Academic literature on the topic 'Legal assistance to the poor – United States'
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Journal articles on the topic "Legal assistance to the poor – United States"
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Joy, Peter. "Political Interference in Clinical Programs: Lessons From The U.S. Experience." International Journal of Clinical Legal Education 8 (July 18, 2014): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijcle.v8i0.89.
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<p>This article reviews the history of political interference in clinical programs in the United States, considers the attacks on clinical programs in the context of attacks on other lawyers representing the poor or other marginalized clients, and draws lessons from the experience in the United States that may be helpful to clinical programs in other countries. With the spread of clinical teaching throughout the world, it is likely that law faculty teaching clinical courses in other countries may encounter the types of political interference with client and case selection experienced by their colleagues in the United States. </p><p>Part I of this article examines the access to justice mission of clinical legal education in the United States and briefly traces the history and types of political interference in law school clinical programs. It also discusses the ethical obligations of lawyers to represent unpopular or controversial clients or causes, and considers how the attacks on clinical programs interfere with a lawyer’s ethical obligation to act independently of third-party interests. </p><p>Part II examines the relationship between access to justice and the attacks on the major sources of public interest lawyers in the United States. Part II contends that access to the courts is a cornerstone principle for the rule of law, and access to the courts depends on having the assistance of a lawyer. Part II draws a connection between the political interference in clinical programs and other attacks on public interest lawyers.</p><p>Part III analyzes the legacy of political interference on clinical programs. It discusses the effects of both the highly publicized attacks on clinical programs and the more frequent questions concerning clinical programs’ choices of clients and cases. It argues that the breadth of political interference in clinical programs in the United States indicates that any clinical program may be targeted even if the clinical faculty believe that they are taking non-controversial cases. Part III also questions whether political interference in clinical programs will be as great an issue in those countries that make legal assistance in civil cases more available to persons who are unable to afford to hire a lawyer than does the Unites States.</p><p>The article concludes that law school clinical programs can model the highest ideals of the legal profession by evaluating potential cases on the legal merits and pedagogical value and not with a concern for whether or not the case or client may be controversial. </p>
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Rostain, Tanina. "Techno-Optimism & Access to the Legal System." Daedalus 148, no. 1 (January 2019): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00540.
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For legal technologists, apps raise the prospect of putting the law in the hands of disadvantaged people who feel powerless to deal with their legal problems. These aspirations are heartening, but they rest on unrealistic assumptions about how people living in poverty deal with legal problems. People who are poor very rarely resort to the law to solve their problems. In the situations when they do seek solutions, they confront educational and material impediments to finding, understanding, and using online legal tools effectively. Literacy is a significant barrier. More than 15 percent of all adults living in the United States are functionally illiterate, meaning that, at best, they read at the fourth-grade level. Inadequate access to the Internet and limited research skills compound the challenges. To reach people from marginalized groups, access-to-justice technologies need to be integrated with human assistance.
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Mirgorod-Karpova, V. V. "ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTIVITIES OF THE CONTROLLING BODIES ON THE USE OF INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FUNDS." Legal horizons, no. 17 (2019): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:124.
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Discussions have been ongoing throughout the year in the Ukrainian and European scientific environment regarding the presentation of the economic assistance package of the West for Ukraine, the so-called "Marshall Plan", presented by the Lithuanian Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius in autumn 2017. According to him, Ukraine will receive 5 billion euros in investments into the national economy annually. This amount of assistance, calculated by European experts, will boost the Ukrainian economy by 6-8% each year. [1] But, unfortunately, we, like most Ukrainian citizens, are skeptical about the possibility of such assistance coming to our country, and even more pessimistic are the forecasts about the possible positive effect of its use. There are many reasons for such skepticism. On the one hand, it is the Ukrainian and European bureaucracy, and on the other, there is no effective mechanism for receiving, distributing and controlling the use of international assistance by Ukrainian state bodies. Therefore, according to most domestic experts, until these problems in the use of international assistance in Ukraine are solved, it is unlikely to be able to implement the initiative of former Lithuanian Prime Minister Andris Kubilius. Even Kubilius himself has repeatedly stated that in order for this plan to become a reality, Kyiv must develop a clear list of priority projects prepared at a high technical level, for which financial resourceswould go. [2] The first step, according to European and Ukrainian experts, was to create a special agency in Ukraine, which would be engaged in the preparation of such projects. Considering that almost nothing has been done by the Ukrainian Government in this direction for almost a year, so the time to receive financial assistance under the Marshall Plan is delayed. However, the absence of an agency is only the tip of the iceberg, the biggest problem for Ukraine is the lack of a clear administrative and legal mechanism for attracting, distributing and, most importantly, effective control over the use of international assistance. It is the results of the study of this problem that we devoted our article to. Despite the globalization processes in the world, external financial assistance is gradually gaining in popularity and becoming an effective tool for improving the welfare of the population and the economic development of developing countries or pursuing democratic reforms, Ukraine is falling behind in a number of subjective factors. . Investigating the emergence of the Institute for External Donor Assistance, it can be noted that this process became widespread in the 1960s and at the beginning of the 21st century, after the adoption by 193 member states of the United Nations and at least 23 international organizations of the Declaration. of the UN Millennium, it received a new impetus and began to pass under the auspices of the Millennium Development Goals. They envisaged the cooperation of countries with international financial institutions for the transformation of their economy, the introduction of the latest innovative technologies, changes in economic, political and social nature and as a result of improving the life of the population and overcoming poverty. [3] In this article, we draw attention to the fact that in modern international economic relations, there are two approaches to donor assistance, which were formulated by certain historical processes taking place in the world economy. The first approach is called by scientists as “integrative”. It is based on the implementation of strict standards, which are translated into the language of specific requirements and measures, which in its turn are laid down in the plan calendar of reforms. At the present stage, this approach is applied in the countries which are candidates for EU membership. It is always successful because the assistance implemented in the enlargement countries provides a strategic framework for the transformation processes, while enlargement countries are required to adopt EU institutional standards and develop the necessary infrastructures. The second form of international assistance is more like charity and it does not contribute to the donors’ long-term responsibility for results. Assistance is provided to poor developing and emerging countries, but this assistance is never successful. Keywords: international technical assistance, international financial assistance, state control.
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Rossiev, Viktor V. "Free legal aid in the United States of America." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 9, no. 3 (2023): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2023-9-3-176-191.
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Free legal aid is one of the fundamental institutions of ensuring human rights guaranteed both by the norms of international law and the norms of national legislation of most civilized countries in the world. It is based on the idea of providing legal assistance for the public good — the “pro bono” principle. This article considers the system of free legal aid operating in the territory of the USA in a positivist and historical-legal context. The tendency of gradual expansion of the scope of application of free legal aid from exclusively criminal cases to the spheres of civil and administrative proceedings is revealed. Special attention is paid to the subject composition of the system of free legal aid in the USA: the role of the Bar, legal clinics at higher education institutions that train students in legal specialties, legal services corporation, and other participants. The results identify the groups of persons eligible to receive pro bono legal aid, as well as types and methods of providing pro bono legal aid, mechanisms of financing of the relevant activities. The advantages of the US model of free legal aid include: public funding of the private sector of free legal aid, wide spread of the idea of pro bono assistance among representatives of the legal community, and developed system of clinical education in US law schools, among others; its disadvantages are: insufficiently clear normative fixation of the procedure, forms of free legal aid, subject composition of persons entitled to receive this type of assistance, the responsibility of the legal profession for the provision of free legal aid, the responsibility of the legal profession for the provision of free legal aid, and the responsibility of the legal profession for the provision of free legal aid. These advantages and disadvantages of the American system of free legal aid have share an insight into the modernization of the Russian institute of qualified legal aid provided to persons on a pro bono basis.
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Yengibaryan, R. V. "Legal cooperation between Russia and the USA: historical roots of modern problems." Journal of Law and Administration 15, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-2-51-3-11.
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Introduction. Relations between Russia and the United States have nearly three centuries of history, and for more than two hundred years the countries had diplomatic relations which were interrupted for sixteen years from 1917 to 1933. Perhaps the XIX century was the most peaceful and fruitful for our countries when the interests of the Russian Empire and the United States on the world stage did not contradict each other, often coincided, thus excluding confrontation between the two nation-states. The XIX century for Russia and the United States was marked by the singing of a number of bilateral treaties, including the treaty on the extradition of criminals, which consolidated their partnership.On the contrary, the XX century is marked by unstable and cyclical relations between the two countries. The rejection of Soviet power, the long period of non-recognition of the Soviet Union was followed in 1933 by mutual multifaceted cooperation between the USSR and the United States, which included the legal sphere, and by the allied relations during the Second World War. The second half of the twentieth century was the time of open confrontation between the two world giants, when the crisis of relations between the USSR and the United States put the world on the brink of world war III. In such conditions, there could be no talk of improving the legal framework of legal cooperation, and the agreement on the procedure for execution of court orders concluded in 1935 did not find its practical application.Modern Russia has assumed the entire burden of problems and contradictions in legal cooperation with the United States. Searching for ways out of them is possible only on the basis of historical analysis of their prerequisites, taking into account the peculiarities of modern international relations.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of cognition of phenomena in the relationship and mutual conditionality using a set of general and particular scientific methods of cognition of reality. The historical method contributed to the restoration of the chronological sequence of legal cooperation between Russia (USSR) and the United States. The method of actualization made it possible to identify the historical factors that determined the peculiarities of international cooperation in the legal sphere. The method of diachronization made it possible to identify certain successive stages in the development of international legal cooperation between Russia (USSR) and the United States, to compare them, to identify patterns of development.Results. In the framework of the study, the author found that inter-state legal cooperation is an integral part of the foreign policy of states. The international legal basis of cooperation between Russia and the United States in civil, family and criminal cases was created in a different historical era, does not meet modern international relations, and is poorly implemented by the justice authorities of the two States.There is no treaty on legal assistance in civil and family matters that is fundamental to the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens of both States, and there are no provisions on extradition in the Treaty on legal assistance in criminal matters.Discussion and Conclusions. The international legal framework of cooperation between the Russian Federation (and earlier - the Soviet Union) and the United States of America in the legal sphere; the problems of implementation of international legal assistance in civil, family and criminal cases are researched. The main provisions of the Treaty on mutual legal assistance in criminal cases of 2000; multilateral Conventions on the service abroad of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial cases of 1965 are analyzed. The 1958 Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, the 1935 Agreement “On the procedure for the execution of court orders between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America” were explored. The prospects for the development of legal cooperation between Russia and the United States are shown.
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Kinanty, Dhea, Pramestia Andini Putri, and Fauziah Lubis. "Peranan Advokat Dalam Pemberian Bantuan Hukum kepada Orang yang Tidak Mampu Berdasarkan UU No 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum." As-Syar'i: Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga 5, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/as.v5i2.2695.
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Free legal assistance is one of an Advocate's most important responsibilities. Every Advocate is required by Clause 56 of the Criminal Law Procedures section to provide low-income clients with free legal representation. The fundamental obligation to provide free legal assistance is Equality Before the Law. "Advocates are obliged to provide free legal assistance to those who are poor and seek justice," states Article 1 Clause 22 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates.
Keywords: free legal aid, advocates, equality before the law.
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Warren, Andrea M., Edward A. Frongillo, Shana Alford, and Erin McDonald. "Taxonomy of Seniors’ Needs for Food and Food Assistance in the United States." Qualitative Health Research 30, no. 7 (February 28, 2020): 988–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732320906143.
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Food insecurity results in poor health among seniors. Food and nutrition assistance targeted to seniors experiencing or at risk of food insecurity prevents poor health outcomes and enables seniors to age in place. Currently, the primary modes of service delivery are targeted to seniors who are older and frailer than average, rendering these modes less responsive to the needs of the broader population of food-insecure seniors and limiting the preventive potential of food assistance. This study aimed to understand needs among seniors for food and food assistance and to develop a comprehensive taxonomy for these needs. The taxonomy depicts seniors’ self-identified needs that relate to their ability to access and use food and nutrition assistance across three domains: physical abilities, consuming food, and access and use of transportation. The results of this study are intended to provide in-depth information to support effective alignment of programs with seniors’ needs.
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Karpovich, Oleg G. "International legal problems of extradition in the united states:theory and practice." Yugra State University Bulletin 17, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/byusu202104103-110.
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Abstract: Russia consistently supports the return of interstate cooperation to the framework of generally recognized principles and norms of international law with the central coordinating role of the United Nations. Russia insists on stopping the "hunting" of American special services for Russian citizens in third countries, returning them to their homeland, who were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment in the United States under far-fetched pretexts. It is necessary to correct the problems artificially created by Washington with cooperation on legal assistance, to normalize the conditions for the functioning of our diplomatic and consular institutions in the United States.
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Schloenhardt, Andreas. "International Cooperation under the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime." Brill Research Perspectives in Transnational Crime 3, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680931-12340020.
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Abstract This article examines the international cooperation provisions under the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and their practical application in reported cases. It explores the circumstances in which States Parties have used or attempted to use the Convention as a legal basis for extradition, mutual legal assistance, transfer of sentenced persons, transfer of criminal proceedings, joint investigations, or other forms of international cooperation. The article seeks to provide a better understanding of the opportunities offered by the international cooperation provisions, and the challenges and obstacles faced by States Parties requesting cooperation or being requested to provide cooperation under the Convention.
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Zubir, Muhammad Firdaus, and Syauqas Rahmatillah. "PEMBERIAN BANTUAN HUKUM KEPADA MASYARAKAT MISKIN BERDASARKAN UU NO 16 TAHUN 2011 TENTANG BANTUAN HUKUM DI LBH KOTA LANGSA." Legalite : Jurnal Perundang Undangan dan Hukum Pidana Islam 6, no. 1 (June 12, 2021): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/legalite.v6i1.2923.
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Advocates are one of the law enforcers based on article 5 paragraph 1 of law no. 18 of 2003 concerning advocates which states that advocates are law enforcers they are free and independent who are guaranteed by law, advocates and/or legal aid institutions act as institutions that provide free legal assistance to underprivileged people. This article discusses how the role of legal aid agencies in optimizing the provision of legal aid to poor people, and how the barriers and obstacles in the application of legal aid by legal aid agencies in Langsa city. This study uses normative research methods that are supported by empirical research. The result show that the provision of free legal aid to the poor is regulated in government regulation number 83 of 2008, law no.18 of 2003 and law number 16 of 2011, the role of legal aid institutions in providing free legal assistance to the poor has not been maximized. They are not accompanied by appointing the poor who are litigating, and the community does not know about the existence of a legal aid agency and because of the lack of socialization about the existence of a legal aid agency in Langsa city, so the community does not know abaout the existence of a legal aid agency.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legal assistance to the poor – United States"
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ALVES, CLEBER FRANCISCO. "THE STRUCTURE OF FULL AND FREE LEGAL ASSISTANCE SERVICES FOR THE POOR IN THE UNITED STATES, IN FRANCE AND IN BRAZIL AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO ACHIEVE EQUAL JUSTICE FOR ALL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8069@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORUNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE PETRÓPOLIS
A Constituição da República, de 1988, estabelece que os Estados e a União Federal têm a obrigação de prestar assistência jurídica integral e gratuita aos necessitados devendo fazê-lo por intermédio da Defensoria Pública. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo permitir uma melhor compreensão acerca desse modelo brasileiro de prestação de assistência jurídica, tal como estabelecido na Constituição, com o propósito de averiguar se realmente é o mais apto para garantir o pleno acesso de todos à Justiça e, conseqüentemente, assegurar a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais das pessoas desprovidas de recursos econômicos para atingir esses fins por meios próprios. Para cumprir com esse objetivo, realizou-se inicialmente uma análise crítica na perspectiva histórica e das principais referências normativas do ordenamento jurídico constitucional e infraconstitucional em vigor no país, que regem o exercício do direito à assistência jurídica integral, ou seja, a assistência que é prestada tanto em âmbito judicial quanto extrajudicial, e um estudo das normas que regem o funcionamento da Defensoria Pública. Outro caminho percorrido foi o de investigar mais a fundo os modelos de assistência jurídica gratuita em funcionamento na França e nos Estados Unidos. Tais sociedades foram escolhidas não apenas pela grande influência histórica que têm tido na evolução das instituições jurídico-políticas brasileiras, mas também porque apresentam características bem diversificadas em seus sistemas jurídicos, o que contribuiu para a ampliação dos horizontes do estudo realizado. Para melhor compreensão desses sistemas alienígenas, realizamos duas temporadas consecutivas de estudos no exterior, permanecendo seis meses nos Estados Unidos e seis meses na França. Utilizando a metodologia de caráter etnográfico (observação e entrevistas), tivemos a oportunidade de acompanhar de perto o funcionamento real desses dois modelos de assistência jurídica, com visitas a instituições e acompanhamento de seu trabalho cotidiano, entrevistas com personalidades do mundo jurídico e, também, realizando amplo levantamento bibliográfico acerca do tema nos respectivos países. A partir da análise crítica na perspectiva histórica e das referências normativas atuais que regem o funcionamento desses dois sistemas estrangeiros de assistência jurídica aos necessitados, foi possível realizar um contraste com o modelo brasileiro, destacando-se as virtudes e os defeitos que, como é próprio de toda obra humana, se fazem presentes em cada um desses três sistemas analisados. Espera-se que um conhecimento mais profundo acerca do modelo nacional que foi estabelecido na Constituição Federal para a prestação desses serviços de assistência jurídica integral e gratuita venha a contribuir para que os atores institucionais envolvidos no sistema possam potencializar as virtudes e busquem neutralizar os defeitos existentes, de modo que se atinja plenamente a meta de garantir igualdade no acesso à Justiça e de ampla efetividade dos direitos fundamentais de todos os brasileiros, independentemente de sua condição social ou econômica.
The 1988 Constitution of the Brazilian Republic mandates that the States and the Federal Union provide full and free legal assistance to every citizen in need, through the Office of the Public Defender. The following study seeks to develop a better understanding of this Brazilian model of constitutionally mandated legal assistance, and determine whether it is really the best mean of assuring full access to justice for every person, regardless of their financial means. The study approaches this issue from an historical perspective, with reference to the constitutional and statutory legal system operating in Brazil, requiring full legal assistance to the poor (i.e. legal advice and right to counsel in civil and criminal cases), as well as the rules that govern the operations of the Public Defender`s Office. We will also review alternative models of free legal assistance offered in France and the United States. These systems were selected not only for their historical influence over Brazilian political and judicial institutions, but also because they reveal diverse characteristics in their judicial systems that broaden the horizon of our study. In two consecutive seasons of ethnographic research (participant and no participant observation and interviews), six months in the USA, and six months in France, we are able to closely observe the day-to-day functioning of these two models of legal assistance, with visits to offices, interviews with key figures in the judicial system, and an extensive bibliographical review of the literature on legal assistance in the respective countries. Through this critical historical and normative analysis of the operation of these two foreign systems of legal assistance to the poor, we believe it has been possible to throw into greater relief the virtues and defects of the Brazilian model. We hope that this study will produce a deeper understanding of the national model of free and comprehensive legal assistance established in the Brazilian Constitution, and encourage those responsible for administering the system to optimize its virtues and overcome its defects to better achieve its goals of equal access to justice and the guarantee of the fundamental rights of all Brazilians, regardless of theirs social or economic condition.
La Constitution de la République du Brésil, de 1988, établit que les États et l´Union Fédérale sont tenus de fournir l´assistance juridique intégrale et gratuite aux démunis par l´intermédiaire du Bureau de la Défense Publique. Le présent exposé a pour but permettre une meilleure compréhension de ce modèle brésilien d´aide juridique, tel que l´a établi la Constitution, avec l´intention de vérifier si c´est vraiment mieux conçu pour garantir le plein accès de tous à la Justice et, par conséquent, d´assurer l´effectivité des droits fondamentaux des personnes démunies de conditions économiques pour atteindre ces objectifs avec leurs propres moyens. Pour accomplir ce dessein on a développé premièrement une analyse critique sous la perspective historique ainsi que des principales réferences normatives de l´ordonnance juridique constitutionnelle et infraconstitutionnelle en vigueur au Brésil, qui régissent l´exercice du droit d´aide juridique intégrale, soit l´assistance qui est proposée aussi bien en matière judiciaire qu´extrajudiciaire, et une étude des normes qui définissent le fonctionnement de du Bureau de la Défense Publique. Une autre voie parcourue a troit à l´énquête plus à fond des modèles d´assistance juridique gratuite en vigueur en France et aux États-Unis. Ces societés ont été choisies, non seulement en raison de leur grande influence historique dans l´évolution des institutions juridico- politiques brésiliennes, mais aussi parce-qu´elles présentent des caractéristiques bien diversifiées dans leurs systèmes juridiques, ce qui a contribué à l´ouverture des horizons de l´étude réalisé. Pour mieux comprendre ces systèmes d´autres Pays, nous avons fait deux séjours consécutifs d´études à l´étranger, passant six mois aux États-Unis et six mois en France. En utilisant la métodologie de l´observation participative, nous avons eu l´occasion d´accompagner de près le fonctionnement réel de ces deux modéles d´assistance juridique, visitant des institutions et accompagnant leur travail quotidien, obtenant des entrevues avec des personalités du monde juridique et aussi, en organisant une importante bibliographie au sujet du thème dans les Pays respectifs. À partir de l´analyse critique de la perspective historique et des réferences normatives actuelles qui régissent le fonctionnement de ces deux systèmes étrangers d´assistance juridique aux démunis(ies) a été possible d´établir une comparaison avec le modèle brésilien, en soulignant les qualités et les points faibles qui, comme il est propre à toute oeuvre humaine, sont présents en chacun de ces trois systèmes analisés. On espère qu´une connaissance plus profonde, au sujet du modèle national juridique établi par la Constitution Féderale pour la prestation de ces services d´assistance juridique intégrale et gratuite, viendra contribuer pour que les acteurs institutionnels engagés puissent multiplier les qualités autant que neutraliser les points faibles existants, de façon a que l´on puisse atteindre pleinement le but d´assurer l´égalité à l´accès à la Justice et une grande effectivité des droits fondamentaux de tous les brésiliens, indépendamment de leur condition sociale ou économique.
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Vasconcellos, Helena. "Cooperação jurídica internacional em matéria penal : uma análise do mutual legal assistance treaty Brasil/Estados Unidos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/90501.
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O presente trabalho examinará a temática da cooperação jurídica internacional em matéria penal no âmbito das relações Brasil/Estados Unidos. Na primeira parte, será abordada a teoria geral da cooperação jurídica internacional, ocasião em que se analisará o seu histórico, conceito e classificações, elencando-se as suas fontes e fundamentos, bem como os seus princípios basilares para, alfim, estudar-se a cooperação no âmbito da União Européia e do MERCOSUL e, ainda, as redes de cooperação ao redor do mundo. Em seguida, o instituto será estudado nos ordenamentos jurídicos de ambos os países, Brasil e Estados Unidos, cada qual com suas particularidades. O estudo da cooperação jurídica no Brasil envolverá a contextualização histórica do instituto, a análise dos diplomas legais aplicáveis, o estudo das espécies de cooperação e da autoridade central brasileira, e uma breve incursão nas redes de cooperação integradas pelo Brasil e no Anteprojeto de Lei de Cooperação Jurídica Internacional. No âmbito dos Estados Unidos, estudaremos o histórico do instituto, os principais problemas constitucionais enfrentados na utilização da prova produzida no estrangeiro, os Estatutos Federais norte-americanos, as espécies de assistência e os meios coercitivos de obtenção da prova, fazendo ainda uma análise comparativa entre os institutos da letter rogatory e do Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty. Por fim, na parte final do presente trabalho tratar-se-á especificamente da cooperação jurídica no âmbito das relações Brasil/Estados Unidos, analisando-se as outras formas de assistência entre as duas nações, o MLAT Brasil/Estados Unidos e os prós e contras na sua utilização, para, ao final, concentrarmos nossos esforços no polêmico artigo I, item 5, do Decreto n° 3.810/2001 (proibição de utilização, pela defesa, do Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty) e na busca de soluções para tão importante problema.This paper will examine the matter of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters, between Brazil and the United States. The first part of the paper will study the general theory of international judicial cooperation, analyzing its history, concept and categories, enrolling its sources and foundations as well as the basic principles applicable to the subject, to finally examine judicial cooperation in the ambit of the European Union and MERCOSUL, and the existing judicial networks throughout the world. Following, the issue will be studied within the legal systems of both countries, Brazil and United States, each with its own peculiarities. The study of judicial cooperation within Brazilian legal system will involve the historic background, an analyzis of the laws applicable, the study of the varieties of cooperation and of the Brazilian central authority, as well as a brief incursion in cooperation networks integrated by Brazil, and in the Draft Bill for an International Judicial Cooperation Law. At the United States level, we will study the history of the subject, the main constitutional problems faced in the use of the evidence produced abroad, the American Federal Statutes, the types of assistance and the coercive means of evidence gathering, also making a comparative analyzis between letters rogatory and Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties. Finally, towards the end of the present study, we will specifically address the subject of judicial cooperation between Brazil and the United States, first analyzing the other forms of assistance between both nations, and then focusing in the MLAT between Brazil/United States and its pros and cons, to eventually aim attention at the controversial article I, item 5, of the 3.810/2001 Decree (prohibition of the use, by the defense, of the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty) and in the search for solutions to such an important matter.
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Hinojosa, Marco A. "A Comparison of Academic Achievement of Economically Disadvantaged Elementary Students Served in Title I Part A Programs: Targeted Assistance Versus Schoolwide Models." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4773/.
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This study analyzed test scores of economically disadvantaged students who attended two elementary schools implementing different types of Title I models from 1999-2001. Test scores from the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS), the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) and the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT-9) were analyzed. One school implemented the targeted assistance model (less than 50% poverty), which focused resources on students were identified as failing or at risk of failing. The other a schoolwide model (95% poverty), which used resources to help all students in a school regardless of whether they ware failing, at risk of failing, or economically disadvantaged. The quantitative approach was used with a causal comparative design. A cohort of continuously enrolled students was identified for the TAAS (n=169 and 189) and the ITBS/SAT-9 (n=49 and 87). Descriptive statistics such as the frequency, mean, and standard deviation, were used to measure differences on the Texas Learning Index (TLI) for the TAAS, and Normal Curve Equivalent (NCE) on the ITBS/SAT-9. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to partially adjust for preexisting differences among the groups and because randomization was not possible. The independent variable was type of Title I model, targeted assistance or schoolwide. The dependent variable was the achievement measure, and the covariate was the initial achievement scores in third grade (pretest). The ANCOVA reports and descriptive statistics showed that economically disadvantaged students performed better in reading and math on TAAS and ITBS/SAT-9 at the targeted assistance school in 1999 and 2001, with mixed results in 2000. The academic performance of economically disadvantaged students at the targeted model was consistent all three school years. They scored slightly lower than the non-economically disadvantaged students, but higher than their peers at the schoolwide model. The students' third grade pretest score was the most significant predictor of future performance.
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Harward, Brian McIlhenny. "Legal services for the poor in the United States." 2003. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/harward%5Fbrian%5Fm%5F200312%5Fphd.
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Cook, Megan E. "Emerging food perceptions, purchasing, preparation, and consumption habits in female participants on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)." 2011. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1661170.
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This study was conducted to examine the food perceptions, purchasing, preparation, and consumption behaviors of female SNAP participants in East Central Indiana. Twenty participants were interviewed, and interviews were transcribed and compiled in order to identify patterns. Participants were primarily white, had at least a high school education, were food-secure, and 85% were either overweight or obese. Results indicated that the participants interviewed in this study had limited opportunities to participate in food and nutrition education courses unless approached by community agencies. Participants indicated they purchased a large variety of healthy and unhealthy food items from a wide array of grocers. A portion of the participants participated in EFNEP courses (n=4), WIC education (n=7), or conducted self-research (n=9). These participants indicated they retained knowledge by participating in these methods of education. Although participants expressed the desire to exhibit healthy eating behaviors, such as examining food labels, they also indicated they did not understand how to utilize the information to make healthy food choices. Results indicated all participants in SNAP would benefit from food and nutrition education courses that focus on SNAP benefit budgeting, meal planning that includes more fruits and vegetables, low-fat food items, and leaner cuts of meat, and physical activity. Practitioners and SNAP officials should be encouraged to coordinate efforts to make participants aware of educational opportunities in order to improve overall health outcomes.Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Maxey, Hannah L. "Understanding the Influence of State Policy Environment on Dental Service Availability, Access, and Oral Health in America's Underserved Communities." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/5993.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Oral health is crucial to overall health and a focus of the U.S. Health Center program, which provides preventive dental services in medically underserved communities. Dental hygiene is an oral health profession whose practice is focused on dental disease prevention and oral health promotion. Variations in the practice and regulation of dental hygiene has been demonstrated to influence access to dental care at a state level; restrictive policies are associated lower rates of access to care. Understanding whether and to what extent policy variations affect availability and access to dental care and the oral health of medically underserved communities served by grantees of the U.S. Health Center program is the focus of this study. This longitudinal study examines dental service utilization at 1,135 health center grantees that received community health center funding from 2004 to 2011. The Dental Hygiene Professional Practice Index (DHPPI) was used as an indicator of the state policy environment. The influence of grantee and state level characteristics are also considered. Mixed effects models were used to account for correlations introduced by the multiple hierarchical structure of the data. Key findings of this study demonstrate that state policy environment is a predictor of the availability and access to dental care and the oral health status of medically underserved communities that received care at a grantee of the U.S. Health Center program. Grantees located in states with highly restrictive policy environments were 73% less likely to deliver dental services and, those that do, provided care to 7% fewer patients than those grantees located in states with the most supportive policy environments. Population’s served by grantees from the most restrictive states received less preventive care and had greater restorative and emergency dental care needs. State policy environment is a predictor of availability and access to dental care and the oral health status of medically underserved communities. This study has important implications for policy at the federal, state, and local levels. Findings demonstrate the need for policy and advocacy efforts at all levels, especially within states with restrictive policy environments.
Books on the topic "Legal assistance to the poor – United States"
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1940-, Cantril Albert Hadley, and American Bar Association. Consortium on Legal Services and the Public., eds. Agenda for access: The American people and civil justice : final report on the implications of the comprhensive legal needs study. Chicago, Ill: Consortium on Legal Services and the Public, American Bar Association, 1996.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Closing the justice gap: Providing civil legal assistance to low-income Americans : hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, May 22, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.
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Kaye, David. United Nations military forces: The UN Charter and the United States Constitution. Edited by Lichtenstein Elissa C and Ferreira Penelope S. Washington, D.C: Division for Public Services, American Bar Association, 1994.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. The future of the Legal Services Corporation: Hearing before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on examining a wide variety of views on the Legal Services Corporation and to try to determine whether or not to reauthorize funding for legal services, reform the organization, block grant the money to states, or eliminate federal involvement in providing legal services to the poor, June 23, 1995. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Legal Services reauthorization Act of 1992: Hearing of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, on S. 2870 to authorize appropriations for the Legal Services Corporation, and for other purposes, June 23, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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Davis, Martha F. Brutal need: Lawyers and the welfare rights movement, 1960-1973. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
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Office, General Accounting. Welfare reform: States' experiences in providing employment assistance to TANF clients : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 1999.
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United States. General Accounting Office., ed. Welfare reform: States' experiences in providing employment assistance to TANF clients : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 1999.
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Hunger and food assistance policy in the United States. New York: Garland Pub., 1995.
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Office, General Accounting. Welfare reform: Public assistance benefits provided to recently naturalized citizens : report to the Honorable Elton Gallegly, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Legal assistance to the poor – United States"
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Shiga, Hiroaki. "Yen Loans: Between Norms and Heterodoxy." In The Semantics of Development in Asia, 195–208. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1215-1_13.
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AbstractYen loans are long-term, low-interest loans provided to developing countries as part of Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA), mainly for infrastructure development as a foundation for the economic growth of recipient countries. They have been a continuing object of criticism based on dominant norms, championed by the United States and European countries, that development assistance is a form of charity by rich countries for the sake of poor countries, and thus should take the form of grants and technical assistance. Yen loans have become symbolic of the heterodoxy that flows through the history of Japan’s ODA, and was adapted for assistance to less developed countries in Southeast Asia. This chapter questions the nature of this heterodoxy and examines how discord has been navigated between Japan as norm-taker and norm-makers—the United States and European countries—who generally lack flexibility with respect to different ways of providing development assistance.
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Andreas, Schloenhardt. "Mutual Legal Assistance." In UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192847522.003.0019.
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This chapter considers the notion of mutual legal assistance (MLA) indicated in Article 18 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). MLA allows States to receive and provide assistance for gathering evidence for investigations and prosecutions. Thus, mutual legal assistance is mostly enshrined in treaties as one of the earliest multilateral instruments was the Council of Europe’s European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters of 1959. Moreover, Article 18 is based in large parts on the 1988 Drug Trafficking Convention and the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The chapter explains how Article 18 applies to international cooperation in the identification, tracing, and seizure of proceeds of crime, property, and instrumentalities.
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Hershkoff, Helen, and Stephen Loffredo. "Food Assistance." In Getting By, 243–328. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190080860.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on food assistance as a specific type of noncash benefit for poor and low-income persons. In 2006, the United States substituted the term “food insecurity” for hunger, but by any measure the United States has too many people—even those working full-time—without enough money to purchase groceries. The chapter describes the major federal programs that provide food assistance, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, known as food stamps); the WIC program, for pregnant women, new mothers, and infant children; the School Lunch and School Breakfast programs; and senior nutrition programs. These programs use different models to provide assistance: SNAP is designed to increase the purchasing power of a poor or low-income recipients; WIC targets a discrete group with special nutritional needs, and combines food support with health and nutritional counseling; School Lunch and Congregate Meals provide meals in group settings to students and to seniors, combining food with social activity. The emphasis throughout is on eligibility, benefits, and the relation of food assistance to other cash-assistance programs and to wage labor. The food-assistance programs discussed in the chapter are vital to health and development, and also boost local economies and support the agricultural sector. But they do not go far enough in reducing hunger, and they arbitrarily restrict benefits to some of the poorest people in the country.
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Sorvatzioti, Demetra F. "Migrants and Effective Legal Representation in Criminal Cases via Legal Aid Systems." In Immigration and the Current Social, Political, and Economic Climate, 563–78. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6918-3.ch031.
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The European countries are obliged to fulfill the provisions of the European Convention on human rights regarding the protection of the accused rights' and ensuring the principle of fair trial. Nowadays, because of the economic crisis more people are affected by poverty and many immigrants enter Europe. Poor and immigrants who break the law cannot afford to pay for the services of a lawyer and for the most of them the states provide legal aid assistance. This chapter indicates that in order to safeguard the accused rights' it is mandatory for the legal aid lawyer to defend the accused effectively, otherwise the protection is just formal and does not fulfill the substantive conventional obligation of the State for fair trial. It is proposed for the States to establish qualitative criteria for the legal aid lawyers. The voluntary character of the legal aid scheme imposes an imperative duty for the lawyers to ensure fair trial for the poor.
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Fichter, Stephen J., Thomas P. Gaunt, Catherine Hoegeman, and Paul M. Perl. "The Bishops Speak." In Catholic Bishops in the United States, 130–55. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190920289.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses Catholic bishops speaking out on issues of the day. Catholic Church teaching and tradition yields “conservative” positions on issues such as abortion and physician-assisted suicide and “liberal” positions on issues such as immigration, capital punishment, and assistance to the poor. Survey data finds that bishops tend to write more frequently about the Church’s pro-life teachings than its “liberal” social teachings. Most bishops say they ask Catholics to consider Catholic teachings when voting for candidates. Most bishops agree that the clergy sexual abuse scandal has made it more difficult for them to present or defend Catholic teaching in their diocese. This is especially the case in dioceses where the scandal has received more media coverage. In general, bishops say that criticism in the media is a greater problem for them in more secularized areas of the country.
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"Agreement On Mutual Legal Assistance Between The European Union And The United States." In Obtaining Evidence Abroad in Criminal Cases 2010, 403–20. Brill | Nijhoff, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004178823.i-657.83.
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Ramirez, Carey T., Kathleen Fundalinski, Judy Knudson, and John Himberger. "Palliative Care and Requests for Assistance in Dying." In Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing, edited by Betty Rolling Ferrell and Judith A. Paice, 837–43. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190862374.003.0071.
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Assistance in dying, though highly controversial, is requested of an increasing number of palliative clinicians. This necessitates an exploration of the current nomenclature, history, and ethical and legal foundations of the topic, followed by an evaluation of the characteristics of those who request physician assisted dying (PAD), suggestions for responding to requests, and recommended alternatives. As of 2017, medical aid in dying is legal in six states and the District of Columbia, jurisdictions in which 16.4% of the United States population live. In 2018, 27 states are considering legalization. Furthermore, assisted dying and euthanasia are legal in five countries and assisted dying without euthanasia is legal in three. The goal of this chapter is to ensure palliative specialists are prepared to handle requests for physician assistance in dying.
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Matthew R, Taylor. "Training and Technical Assistance." In UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192847522.003.0030.
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This chapter focuses on Article 29 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). Due to the development of robust laws, policies, and procedures to combat transnational organized crime, Article 29 requires States Parties to take action to support training and people as a critical component of effective anti-crime responses. The provision considers the training on mutual legal assistance and extradition reflecting the value grounded in the objectives underpinning its development. The chapter considers the origins of Article 29 from the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. It elaborates on the negotiating history and interpretation of Article 29.
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"Introduction: Historical Roots of Family Policy." In Family Change and Family Policies in Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, edited by Sheila B. Kamerman and Alfred J. Kahn, 31–33. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198290254.003.0002.
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Abstract Some main themes in the changing picture which emerge and re-emerge in the following study are: concern with poverty as a reference point in family policy; heavy reliance on social assistance as a policy instrument, and the persistence of poor law residuals;the (comparative) persistence of traditional attitudes to women and the family, regarding, for example, child-care provision and income support;
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Scanlan, Melissa K. "Supportive Cooperative Ecosystems in Spain and the United States." In Prosperity in the Fossil-Free Economy, 107–45. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300253993.003.0008.
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This chapter refers to the supporting environment theory of cooperatives, which posits that success is spurred by the presence of promoters, a good legal and fiscal environment, and government support without government control. It inserts the term “ecosystem” in place of “environment” to foreground the interconnected system dynamics at work in supporting cooperative ecosystems. It also outlines how people launch and grow cooperatives within a particular ecosystem that includes the laws, government programs, and cooperative support organizations that influence them. The chapter mentions the social-movement approach to cooperatives, which suggests that degeneration follows a deemphasis and marginalization of building cohesive networks of apex and sector federations, plans, and proposals for technical and financial assistance. It discusses well-established cooperatives that abandon the mission of developing a cooperative movement in favour of responding to market forces and the individual cooperative's financial goals.
Conference papers on the topic "Legal assistance to the poor – United States"
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Ogodo, A. D. "Ogodo Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Generation, Exploitation and Technology Transfer (TT): Policies and Strategic Concept of Actual Ownership and Legal Cosniderations." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p26.
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Ogodo Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Generation, Exploitation and Technology Transfer (TT): Policies and Strategic Concept of Actual Ownership and Legal Considerations Ogodo, A.D. (Snr.) Chartered Chemist Department of Science Laboratory Technology School of Applied Science Delta State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1030 Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria. E-mail: dicksonogodo@yahoo.com; Phone: 08030738401 ABSTRACT This scientific research work shows that INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) can generate breakthrough solution to Global Challenges and is an integral aspect of the Legal personality of OGODO INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE STANDARDS (OIRS) IN 154 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO) COUNTRIES IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND that meets the United States (US) Pharmacopoea Light Transmission Tests of OGODOMETRICS SUPERIOR MATERIALS in the range 2900-4500 Å in Songhai-Delta, Ovwore Community, Amukpe-Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria to generate Nigeria Vision 2030 Target for Global competitiveness of NIGERIA OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE STANDARDS for the PACKAGING CONTAINER LAW (PCL) using the PACKAGING ADDED VALUE (PAV322FPI 408) being regulated in Nigeria in collaboration with the 154 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO) COUNTRIES plus 38 other Countries/Nations via Final Investment Decision (FID). The research dwells extensively and specifically on infringement of PATENT which is actionable and it is the persons vested with the right to Patent that has the right to sue to enforce it. By virtue of Section 10(1) and (2) of the Copyright Act, the first ownership in any literacy or Intellectual Property created by a University or Polytechnic employee belongs to him in the absence of any express assignment of the right by the employee to the University or Polytechnic. The research expresses the beliefs that INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) can be used as a tool to foster INNOVATION and must be vigorously pursued by Nigerian Institution Leaders to encourage generation and exploitation of Intellectual Property (IP). The research recommends funds which can be used to encourage Collaborative Research Pattern in an effective way for Intellectual Property Exploitation. Secondly, SNERGY is critical to success (Collaborative Interdisciplinary Research) rather than those that simply focus on a said field of research. Thirdly, with the presence and regulatory role of National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP), favourable bargains can be struck and properly documented through its Intellectual Property Technology Transfer Offices (IPPTOs). In conclusion, there is lack of Intellectual Property (IP) Policy to spell out the functions of Intellectual Property Technology Transfer Offices (IPPTOs) according to Institutions missions and poor awareness of the researchers about the functions of the Office of National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP). Keywords: Keywords: Ogodo International Reference Standards, Ogodometrics Superior Materials, United States (US)
Reports on the topic "Legal assistance to the poor – United States"
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Brink, Malia, Pamela Metzger, and Jiacheng Yu. How to Solve the Initial Appearance Crisis. SMU Dedman School of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/dc.11.
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Across the United States, people are arrested and held behind bars for days, weeks, and sometimes even months, without ever seeing a judge or attorney. These delays violate the United States Constitution’s promise that an arrested person—who is innocent unless proven guilty—will have prompt access to the courts, the assistance of counsel, and a fair and speedy trial. These due process milestones begin at initial appearance: the first time an arrested person sees a judge about their case. At an initial appearance, the judge should inform an arrested person of the charges against them. The judge should also make an informed decision about whether, and under what conditions, to release a person from jail pending trial. The judge should hold this initial appearance promptly after arrest, and an attorney should advocate for the arrested person. Too often, none of these things happen. This policy brief outlines five best legal practices for jurisdictions to honor the United States Constitution and protect the rights of all arrested people. In addition to detailing each best practice, the publication outlines strategies for success that jurisdictions can use when implementing these vital policies.
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Lewis, Dustin, ed. Database of States’ Statements (August 2011–October 2016) concerning Use of Force in relation to Syria. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/ekmb4241.
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Many see armed conflict in Syria as a flashpoint for international law. The situation raises numerous unsettling questions, not least concerning normative foundations of the contemporary collective-security and human-security systems, including the following: Amid recurring reports of attacks directed against civilian populations and hospitals with seeming impunity, what loss of legitimacy might law suffer? May—and should—states forcibly intervene to prevent (more) chemical-weapons attacks? If the government of Syria is considered unwilling or unable to obviate terrorist threats from spilling over its borders into other countries, may another state forcibly intervene to protect itself (and others), even without Syria’s consent and without an express authorization of the U.N. Security Council? What began in Daraa in 2011 as protests escalated into armed conflict. Today, armed conflict in Syria implicates a multitude of people, organizations, states, and entities. Some are obvious, such as the civilian population, the government, and organized armed groups (including designated terrorist organizations, for example the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS). Other implicated actors might be less obvious. They include dozens of third states that have intervened or otherwise acted in relation to armed conflict in Syria; numerous intergovernmental bodies; diverse domestic, foreign, and international courts; and seemingly innumerable NGOs. Over time, different states have adopted wide-ranging and diverse approaches to undertaking measures (or not) concerning armed conflict in Syria, whether in relation to the government, one or more armed opposition groups, or the civilian population. Especially since mid-2014, a growing number of states have undertaken military operations directed against ISIS in Syria. For at least a year-and-a-half, Russia has bolstered military strategies of the Syrian government. At least one state (the United States) has directed an operation against a Syrian military base. And, more broadly, many states provide (other) forms of support or assistance to the government of Syria, to armed opposition groups, or to the civilian population. Against that backdrop, the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC) set out to collect states’ statements made from August 2011 through November 2016 concerning use of force in relation to Syria. A primary aim of the database is to provide a comparatively broad set of reliable resources regarding states’ perspectives, with a focus on legal parameters. A premise underlying the database is that through careful documentation of diverse approaches, we can better understand those perspectives. The intended audience of the database is legal practitioners. The database is composed of statements made on behalf of states and/or by state officials. For the most part, the database focuses on statements regarding legal parameters concerning use of force in relation to Syria. HLS PILAC does not pass judgment on whether each statement is necessarily legally salient for purposes of international law. Nor does HLS PILAC seek to determine whether a particular statement may be understood as an expression of opinio juris or an act of state practice (though it might be).
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Skuster, Patty, Elizabeth A. Sully, and Amy Friedrich-Karnik. Evidence for Ending the Global Gag Rule: A Multiyear Study in Two Countries. Guttmacher Institute, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2024.300502.
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As a leading funder of global health programs, the United States has the power to make a tremendous impact on people’s sexual and reproductive health and rights. But restrictions on funding that target abortion care internationally have had broad, detrimental impacts on reproductive health care systems, advocacy and outcomes. Such is the case with the so-called global gag rule, a policy that conditions US global health assistance on nongovernmental organizations’ agreement not to provide or promote abortion. Our multiyear research study in Uganda and Ethiopia examines the impact of this policy in two countries that rely on US assistance for their family planning programs but where the legal context around abortion differs—highly restrictive in Uganda and liberal in Ethiopia. Until now, no research has fully captured the effects of the most recent implementation of the global gag rule, which, during the four-year Trump administration, was the greatest expansion of the policy in its history. The research shows how, in both countries, the gag rule stalled and even reversed progress toward expanded access to modern contraception, impacting the countries’ reproductive health outcomes, the ability of people to decide whether and when to have children, and overall bodily autonomy. Abortion care cannot be separated from reproductive health care; evidence clearly demonstrates that the US government’s attempts to limit abortion care through the gag rule also limit access to other essential sexual and reproductive health services. Although the gag rule is currently not in effect, the risk of an anti-abortion president reinstating and expanding the gag rule and causing significant harm to reproductive health progress globally remains. And even after the gag rule is rescinded, its effects persist. The time for a permanent end to the global gag rule is now.
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Gajera, Hardik, Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, and Sonu Mathew. Influence of Level 1 and Level 2 Automated Vehicles on Fatal Crashes and Fatal Crash Occurrence. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2034.
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Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are expected to improve safety by gradually reducing human decisions while driving. However, there are still questions on their effectiveness as we transition from almost 0% CAVs to 100% CAVs with different levels of vehicle autonomy. This research focuses on synthesizing literature and identifying risk factors influencing fatal crashes involving level 1 and level 2 CAVs in the United States. Fatal crashes involving level 0 vehicles—ones that are not connected and automated—were compared to minimize unobserved heterogeneity and randomness associated with the influencing risk factors. The research team used the fatal crash data for the years 2016 to 2019 for the analysis. A partial proportionality odds model is developed using crash, road, and vehicle characteristics as the independent variables and the fatal crash involving a vehicle with a specific level of automation as the dependent variable. The results of this research indicate that level 1 and level 2 CAVs are less likely to be involved in a fatal crash at four-way intersections, on two-way routes with wide medians, at nighttime, and in poor lighting conditions when compared to level 0 vehicles. However, they are more likely than level 0 vehicles to be involved in a fatal crash with pedestrians and bicyclists. Comparative analysis between vehicles with smart features and other vehicles indicated that pedestrian automatic emergency braking (PAEB) and lane-keeping assistance (LKA) improve the safety by reducing possible collision with a pedestrian and roadside departure, respectively. Contrarily, vehicles with other smart features are still highly likely to be involved in fatal crashes. This research adds to the growing body of literature that will identify potential areas for improvement in the safety of vehicular technologies and road geometry.