Relevant bibliographies by topics / Legal language

Academic literature on the topic 'Legal language'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Legal language"

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Shuhrat Kizi6, Sabirova Ezoza. "Defining The Concepts “Legal Language” And “Legal Term”." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 08 (August 25, 2020): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue08-61.

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Alcorn, Gregory C. "Legal Language." BioScience 42, no. 8 (September 1992): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311920.

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Childress, Boyd. "Legal Language." Journal of Government Information 27, no. 5 (September 2000): 645–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(00)00210-0.

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Fredrickson, Kirstin M. "Legal language." English for Specific Purposes 20, no. 2 (2001): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(00)00007-7.

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Wróblewski, Jerzy, and Jerzy Wroblewski. "Legal Language and Legal Interpretation." Law and Philosophy 4, no. 2 (August 1985): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504672.

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Wr�blewski, Jerzy. "Legal language and legal interpretation." Law and Philosophy 4, no. 2 (August 1985): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00157090.

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Sherbo, A. "Shakespeare's Legal Language." Notes and Queries 57, no. 1 (January 28, 2010): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjp281.

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Grøn, Hanne. "Legal Language and The Legal Translator." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 5, no. 9 (July 29, 2015): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v5i9.21508.

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It is impossible to set up standards of translation performance and equivalence which will apply to any legal translation because the "languages of law" are as varied as the cases that reach the courts every day. Moreover, the translation of legal texts is often complicated by the lack of exact lexical equivalents in the TL's own legal system so that a transfer involves a high amount of "creative production". Obviously this production should be based on a profound extra-linguistic knowledge of both legal systems involved to avoid the pitfalls which the difference in conceptual meaning necessarily entails. Thus research into the TL's substantive law must be the first requirement in any legal translation context.
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Maziarz, Jakob. "Archaizmy języka prawniczego." Studia Iuridica, no. 89 (May 2, 2022): 216–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-89.11.

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The article concerns the Polish legal language. The author presents several expressions that are both professionalisms (i.e. are used only by lawyers and have survived only in legal language) and archaisms (i.e. come from distant ages and are no longer used in everyday language), explains their origin and provides information concerning the frequency of their occurrence in judicial decisions over the last 100 years. The research results indicate that there are archaisms-professionalisms in the legal language, dating back to the Middle Ages and the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the Polish legal system they are scarce remnants of these periods. There are also many archaisms of Germanic origin, which infiltrated the Polish judicial language during the partitions and in some regions of Poland are more popular than other expressions.
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Shepelyov, A. N. "Intralingual Conflicts of the Legal Language." Pravo istoriya i sovremennost, no. 2(15) (2021): 035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2021.02.pp.035-040.

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In the article, the author studies the problem of interaction between the legal language and other professional languages, using the language of psychiatry as an example. In this context particular attention is paid to the lawyer’s skills to manage conflict situations that appear between the legal and other languages. The courtroom, in particular, presents a “conflict place”. The author poses a question: what happens when it is required of an expert-psychiatrist to give an opinion on criminal sanity of the accused? While modeling the possible further development, it becomes obvious, that there is a huge gap between the language of psychiatry and the legal language, which appears because of the contradictions between the natures of these two fields. In each mental and linguistic system, whether an academic discipline, a professional or informal language, there exist its own set of terms, its own structure, goals, social and cultural context. The author points out that the lawyer and the psychiatrist constantly deal with two conflicts: the conflict between their professional language and the reality, and the conflict between the psychiatry and the law as such. The article notes that the nature of such contradictions requires a special approach to each individual case and combination of the art of legal language and other languages.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legal language"

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Wong, Shau-yin Shirley, and 黃修賢. "Language use in the legal domain." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26904536.

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Dall'Omo, Alessia <1988&gt. "Legal Translation - Between Language and Law." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2799.

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Mowbray, Jacqueline Frances. "Linguistic justice : language in international legal perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612418.

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Foley, Virginia P. "Legal Issues and the English Language Learner." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5998.

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Чернишова, Я. "Language derivations in normative legal base of Ukraine." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81260.

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Виконано під керівництвом Миленкової Р.В.
У дослідженні розглядаються похідні від іноземних мов до української юридичного мови. Запозичення служать важливим фактором у розвитку мови. Слова іноземного походження постійно проникають в систему національної мови, і це явище привертає увагу вчених.
В исследовании рассматриваются производные от иностранных языков юридического языка. Заимствования служат важным фактором в развитии языка. Слова иностранного происхождения постоянно проникают в систему национального языка, и это явление привлекает внимание ученых.
The study deals with foreign language derivatives in legal language. Derivations serve as an important factor in language development. Words of foreign origin constantly penetrate the national language system, and this phenomenon attracts the attention of scholars.
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Mbufong, Paul K. "Cohesion in the language of law." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357389.

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Bivins, Peggy Gale. "Implementing plain language into legal documents the technical communicator's role /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002022.

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Bivins, Peggy. "IMPLEMENTING PLAIN LANGUAGE INTO LEGAL DOCUMENTS: THE TECHNICAL COMMUNICATOR'S ROLE." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3253.

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This thesis discusses the benefits of using plain language in legal documents and the role technical communicators can play to help implement plain language. Although many definitions for plain language exist, it is best described as reader-focused communication that presents information in a manner that makes it easy for a reader to find, understand, and use the information. Plain language facilitates comprehension by using shorter, less complex sentences; active voice; and common words. All these elements aid in processing and understanding information, especially unfamiliar concepts. Laypeople, unversed in the law, frequently have difficulty understanding traditional legal writing. The complex sentences, wordiness, and redundancy that characterize traditional legal writing often inhibit comprehension and become barriers to understanding. To demonstrate how plain language can improve legal writing, this thesis reviews before-and-after versions of documents that were revised to incorporate plain language as well as common documents that laypeople might encounter. The studies and research discussed in this thesis demonstrate that readers achieve greater comprehension with plain language documents. Technical communicators, the language experts, can work with legal professionals, the content experts, to help encourage plain language use in legal writing. By emphasizing plain language use in legal formbooks, law school courses, and continuing legal education courses, plain language will become more dominant. Technical communicators can work with governments and law firms to develop and run in-house writing programs. When organizations realize how plain language can benefit them, both economically as well as in improved consumer relations, they will be motivated to adopt plain language into their legal writing.
M.A.
Department of English
Arts and Humanities
English MA
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Antici, Francesco. "Advanced techniques for cross-language annotation projection in legal texts." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23884/.

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Nowadays, the majority of the services we benefit from, are provided online and their use is regulated by the acceptance to the terms of service by the users. All our data are handled accordingly with the clauses of such document and all our behaviours must comply with it. Given so, it would be very useful to find automated techniques to ensure fairness of the document or inform the users about possible threats. The focus of this work, is to create resources aimed to the development of such tools in languages other than English, which may lack in linguistic resources and annotated corpus. The enormous breakthroughs of the last years in Natural Language Processing techniques made it possible the creation of such tools through automated and unsupervised process. One of the means to achieve that is through the annotation projection between two parallel corpora. The difficulties and costs of creating ad hoc resource for every language has brought the need to find another way for achieving the goal.\\ This work investigates the cross language annotation projection technique based on sentence embedding and similarity metrics to find matches between sentences. Several combination of methods and algorithms are compared, among which there are monolingual and multilingual embedding neural models. The experiments are conducted on two datasets, where the reference language is always English and the projection are evaluated on Italian, German and Polish. The results obtained provide a robust and reliable technique for the task and a good starting point to build multilingual tools.
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Riddell, Troy. "Legal mobilization and policy change : the impact of legal mobilization on official minority-language education policy outside Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38515.

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The doctoral thesis investigates the impact of legal mobilization and judicial decisions on official minority-language education (OMLE) policy outside Quebec using a model of judicial impact derived from New Institutionalism theory. The New Institutionalism (NI) model of judicial impact synthesizes the dominant approaches to judicial impact found in the US literature, which are reviewed in Chapter Two, and transcends them by placing them within a framework based on the New Institutionalism.
The model, as developed in Chapter Three, proposes that certain factors will increase the probability of judicial decisions having a positive influence on policy, such as whether incentives are provided for implementation. The model argues that institutions---as structures and state actors---have important influences on these factors. Furthermore, the NI model recognizes that institutions play a partial and contingent role in the construction of policy preferences and discourse and in mediating the political process more generally over time.
Chapter Four demonstrates that the NI model can be applied usefully to reinterpret existing accounts of how legal mobilization and judicial decisions impacted the struggle over school desegregation in the US---a case that provides a heuristic comparison to OMLE policy as it concerns the question of how and where minorities are educated.
Chapters Five through Seven describe OMLE policy development in Canada from the latter 1970s until 2000, with case studies of Alberta and, to a lesser extent, Ontario and Saskatchewan. Chapter Eight reveals that legal mobilization by Francophone groups cannot be understood without reference to institutional factors, particularly the Charter of Rights and funding from the federal government. The policy impact of legal mobilization was influenced strongly by the Supreme Court's 1990 Mahe decision and by federal government funding to the provinces for OMLE policy development, while public opinion appeared to be a least a moderately constraining force on policy change. Chapter Eight further reveals that legal mobilization and judicial decisions helped Francophone groups gain access to the policy process and shaped the policy goals and discourse of actors within the process over time.
Chapter Nine bolsters confidence in the conclusions generated in Chapter Eight by demonstrating how the explanations provided by the NI model, which emphasize the direct or mediating influence of institutional factors, are superior to explanations generated by a Critical Legal Studies (CLS) approach, a "systems" approach, a "dispute-centered" approach, and by Gerald Rosenberg's model. The thesis concludes by suggesting avenues for future research on judicial impact, particularly research that is focused on comparative institutionalism.
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Books on the topic "Legal language"

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Legal language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

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Barbara, Pozzo, ed. Ordinary language and legal language. Milano: Giuffrè, 2005.

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Fisher, Howard. German legal system and legal language. 3rd ed. London: Cavendish, 2002.

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Stephens, Cheryl M. Plain language legal writing. 5th ed. Vancouver: ASAP Legal Pub., 1999.

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Dissake, Endurence Midinette Koumassol. Language and Legal Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76349-7.

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Skoczeń, Izabela. Implicatures within Legal Language. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12532-5.

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Widjaja, Djedjem. Legal concepts, legal terminology, and legal language in contracts. [Jakarta: s.n., 1996.

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English legal terminology: Legal concepts in language. 3rd ed. The Hague: Eleven International Pub., 2011.

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English legal terminology: Legal concepts in language. Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers, 2004.

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The German legal system and legal language. 4th ed. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge-Cavendish, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Legal language"

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Kischel, Uwe. "Legal Cultures — Legal Languages." In Translation Issues in Language and Law, 7–17. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230233744_2.

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Goodrich, Peter. "The Science of Language." In Legal Discourse, 11–31. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11283-8_2.

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Goodrich, Peter. "The Science of Language." In Legal Discourse, 11–31. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08818-8_2.

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Tanselle, G. Thomas, and Florence W. Dunbar. "Legal Language inCoriolanus." In A Reader in the Language of Shakespearean Drama, 255. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.35.26tan.

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Hutton, Christopher. "Ordinary Language and Legal Language." In Word Meaning and Legal Interpretation, 41–58. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-01616-4_4.

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Goodrich, Peter. "The Language of Legal Faith." In Legal Discourse, 32–62. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11283-8_3.

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Goodrich, Peter. "The Language of Legal Faith." In Legal Discourse, 32–62. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08818-8_3.

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Haigh, Rupert. "Drafting legal documents: language and structure." In Legal English, 148–63. 5th ed. 5th edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315149127-12.

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Powell, J. G. F. "Legal Latin." In A Companion to the Latin Language, 464–84. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444343397.ch26.

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Costello, Natasha, and Louise Kulbicki. "Legal writing." In Practical English Language Skills for Lawyers, 53–74. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003140207-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Legal language"

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Glogar, Ondřej. "The Concept of Legal Language: Law is Language." In Argumentation 2021. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9972-2021-3.

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This paper deals with the metaphor ‘law is language’ coined by James Boyd White and how it can be useful to understand the concept of legal language, connections between law and language and how the term language is used in the legal realm. In the beginning, the article aims to give an overview of possible approaches to legal language and continues with further analysis of one of them (the above-mentioned White’s proposition). By applying a semiotic approach to this concept, namely Saussure’s theory of distinguishing between langue (language) and parole (speaking), the paper helps to understand that language (and even legal language) can be understood in two different forms. It can be either considered an abstract system of signs, or it can be comprehended as individual speech acts – langue and parole, respectively. White’s metaphor is usually used in the meaning of texts, way of reading, writing and speaking. However, such conception corresponds to language in the sense of parole. These considerations lead at the end of the article towards the communicative theory of law and its merits to jurisprudence. According to a given doctrine, in some instances it can be more accurate to consider law as communication rather than language (and vice versa). Nevertheless, in either case, it is essential to bear in mind the distinction between both of the concepts.
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Prakken, Henry, and Giovanni Sartor. "On the relation between legal language and legal argument." In the fifth international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/222092.222096.

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Le Cheng and Winnie Cheng. "Language modeling for legal proof." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering (ISKE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iske.2010.5680745.

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Ghanavati, Sepideh, Daniel Amyot, and André Rifaut. "Legal goal-oriented requirement language (legal GRL) for modeling regulations." In the 6th International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2593770.2593780.

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Feijo, Diego de Vargas, and Viviane Pereira Moreira. "Summarizing Legal Rulings: Comparative Experiments." In Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing. Incoma Ltd., Shoumen, Bulgaria, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_036.

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Polo, Felipe Maia, Gabriel Caiaffa Floriano Mendonça, Kauê Capellato J. Parreira, Lucka Gianvechio, Peterson Cordeiro, Jonathan Batista Ferreira, Leticia Maria Paz de Lima, Antônio Carlos do Amaral Maia, and Renato Vicente. "LegalNLP - Natural Language Processing methods for the Brazilian Legal Language." In Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2021.18301.

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We present and make available pre-trained language models (Phraser, Word2Vec, Doc2Vec, FastText, and BERT) for the Brazilian legal language, a Python package with functions to facilitate their use, and a set of demonstrations/tutorials containing some applications involving them. Given that our material is built upon legal texts coming from several Brazilian courts, this initiative is extremely helpful for the Brazilian legal field, which lacks other open and specific tools and language models. Our main objective is to catalyze the use of natural language processing tools for legal texts analysis by the Brazilian industry, government, and academia, providing the necessary tools and accessible material.
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Neill, James O', Paul Buitelaar, Cecile Robin, and Leona O' Brien. "Classifying sentential modality in legal language." In ICAIL '17: Sixteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3086512.3086528.

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Bogucki, Olgierd. "LANGUAGE AND INTERSUBJECTIVITY IN LEGAL INTERPRETATION." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/hb11/s02.044.

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de Almeida, Melonie, Chamodi Samarawickrama, Nisansa de Silva, Gathika Ratnayaka, and Shehan Perera. "Identifying Legal Party Members from Legal Opinion Documents using Natural Language Processing." In iiWAS2021: The 23rd International Conference on Information Integration and Web Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3487664.3487700.

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Kenne, P. E., and Mary O'Kane. "Hybrid language models and spontaneous legal discourse." In 4th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1996). ISCA: ISCA, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1996-181.

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Reports on the topic "Legal language"

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Jones, Nicole S., and John Grassel, eds. 2022 Firearm and Toolmarks Policy and Practice Forum. RTI Press, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2022.cp.0014.2204.

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The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Forensic Technology Center of Excellence, an NIJ program hosted a four-day symposium, January 11–14, 2022. The symposium included presentations and panel discussions on topics relevant to recent advances in firearm and toolmark examination with a focus on the future. The symposium brought together 685 criminal justice processionals to explore implementation of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, best practices for forensic examination of firearm and toolmark evidence, federal initiatives, gun crime intelligence, black box studies on firearm and toolmark examination, legal challenges to the admissibility of current examination of firearm and toolmark evidence and engineering solutions that will be used in court in the future, implementation of Organization of Scientific Area Committee (OSAC) standards and reporting, uniform language in testimony and conclusion scales. The panel discussions and presentations and provided examples of how agencies implement new imaging technologies for firearms and toolmark examination, incorporate statistics to add weight to forensic comparisons, address legal issues, and operationalize forensic intelligence to improve public safety and share information with the justice community. The symposium also provided a platform to discuss a series of considerations for the forensic, law enforcement, and greater criminal justice community that could help support a successful national transition to incorporate statistics in forensic testimony and accelerate the adoption of imaging technologies for firearm and toolmark examination.
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Young, Alys, Natalia Rodríguez Vicente, Rebecca Tipton, Jemina Napier, Sarah Vicary, and Celia Hulme. A Scoping Review of interpreter-mediated assessments under the Mental Health Act (1983) and international equivalents. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0086.

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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this scoping review is to identify and evaluate available evidence concerning assessments under the Mental Health Act (1983) (MHA) (and international equivalents) which are carried out with the assistance of a spoken or signed language interpreter. ‘International equivalents’ refers to pieces of legislation in countries other than England and Wales that concern formal assessment for compulsory assessment and treatment, including hospital detention, with respect to a mental disorder. [Both the specific Act that applies to England and Wales and its international equivalents are henceforth referred to as MHA]. The guiding questions are: • What are the enablers and barriers to good practice in interpreter mediated MHA assessments? • To what extent and how might interpreter mediation support or impede the legal rights and best interests of those assessed under the MHA? The aim is to determine whether the body of research available to date is sufficient to inform evidence-based guidelines for interpreters and for mental health professionals, in particular those who have the duty to make decisions under the MHA, known in England and Wales as Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHPs), to work in a joint and effective manner.
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Armas, Elvira, Magaly Lavadenz, and Laurie Olsen. Falling Short on The Promise to English Learners: A Report on Year One LCAPs. Center for Equity for English Learners, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.lcap2015.2.

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California’s Local Control Funding Formula was signed into law in California in 2013 and allowed districts the flexibility to meet their student needs in locally appropriate manners. One year after its implementation, a panel of 26 reviewers, including educators, English Learner (EL) advocates, and legal services staff reviewed the Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs) to understand how districts employ this flexibility to address the needs of ELs. The report uses the English Learner Research-Aligned LCAP Rubrics with 10 focus areas, and reviews sample LCAPs from 29 districts, including districts with the highest numbers/percentages of English Learners in the state, districts representative of California’s geographic Regions, and districts providing quality EL services. The review centers around four questions of the extent to which first-year LCAPs: (1) specify goals and identify outcomes for ELs, (2) identify action steps and allocate funds for increased or improved services for all types of ELs, (3) reflect research-based practices for achieving language proficiency and academic achievement for English Learners in their actions, programs and services, and (4) are designed and implemented with EL parent input as reflected in stakeholder engagement. The results indicate that overall, the LCAP is inadequate as part of the state’s public accountability system in ensuring equity and access for ELs. Six key findings were: (1) difficulty in discerning funding allocations related to EL services and programs; (2) inability to identify districts’ plans for increased services for ELs; (3) lack of explicitly specified services and programs aligned to EL needs; (4) weak approach or missing English Language Development (ELD) or implementation of ELD standards in most LCAPs; (5) weak/inconsistent representation of EL parent engagement; and (6) lack of EL student outcome measures. The authors also present detailed findings for each focus topic and offer district and state level recommendations.
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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh, and Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.

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Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.
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Does your Local Control Accountability (LCAP) Plan deliver on the promise of increased or improved services for English Learners? 10 research aligned rubrics to help answer the question and guide your program. The Center for Equity for English Learners (CEEL), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.lcap2015.1.

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As California’s Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF) came into effect in 2013, districts were given more flexibility to use state resources and create a new school finance system to improve/increase services for students with greater needs for support, including English Learners (ELs), students from low-income backgrounds, and foster youth. Local Education Agencies (LEAs) were tasked with preparing the Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs) to describe how districts use their plans to meet their annual goals for all students. To aid LEAs in their design and implementation of programs to address the needs of ELs, Californians Together, the California Association for Bilingual Education (CABE), California Rural Legal Assistance (CRLA), and the Center for Equity for English Learners (CEEL) collaboratively developed the rubrics with 10 focus areas that have a high impact on ELs. These areas include: (1) English Language Development, (2) Parent Engagement, (3) Professional Development, (4) Programs and Course Access, (5) Expenditures, (6) District Wide Use of Concentration and Supplemental Grant Funds, (7) School Wide Use of Concentration and Supplemental Grant Funds, (8) Actions and Services, (9) Proportionality, and (10) English Learner Data to Inform Goals. These 10 rubrics and their corresponding indicators are based on research-based principles and practices for English Learners. These rubrics were first employed in the review of first-year LCAPs by the above-mentioned organizations and remain an important analytical instrument for district leaders to gain insights into the planning for and improving programs and services for ELs.
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