Academic literature on the topic 'Legal services – Europe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Legal services – Europe"
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Lee, Robert G. "Liberalisation of legal services in Europe: progress and prospects." Legal Studies 30, no. 2 (June 2010): 186–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2009.00148.x.
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The usual excuse for regulation is the failure of market provision. This paper examines legal services and suggests that, in the case of provision of commercial legal services to corporate clients, true events of market failure, to support the case for regulation, and more particularly self-regulation, are hard to locate. It further argues that the market for legal services is heavily stratified with a commercial legal services market effectively operating quite separately to that of professional legal services for private clients. In consequence, it may be more effective and proportionate to adopt differentiated strategies of regulation. This might be achieved by shifting the focus of regulation away from the individual practitioner, as is historically the case, towards law firms as such. This simple step, it is suggested, could facilitate much greater liberalisation of the market for legal services. This proposal is explored with particular reference to freedom of services within the European single market and, as a backdrop to the paper, progress to date in facilitating cross-border legal services in Europe is reviewed.
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Liakopoulos, Dimitris. "THOUGHTS ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN EUROPE." Diponegoro Law Review 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.5.1.2020.34-50.
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The present work is concentrated on a construction of a legal person's model responsibility for the EU countries, with a particular attention for a comparative analyse of the systems assumed in certain European nations (Italian, France, Spain, German, Belgian systems). The end result of this system is oriented to corporates responsibilities that, after the mass transfer of general interest from public service to privates services, corporates have to attend to relatives guarantees. Because it was established a social insecurity level, we have produced a model of corporation’s organisation engaged of a security position, that exceed the traditional standard of culpability.
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Whelan, Christopher, and Doreen McBarnet. "Lawyers in the Market: Delivering Legal Services in Europe." Journal of Law and Society 19, no. 1 (1992): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1410028.
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Kharitonova, Yu, and L. Sannikova. "Digital Platforms in China and Europe: Legal Challenges." BRICS Law Journal 8, no. 3 (October 26, 2021): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-3-121-147.
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The paper considers the processes of platformatization of the economy and public government, which have become the last decade’s primary trend. Analysis of the digital markets in Russia, China, and Europe proved the dominance of the digital platforms of large technology companies. According to the authors, the concentration of market power in digital platforms threatens a competitive environment in digital markets. In this regard, the demand for antitrust regulation of their activities is justified. Another legal challenge arises concerning the trend of creating public services on the digital platforms of large technology companies. The paper analyzes China’s experience in the platformatization of legal proceedings, where the process of establishing online courts is conducted in close cooperation with the leading digital platforms of the PRC. In contrast to China, in Russia, the main focus is on combining public services, and information systems of various departments within a single platform to provide public services, with large technology companies acting as operators. Therefore, the authors conclude that it is necessary to strengthen legal mechanisms to protect citizens’ rights and interests during the digitization of public services – primarily citizens’ rights to data protection. The problems revealed demonstrate the necessity of a balanced approach to the legal regulation of digital platforms. While it is important to stimulate their development, it is necessary to limit the opportunities for violating the rights and interests of other participants in the digital environment.
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Doncel, Víctor Rodríguez, and Elena Montiel Ponsoda. "LYNX: Towards a Legal Knowledge Graph for Multilingual Europe." Law in Context. A Socio-legal Journal 37, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26826/law-in-context.v37i1.129.
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Lynx is an innovation project in Europe whose objective is to develop services for legal compliance. A legal knowledge graph is built over multilingual, multijurisdictional documents using semantic web technologies. A collection of services implementing natural language techniques enables better legal information retrieval, cross-lingual answering of questions and information discovery. Three use cases are discussed, as well as the overall impact of the project.
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Major, Justice J. C. "Lawyers' Obligation to Provide Legal Services." Alberta Law Review 33, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1112.
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This article addresses ethical concerns in the legal profession and the challenge of not only providing legal services, but ensuring that the public has access to them. The author asserts that the whole profession is under an obligation to render legal services pro bono publico. Such has been the tradition since the beginning of the profession in thirteenth century Europe. The article follows the history of pro bono work since medieval times, and compares the system in the United States with that in Canada. In the U.S. there is a greater commitment by firms to provide pro bono work, whereas in Canada, it tends to be on a more ad hoc basis. Canadian lawyers too often assume that government-funded legal aid systems adequately meet the public's needs. Legal aid, however, is facing increasing financial challenges. Moreover, a large number of Canadians who do not meet the eligibility requirements cannot afford to retain a lawyer. There is a need for a modified pro bono program that will assist not only the poor, but the working class as well.
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Stuard, Susan Mosher. "Where Notaries Provided Legal Services to Medieval Townspeople." Journal of Family History 43, no. 3 (February 26, 2018): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199018759709.
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If notarial offices in medieval Italian towns had not offered their dual services of commercial law contracts and family law documents on the same premises and in the homes of their clients, perhaps the cross-fertilization of ideas that created the instruments of trade sustaining Europe’s emerging market economy would not have followed. Italian traders carried the contracts that undergirded long-distance trade across Europe and the Mediterranean Sea leaving a singular mark on economic development. Corresponding effects on families who were involved in trade were dramatic, if unintended.
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Hurtado, Fernando Rojas. "Comparação entre as tendências de Serviços Legais na América do Norte, Europa e América Latina (segunda parte)." Caderno Eletrônico de Ciências Sociais 4, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24305/cadecs.v4i2.2016.17345.
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Trata-se da segunda parte do estudo comparativo das tendências de serviços legais na América do Norte, Europa e América Latina. Com auxílio de pesquisa de campo colaborativa, especialmente realizada por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e de estudos de caso, o autor apresenta um inventário-panorama de serviços legais inovadores e tradicionais em quatro países da América do Sul durante os anos 1980: Chile, Colômbia, Equador e Peru. Ao mesmo tempo, produz uma comparação quanto àforma de atuar, aos fundamentos, aos objetivos e meios de financiamento destes serviços entre si e destes com seus correspondentes, sobretudo nos Estados Unidos e com alguns aspectos de serviços promovidos no Brasil e na Europa. Ao final do estudo, o autor compreende que a forma de financiamento, sua vinculação com a Igreja ou com agências de apoio internacionais exercem influência sobre a forma de atuar, o modelo de organização e os objetivos dos serviços legais. Em específico quanto aos novos serviços legais, dentre outras conclusões, percebe o autor que, apesar de manterem em grande medida seu caráter utópico-transformador, entre seus objetivos, em geral, há uma tendência para utilização de meios institucionais, ou seja, do sistema judicial, como meio de solução de conflitos. Comparison of trends in Legal Services in North America, Europe and Latin America (second part) This is the second part of the comparative study of trends in legal services in North America, Europe and Latin America. The author presents a survey of innovative and traditional legal services in four South American countries during the 1980s: Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. At the same time, produce a comparison of how to act, the fundamentals, objectives and means of financing these services among themselves and with their correspondents, especially in the United States and with some aspects of services promoted in Brazil and in Europe. At the end of the study, the author understands that the form of funding, its link with the Church or with international support agencies exert influence on the way in which it operates, the organizational model and the objectives of legal services. In particular, in relation to the new legal services, among other conclusions, the author perceives that, although they maintain to a large extent their utopian-transforming character among their objectives, there is a tendency in general to use institutional means, that is, of the judicial system, as a means of conflict resolution.
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Devouassoux, Marion, João Fernandes, Bob Jones, Anna Manou, and Inês Pinto Pereira da Cruz. "CloudBank for Europe." EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125102025.
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The vast amounts of data generated by scientific research pose enormous challenges for capturing, managing and processing this data. Many trials have been made in different projects (such as HNSciCloud and OCRE), but today, commercial cloud services do not yet play a major role in the production computing environments of the publicly funded research sector in Europe. Funded by the Next Generation Internet programme (NGI-Atlantic) from the EC, in partnership with the University California San Diego (UCSD), CERN is piloting the use of CloudBank in Europe. CloudBank has been developed by the UCSD, University of Washington and University of California, Berkeley with NSF grant support, to provide a set of managed services simplifying access to public cloud for research and education, via a cloud procurement partnership with Strategic Blue, a financial broker SME, specialised in cost management and optimisation. The European NGI experiment is provisioning cloud services from multiple vendors and deploying a series of use-cases in the domain of Machine Learning and HPCaaS, contributing to the scientific programme of the Large Hadron Collider. The main objective is to address technical, financial and legal challenges to determine whether CloudBank can be successfully used by Europe’s research community as part of its global research activity.
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Bigo, Didier. "Immigration controls and free movement in Europe." International Review of the Red Cross 91, no. 875 (September 2009): 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383109990385.
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AbstractEffective control of cross-border activities is nearly impossible in market-economy regimes which, in order to remain viable, have to keep their borders open to goods, capital and services. This article exposes the tensions between a legal system predicated on openness and a groundswell of security-driven rhetoric justifying coercive and ostracizing practices against foreigners.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legal services – Europe"
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KHADAR, Lamin. "Expanding access to justice : an exploration of large firm pro bono practice across Europe." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/63004.
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Defence date: 24 May 2019Examining Board: Professor Claire Kilpatrick, European University Institute; Professor Scott Cummings, UCLA; Professor Louise Trubek, University of Wisconsin; Professor Joanne Scott, European University Institute
Awarded the Mauro Cappelletti Prize 2020 for Best Doctoral Thesis in Comparative Law defended in 2019
This PhD thesis explores pro bono practice among large, international law firms in Europe. The central question addressed by the thesis is: does “Big Law Pro Bono” contribute to access to justice in Europe? The thesis commences with a review of the literature which both contextualizes and situates the thesis. This review also identifies gaps in the existing literature particularly related to the globalization and localization of law firm pro bono and its practice beyond the United States (i.e. its practice in other parts of the world such as Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America). After identifying issues with the current definition of access to justice, used throughout much of the existing literature, the thesis proposes a new definition which is then used throughout the thesis to evaluate pro bono practice in Europe. Towards this end, the thesis first provides historical context to law firm pro bono practice by exploring the history of pro bono, legal aid and other models of progressive lawyering across Europe. Following this, the thesis closely explores the process by which large firm pro bono practice arrived in Europe (i.e. globalization), the contemporary practice and the process by which it adapted to the European legal, social and political ecosystem (i.e. localization). Ultimately, it is suggested that large firm pro bono does not contribute to access to justice in Europe insofar as access to justice is defined narrowly - in the way that it has been conceived of in much of the existing literature. However, by embracing a broader definition of access to justice, it is possible to perceive the actual (and possible) social and political impact of large firm pro bono practice in Europe.
Chapter 6 ‘Does Big Law Pro Bono contribute to access to justice in Europe? Can it?' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as chapter 'The EU public interest clinic and the case for EU law clinics' (2018) in the book ‘Reinventing legal education : how clinical education is reforming the teaching and practice of law in Europe’
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Goel, Asvin. "Legal aspects in road transport optimization in Europe." Elsevier, 2018. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72189.
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Road freight transportation is subject to several legal requirements having direct impact on the practical applicability of routes and schedules. The vast majority of vehicle routing literature, so far, has largely focused on physical constraints such as capacity limits, or customer requirements such as time windows for pickups and deliveries. This paper studies legal requirements for long-distance haulage in the European Union, identifies some major gaps in the current state-of-the-art in vehicle routing, presents approaches for overcoming this gap, and analyzes the impact of the legal requirements studied.
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Yiannaros, Andreas C. "Conscientious objection to military service : legal standards and practice within the Council of Europe." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/326037.
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The protection of the emerging right of conscientious objection to military service is one of the most challenging questions in international human rights law. The primary objective of this doctoral thesis is to clearly identify the minimum international legal standards on the phenomenon of conscientious objection to military service as emerging from the jurisprudence of international human rights bodies. Furthermore, this study aims to explore and assess how the Member States of the Council of Europe are effectively implementing these standards within their domestic laws and practice. The implementation of legal standards on conscientious objection in the Council of Europe varies considerably between the 47 Member States of the organisation due to a rapidly transforming sociopolitical landscape that affects the speed in which legislative and procedural amendments take place. Some of the themes explored throughout this thesis include: the legal contours of the right to conscientious objection to military service, including the grounds legally accepted to justify a conscientious objection; procedural guarantees with regard to the application process to be granted conscientious objectors status; the provision of accurate information to members of the public affected by mandatory military service and the extension of these principles to professional members of the armed forces. The thesis is structured as a thematic presentation of applicable international human rights standards and State practice and explores common issues, best practices and future challenges between the Member States of the organisation. The study does not merely aspire to describe the present situation in the Council of Europe, but rather aims to contribute to academic know ledge by proposing the development of a more coherent framework of legal and procedural obligations, based on the need to review and adapt national legislation in accordance to indicators and benchmarks derived from the Council's standard-setting policies.
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Gliaubertienė, Giedrė. "Turizmo paslaugų teikimo teisinio reglamentavimo problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20081203_204535-12188.
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Statistikos duomenys liudija apie didėjantį turizmo paslaugų teikimo srityje atsirandančių visuomeninių santykių aktualumą. Vis aktualesnis tampa ir tinkamas šių visuomeninių santykių teisinis reglamentavimas. Šio darbo tikslas - įvertinti turizmo paslaugų teikimo teisinio reglamentavimo turinį, specifiką bei veiksmingumą Lietuvos Respublikoje. Darbe analizuojami pagrindiniai teisės norminiai aktai, reglamentuojantys turizmo paslaugų teikimą Lietuvoje, trumpai aptariant jų reglamentavimo sferą, pagrindines nuostatas, jų tikslus, tarptautinių ir Europos Sąjungos teisės norminių aktų ryšį su nacionaline teise. Daug dėmesio skiriama praktiniam turizmo paslaugas reglamentuojančių normų įgyvendinimui. Teisės aktai aptariami atskleidžiant su jais susijusias turizmo paslaugų teikimo aktualijas bei teismų praktiką šioje srityje. Lietuvos įstatymų normos lyginamos su kaimyninių Baltijos ir Skandinavijos bei Vokietijos šalių teisės norminiais aktais, vertinamas Europos Sąjungos teisės normų perkėlimas į nacionalinę teisę. Darbe nagrinėjimui pasirinkti opiausi praktikoje klausimai, svarbūs tiek turizmo paslaugų teikėjams, tiek gavėjams. Pasitaikantys teisės normų pažeidimai, skirtingas teisės normų interpretavimas, kartais pačių teisės normų netobulumas lemia ginčų tarp sutarties šalių atsiradimą. Darbas užbaigiamas turizmo paslaugų teikimą reglamentuojančių teisės normų įgyvendinimo užtikrinimo mechanizmo nagrinėjimu. Apibendrinant darbe išdėstytą medžiagą daroma išvada, kad turizmo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Statistics reflect the growth of the importance of the social relations stemming from the field of the provision of tourist services and leads to the growth of relevance of the proper legal regulation of these social relations. The main object of this study is to estimate the substance, peculiarities and effectiveness of the legal regulation of the provision of tourist services in the Republic of Lithuania. Main legal acts that regulate the provision of tourist services in Lithuania are analyzed in the study. Flied of regulation of these legal acts, most important provisions, their evolution, objects, interconnections between national, international law and law of the European Union are discussed. A lot of attention is paid to the research of practical implementation of the legal norms. Legal acts are discussed in the light of the related topicalities and decisions of the courts in the field of the provision of tourist services. Lithuanian legal norms are compared with neighbouring Baltic, Scandinavian and Germany countries legal norms, European Union legal norms transference to the national law is estimated. Topical issues from the practice of the provision of the tourist services, important both to the providers of the servines and to the consumers are chosen to examine. Contraventions, different interpretation and sometimes imperfection of the very legal norms lead to the legal disputes between the parties of the contract. The study is finished with the review of the... [to full text]
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Lindholm, Johan. "State Procedure and Union Rights : A Comparison of the European Union and the United States." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Iustus, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016250418&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Ruzek, Vincent. "Communautarisation et mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G009.
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L’internationalisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, initiée à la fin du XIXe siècle, a pris depuis la fin du XXe siècle une toute nouvelle tournure avec son inclusion dans le champ des disciplines commerciales multilatérales. La signature de l’accord ADPIC marque en effet l’émergence d’une véritable gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle : l’ambition affichée par l’OMC est d’encadrer, substantiellement parlant, la marge de manœuvre des membres dans la mise en place de leurs politiques de protection. Bien qu’initié plus tardivement, la communautarisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle revêt désormais une portée considérable : outre une conciliation effective des régimes nationaux de protection avec les principes cardinaux du traité, d’importantes directives d’harmonisation ont été édictées, et des titres européens de protection ont même été créés dans certains secteurs. Notre étude a pour vocation de montrer comment la communautarisation, au-delà de son rôle traditionnel de source du droit, officie comme un indispensable vecteur de structuration de la position européenne vis-à-vis de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant ascendant tout d’abord – du local au global –, le vecteur communautarisation joue un rôle de mutualisation des objectifs à promouvoir sur la scène internationale. L’enjeu n’est autre que celui de façonner une gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle qui corresponde au système d’intérêts et de valeurs de l’Union, conformément aux objectifs ambitieux assignés par le Traité. Ce processus de mutualisation n’a toutefois rien d’automatique : d’importantes contraintes institutionnelles – malgré plusieurs révisions du Traité et la progression graduelle de l’harmonisation en interne – contrarient l’émergence d’une véritable politique européenne extérieure intégrée. Mais c’est précisément à l’aune de ces contraintes qu’il convient d’apprécier la portée des accomplissements de l’UE, qui a su s’imposer comme un acteur central de la gouvernance mondiale du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant descendant ensuite – du global au local –, le vecteur communautarisation s’accompagne d’une montée en puissance du juge de Luxembourg dans l’arbitrage des situations d’interactions normatives fréquentes et complexes entre le droit de l’Union et le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle. L’étude systématique de la résolution par la Cour de ces interactions normatives montre combien celle-ci s’attache à préserver l’autonomie de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, en ménageant une marge d’appréciation significative dans la mise en œuvre des obligations découlant de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Cette marge d’appréciation est mise à profit pour assurer la défense d’un modèle européen original en construction, tirant parti des flexibilités du cadre normatif mondialThe internationalization of IP Law, initiated at the end of the 19th century, has taken since the end of the 20th century a brand new twist with its inclusion in the field of multilateral trade disciplines. The signing of the TRIPS agreement marks the emergence of a global IP governance. Indeed, the ambition displayed by the WTO is to supervise the margin of maneuver of its Members in implementing their policies. Although Communitization of IP law started much later, it now has a considerable scope: national protection regimes have been conciliated with the cardinal principles of the Treaty, some important harmonization directives have been enacted, and various European titles of protection have even been created. Our study is designed to show how Communitization, beyond its traditional role of source of law, officiates as a necessary and efficient vector for structuring the European position towards the Globalization of IP Law. In its ascendant side first -- from Local to Global, the Communitization vector plays a role of merging the objectives to be promoted on the international scene. The issue at stake is to shape an IP global framework that corresponds to the system of interests and values of the EU, in accordance with the far-reaching objectives assigned by the Treaty. This merging process is, however, not automatic. In spite of several amendments to the Treaty and of the progress of internal harmonization, various institutional constraints thwart the emergence of a fully integrated external European policy in the field of IP. But it is precisely in light of these constraints that the scope of the achievements of the EU, which in now recognized as a central actor in the global IP governance, must be appreciated. In its down side then -- from Global to Local, the Communitization vector is accompanied by a rise of the European Court of Justice in arbitrating complex normative interactions between national, EU and International IP Laws. A systematic analysis of the resolution by the ECJ of these normative interactions reveals its determination to safeguard the autonomy of the EU legal order, by arranging for significant discretion in implementing international commitments. This margin of appreciation is used to defend an original European model under construction, taking advantage of the flexibilities of the global normative framework
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MATAIJA, Mislav. "Private regulation, competition and free movement : sport, legal services and standard setting in EU economic law." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/29605.
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Defence date: 18 November 2013Examining Board: Professor Petros C. Mavroidis, EUI (Supervisor); Professor Giorgio Monti, EUI; Professor Allan Rosas, Court of Justice of the European Union; Professor Stephen Weatherill, University of Oxford.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The thesis studies the application of EU free movement law and competition law to private regulation, understood as rule-setting, implementation and/or enforcement by private actors, whether on their own or in partnership with State bodies. Such private or co-regulatory schemes can be a beneficial way of achieving various public interest aims. They may also, however, restrict trade or competition. I argue that free movement (Chapter 2) and competition (Chapter 3) rules have been used as a form of meta-regulation, affecting the way private regulatory schemes are organised and structured. By doing so, however, they were forced to deal with situations that cannot be classified neatly following a public-private distinction. In response, the case law of the Court of Justice and the practice of the Commission have adapted by extending scrutiny over a wider variety of measures of private regulators while also broadening the scope for justification. This, however, increases the likelihood of overlap of the free movement and competition rules, which I analyze in Chapter 4, arguing that the two sets of rules should not be mutually exclusive but that their limits should be defined more clearly on their own terms. Finally, I look at the interaction between free movement and competition, as well as their impact, in three sectors where private regulation is prominent: sports (Chapter 5), legal services (Chapter 6) and standard-setting (Chapter 7). I discuss the justifications for regulation in all three sectors, as well as the legislative and institutional setting in which private regulators operate. In all three case areas, the two sets of rules were used in a partly strategic way to influence reforms of private regulation. The application of the rules was mainly driven by institutional choices rather than the objective‘ requirements of legal doctrine.
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Perlman, Leon Joseph. "Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial services." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13362.
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The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique
transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked,
underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones.
Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and
independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’
services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’
services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services
are provided through ‘agents.’
Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a
Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile
‘airtime’-based Store of Value.
The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed,
in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and
consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that
entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the
traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric
MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’
An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is
undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be
deemed ‘money’ in law.
Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law
and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in
South African law is discussed.
The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are
compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer
protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a
regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is
recommended for protection of user funds.
| viPublic, Constitutional and International Law
LLD
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Ziegler, Andreas R. "The common market and the environment: striking a balance : an analysis of the European community's legal instruments and political mechanisms for the integration of the shared responsibility for the environment and the establishment of the common market /." 1995. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=006984378&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Olber, Paweł. "Prawno-techniczne aspekty zabezpieczania i pozyskiwania dowodów elektronicznych z chmur obliczeniowych." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3444.
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Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej są zagadnienia związane z prawnymi i technicznymi aspektami zabezpieczania dowodów elektronicznych z chmur obliczeniowych. Technologia chmur obliczeniowych znacząco zmieniła sposób przechowywania i przetwarzania danych informatycznych, które coraz częściej zlokalizowane są poza granicami kraju i jedynie widoczne z poziomu sprzętu zlokalizowanego na miejscu zdarzenia. Istniejący stan rzeczy powoduje, że pozyskiwanie danych z chmur obliczeniowych jest czynnością bardziej skomplikowaną i trudniejszą w przeprowadzeniu, niż zabezpieczanie dowodów cyfrowych w ujęciu tradycyjnym. W tradycyjnym podejściu do dowodów elektronicznych, eksperci informatyki śledczej/przedstawiciele organów ścigania uzyskują pełną kontrolą nad dowodami, np. poprzez fizyczne zabezpieczenie nośnika, który następnie poddawany jest badaniu. W przypadku chmur obliczeniowych organy ścigania nie posiadają takiej możliwości, co sprawia, że gromadzenie cyfrowych śladów aktywności przestępczej oraz zabezpieczanie dowodów elektronicznych nacechowane jest różnymi trudnościami i problemami. Istniejący stan rzeczy powoduje, że problematyka zabezpieczania danych cyfrowych zapisanych w chmurze stanowi poważny problem, który skłania do podejmowania wysiłków na rzecz wypracowania rozwiązań prawnych i technicznych umożliwiających gromadzenie tego rodzaju danych przez organy ścigania. Szczególnym wyzwaniem w przypadku danych cyfrowych zapisywanych w chmurze jest rozwiązanie problemu jurysdykcji, ponieważ dane te najczęściej znajdują się poza granicami kraju. Rezultaty pracy badawczej w powyższy zakresie przedstawione zostały w siedmiu rozdziałach, poprzedzonych częścią dotyczącą założeń metodologicznych, w której opisano sytuację problemową, wskazano przedmiot i cel badań, wykorzystane metody, techniki i narzędzia badawcze, a także organizację i przebieg badań. W kolejnym rozdziale dysertacji opisano technologię chmur obliczeniowych, której znajomość jest niezbędna do poznania i zrozumienia problemów i trudności w obszarze zabezpieczania cyfrowych śladów aktywności przestępczej. Następny trzeci rozdział poświęcony został międzynarodowym regulacjom prawnym i rozwiązaniom instytucjonalnym istotnym w kontekście pozyskiwania dowodów z chmur. W czwartym rozdziale omówiono wybrane inicjatywy europejskie
w walce z cyberprzestępczością, które skupiają działania Rady Europy oraz organów Unii Europejskiej, tj. Rady Unii Europejskiej, Komisji Europejskiej i Parlamentu Europejskiego. Rozdział piąty stanowi przegląd krajowych uregulowań prawnych istotnych w kontekście zwalczania cyberprzestępczości i pozyskiwania dowodów elektronicznych z chmur obliczeniowych. W rozdziale tym omówiono przepisy kodeksu karnego oraz kodeksu postępowania karnego, które dotyczą dowodów elektronicznych i odnoszą się do problematyki badawczej podjętej przez autora dysertacji. W szóstym rozdziale przedstawiono wyzwania i problemy w obszarze pozyskiwania i analizy dowodów z chmur obliczeniowych, które związane są m.in. z akwizycją danych, gromadzeniem, korelacją i analizą logów. Zwrócono uwagę na zachowanie ciągłości łańcucha dowodowego w przypadku dowodów elektronicznych zlokalizowanych w chmurze. W rozdziale siódmym dysertacji dotyczącym oceny sytuacji w zakresie pozyskiwania i zabezpieczania dowodów elektronicznych z chmur obliczeniowych zawarte zostały wyniki przeprowadzonych badań ankietowych oraz weryfikacja tez przyjętych w pracy. Ostatni rozdział rozprawy zawiera autorskie propozycje dotyczące pozyskiwania i zabezpieczania dowodów elektronicznych w obszarze technicznym, w zakresie prawa krajowego i regulacji międzynarodowych oraz w obszarze organizacyjnym.The dissertation focuses on issues related to legal and technical aspects of securing electronic evidence from cloud computing. Cloud computing technology has significantly changed the way IT data is stored and processed, which are more and more often located outside the country and only visible from the level of hardware located on the place of the action. The existing state of affairs makes the acquisition of data from cloud computing more complicated and more difficult to carry out than securing digital evidence in traditional way. In the traditional approach to electronic evidence, IT investigators gain full control over the evidence, e.g. by physically securing the medium which is then examined. In the case of cloud computing, law enforcement authorities do not have such a possibility, which makes it difficult to collect digital traces of criminal activity and to secure electronic evidence. The current state of things makes the problem of securing digital data stored in the cloud, which encourages efforts to develop legal and technical solutions enabling the collection of such data by law enforcement authorities. The particular challenge in the case of digital data which are stored in the cloud, there is a solution to the problem of jurisdiction, as these data are most often located outside the national borders. The results of research work in the above scope are presented in seven chapters, preceded by a part concerning methodological assumptions, in which the problematic situation is described, the subject and purpose of research, methods, techniques and research tools used, as well as the organization and course of research are indicated. The next chapter of the dissertation describes the cloud computing technology, knowledge of which is essential to know and understanding the problems and difficulties in the area of securing digital traces of criminal activity. The next third chapter is focused on international legal regulations and institutional solutions important in the context of obtaining evidence from clouds. The fourth chapter discusses selected European initiatives in the fight against cybercrime, which bring together the activities of the Council of Europe and the bodies of the European Union, i.e. the Council of the European Union, the European Commission and the European Parliament. Chapter fifth reviews national legislation relevant to the fight against cybercrime and the extraction of electronic evidence from cloud computing. This chapter discusses the provisions of the Criminal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code, which concern electronic evidence and relate to the research issues raised by the author of the dissertation. The sixth chapter presents challenges and problems in the area of obtaining and analysing evidence from cloud computing, which are related to data acquisition, collection, correlation and analysis of logs. The attention was pointed to the continuity of the chain of evidence in the case of electronic evidence located in the cloud. The seventh chapter of the dissertation concerning the assessment of the situation regarding the acquisition and protection of electronic evidence from cloud computing contains the results of surveys and verification of the theses accepted in the paper. The last chapter of the dissertation contains author’s proposals concerning the acquisition and protection of electronic evidence in the technical area, in the field of national law and international regulations, as well as in the organizational area.
Books on the topic "Legal services – Europe"
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Krajewski, Markus, Ulla Neergaard, and Johan van de Gronden, eds. The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8.
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Timmermans, Nina. Le statut des langues des signes en Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2005.
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Zaza, Namoradze, Legal Aid Reformers' Network, and Open Society Foundations, eds. Effective criminal defence in Eastern Europe. Chișinău, Moldova]: Soros Foundation - Moldova, 2012.
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1972-, Krajewski Markus, Neergaard Ulla B, and Gronden, J. W. van de 1966-, eds. The changing legal framework for services of general interest in Europe: Between competition and solidarity. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009.
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1972-, Krajewski Markus, Neergaard Ulla B, and Gronden, J. W. van de 1966-, eds. The changing legal framework for services of general interest in Europe: Between competition and solidarity. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009.
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Rønning, Olaf Halvorsen. Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States. Basingstoke: Springer Nature, 2018.
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The implementation of the EU services directive: Transposition, problems and strategies. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2012.
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Das Verhältnis zwischen Kommunen und Caritasverbänden bei der Wahrnehmung von Aufgaben nach dem Jugendhilferecht. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.
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Eeckhout, Piet. The European internal market and international trade: A legal analysis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
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Dirk, Heremans, and Camesasca Peter D, eds. Current developments in European integration: Financial services transport policy : legal and economic contributions to the Fortis Bank chair 2001-2003. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Legal services – Europe"
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van de Gronden, Johan. "The Services Directive and Services of General (Economic) Interest." In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 233–54. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_13.
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Ross, Malcolm. "The Value of Solidarity in European Public Services Law." In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 81–99. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_5.
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Neergaard, Ulla. "Services of General Economic Interest: The Nature of the Beast." In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 17–50. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_2.
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Wernicke, Stephan. "Taking Stock: The EU Institutions and Services of General Economic Interest." In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 69–79. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_4.
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von Danwitz, Thomas. "State Aid Control Over Public Services: A View from the Court." In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 117–27. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_7.
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Krajewski, Markus, Ulla Neergaard, and Johan van de Gronden. "Introduction." In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 1–13. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_1.
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Frenz, Walter, and Philipp Schleissing. "The Never Ending Story if ‘In-House’ Procurement." In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 171–87. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_10.
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Szyszczak, Erika. "Modernising Healthcare: Pilgrimage for the Holy Grail?" In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 191–213. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_11.
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Rott, Peter. "The User-Provider Relationship: Informed Choice and User Protection Through Private Law." In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 215–32. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_12.
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Rodrigues, Stéphane. "Towards A General EC Framework Instrument Related to SGEI? Political Considerations and Legal Constraints." In The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe, 255–66. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-725-8_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Legal services – Europe"
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Niyazova, Anara, and Aksana Askarbekova. "Legal Nature of Smart Contracts." In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.13.
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Lately, more and more attention has been paid to the phenomenon of smart-contracts (SC) in legal research. The SCs have already found their application in many aspects of society life and are particularly common in the regulation of legal relations in the area of automated financial services, which may include lending, mortgages, insurance, etc., as well as in public services, including various types of voting, elections, document management, supply and storage. The practical dissemination of SCs is carried out without a conceptual approach in the legal regulation of this object, but also without a unified terminology. The science begins developing approaches to study of the legal nature of SCs and offers options for their legal regulation have been proposed, each of those, of course, has its benefits and disadvantages, which is explained by the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon. First of all, it means a qualitatively new level of functioning of a smart-contract where the technical component overlays on traditional types of legal relations. Both authors of the article used scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, induction and deduction. Special attention is paid to different options for understanding the legal nature of smart contracts, proposed by European and domestic scientists.
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Dakic, Dragan. "Hibridna prava kao pravni okvir za pružanje hibridnih usluga: primjer surogatstva." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.467d.
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The overall aim of this paper is to investigate whether hybrid rights created within the regional human rights system in Europe can establish a legal framework at national level for the provision of hybrid services. It was explored on the example of surrogacy as a type of hybrid right from the group of reproductive rights. Accordingly, the main focus of the research is on the question whether the (indirect) regional protection of surrogacy induces introduction of a national legal framework for the provision of related (hybrid) services. The research starts with brief explanation of the concept of hybrid rights and their creation. Following to this it was analyzed whether reproductive rights could be typified as form of hybrid rights as well as whether surrogacy shares distinctive features of this group of rights. The main method used during the research is the case study combined with other scientific methods. Overall research findings indicate that hybrid rights lead to the establishment of a national legal framework for the provision of hybrid services; that reproductive rights are hybrid rights and that surrogacy belongs to the group of hybrid rights. The most important result of the research is that even indirect protection of surrogacy through the regional human rights system creates two effects on national legislation: 1) it liberalizes national restrictions to surrogacy where they exist and 2) it results with introduction of a legal framework to regulate related hybrid services. The most significant contribution of this paper is in explaining how hybrid rights develop the legal framework for the provision of hybrid services. Also, the paper contributes to the development of the doctrine of hybrid rights in domestic legal thought.
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Dakic, Dragan. "Hibridna prava kao pravni okvir za pružanje hibridnih usluga: primjer surogatstva." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.467d.
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The overall aim of this paper is to investigate whether hybrid rights created within the regional human rights system in Europe can establish a legal framework at national level for the provision of hybrid services. It was explored on the example of surrogacy as a type of hybrid right from the group of reproductive rights. Accordingly, the main focus of the research is on the question whether the (indirect) regional protection of surrogacy induces introduction of a national legal framework for the provision of related (hybrid) services. The research starts with brief explanation of the concept of hybrid rights and their creation. Following to this it was analyzed whether reproductive rights could be typified as form of hybrid rights as well as whether surrogacy shares distinctive features of this group of rights. The main method used during the research is the case study combined with other scientific methods. Overall research findings indicate that hybrid rights lead to the establishment of a national legal framework for the provision of hybrid services; that reproductive rights are hybrid rights and that surrogacy belongs to the group of hybrid rights. The most important result of the research is that even indirect protection of surrogacy through the regional human rights system creates two effects on national legislation: 1) it liberalizes national restrictions to surrogacy where they exist and 2) it results with introduction of a legal framework to regulate related hybrid services. The most significant contribution of this paper is in explaining how hybrid rights develop the legal framework for the provision of hybrid services. Also, the paper contributes to the development of the doctrine of hybrid rights in domestic legal thought.
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Marković, Velisav. "NEZAKONITO ODREĐIVANjE CENA KOMUNALNIH USLUGA ZA PRIVREDNE SUBJEKTE." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.407m.
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Provision of utility services is of vital importance for the fulfillment of the needs of the natural and legal persons. In the business activities of commercial entities, the problem of the difference in the price of utility services for commercial entities in relation to citizens is emphasized, because commercial entities are unjustifiably paying a higher price. The basic legal principle of determining the price of utility services is not respected: there is no price difference between different categories of consumers unless the difference is based on different costs of providing utility services. In his work, the author presents the upward water supply prices for citizens and the commercial entities in 17 cities of Serbia, as well as in the larger cities of former Yugoslavia and Western Europe, and emphasizes the necessity to take urgent measures in order to harmonize the prices in order to protect commercial entities against further discrimination.
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Dakić, Dragan. "MEĐUNARODNOPRAVNI MATERIJALNI ELEMENTI VLADAVINE PRAVA I OBIM REPRODUKTIVNIH USLUGA." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.629d.
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Starting from the position that the basic purpose of the concept of rule of law is the protection of the individuals from the power of the State, the aim of this research is to examine if the principle of rule of law contains an element that could legitimize the restrictions of the scope of services in the field of reproductive medicine by the State. In particular, the object of this research is the question whether the right to life, as a substantive element of the rule of law encompassing negative as well as positive guarantees, can be used as an excuse for restrictive regulation of medical service of artificial gestation (ectogenesis). In a broader sense, it was examined if there was introduced any binding regional standards in Europe that would require from the Member State of Council of Europe to regulate service of artificial gestation as if it was an irrevocable process. If so, it would imply inability of progenitors – consumers, to withdraw from the process and suspend consumption of the service. Necessarily, the analysis also referred to the guarantees from the ambit of Article 8 of the European Convention as another substantive international legal element of the rule of law. The research was conducted using a descriptive method that describes the content of the right to life. Further, relevant guarantees and practices of the right to life protection were synthesized into possible claims - premises, which could amount potential basis for building a restrictive syllogism as a legal framework for the State intrusion in this area. These claims are the claim of the intentionality, the claim for equality, the claim of the conflict exclusion, the claim for viability. The conclusions of this research are that presumptive claims cannot provide excuses for the extension of the right to life to an ectoagent (an embryo that develops through ectogenesis) for the reasons explained below. With regard to the guarantees contained in Article 8 of the European Convention, above all autonomy, it has double effect. First, it disconnects ultimate demands of the progenitors from the Convention; second, it confers conditional right to life eligibility to ecto-agent. This research considered second stage of ectogenesis which commence with implantation. The intended originality of the analysis is to examine if the substantive elements of the rule of law from the scope of international human rights law, can be obstacles to the development of reproductive services.
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Matić Bošković, Marina, and Svetlana Nenadić. "IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS ACCROSS EUROPE." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18307.
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Last year the Europe and world were facing with COVID-19 outbreak that put at the risk lives of the people and capability of healthcare systems to provide their services. To prevent spread of the COVID-19 governments have imposed restrictive measures, while some of them declared state of emergency. The response to the pandemic influenced on the functioning of the criminal justice system and daily operation of courts, but also on the substantive criminal law since some states are applying criminal law to violation of restrictive measures or to criminalizing disinformation on COVID-19 outbreak. Outbreak of COVID-19 revealed new trends in criminal law like accelerated introduction of new crimes during pandemic, extremely flexible interpretation and rapid changes of criminal laws, which tend to be threat for legal stability and human rights protection. In addition, populist governments tend to use that new trend as a tool in suppression of political dissidents. COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedent challenges to the functioning of judiciaries. Courts and prosecution services were working with limited capacities to ensure social distancing. Some countries introduced ICT tools and fast-track procedures to organize hearings, which raised question of procedural rights and protection of rights of defendant. In the article authors assessed whether derogation of fair trial rights was in the line with standards of international human rights law and if introduction of state of emergency and restrictions were proportionate, time limited and needed and whether they changed understanding of the fundamental rights protection, especially right to a fair trial. Furthermore, authors explore whether COVID 19 changed perception of criminal law and legal certainty. Authors assessed how restrictions in the organization of judiciary work influenced on human rights protection and citizens trust in judiciary. Consequently, authors assesses whether some of introduces changes, especially use of ICT tools made permanent changes in operation of courts and understanding of access to justice. Finally, authors are assessing whether these changes tend to erode judiciaries or put into the risk access to justice in the EU members states and candidate countries or whether they jeopardized EU principle of mutual trust.
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Kolesnikov, Yuriy. "Innovative Fintech Projects as An Incentive for Development of Tax Legislation in Russia (Using the Example of Investment Platforms)." In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.07.
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Russia has come a long way in establishing an entrepreneurial culture. But, despite this, the short history of the country’s market economy requires continuing the course of transformation of legislation related to the innovation economy. Recently, the number of projects in the financial and technological sphere operating at all levels of financial activity has been growing rapidly. The most striking examples include the creation of various services: banking, investment (including cryptoexchanges), and tax services that provide their functions through mobile applications and provide more opportunities to use them, thereby replacing outdated ways of interacting with customers. In this article, the author examines how the rapid development of new forms of economic relations has affected the legal regulation of financial technologies in the domestic legal system. The author used the method of content analysis to solve these problems, and as a subject considered local legislative gaps that arise in the activities of innovative financial intermediaries.
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Oltra Gutiérrez, Juan Vte, José Onofre Montesa Andrés, Doina Stratu, Hermenegildo Gil-Gómez, and Raúl Oltra-Badenes. "Análisis de la firma electrónica en el contexto de la Transformación Digital en la Unión Europea." In INNODOCT 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2019.2019.10942.
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El futuro profesional de la informática recibe una escasa formación en lo que respecta a su vinculación con el marco legal, político y económico del sector europeo. A pesar de que las implicaciones laborales son muchas, las más de las veces el parco acercamiento suele quedarse en un estado teórico y escaso. Con la presente experiencia se busca acercar al alumnado al contexto europeo legal técnico y económico que rodea a la firma electrónica. Este elemento está vinculado con la autentificación e identificación electrónica de ciudadanos europeos en los servicios ofrecidos por el sector público y privado dentro del Mercado Único Digital. Esta estrategia es promovida por la Unión Europea como un paso más dentro de la teoría de la integración de mercados. La involucración de los autores en este contexto es debido a su participación en el proyecto financiado por la Comisión Europea denominado ‘Cross-border authentication in European cloud platforms according to the eIDAS Regulation (EUROLogin), de cuyos resultados se deriva información de interés para el seguimiento e investigación por parte del alumnado.
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Tucak, Ivana, and Anita Blagojević. "COVID- 19 PANDEMIC AND THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO ABORTION." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18355.
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The COVID - 19 pandemic that swept the world in 2020 and the reactions of state authorities to it are unparalleled events in modern history. In order to protect public health, states have limited a number of fundamental human rights that individuals have in accordance with national constitutions and international conventions. The focus of this paper is the right of access to abortion in the Member States of the European Union. In Europe, the situation with regard to the recognition of women's right to abortion is quite clear. All member states of the European Union, with the exception of Poland and Malta, recognize the rather liberal right of a woman to have an abortion in a certain period of time after conception. However, Malta and Poland, as members of the European Union, since abortion is seen as a service, must not hinder the travel of women abroad to have an abortion, nor restrict information on the provision of abortion services in other countries. In 2020, a pandemic highlighted all the weaknesses of this regime by preventing women from traveling to more liberal countries to perform abortions, thus calling into question their right to choose and protect their sexual and reproductive rights. This is not only the case in Poland and Malta, but also in countries that recognize the right to abortion but make it conditional on certain non-medical conditions, such as compulsory counselling; and the mandatory time period between applying for and performing an abortion; in situations present in certain countries where the problem of a woman exercising the right to abortion is a large number of doctors who do not provide this service based on their right to conscience. The paper is divided into three parts. The aim of the first part of the paper is to consider all the legal difficulties that women face in accessing abortion during the COVID -19 pandemic, restrictions that affect the protection of their dignity, right to life, privacy and right to equality. In the second part of the paper particular attention will be paid to the illiberal tendencies present in this period in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe, especially Poland. In the third part of the paper, emphasis will be put on the situation in Malta where there is a complete ban on abortion even in the case when the life of a pregnant woman is in danger.
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Ozretić Došen, Đurđana, Emanuela Cvetinović, and Tanja Komarac. "MARKETING OF RIJEKA MUSEUMS: CURRENT PRACTICES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS." In Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021: ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.37.
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Purpose – The paper is dedicated to the marketing of Rijeka museums. It presents the research that encompassed a) museum professionals’ marketing knowledge and skills and their implementation in practice b) core and additional services offered by museums c) museum professionals’ opinions and attitudes about the new trends in museum marketing. Methodology – Exploratory research was conducted. Data for the theoretical foundations were collected from secondary scientific sources and by searching the websites, social networks, and promotional materials. Qualitative research in the form of in-depth, semi-structured personal interviews with key informants was performed to collect primary data. Findings – The level of familiarity with the services marketing in Rijeka museums was low, pointing to a lack of marketing professionals. Nevertheless, the need for marketing was recognised, and museums were striving to implement some generic marketing activities. The core services (exhibitions and/or collections of materials) showed predominant product orientation, with insufficient orientation on a visitor. Opinions and attitudes of interviewees on museum marketing trends were positive. However, museums could not include new content despite wishes due to the lack of capacity. Furthermore, the legal frame prevented expanding the offer of a souvenir shop. Contribution – Although the research was conducted before the onset of the pandemic, the paper provides theoretical insights and practical suggestions, which could help academics and professionals to understand better and deal with the potential opportunities and threats in museum marketing in the dramatically changing environmentns.
Reports on the topic "Legal services – Europe"
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Katja, Yafimava. The Council Legal Service�s assessment of the European Commission�s negotiating mandate and what it means for Nord Stream 2. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/ei192017.
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Ferreira, Nuno, Judith Townend, William McCready, Erika Carrière, Hannah Farkas, and Samantha Robinson. Developing a cost-free legal advice service for asylum seekers and migrants in Brighton and Hove. University of Sussex Migration Law Clinic, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/wptu7861.
Full textAbstract:
In 2018, a team of University of Sussex undergraduate law students working under the supervision of academic staff, conducted the Migration Law Clinic Pilot Study. This was in response to growing and grave concerns about the lack of availability of legal support and services for those seeking asylum and other forms of leave to remain in the UK. These concerns have only heightened in the intervening period: most recently, in response to the government’s publication of a draft Bill of Rights to repeal and replace the Human Rights Act 1998, which would make it much more difficult for potential deportees to rely on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to prevent removal and might have a wider impact on the rights and status of vulnerable groups of migrants in the UK; and, among other initiatives, the government’s intention to involuntarily relocate asylum seekers to Rwanda, which will then be responsible for processing the asylum claim and for providing asylum in successful cases. The purposes of the study were: i) To better understand some of the challenges faced by asylum seekers and vulnerable migrants living in Brighton and Hove when applying for asylum, and other forms of leave to remain and leave to enter. ii) To identify the extent and reasons for any shortfall in cost-free immigration and asylum law advice and representation in Brighton and Hove. iii) To gauge whether there was demand for additional free legal advice in the form of a university law clinic, specialising in immigration and asylum law. The team undertook a review of the legal framework that governs the provision of legal aid for immigration and asylum law matters and of relevant academic commentary on its impact. The team also gathered new empirical data based on interviews with a range of local stakeholders. This report sets out the team’s findings, describes how it informed the development of the clinic, and makes recommendations both for the further development of the Clinic and for changes to the provision of legal aid. Finally, it offers advice to other universities contemplating setting up their own clinic in this area.
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Colomb, Claire, and Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals: Platform-based property rentals in European cities: the policy debates. Property Research Trust, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.
Full textAbstract:
Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.