legislation in Portugal provides aces to health care to al citizens, regardles of their legal condition and origin. However, some immigrants have had significant dificulties with aces to Portugal’s National Health Service. The obstacles are not only related to the lack of legal knowledge, but also to the failure of puting the law into practice, which requires atention by the institutionresponsible for efective and comprehensive coordination. The ofice has had a great demand of users seeking information, who, above al, wish to solve their problems and dificulties in acesing the health care system.
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Krasavina, Vera A. "Digital Single Market: Europe in the race for IT services market leaders." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 679–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-4-679-692.
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The paper considers the process of digital transformations within the framework of creating a Digital Single Market in the European Union. The author uses standard tools to identify strategic areas in which the transformation of the European market takes place. The importance and relevance of the development of the digital economy for the countries of the European Union in the context of the deepening globalization process and the rapid development of information technology is emphasized. In the framework of stimulating the economies of the EU countries, as well as with the aim of improving the quality of educational, medical services and solving other social problems - creating a single information market without geographical barriers, simplifying and standardizing Internet trade laws throughout the EU, ensuring a favorable legal and tax environment to expand the electronic trade in goods, services, technologies, become paramount tasks. The paper analyzes the key areas on which the creation of Digital Single Market is based: facilitating the access of consumers and businesses to goods and services via the Internet throughout the European Union; creating favorable conditions for the development of digital networks and services and promoting the maximum growth of the potential of European digital economics. It is shown that during the transformations in some areas, certain successes have already been achieved: the abolition of roaming, the increase in the volume of online trade in goods and services, the cross-border portability of digital content, including the successful coordination of the use of the 700 MHz band for the large-scale implementation of 4G broadband communications, which will further facilitate the deployment of networks 5G in 2020.
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Ekblad, Solvig. "Mental health among recent immigrants to Sweden from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union." International Psychiatry 5, no. 3 (July 2008): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002058.
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Several European states such as Sweden have become transit countries for migrants, as well as reception countries for an increasing number of young migrants, not only asylum seekers and refugees from beyond Europe but also from the European Union's new members, after the dissolution of the Soviet bloc in 1989 and then the Soviet Union itself in 1991. Over 110000 immigrants from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union resided in Sweden in 2002, although the exact figure is difficult to estimate because of the varied legal status of the migrants. International migration is not a new phenomenon in this part of the world, of course: people have always moved in the search of greater personal safety, among other reasons. However, new groups with new psychosocial needs and demands on the healthcare systems of the host countries will be a challenge. The aim of this article is to give an overview of three sets of empirical data: •the prevalence of mental disorders among recent immigrants to Sweden from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union•their access to mental health and social care facilities arising from their legal status•their utilisation of health and social services
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Silbermann, Eva L., and Riidiger Rubel. "Road Planning in Europe - a Case Study (Part I)." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 3, no. 6 (2006): 519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601006x00164.
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AbstractThe free movement of goods, persons and services — at once the base line and the guiding principle of our united Europe — would be unthinkable without an effective network of transport routes. The planning of a road is much more than simply a technical exercise. It incorporates political, economic, legal and ecological aspects and is increasingly influenced by European environmental legislation. As a result planning law is a highly complex subject in all the Member States of the European Union. For these reasons the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union has recently compiled a general report on national planning procedures in the EU. Particular emphasis was placed on the administrative and judicial process, the forms and evaluation of public involvement and the implementation of European environmental legislation such as the Habitats- and Birds-Directives' as well as the Directives on Ambient Air'. The report shows that the influence of Community law has led to a certain harmonisation in the decision-making process and increased the environmental awareness of the parties involved. Furthermore it provides an interesting insight in the different methods of acceleration and facilitation which have been tested by the Member States since the time-consuming nature of planning procedures is a major problem in all legal orders.
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Kilvington, Judith, Sophie Day, and Helen Ward. "Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time of Change?" Feminist Review 67, no. 1 (March 2001): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01417780150514510.
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There has been considerable recent debate about prostitution in Europe that reflects concerns about health, employment and human rights. Legal changes are being introduced in many countries. We focus on two examples in order to discuss the likely implications. A new law in The Netherlands is normalizing aspects of the sex industry through decriminalizing both workers and businesses. In Sweden, on the other hand, prostitution is considered to be a social problem, and a new law criminalizes the purchasers of sexual services in an attempt to reduce demand. Both reforms appear to have had their desired effect at one level; in The Netherlands, health and safety regulations will be introduced as in any other job, and EU sex workers gain full social, legal and employment rights; in Sweden there was initially a tenfold decrease in the numbers of women working visibly on the streets, and some workers have left the industry. However, in both countries, the new legislation has also driven some sex work underground. Many sex workers are excluded by the Dutch system and move underground to become effectively invisible to the authorities. In Sweden sex workers and their clients also become less visible in order that the latter can avoid sanction. Social and economic changes, such as increased migration and the growing use of the Internet will also render the sex industry less visible both to state regulation and to health care workers. The major problems of prostitution for the workers remain exploitation, stigma, abuse and criminalization. These are not unique to the industry, and can only be tackled effectively by the self-organization of sex workers into unions and rights groups, along with full decriminalization. An alternative vision is promised through self-organization and anti-racist actions by sex workers in Germany; normalization and workers’ rights are tackled alongside training programmes for those seeking alternatives. Policy makers throughout Europe would do well to look at their experience and not simply at the clash of legal reforms.
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Петров, Anatoliy Petrov, Морковина, and Svetlana Morkovina. "Market organization of forestry: the experience of foreign countries and Russian regions." Forestry Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23465.
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The article describes the experience of the countries of Europe and America with regard to the organization of forestry production and concluded the priority organizational and legal form of man-agement. It was determined that forestry production in the form of state-owned enterprises is carried out by technological, organizational and economic unity of logging, forest management enterprises for the use of non-timber forest resources, providing services for hunting, fishing and recreation.
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BIFULCO, LAVINIA, and TOMMASO VITALE. "Contracting for Welfare Services in Italy." Journal of Social Policy 35, no. 3 (June 26, 2006): 495–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279406009895.
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The 1990s witnessed the spread and broadening in Europe of different types of relationships between public administration and private organisations (both for-profit and non-profit), derived from the two main categories of contracting out and accreditation. These models, linked to the process of developing new modes of governance, also focus on forms of contracting between providers and users of services. This contractual configuration of local welfare systems appears to encourage ‘civil society’ and recipients to play a more active role in designing interventions and putting them into practice. Nonetheless, several questions still remain to be answered, mainly concerning the different position adopted by the beneficiaries in the case of intervention theoretically aimed at ensuring or increasing their ‘freedom of choice’. This article sets out to analyse these questions with specific reference to the implementation of the Italian legal reform of social services. The field of observation covers interventions based on economic benefits looking to promote recipients' independence. Our intention is to focus on whether and how the present structures incorporate and elaborate this impulse towards change, with particular reference to the new configuration of the users' own position.
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Ramsayer, Beate, and Valerie Fleming. "Conscience and conscientious objection: The midwife’s role in abortion services." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 8 (July 6, 2020): 1645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733020928416.
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Traditionally, the role of midwives has been to be with women throughout the pregnancy continuum, from conception until the end of the postnatal period. Midwives, however, have been named as key providers of abortion services. While freedom of conscience is legally protected within Europe, discrepancies exist between midwifery and conscientious objection to abortion-related services. Midwives are largely ignored within the academic discussion despite the care and support they give to women undergoing abortions. Those discrepancies led to the aim of this article to address this issue by discussing some of the key ethical and legal concepts that are relevant to midwives’ role in the provision of abortion services. This article shows that the decision to provide or object to abortion services remains ethically very complex because arguments exist both for and against its provision. Being with women can be interpreted differently and individual situations of care are multifaceted. Conscientious objection to abortion services is a highly contentious issue that has an overall importance to midwives. Noting that decisions are individual, may change or may be situationally dependant; a definitive position of midwives for or against conscientious objection cannot be assumed. Respecting conscience and acknowledging that there are various arguments for and against conscientious objection promotes widespread understanding. It accommodates both the opportunity for midwives to object on conscience grounds to the provision of abortion services and respect women’s autonomy so that mutual agreement may be reached on issues that may have far reaching consequences.
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Kraus, Katinka. "Dienstleistungen von allgemeinem Interesse zwischen Wettbewerb und Europäischen Verträgen." Zeitschrift für öffentliche und gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen 43, no. 4 (2020): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0344-9777-2020-4-435.
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Services of general interest are provided across Europe in different legal and institutional forms. They vary from private law to the commissioning of third parties through administrative cooperation. Even though these services and their forms of provision are subject to special regulations in European primary law, they are not always sufficiently included in legislative initiatives of the European Commission. The paper shows that this is contrary to the subsidiary spirit of the European Treaties, which protect this diversity as an important value under European law. Based on competition initiatives of the European Commission, the article analyzes the discrepancy between contractual claim and European political practice.
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Tutlys, Vidmantas, Genute Gedviliene, and Skaiste Vaiciukyniene. "Legal Regulations for Advertising Vocational Education and Training Services: Case Study of Lithuania." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 22 (August 31, 2018): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n22p202.
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The European Commission’s Europe 2020 strategy calls for the enhancement the attractiveness of vocational education and training. This article aims to disclose and critically discuss the requirements defined in legislation of Lithuania for advertising VET services with reference to the context of the improvement of the VET image in society. It seeks to determine the requirements stipulated in legislation of Lithuania for advertising VET services and to evaluate the information on admissions to institutions of vocational education and training on their web pages according to the criterion of truthfulness of advertising. The article may be useful for professionals who work or will work with marketing communication in the future. It can be used as a manual of how to inform customers about VET services properly. The methods applied in this research are content analysis of scientific literature and legal documents, linguistic, comparative, systematic and logical interpretation methods of law, and a qualitative content analysis used for the case study. The content of the training service and not the subjective image is the actual marketing object, because the content provides an advantage that ensures good market positions in increasingly competitive market of VET provision. The image of initial vocational education is determined not so much by the actions of society, but by the vocational training systems themselves, or more specifically by the targeted efforts of its participants to improve the quality of initial vocational education, responding to the public challenges and communicating this message to the interested audiences in the communication process.
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Deckert, Martina R. "Der 'Binnenmarkt für Juristenausbildung': Europäische Impulse für Forschung und Lehre." European Review of Private Law 6, Issue 1 (March 1, 1998): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/199039.
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It is not just the internal market for goods and services that is becoming a reality in Europe now, but increasingly also an 'internal market for legal education'. By reference to the example of the system of legal education in Germany, the European desiderata and requirements are established. These are then compared with the actual situation in relation to legal training in Germany, and in particular by reference to the law faculties and from the perspective of both foreign and domestic students. Building on this, various considerations are highlighted. Teaching (teaching organisation personnel and methods) and research (scientific debate) must be 'Europeanised'. The law faculties must be much more outward looking; European networks and collaborative enterprises in research and teaching must be pursued. Faculties must also give better advice about their individual strengths (information and transparency). A Europeanisation of legal education actually offers considerable opportunities for niche marketing.
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Principi, Andrea, Jürgen Bauknecht, Mirko Di Rosa, and Marco Socci. "Employees’ Longer Working Lives in Europe: Drivers and Barriers in Companies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051658.
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This paper identifies, within companies’ sectors of activity, predictors of Human Resource (HR) policies to extend working life (EWL) in light of increasing policy efforts at the European level to extend working life. Three types of EWL practices are investigated: the prevention of early retirement (i.e., encouraging employees to continue working until the legal retirement age); delay of retirement (i.e., encouraging employees to continue working beyond the legal retirement age); and, recruitment of employees who are already retired (i.e., unretirement). A sample of 4624 European organizations that was stratified by size and sector is analyzed in six countries. The main drivers for companies’ EWL practices are the implementation of measures for older workers to improve their performance, their working conditions, and to reduce costs. In industry, the qualities and skills of older workers could be more valued than in other sectors, while the adoption of EWL practices might be less affected by external economic and labor market factors in the public sector. Dutch and Italian employers may be less prone than others to extend working lives. These results underline the importance of raising employers’ awareness and increase their actions to extend employees’ working lives by adopting age management initiatives, especially in SMEs, and in the services and public sectors.
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Rezvorovych, Krystyna. "Adaptation of standards of provision of government electronic services in Ukraine in the conditions of digital transformation." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2021-3-153-159.
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The article considers the issues of digital transformation in the legal field of electronic services. Ukraine has carried out a number of reforms regarding the digitization of paper documents and the transition to European norms of EU countries and Council of Europe standards. The article presents the main pillars of digital transformation, approved by the UN. The authors consider the dynamics of the EGDI-index and E-Participation index in Ukraine, EGDI sub-indices for 2003-2020, which reflects significant differences in the development of digital technologies and the decline of the Human capital index. Created in 2020, the online platform «Action» is gradually being filled with new types of services and databases of State Registers. The article raises the issue of taking into account the current territorial state of Ukraine, part of which is annexed in the Crimea and occupied in the Donbass, which complicates the provision of electronic services to internally displaced persons. As a result, there are constant legal conflicts with the documents of temporarily displaced persons, who lose the right to buy real estate, issue loans, pensions, intellectual property rights, and other property rights. It provides an overview of e-identification, authentication and trust services (eIDAS), which provides the basis for cross-border electronic identification, authentication and certification in the EU and should be implemented simultaneously in Ukraine. The authors generalized the legal norms on the introduction of the “paperless” regime in Ukraine and the validity of electronic documents: e-passports, e-birth certificate; IDP ID; e-student ticket. The Concept of e-Government development in Ukraine on the unresolved issue of electronic identification and authentication of individuals and legal entities in interaction with the authorities is analyzed. The article summarizes a number of legal conflicts with the presence of paper and electronic documents in the State Registers, the absence of which makes it impossible for temporarily displaced persons to receive electronic services.
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Karnaki, Pania, Konstantinos Katsas, Dimitrios V. Diamantis, Elena Riza, Maya Simona Rosen, Maria Antoniadou, Alejandro Gil-Salmerón, Igor Grabovac, and Athena Linou. "Dental Health, Caries Perception and Sense of Discrimination among Migrants and Refugees in Europe: Results from the Mig-HealthCare Project." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 9294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189294.
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Dental and oral health are considered among the main health issues for migrants and refugees, as access to dental health care services is often expensive and difficult. The study investigates dental and oral health determinants among migrants and refugees in 10 European countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain, and Sweden), examining how mental health, legal status, discrimination issues and dental services’ use frequency affect dental health. Methods: A cross sectional study using a purpose-made questionnaire was carried out to assess health status and access, with a dedicated section to measure self-perceived dental health, prevalence of caries, last visit to dentist and anticipated access to dental health services. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to investigate the impact of quality of life, discrimination, immigration status, and other demographic factors on dental health. Results: About half of the sample suffered from poor dental condition and 22% had never visited a dentist. Migrants with higher educational levels had higher odds of having good dental health (OR = 1.08; 95%CI (1.03, 1.12)) and brushing their teeth daily (OR = 1.1; 95%CI (1.04, 1.17)). Higher general and mental health scores were indicative of better dental condition (general health: OR = 1.02; 95%CI (1.01, 1.03); mental health: OR = 1.01; 95%CI (1.004, 1.02)) and higher probability of daily teeth brushing (general health: OR = 1.02; 95%CI (1.01, 1.03); mental health: OR = 1.02; 95%CI (1.01, 1.03)). The possession of any kind of legal immigration permission and not having any children showed similar results. Age and discrimination were correlated with decreased likelihood for good dental conditions. Gender was correlated with daily teeth brushing, as female migrants had higher odds of brushing their teeth daily. Conclusions: Many migrants report poor dental health. Nonetheless, migrants with higher education levels, legal immigration status, better general and mental health, no children, lower sense of discrimination, younger age, and regular dental visits were positively correlated to good dental health (perceived as no dental caries).
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Ataei, Mehrnaz, Auriol Degbelo, Christian Kray, and Vitor Santos. "Complying with Privacy Legislation: From Legal Text to Implementation of Privacy-Aware Location-Based Services." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7110442.
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An individual’s location data is very sensitive geoinformation. While its disclosure is necessary, e.g., to provide location-based services (LBS), it also facilitates deep insights into the lives of LBS users as well as various attacks on these users. Location privacy threats can be mitigated through privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which was introduced recently and harmonises data privacy laws across Europe. While the GDPR is meant to protect users’ privacy, the main problem is that it does not provide explicit guidelines for designers and developers about how to build systems that comply with it. In order to bridge this gap, we systematically analysed the legal text, carried out expert interviews, and ran a nine-week-long take-home study with four developers. We particularly focused on user-facing issues, as these have received little attention compared to technical issues. Our main contributions are a list of aspects from the legal text of the GDPR that can be tackled at the user interface level and a set of guidelines on how to realise this. Our results can help service providers, designers and developers of applications dealing with location information from human users to comply with the GDPR.
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Markiewicz, PhD, Assoc Prof Telesfor Marek. "AIR TRAFFIC CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN EUROPEAN AIRSPACE – THE LEGAL CONTEXT AND THE EXPERIENCE OF THE NETWORK MANAGER." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 116, no. 3 (June 3, 2020): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3305.
Full textAbstract:
The article looks at the genesis and evolution of Network Manager (NM) activities in terms of responding to disturbances and crisis situations and mitigating their effects on the European air traffic management network. The objective of these activities, carried out in coordination with the operational stakeholders and other relevant stakeholders, is to ensure the maximum continuity and safety of air navigation services for aircraft operators and airports. The review, analysis and evaluation of how to respond to extraordinary and unforeseen events that have a negative impact on the functioning of the air transport sector in Europe covers the period 2010-2019.