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Journal articles on the topic 'Legal language'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Shuhrat Kizi6, Sabirova Ezoza. "Defining The Concepts “Legal Language” And “Legal Term”." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 08 (August 25, 2020): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue08-61.

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2

Alcorn, Gregory C. "Legal Language." BioScience 42, no. 8 (September 1992): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311920.

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3

Childress, Boyd. "Legal Language." Journal of Government Information 27, no. 5 (September 2000): 645–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(00)00210-0.

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4

Fredrickson, Kirstin M. "Legal language." English for Specific Purposes 20, no. 2 (2001): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(00)00007-7.

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5

Wróblewski, Jerzy, and Jerzy Wroblewski. "Legal Language and Legal Interpretation." Law and Philosophy 4, no. 2 (August 1985): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504672.

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6

Wr�blewski, Jerzy. "Legal language and legal interpretation." Law and Philosophy 4, no. 2 (August 1985): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00157090.

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7

Sherbo, A. "Shakespeare's Legal Language." Notes and Queries 57, no. 1 (January 28, 2010): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjp281.

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8

Grøn, Hanne. "Legal Language and The Legal Translator." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 5, no. 9 (July 29, 2015): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v5i9.21508.

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It is impossible to set up standards of translation performance and equivalence which will apply to any legal translation because the "languages of law" are as varied as the cases that reach the courts every day. Moreover, the translation of legal texts is often complicated by the lack of exact lexical equivalents in the TL's own legal system so that a transfer involves a high amount of "creative production". Obviously this production should be based on a profound extra-linguistic knowledge of both legal systems involved to avoid the pitfalls which the difference in conceptual meaning necessarily entails. Thus research into the TL's substantive law must be the first requirement in any legal translation context.

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9

Maziarz, Jakob. "Archaizmy języka prawniczego." Studia Iuridica, no. 89 (May 2, 2022): 216–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-89.11.

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The article concerns the Polish legal language. The author presents several expressions that are both professionalisms (i.e. are used only by lawyers and have survived only in legal language) and archaisms (i.e. come from distant ages and are no longer used in everyday language), explains their origin and provides information concerning the frequency of their occurrence in judicial decisions over the last 100 years. The research results indicate that there are archaisms-professionalisms in the legal language, dating back to the Middle Ages and the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the Polish legal system they are scarce remnants of these periods. There are also many archaisms of Germanic origin, which infiltrated the Polish judicial language during the partitions and in some regions of Poland are more popular than other expressions.

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10

Shepelyov, A. N. "Intralingual Conflicts of the Legal Language." Pravo istoriya i sovremennost, no. 2(15) (2021): 035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2021.02.pp.035-040.

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In the article, the author studies the problem of interaction between the legal language and other professional languages, using the language of psychiatry as an example. In this context particular attention is paid to the lawyer’s skills to manage conflict situations that appear between the legal and other languages. The courtroom, in particular, presents a “conflict place”. The author poses a question: what happens when it is required of an expert-psychiatrist to give an opinion on criminal sanity of the accused? While modeling the possible further development, it becomes obvious, that there is a huge gap between the language of psychiatry and the legal language, which appears because of the contradictions between the natures of these two fields. In each mental and linguistic system, whether an academic discipline, a professional or informal language, there exist its own set of terms, its own structure, goals, social and cultural context. The author points out that the lawyer and the psychiatrist constantly deal with two conflicts: the conflict between their professional language and the reality, and the conflict between the psychiatry and the law as such. The article notes that the nature of such contradictions requires a special approach to each individual case and combination of the art of legal language and other languages.

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11

Lizisowa, Maria Teresa. "Funkcjonalne piękno języka prawnego." Studia Iuridica, no. 83 (February 19, 2021): 114–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-83.7.

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The article presents a stylistic analysis of legal language by combining moral issues with the logical use of linguistic signs – text, sentences and words. Particular emphasis was placed on the prescriptive nature of the preamble and on the logical structure of a sentence in legal language. The article also reflects human reflection on the beauty of the text, which is based on observation of the world and results from the need to arrange it according to cherished values. In this systemic harmony of content and form, there is the moral aspect of creating legislative texts in order to ensure security and just rights for society, as well as their functional beauty. The article presents numerous examples of the relationship between the morality and beauty of legal language through the prism of the content of legal acts.

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12

Shidarta, Shidarta. "Laws of Language and Legal Language: A Study of Legal Language in Some Indonesian Regulations." Humaniora 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v8i1.3700.

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Legal language must follow the laws of language (grammar) that widely known and commonly used by the public, including groups of the scientist. Legal language on the other hand also recognizes specific terminologies. These terminologies were introduced by jurists or by legislative power holders. Accordingly, legal language became the product of legal doctrines or political decisions. The problems arose when a number of compositions and legal terms turned out to be elusive, convoluted, and ambiguous due to the pattern of writing that was once done and because of certain considerations. This article proposed reviewing the factors that result in problems. The author presented a solution to observe using hermeneutic methods of law and legal reasoning. The author argued that the text of the law was not neutral since it was trapped not only by the laws of language but also by the perspective of the interpreters as they believed such a perspective was based on the guidance of legal science. By using legal hermeneutics can be checked the depth of the meaning of the law; while over the legal reasoning can be seen its rationale according to legal science.

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13

Barros Filho, Geraldo Carreiro de, Larissa Sampaio Gonçalves Carreiro, and Athena De Albuquerque Farias. "Reflections on Legal Language." Amadeus International Multidisciplinary Journal 2, no. 3 (October 23, 2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/aimj.v2i3.18.

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The article proposes the discursion of what legal language is worth - its orality and its writing, support pillars of this field, which the Law Enforcement agents use in their profession to be well understood and thus win the case with the thesis presented in proceedings. What would be the characteristic of this profession? The need for conviction - a major tool of all those who take on the firm purpose of achieving justice, by right. There are understandings and theses in young scholars and others not so much, of those who are present in Warat, Koch, Bakhtin, and Tercero, who are fundamental to this study, who draw up understandings regarding the conduct and use of legal language, its current peculiarities and its traditions with a force of immutability, but that makes the legal work - teaching or militant, the differential of the operators that know and dominate and those who only observe.

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14

Ingram, Peter. "Implicature in legal language." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 1, no. 1 (1988): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01099333.

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15

Petroski, Karen. "Legal fictions and the limits of legal language." International Journal of Law in Context 9, no. 4 (December 2013): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552313000268.

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AbstractSince Lon Fuller published his 1930 trilogy of essays on the topic, students of the legal fiction have focused on identifying additional examples of fictions or challenging Fuller's classic taxonomy. But Fuller did more in these essays than propose a definition and a classification system; he also argued that legal fictions are examples of a more general phenomenon found in many systems of specialised language usage. Drawing on work done in the intervening decades on related issues outside the law, this paper develops this insight in new directions, seeking to understand in more detail one of Fuller's principal concerns: the points at which legal language stops communicating, points that may shift over time but will never completely disappear. The analysis indicates that the currently prevailing understanding of legal fictions as, in essence, consciously counterfactual propositions is historically contingent and incomplete; that legal writers have generally used the ‘legal fiction’ label to signal those writers' sense of the futility of further justification to a non-legal audience (even when they are using the term in a justification likely to be read only by a legal audience); and, contrary to the assumptions of many post-Fuller theorists, that the boundaries of the legal vocabularies recognised as self-justifying may have become less distinct over the past century.

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16

Wr�blewski, Jerzy. "Proof in law: Legal language and legal institutions." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 2, no. 1 (February 1989): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01106118.

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17

Torres-Oliva, Maria, Cristina Petreñas, Ángel Huguet, and Cecilio Lapresta. "The legal rights of Aragonese-speaking schoolchildren." Language Problems and Language Planning 43, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 262–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00045.tor.

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Abstract Aragon is an autonomous community within Spain where, historically, three languages are spoken: Aragonese, Catalan, and Castilian Spanish. Both Aragonese and Catalan are minority and minoritised languages within the territory, while Castilian Spanish, the majority language, enjoys total legal protection and legitimation. The fact that we live in the era of the nation-state is crucial for understanding endangered languages in their specific socio-political context. This is why policies at macro-level and micro-level are essential for language maintenance and equality. In this article, we carry out an in-depth analysis of 57 documents: international and national legal documents, education reports, and education curricula. The aims of the paper are: (1) to analyse the current state of Aragonese language teaching in primary education in Aragon, and (2) to suggest solutions and desirable policies to address the passive bilingualism of Aragonese-speaking schoolchildren. We conclude that although Aragon is a trilingual community, education policy actually does not reflect this reality. There is also a need to implement language policies (bottom-up and top-down initiatives) to promote compulsory education in a minoritised language. We therefore propose a linguistic model that brings to the forefront minority languages. This study may contribute to research into Aragonese-Castilian bilingualism in contexts of possible language loss.

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18

Al Rezan, Mohammed, and Md Ershadul Karim. "LEGAL LANGUAGE IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW OF LANGUAGE SIMPLIFICATION PROJECTS." Socialis Series in Social Science 3 (July 20, 2022): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/socv3.5768.

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Ordinary subscribers face difficulties in understanding legal language, jargon, legislation and contract terms included in the privacy policies or terms of services used in the digital services, especially in smartphone apps. In particular, software developers are expected to include simpler language to comply with the legal provisions, and the users demand clearer language in the privacy policies or terms of services of the apps to provide informed consent. This paper reviews two projects that aim to simplify legal languages, one for developers and one for users. The primary aim of these projects is to encourage clearer legal language and provide reforms and proposals to improve current practices. It has been revealed that these efforts to simplify legal language are applied to specific categories and narrow fields and do not replace the original legal documents.

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19

Zych, Natalia. "A simplification of the Consumer Rights Act. Plain legal language and legal language." Oblicza Komunikacji 11 (April 6, 2021): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.11.4.

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The article examines the idea of plain legal language as a standard in creating comprehensible and effective communication in legislative acts. It features plain legal language techniques and tools used to tackle the visual and linguistic layer of legal texts. Selected techniques were implemented to experimentally modify the Polish Consumer Rights Act of 30 May 2014. The document, transformed in the spirit of plain legal language, was then submitted for assessment to lawyers as well as individuals with no legal background. The article features the results of the experiment as well as conclusions which make it possible to say whether the “simplified” act is more comprehensible to an average reader, and to assess the cost of the changes introduced in the original provisions of the law.

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20

Breon, B. W. "A REVIEW OF LANGUAGE IN THE LEGAL PROCESS: Language in the Legal Process." American Speech 82, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2007-017.

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21

Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. "Multilingual speakers and language choice in the legal sphere." Applied Linguistics Review 4, no. 1 (March 29, 2013): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2013-0005.

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AbstractThis paper explores the effects of linguistic diversity on equality before the law, by surveying sociolinguistic and applied research that investigates interaction between speakers of different languages in a variety of legal institutions, including genres such as courtroom talk, police interrogations, and asylum interviews. While the institutions have official languages that are used by agents working in them, many people who interact with them speak other languages and have limited or no proficiency in the official language. The paper examines how language choice is determined in such settings, considering factors such as legal statutes, language proficiency assessments, and language ideologies. It then investigates the indexical and pragmatic consequences of language choice for lay participants, whether they speak in the official language (their L2) or in another language (often their L1), but mediated by an interpreter. Demonstrating how interpreter-mediated interaction differs from interaction in the same language, the paper challenges the common assumption that competent interpreting can put a person in the same position as a speaker of the official language would be. Finally, alternative approaches to multilingualism in interaction and entextualization are explored, which address some of the disadvantages that speakers of non-official language face.

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22

Conklin, William E. "Teaching Critically within a Modern Legal Genre." Canadian journal of law and society 8, no. 2 (1993): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100003161.

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AbstractThis paper argues that the effort to teach law critically from the external viewpoint reinforces the ideological and social function of a professional law school in a modern state. One should realize that law is a language, a secondary language that conceals suffering as it parasitically assimilates all primary discourses. The professional law school of a modern state aids in the production of such concealment. Examples are offered from different areas of legal discourse as well as from the author's experiences. The suffering arises from the concealment of the languages of embodied subjects, whose harm can only be recognized through the chains of authoritative signifiers that the professor pro-fesses. The secondary legal language either excludes the primary languages or redefines the subject's experience. Further, the legal language is inculcated into the subject's language to the point that the citizen must identify with the secondary legal language or, if not, may be authoritatively en-forced to do so. The second sense of suffering aggravates the first.

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23

Skytioti, Sotiria. "Comparative Law and Language with Reference to Case Law." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 66, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2021-0007.

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Abstract Comparative law is necessary in the modern era in which legal systems absorb ideas and elements from other legal systems and customary legal classifications are altered. Comparative law is closely intertwined with language because the research of different legal systems presupposes the study of legal texts written in different languages. Even if translation exists, a totally crucial issue arises: can the legal essence of the case law of a country be interpreted appropriately in any language but the original? The link between law and language constitutes an absolutely essential relation, since language – through translation – is often the only way of accessing foreign law of foreign countries with different languages. So, the aforementioned relationship as well as its results in case law will be the main topic of this article. First of all, the use of language is of outmost importance to any legal system, as it serves as the means of enforcing written legal rules and contributes to their dissemination, codification and evolution. Both law and language are cultural phenomena and this is why they must be studied taking into account the temporal and social circumstances. Living in the era of multicultural societies and immigration, the need of not just translating but rather transferring the legal essence of the jurisprudence among the different countries with different cultures give prominence to the essential link between comparative law and language systems. Studying case law is regarded as a possibility to redirect judges and lawyers’ attention to the fact that the interpretation of the legal judgement is the cornerstone of a whole legal system of another country. The dynamic relationship of law and language dictates the result of the translation and interpretation of the case law of a specific country in relation to the case law of another country. Thus, comparative law comes out to serve as the guardian of the legal essence in order to transfer the legal point of the judge among different societies with different languages.

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24

Künnecke, Martina. "English as Common Legal Language: Its Expansion and the Effects on Civil Law and Common Law Lawyers." European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 5 (October 1, 2016): 733–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016044.

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English has become the common language in a globalized legal world. However, the far-reaching consequences of the domination of key areas of the international practice of law by legal English are not yet fully understood and analysed. This article is concerned with an analysis of the expansion of legal English in global legal practice. This area has also been described as the ‘Law Market’, i.e. the area of activities of global lawyers in coping with the regulatory and legal frameworks in which international businesses function.’2 Much of the existing research into legal English as a common language is concerned with the development of legal English as a vehicle language for non-native English speakers in the sense of a lingua franca.3 The discussion is divided into either promoting the use of legal English as global language4 or pointing to its limitations ‘in that its legal terminology is premised on the tools of the (minority) common law system’5. This article aims to assess the interface and dynamics between lawyers using legal English as a common language as well as foreign languages in their legal work. This includes lawyers trained in the common law and/or civil law. Its aim is to gain a better understanding of global lawyering and communication in law and business relationships and to develop strategies for the internationalization of legal education and training in the UK.

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25

Žele, Andreja. "Slovenian legal language from the standpoint of a Slovenian language expert." Linguistica 53, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.53.2.227-236.

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The paper draws attention to the current issues of legal language use within oneʼs own language, in this case Slovenian. We use specific cases to point out the additional semantic stress on legal terminology, word-formational variations and their (non-)acceptability, the need to take into consideration grammatical categories such as semantic definiteness in adjectives, and perfective and imperfective aspects in verbs and gerunds, as well as the (non-)justification of conversions within multiword legal terms. In this regard it is established that whatever is ambiguous in legal terminology is at the same time also wrong. Comment is made on the lexico-grammatical response of legal Slovenian to the inclusion of concepts of the transnational legal order, i.e. the legal order of the European Union. The analysis uses Slovenian legal texts and translated legal texts all approved by the competent legal institutions for linguistic analysis and the legal lexis which had already been included in language-oriented discussions. According to the issues presented, the study of law (i.e. legal norms, legal science and legal practice) reveals a constant need, or rather impetus, to introduce a parallel study course dealing with regular language based and linguistic updates of legal Slovenian.

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26

Luttermann, Karin. "Cultures in Dialogue. Institutional and Individual Challenges for EU Institutions and EU Citizens from the Perspective of Legal Linguistics." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 24, no. 46 (October 24, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v24i46.97364.

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In the European Union, numerous cultures have entered into dialogue. Currently, there are 23 ofﬁcial languages (EU languages) and therefore 506 possible language combinations for translation. This makes demands on the EU institutions and on EU citizens as well. Linguistic divergence makes legal certainty a rather shaky matter. There are also divergences from the EU linguistic regime regarding the ofﬁcial and the working languages. For reasons of efﬁciency, the institutions of the Union communicate internally in merely a small number of working languages, for the most part without any basis for this in the Rules of Procedure. The Court of Justice of the European Union traditionally uses French. All documents are translated from the language of the case into the working language. Although the decision, formulated in French, is re-translated into the language of the case, this translated version is classiﬁed as the original version and not as a translation. This is of importance for the status of authenticity because the decision only has full legal effect in the language of the case.Traditional language models favour a reduction of the EU languages. Their representatives argue either with regard to the practice of the use of three languages in the EU institutions, or they advocate English as a global language, or they call for neutral languages. In contrast, the European Reference Language Model, which is developed along the lines of legal linguistics, suggests a concept of reference and native languages. It would lead to a reduction in the translation load in Brussels and Luxembourg. But ﬁrst and foremost, it would be able to improve the linguistic quality of legal documents (e.g., directives, regulations) and therefore also their application to legal practice (e.g. legal certainty, comprehensibility of legal texts). At the same time, the model respects the dignity of each EU Member State in the form of its language.

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27

Ioriatti Ferrari, Elena. "Barbara Pozzo (editor), Ordinary Language and Legal Language." European Review of Private Law 14, Issue 1 (February 1, 2006): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2006005.

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28

Pennisi, Giulia Adriana. "Legislative Drafting and Language: Legal Language in Context." Statute Law Review 37, no. 2 (April 8, 2016): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmw024.

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29

Витман, Константин, and Konstantin Vitman. "The legal status of regional or minority languages: Ukrainian and foreign experience." Comparative Research In Law and Politics 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1931.

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The legal status of regional or minority languages in Ukraine, Post-Soviet space and European understanding is studied. The author proves that Ukraine stretches the meaning of regional languages, provided by European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The regional languages rather play the role of the largest national minorities’ languages than disappearing ones in Ukraine. National minorities did not get appropriate protection of their language rights that is why they had to take advantage of international legal rules. Ukraine had to extend the concept of “regional language” to the largest national minorities’ languages to use international law effectively. Thus, the legal status of regional languages has been changed in national language law. Thanks to European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages the idea of regional language got implanted in language policy terminology. That is why the lawmakers decided not to decline it during new language Act working out. The Ukrainian experience exemplifies modification of the legal status of regional languages, its adaptation to language situation and has no analogs in Post-Soviet space.

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30

Melnichenko, Roman. "Legal Language: The Problem Statement." Legal Concept, no. 1 (April 2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2021.1.9.

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Introduction: based on the works in the field of legal technology, philology and linguistics, the paper demonstrates the social dichotomy in which, on the one hand, the importance of a special verbal form of presenting regulatory prescriptions is recognized, and on the other hand, the constant defamation, the marginalization of such a phenomenon as a “special speech of lawyers”. The task is to present the arguments to the thesis about the existence of a special legal language. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a combination of the following methods of scientific knowledge: the hermeneutical method, the method of consistency and the method of analysis. Results: the author proposes to identify a special semiotic system – legal language. Conclusions: legal language is a special communication, thought-forming and segregation system of signs. The concepts of “legal language” and “state language” are synonymous. Each developed branch of law has its own legal dialect.

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31

Tsarova, I. V. "VARIABILITY OF LEGAL LANGUAGE REALIZATION." Lviv Philological Journal 5 (2019): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/2663-340x-2019-5-28.

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32

Morawski, Lech. "Law, Fact and Legal Language." Law and Philosophy 18, no. 5 (September 1999): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3505140.

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33

Ogleznev, Vitaly V. ""Open texture" of legal language." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politologiya, no. 2(34) (June 1, 2016): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/34/28.

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34

Sala, Michele. "Plain Language in Legal Studies." European Journal of Law Reform 16, no. 3 (September 2014): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/ejlr/138723702014016003008.

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35

Pennisi, Giulia Adriana. "Plain Language: Improving Legal Communication." European Journal of Law Reform 16, no. 3 (September 2014): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/ejlr/138723702014016003001.

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36

Arzoz, Xabier. "Language Rights as Legal Norms." European Public Law 15, Issue 4 (December 1, 2009): 541–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2009039.

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The discussion on language rights is affected by some confusion on the nature and status of rights. In this paper, a rigorous characterization of language rights is proposed. It is argued that the general assimilation or equation between language rights and human rights is not only erroneous as far as it is inaccurate, but it leads to a distorted image of the relationship between law and politics. While human rights do limit (at least, ideally) state behaviour, language rights are, more often than not, an issue devolved to the political process. The point being made in this paper is that recognition of language rights (as such or as part of minority rights) is based primarily on contingent historical reasons. Some tentative explanations on the poor status or unequal recognition of language rights in international and domestic law will also be offered throughout the paper.

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37

Sotrel, Kathrin, Izabela Grzywacz, Aleksandra Hasiak, and Aleksandra Pec. "LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN LEGAL COMMUNICATION." Journal of International Legal Communication 1 (June 29, 2021): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32612/uw.27201643.2021.1.pp.256-262.

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The article analyses the potential influence of language education on legal communication. This work is divided into subsections, each devoted to a specific aspect of the matter. First of all, the paper discusses various features of language used in legal discourse. Also, it provides the reader with examples of mistakes that could be avoided by changing the vocabulary and sentence structures. Furthermore, the work discusses the obstacles that the migrants encounter due to the lack of suitable terminology used in legislation. The paper aims to offer solutions which linguists may introduce to improve the transparency of legal communication.

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38

Salverda, Reinier. "Dutch Legal Language in Indonesia." Dutch Crossing 13, no. 38 (August 1989): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03096564.1989.11783910.

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39

Rice, Douglas, Jesse H. Rhodes, and Tatishe Nteta. "Racial bias in legal language." Research & Politics 6, no. 2 (April 2019): 205316801984893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168019848930.

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Although racial bias in the law is widely recognized, it remains unclear how these biases are in entrenched in the language of the law, judicial opinions. In this article, we build on recent research introducing an approach to measuring the presence of implicit racial bias in large-scale corpora. Utilizing an original dataset of more than one million appellate court opinions from US state and federal courts, we estimate word embeddings for the more than 400,000 most common words found in legal opinions. In a series of analyses, we find strong and consistent evidence of implicit racial bias, as African-American names are more frequently associated with unpleasant or negative concepts, whereas European-American names are more frequently associated with pleasant or positive concepts. The results have stark implications for work on the neutrality of the legal system as well as for our understanding of the entrenchment of bias through the law.

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40

Solan, Lawrence M. "The Interpretation of Legal Language." Annual Review of Linguistics 4, no. 1 (January 14, 2018): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011817-045649.

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KNAPP, VIKTOR. "Some Problems of Legal Language." Ratio Juris 4, no. 1 (March 1991): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.1991.tb00081.x.

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MARMOR, ANDREI. "The Pragmatics of Legal Language." Ratio Juris 21, no. 4 (December 2008): 423–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.2008.00400.x.

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Leahy, Christine. "Student Centred Legal Language Study." Computer Assisted Language Learning 11, no. 3 (June 1998): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/call.11.3.289.5678.

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Seymour, Edward. "A common EU legal language?" Perspectives 10, no. 1 (January 2002): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2002.9961430.

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Tiersma, Peter M. "Some Myths About Legal Language." Law, Culture and the Humanities 2, no. 1 (February 2006): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1743872106lw035oa.

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Janulevičienė, Violeta, and Sigita Rackevičienė. "Legal Language in Intercultural Communication." Santalka 20, no. 2 (November 28, 2012): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cpc.2012.16.

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Duarte d’Almeida, Luís. "Legal Statements and Normative Language." Law and Philosophy 30, no. 2 (December 12, 2010): 167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10982-010-9089-3.

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Kurchinskaya-Grasso, Natalia. "Peculiarities and main characteristics of the legal English language." Litera, no. 12 (December 2020): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.12.32071.

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This article examines the peculiarities of the legal English language as the object of translation studies. Currently, English language is dominant in international relations and business, and plays a significant role as legal language within the European Union. Legal English is a global phenomenon. This style of English language is used by the lawyers and other legal experts in their work. In the conditions of globalization of English language, it is necessary to be scrupulous about translation of the legal English in order to avoid inaccuracies in the entire system of international law. Therefore, the goal of this article consists in consideration of the unique characteristics of legal English associated with its origin, terminology, linguistic structure, linguistic peculiarities, and punctuation. The work employs descriptive method, comparative method, and method of applied comparative jurisprudence. The conclusion is made that legal English developed under the influence of languages previously used in the legal system, which is reflected in modern legal terminology and linguistic structure of the legal English language and requires attention in translation. Taking into account the aforementioned peculiarities would be of much help the legal translator in working with legal texts in English language.

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Akishin, Michael O. "Legal language in history of legal culture in Russia." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 2 (2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013207690008555-2.

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Ilja, Merit-Ene. "Estonian Legal Language Centre: Legal Translation and Terminology Work." International Journal of Legal Information 33, no. 2 (2005): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500004984.

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The Estonian Legal Language Centre, initially known as the Estonian Legislative Support Centre and later on as the Estonian Legal Translation Centre, started operation in 1995 as a state agency under the governance of the Estonian State Chancellery. It was funded from the state budget.

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