Dissertations / Theses: 'Legal and customary'

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Morudu, Ntebo Lauretta. "The indiginisation of customary law : creating an indingenous legal pluralism." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77420.

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In the advent of the current dispensation, South Africa’s Constitution elucidates that customary law is in parallel with common law under section 39 of the Constitution,1 in light to this contention, the study begs to claim that this is only superficial.2 The constitutional advancement of customary law has been delayed in terms of legislative and judicial reform and development, and the legislature is inattentive with respect to remedying the inadequate position customary law is placed in. Instead, the legislature has been replacing customary law considered ‘non-transformative and undeveloped’, with common law to promptly deal with customary disputes.3 The insufficiency of the development and reform of customary law allows the judiciary and the legislature to limit the development of customary law as a whole in terms of its application and interpretation. It is highly significant to engage with the need to ascertain indigenous people's human rights in South Africa, by paving the way and ensuring due regard to their legal regimes.4 Even at the advent of the codified version of customary law; there are still ambiguities and misunderstandings that exist within the official customary law.5 Engaging in the creation of indigenous legal pluralism in questioning whether customary law can exist as a separate pluralism within the South African state law pluralism, it is both bold and daunting. If an argument cannot be successfully made, the question left to ask by the study is, can customary exist successfully, undistorted and purposefully within the current dispensation? Can the courts and the legislature ensure its constant development and codification, especially giving due regard to living customary law and the customs that exist concurrently? There are foreign and international legal improvements and ways in which some states seek to enforce indigenous people's rights to self-determination and enforcing their legal regimes to recognise and apply their laws in solving their prevailing customary disputes.6 A comparative analysis is essential to assess the longstanding argument that will be made in the study. It is of great significance to consider not only national law in terms of seeking advancement and legislative reform of South Africa’s indigenous pluralism. Additionally, comparatively studying the legal status of foreign customary law that will be used in the study to shed light on how to create such deep indigenous pluralism. Not only considering foreign law but also the current reform of intellectual property law and environmental law; which seeks to recognise the indigenous people's rights for the protection of their indigenous knowledge and resources, respectively. The study would like to engage such legislative reform in order to answer the daunting question of the creation of deep indigenous legal pluralism to ascertain indigenous people's legal regimes and the hegemonic realism of their customary law.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Private Law
LLM
Unrestricted

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Thurn, Nobuko Imai. "Customary practice and legal codes of succession and inheritance in Japan /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487864986610283.

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Radijeng, Godfrey Olebogeng. "Customary law and gender equality : the legal status of women in Botswana." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404025.

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Kwonyike, Joshua K. "Legal pluralism in Kenya : a study of Tugen-Arror customary family law." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392856.

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This thesis looks at legal pluralisln in fatnily law. Its Inain concern can be divided into two: the extent of co-existence of indigenous customary family law in a Kenyan society on one hand, and state law (principles and rules) regulating family relations, on the other. This study was based on the Tugen-Arror ethnic community in the Rift Valley Province. One among the 43 ethnic groups found in Kenya; a country colonised by Britain from 1895 to 1963. This left a legal structure which is pluralistic in nature. Nothing confirms this more than the sources of law, the institutions and procedures that exist today. As indicated in this thesis, the sources of law in Kenya can be divided into two main categories: First and foremost, those referred in the thesis as 'inherited' or 'official' state laws which were at first introduced during the colonial rule and later through the post-colonial legal institutions. Secondly, those referred in here as 'indigenous' or 'customary law'. These are custolnary 'legal' norms representing the many ethnic communities in Kenya. The aim of the dissertation, therefore, concerns the implications of legal plurality, the co-existence of different legal principles, institutions and processes all interconnected with the various sources of law, on the general operation of customary family law in Kenya. This co-existence of diverse competing legal systen1s, institutions and processes creates an inevitable conflicting situation. This is nowhere better observed than in the rules and processes connected with customary family relations; particularly in marriage, brideprice, divorce and issues pertaining to parentchild relations (adoption, guardianship and fosterage). In the process of discussing these customary family related matters under the auspices of Tugen-Arror customary law, the different facets of customary and family rules, behaviours, relationships and likewise principles, rules and relations under state law are highlighted. The reason for doing so is to try and reveal the different aspects of Tugen-Arror customary practices that differ from those observed in other communities. The dissertation therefore, focuses mainly on the customary practices of the Tugen-Arror community, at a period of social, economic and political change exerted by forces unrelated to their traditional past, values and aspirations deeply entrenched and in which any social change taking place does so with the interest of the wider family at its core.

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Dennison, David Brian. "The status, rights and treatment of persons with disabilities within customary legal frameworks in Uganda: A study of Mukono District." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27074.

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This thesis addresses the question: How do customary legal frameworks impact the status, rights and treatment of persons with disabilities? It is motivated by two underlying premises. First, customary legal frameworks are highly consequential in Sub-Saharan contexts. Second, human impairments are likely to impact status, rights and treatment in customary legal scenarios. In addition, the reality of deep legal pluralism and an anthropologically versed conception of customary law inform the research design. Customary legal content is rightly discerned by researching its substance and application within the lived environment. The researcher gathered input and stories of 63 persons with disabilities and conducted interviews of 23 community members with heightened knowledge of cultural matters in order to discern the experiences of persons with disabilities in non-formal legal contexts. In her semi-autonomous social field approach, Sally Falk Moore considers diverse and layered sources of law when determining the normative legal content in lived contexts. However, this research uncovered little in the way of normative principles specially pertaining to persons with disabilities within lived environments. Instead, legally consequential occurrences take place in customary scenarios that are largely autonomous from formal actors and institutions. The perceived normative substance of formal and customary law can influence the outcome of customary scenarios, but the decision makers' working knowledge of this legal content as it pertains to people with human impairments is limited and disparate. Decision-making family, clan and community members take various factors into consideration when determining rights, status and treatment in customary scenarios. Suppositions about the capacity and functionality of persons with disabilities are particularly influential. Thus, human impairments can be consequential factors in these decisions. This thesis demonstrates that customary scenarios are highly significant forums for establishing customary rights and status in the contexts of marital relations, clan leadership, customary guardianship, customary succession and land rights. Moreover, it indicates that effectual social and legal influences in these scenarios are multi-sourced, multi-layered and dynamic. Finally, the thesis offers practical change strategies suggested by the research for those seeking to improve the status, rights and treatment of persons with disabilities in Mukono District and similar settings.

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Mwambene, Lea. "Divorce in matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi: a comparative analysis with the patrilineal customary law marriage in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This research aimed to undertake an investigation into the question of whether after divorce, in the matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi, women's rights are severely violated. The study showed causes of divorce, how proceedings are done, how issues of property are handled, how the issue of custody of children and maintenance are also handled. All this was weighed against the constitutional provisions and international law.

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Shabana, Ayman. "Customary implications in Islamic law the development of the concept of ʻurf in the Islamic legal tradition /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1905705581&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Luluaki, John Yavavu Yakienjo. "Customary family law in Yangoru : implications of legal pluralism in a Papua New Guinea society." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386093.

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Nkomo, Sindiso Nozitha. "A critical analysis of Zimbabwe’s legal response to traditional cultural practices and gender- based violence." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4395.

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Magister Legum - LLM
The aim of the study was to assess Zimbabwe‘s legal response to gender-based violence that can be to traditional cultural practices. First, most traditional cultural practices in Zimbabwe are discriminatory towards women and girls; the study has therefore shown the link between gender-based violence and traditional cultural practices. Second, it has been shown that the recognition of the right to culture by international and regional instruments is subject to non-violation of human rights. Third, the min-thesis has also established that in complying with its international obligations on the protection of women from gender-based violence linked to traditional cultural practices, Zimbabwe has enacted a plethora of legislation. More importantly, the study has also proven that despite these legal initiatives, gender-based violence linked to traditional cultural practices still continues. This mini-thesis has, among other factors, highlighted the following as shortfalls in legislations passed to address this problem: poor enforcement of these laws; Zimbabwe‘s hybrid legal system where customary law operates in conjunction with civil laws; weak wording of some pieces of legislation, such as legislation that deals with marriage rights for women married under customary law; and that most women, especially those in rural areas are not fully equipped with the knowledge of the different pieces of legislation that have been put in place to protect them from such violence.

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Herrera, MoÌnica Rocha. "Legal hermeneutics and emerging customary norms in international law, with particular focus on values of humanness." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251055.

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Zamudio, Teodora. "Los conocimientos tradicionales y el régimen legal de acceso y distribución de beneficios." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116041.

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Traditional knowledge and legal regime of access and benefitsdistributionThis work highlights interests around traditional knowledge access of local and indigenous communities stressing the need to establish institutions involved in order to give an efficient legal answer within the political, scientific and economic framework. The author critically reviews ideas developed about this issue among international, regional and local spheres formulating the thesis of application of customary law, in particular about prior informed consent and benefits-sharing. Without disregard present conflicts management and those envisaged in the near future, implications and scenarios where State and international organizations determination must face this subject are addressed.
La ponencia pone en evidencia los intereses entorno al acceso a los conocimientos tradicionales de las comunidades indígenas y locales y marca la necesidad de definir los institutos en juego para dar una respuesta legal eficiente en el marco político, científico y económico. Pasa revista, críticamente, a los conceptos que han sido desarrollados entorno de la temática en los ámbitos internacionales, regionales y locales, y desarrolla la tesis de la aplicación del derecho consuetudinario en especial en lo atinente al consentimiento fundamentado previo y la distribución de beneficios. Sin desdeñar el tratamiento de los conflictos planteados, y los que se avizoran en un inminente futuro, se abordan las implicaciones y escenarios en los que la determinación de los Estados y de los organismos internacionales han de enfrentar en la materia.

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Pilane, Sidney. "Recidivism and Prison Overcrowding due to Denial of Legal Representation in Botswana." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6474.

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Botswana has been experiencing high rates of recidivism and prison overcrowding, but the causes of these problems have not been explored. Thus, this qualitative study was conducted to investigate whether the denial of legal representation to criminal defendants tried in the customary courts is one of the causes of high rates of recidivism, prison overcrowding, or both. The main research question addressed a possible relationship between these factors and the denial of legal representation, and the study was guided by the punctuated equilibrium theory and the policy feedback theory. Data were collected through semi structured interviews with 10 released first offender prison inmates, 10 released recidivist prison inmates, and 10 professional participants from disciplines in the criminal justice system in addition to reviewing statistics and scholarly research. Data were analyzed through detailed description, categorical aggregation, direct interpretation, which led to naturalistic generalizations and patterns. The results indicated that the denial of legal representation to criminal defendants tried by customary courts appeared to contribute to both recidivism and prison overcrowding, which may undermine public safety and security. The implications of the study for positive social change include informing policy-makers of the need to reform the policy on legal representation to ensure that criminal defendants tried in the customary courts receive fair trials. The additional implications for positive social change include impacting rates of recidivism and prison overcrowding and enhancing community safety and security.

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Hugh, Brian Ashwell. "Traditional leadership in South Africa: a critical evaluation of the constitutional recognition of customary law and traditional leadership." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The main objectives of this study were to identify the role that customary law and traditional leadership can play, without compromising their current positions or future recognition through legislation, in creating a better life for their constituents. The study analysed diverse issues such as legislative reform, the future role and functions of traditional leaders, training needs of traditional leaders, and the impact of a possible lack of commitment by national and provincial government on the training of traditional leaders to fulfill their functions within the ambit of the Constitution.

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Kirby, Coel Thomas. "Exorcising Matovu's ghost : legal positivism, pluralism and ideology in Uganda's appellate courts." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112605.

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In 1966, the High Court of Uganda legitimised the new nation's first coup d'etat. After two decades of civil war, Ugandans enacted their first popular constitution in 1995. However, the judiciary's dominant positivist ideology, Matovu's ghost, still haunts the new legal order. The author sets out this ideology's presumptions and then critiques them against an alternative, pluralist map of laws in Uganda.
The constructive analysis of recent case law (or lack thereof) that follows shows how this ideology undermines the constitution's promises of equality and freedom. This pluralist methodology is also essential to explain contemporary crises like the Lord's Resistance Army, arms proliferation in Karamoja and Museveni's "no-party" rule. In conclusion, exorcising Matovu's ghost is a priority for Ugandans and the process deserves considered thought for legal scholars advocating the "rule of law" or interventions by the International Criminal Court.

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Mashile, Mahlogonolo. "Male Mapulana learners' views on the influences of cultural initiation on their schooling." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/80468.

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In this study, Mapulana male learners’ views on the influences of cultural initiation on their schooling were researched. Rite of passage was adopted as the theorisation for the study. In the context of the study, a rite of passage is when uninitiated male learners (mashoboro) go through the initiation process. Thereafter, their status of being boys is converted to becoming men (monna) through a transition (passage). Likewise, normal schooling is also a rite of passage, and Grades 1 to 12 are interrupted by another form of schooling, initiation, as a rite of passage. This study was motivated by the tension that was observed between the legal and customary, democratic and cultural, and formal and informal schooling. The study was qualitative in nature and rooted in the interpretive paradigm. Semi-structured interviews were employed to understand the Mapulana male learners’ views on the influences of cultural initiation on their schooling. It was found that the operation of initiation schools in Mpumalanga conflicted with the school calendar and this ultimately influenced schooling. Much of this could be attributed to the loopholes in policies governing initiations. This study can capacitate the Mpumalanga Department of Education (MDoE) about possible policy amendments. I recommend that parents raise this problem with principals through school governing bodies (SGBs) and that it be brought to the attention of the MDoE. The authorities should come to an agreement that prospective initiates should undergo medical circumcision before they go into cultural initiation performed in the bush. I also recommend that the above stakeholders should only allow male learners who are less than 15 years of age or those learners who are still in Grades 8 to 11 to undergo cultural initiation. The school management team (SMT) should help male learners who were away for initiation (initiates) with catch- up programmes. The MDoE must work hand-inglove with the Department of Health, Department of Cooperative Governance, Human Settlements and Traditional Affairs (CoGTA), and law enforcement agencies to prevent male Mapulana learners from being left behind in the curriculum. It must be ensured that learners’ health comes first and that initiation principals strictly adhere to policies governing initiation schools.
Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria 2020.
pt2021
Humanities Education
MEd
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Matakala, Lungowe. "Inheritance and disinheritance of widows and orphans in Zambia : getting the best out of Zambian laws." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608991.

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Tezera, Kairedin [Verfasser], and Georg [Akademischer Betreuer] Klute. "Dynamics of Identity Formation and Legal Pluralism : the Case of Customary, State and Religious Dispute Resolutions among the Siltie People, Southern Ethiopia / Kairedin Tezera ; Betreuer: Georg Klute." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162543310/34.

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Pokhrel, Lok Raj. "Appropriation of Yoga and Other Indigenous Knowledge & Cultural Heritage: A Critical Analysis of the Legal Regime of Intellectual Property Rights." restricted, 2009. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07092009-145552/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2009.
Title from file title page. Gregory C. Lisby, committee chair; Kathryn Fuller-Seeley, Svetlana V. Kulikova, committee members. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 22, 2010. Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-167).

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Juodpusis, Donatas. "Ar tarptautinės viešosios teisės doktrina "Pareiga ginti" yra įgijusi tarptautinės paprotinės teisės normos statusą?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130118_095726-30189.

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Dvidešimtas amžius atnešė žmogaus teises ir jų apsaugos idėją, kaip jas būtų galima puoselėti. 2001 metais Tarptautinė komisija dėl intervencijos ir valstybės suverenumo parengė projektą “Pareiga ginti” (Responsability to protect). Ši doktrina paremta valstybės pareiga saugoti ir gerbti jos piliečių žmogaus teises bei tarptautinės bendruomenės pareiga įsikišti, jeigu valstybė padaro didelio masto žmogaus teisių pažeidimus. Šis darbas siekia atsakyti į klausimą, ar doktrina “Pareiga ginti” yra tarptautinės paprotinės teisės norma. Tuo remiantis, pirmoje baigiamojo darbo dalyje analizuojama, kas yra tarptautinė paprotinė teisė ir kaip ji gali būti pritaikyta realioje situacijoje. Antroje dalyje pateikiamas doktrinos “Pareiga ginti” aprašymas, bei nurodomi pagrindiniai šios doktrinos elementai. Trečioje ir ketvirtoje dalyse analizuojami jėgos panaudojimo prieš valstybę teisiniai aspektai ir pateikiamas naujausias doktrinos pritaikymo atvejis Libijoje. Išvados darbo pabaigoje pateikia atsakymą į darbo pradžioje išsikeltą hipotezę, jog doktrina “Pareiga ginti” dar nėra tarptautinės paprotinės teisės norma, nors toks statusas padėtų išvengti politinio akligatvio ir Jungtinių Tautų Saugumo tarybos veiksmams suteiktų lankstumo. Pažymėtina, kad baigiamajame darbe taipogi pateikiama idėja, kad pirmasis doktrinos elementas, t.y. valstybės atsakomybė saugoti ir gerbti žmogaus teises yra tarptautinė paprotinė teisė. Tačiau antrasis elementas – tarptautinės bendruomenės įsikišimas į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The rise of human rights in 20th century brought the idea of minimal international standard to ensure and protect those rights. In 2001 the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty made a report which suggested the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect based on the state’s duty to respect its own citizens’ rights and the duty of international community to step in if a state commits mass scale human rights violations. This final paper focuses on answering the question whether R2P has gained the status of customary law. For this reason the first chapter analyzes what defines international customary law and how can it be applied in particular cases. The second part of the paper focuses on presenting the R2P doctrine and its elements. The third and fourth chapters analyze the legal justification of use of force and the most recant example of R2P application in Libya. The conclusions bring the answer to the hypothesis that R2P is not yet an international customary law. Although the status of being one could be very beneficial in order to avoid political dead-end in the United Nations Security Council actions. In addition to this, this paper argues that state’s duty to protect its own people is already an international customary law, on the contrary international community, if needed to cope with failed states, still waits for the UNSC authorization. This leads to the conclusion that the second element of R2P (the actions of international community) is not an... [to full text]

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Schneider, Tillmann. "Recht als Übersetzung." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17588.

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Die Erkenntnis, dass der Staat nicht die einzige Quelle von Recht ist, verbreitet sich zusehends auch in der Rechtswissenschaft. Die Vielfalt normativer Ordnungen wird gewöhnlich mit dem Begriff "Rechtspluralismus" beschrieben. In der Rechtspluralismusforschung besteht weitgehend Einigkeit darüber, dass normative Ordnungen nicht parallel nebeneinander und unabhängig voneinander koexistieren, sondern dass diese sich wechselseitig beeinflussen. Dieses Miteinander kann konfliktreich wie auch kooperativ sein, es kann zum Transfer von Normen und Vorstellungen, aber auch zu Widerstand und Abgrenzung kommen. Diese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur interdisziplinären Rechtsforschung, indem sie Austauschprozesse zwischen verschiedenen normativen Ordnungen analysiert. Hierbei wird "Übersetzen" als maßgebliche Praxis des Rechtspluralismus verstanden und ein methodischer Zugang angeboten, um Austauschprozesse machtsensibel zu analysieren. Am Beispiel Ghanas wird untersucht, wie die Anerkennung von Recht nicht-staatlichen Ursprungs in der Rechtsprechung staatlicher Gerichte praktiziert wird. Ghana ist nicht nur durch eine Vielzahl verschiedener Gesellschaften, sondern auch durch die Koexistenz unterschiedlicher normativer Ordnungen geprägt. Neben dem zur Zeit des britischen Kolonialismus eingeführten Common Law werden zahlreiche lokale Gewohnheitsrechte vom Staat als Rechtsquelle anerkannt. Über den ghanaischen Kontext hinaus ergeben sich auch allgemeine Fragen zum Umgang mit gesellschaftlicher Vielfalt und den damit einhergehenden Konflikten.
Jurisprudence acknowledges more and more that the state is not the only source for legal norms. The diversity of normative orders is usually described with the term "legal pluralism". Scholarship on legal pluralism emphasizes that normative orders do not exist parallel and independently from each other, but that they influence each other mutually. The relationship can be conflictual but also cooperative, there can be transfers of norms and ideas, but also resistance and dissociation. This study contributes to inter-disciplinary jurisprudence by analysing transfer processes between normative orders. It understands "translation" as essential practice of legal pluralism and offers a methodological approach to analyse transfer processes sensitively to power. Using the example of Ghana the study explores how state courts practice the recognition of non-state law. Ghana is characterised not only by the coexistence not only of different cultures, but of different normative orders as well. Next to the common law which had been introduced by British colonialism there is a plurality of local customary laws that are officially recognised as law by the state. This situation raises questions beyond the Ghanaian context on how to deal with social diversity and the conflicts the come along with it.

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Christensson, Tilda. "Universalism versus Cultural Relativism : A Study of the Zimbabwean Laws Regulating Child Marriages." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173356.

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Djaé, Oulovavo Mohamed. "Le pluralisme juridique de la justice et ses limites dans l'Union des Comores." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2037/document.

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Première partie : La pluralité des juridictions : une pluralité assumée et organiséeTitre I : La composition de l’appareil de justiceTitre II : L’organisation des juridictions dans l’optique d’un ordre juridictionnelDeuxième partie : Le juge comorien face aux impératifs de justiceTitre I : Le respect des fondements de la justiceTitre II : Le juge comorien à la jonction d’un pluralisme désordonné
Part 1: The plurality of courts: an assumed and organized pluralityTitle I: The composition of the judicial systemTitle II: The organisation of the courts from the perspective of a jurisdictional systemPart 2: The Comorian judge facing justice dutiesTitle I: The observations of the foundation of justiceTitle II: The Comorian judge in junction of a disordered pluralism

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Zetterqvist, Jenny. "Visibility at risk for women as rights-holders : a study with regard to a refugee camp context." Licentiate thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-74329.

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By taking the recognition of persons as rights-holders in the framework of international human rights into account, this study directs its attention to women in protracted refugee situations, restricted to stay in camps also when their human rights are at risk due to various forms of violence. The question in focus is the following: To what extent may there be a risk that women in a refugee camp context, distinguished by a protracted refugee situation, do not become visible as rights-holders and entrusted to act with regard to international human rights and the problem of violence against women, especially domestic violence? The research process has taken the form of a continuous dialogue with the material for the study, a dialogue directing attention to material from an established international human rights system on one hand and material dealing with a local refugee camp context on the other. The study finds its entry-point primarily in the context of the international human rights treaty the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), including the work of the CEDAW Committee as a treaty body, and also the international mandate of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. Due to the presence of a variety of justice mechanisms in the camps, certain aspects of a local customary law tradition are also addressed. The existence of an unlocked legal door for women to take actions in family law matters, or in cases of gender-based violence is something not to take for granted. The hindrances could lie deep in the legal system practiced. It could be an issue of not being entrusted by the structure of the system to act in person, as woman, with a legal capacity and by own right before the law. The study underlines the importance of sharpened awareness and analysis of the presence of a complex legal context and a variety of customary law traditions in the camps. It appears from the study that for women in a refugee camp to be able to act as rights-holders and claim human rights as laid down in human rights conventions, the issue of visibility is not only a matter of training in presenting facts on the ground in front of local authorities. To be visible in addressing the problem of gender-based violence and gaps in protection of human rights in a refugee camp context is first and foremost an issue for women to be recognized the right to act in legal matters. It is an issue of having the freedom of expression and to be recognized the social and legal status to act in their own capacity in front of the local legal structures, including the local customary law context, and to address international human rights monitoring mechanisms, such as the CEDAW Committee or the Special Rapporteur.

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Correa-Angel, Diana Ximena. "La stabilité juridique dans le droit international des investissements : étude sur le cadre juridique de l'investissement international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020085.

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Inscrite dans la dialectique changement-permanence, la stabilité juridique ne saurait s'opposer au changement normatif. Si rien ne changeait, il n'y aurait nul besoin de parler de stabilité, mais tout simplement d'intangibilité, d'immutabilité ou même d'éternité du droit. Par la stabilité, on cherche donc à garantir deux valeurs juridiques importantes : l'évolution du droit et la sécurité juridique. Tout produit juridique aspire à la stabilité. Sur le terrain du droit objectif, la stabilité est protégée afin d'éviter des situations d'inflation normative, de désordre dans la production normative, et de faciliter l'application des produits juridiques dans le temps. Sur le terrain des droits subjectifs, elle est souvent protégée afin d'assurer le maintien des situations juridiques individuelles malgré l'écoulement du temps. Ces aspects transparaissent dans le droit international des investissements à travers l'attente légitime de stabilité juridique. Cela étant, pour qu'une telle attente de stabilité juridique présente un caractère légitime, il faut qu'existe un engagement explicite ou implicite de l'État en ce sens et que les investisseurs se comportent d'une façon diligente et de bonne foi. Sur le plan substantiel, l’investisseur ne doit également pas s’attendre à ce que le droit ne change pas, car le droit est évolutif par nature. En revanche, il peut légitimement s’attendre à ce que les changements normatifs soient introduits de façon prévisible et non arbitraire. La violation de la stabilité juridique de la part de l'État engage sa responsabilité internationale. Au-delà de toutes ces considérations, la stabilité juridique fait face aujourd'hui à de nombreux bouleversements, le plus important semblant être son émergence en tant que principe coutumier de droit international
Discussions of legal stability involve the notions of change and permanence; therefore, legal stability cannot oppose legal change. If nothing changed, there would be no need to talk of stability, and one would simply speak of intangibility, immutability or even of the eternity of the law. Through stability we seek to ensure two important legal values: the development of law and the principle of legal security. Stability is a central aspiration of every law. In the field of objective law, stability is protected in order to prevent a surfeit of laws, disorder in the legislative process and to facilitate the application of laws over time. In the field of subjective rights, it often exists in order to maintain certain specific legal situations and rights in spite of the passage of time. These aspects are reflected in international investment law through the legitimate expectation of legal stability. This being the case, so that such an expectation of legal stability be considered legitimate, there must be an explicit or implicit commitment by the State in this direction and investors must act diligently and in good faith. On the substantive side, it is also necessary that the investor does not expect the law not to change given that law evolves with time. Nevertheless, the investor can legitimately expect that regulatory changes be introduced in a predictable and non-arbitrary manner. Violation of legal stability by the State incurs international liability. Beyond these considerations, today legal stability faces a lot of challenges; the most important of which seems to be its emergence as a customary principle of international law

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Pritchard, Eleanor Mary. "Albanian law and nation-building in northern Albania and Kosovo." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10190994-b043-46f4-8f6f-306c85570877.

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My thesis explores the roles in Albanian nation-building of the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjin, an early-twentieth century codification of northern-Albanian customary practices, and the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve, a late-twentieth century movement to conciliate blood feuds in Kosovo. To understand them, we need to know: what both were, in their own terms; their significance; and how they relate to other aspects of nation-building, and comparative examples. I draw on participant-observation fieldwork, archive work and extensive interviews. Nation-building is necessarily complicated and the Albanian case particularly so. The existence of an Albanian nation was contested by neighbouring peoples, and its characteristics, by Albanians themselves. In this complex context, the text of the Kanun, and the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve, give us good insights into Albanian understandings of the nation, and associated nation-building activities, at pivotal points in national history. While the nation-building projects of the region had many elements in common, prominent ideas of a ‘national’ legal tradition are a distinctive aspect of the Albanian case. Both the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjin and the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve need to be understood as aspects of nation-building. In the context of a crumbling Ottoman Empire, by presenting Albanian customary practices in the form of a legal code, the Albanian codifier made claims about the contents and the people from whom they came. The Kanun demonstrated the existence of a distinct people with a tradition of self-governance and mediation; and made significant contributions to the crucial process of language standardisation. In the context of the 1990s break-up of Yugoslavia, ideas of an Albanian legal tradition re-emerged in Kosovo, in the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve which presented intra-Albanian disputes as national concerns, and drew on traditional values and customary practices to effect conciliations. Subsequently, the Movement itself has become a national resource, through reference to which important ideas about the nation are expressed.

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Djoko, Noubissi Eunice. "Essai d'universalisation du principe d'égalité entre époux : analyse comparative à la lumière des droits français et camerounais." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010297.

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L'essai d'universalisation du principe d'égalité consiste à l'appréhender non dans un sens statique, mais plutôt, dans une logique dynamique. C'est l'ouverture du principe à une pluralité d'interprétations prenant en compte les besoins et aspirations de chaque société. Si cette démarche contribue ainsi à enrichir le concept, elle ne saurait justifier que ce principe soit complètement vidé de son contenu. C'est le véritable enjeu de cette analyse qui, sans doute imparfaitement, a tenté de trouver les voies et moyens permettant à la fois d'affirmer l'universalisation du principe d'égalité et la prise en compte des spécificités locales. L'égalité entre époux, parce qu'elle touche à l'idée qu'on se fait de la famille, rend la tâche plus ardue. Car la famille a une forte imprégnation dans les mœurs et les discussions y relatives sont rarement dénuées de passions et d'idéologies. A cela, il a fallu ajouter, de façon non moins négligeable, les considérations politiques, économiques, socioculturelles qui construisent un univers symbolique, et partant, déteignent sur l'interprétation in concreto du principe d'égalité entre époux. Une certitude doit être retenue : seuls des apports divers et variés pourraient donner tout son sens à l'universalité du principe d'égalité, qui à bien y voir, est une riche et belle conquête. Si des difficultés d'application du principe demeurent dans le contexte où il a vu le jour, celles-ci sont encore plus grandes lorsqu'est envisagée sa transposition dans d'autres ères géographiques. D'où la nécessaire prudence et l'exigence d'une certaine subtilité. Le charme du principe d'égalité résiderait peut-être dans le fait qu'il est en perpétuel mouvement
The attempt to universalize the principle of equality consists of analysing it none as static, but as a dynamic concept. It is its openness to a variety of interpretations taking into consideration the needs and aspirations of each society. If that approach contributes to enrich the concept, it wouldn't lead to empty its content. That is the main challenge of this study, which, probably imperfectly has tried to find means and ways, allowing both the affirmation of the universality of the principle of equality and taking into consideration local particularities. Equality between spouses, because it is grounded in the thinking behind the idea of family, makes the task difficult. Indeed, family has a profound anchorage in the mainstream thinking, and discussions around it are rarely conducted without passions and ideologies. To that, one should add that economic, political and sociocultural considerations which build up a symbolic world, and so affecting the interpretation in concreto of the principle of equality between spouses. One thing for should be kept in mind: only diverse and varied contributions could give all its meaning to the universality of the principle of equality, which to some extent, is a rich and beautiful conquest. Even if implementation difficulties of the principle remain to deal with, there are more important when its transposition is envisaged in other geographical areas. Thus, there is a necessity of prudence and the requirement of some subtility. The charm of the principle of equality could reside perhaps in the fact that it is in a constant evolution

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Wilson, Alex J. "Mothers’ Wealth: Matrilineality and Inheritance Among the Fantse of Ghana." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1305062532.

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Rhoda, Gary. "The decriminalisation of prostitution in South Africa : towards a legal framework." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7217_1308124588.

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This mini-thesis seeks to provide a substantiation for the need for a new legal framework for South Africa in order to address prostitution. It will argue that the current legal framework has failed in its desired aims and in addressing prostitution effectively. This mini-thesis critically analyses the underlying reasons for prostitution in South Africa and discovers that it is influenced by a myriad of interrelated factors. The current level of poverty and the prevailing socio-economic paradigm in South Africa have contributed to its complex nature. The demand for prostitution acts as a catalyst for both the further exploitation of prostitutes and women, while making them vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases. I establish that criminalisation alone is not sufficient to address prostitution, especially given the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

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Lamouroux, Guillaume. "Les subventions aux entreprises privées : contribution à l'analyse civile et fiscale de l'acte neutre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0018.

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Si les réflexions menées sur la notion de subvention foisonnent en droit public et en science financière, le droit privé fait preuve à son égard d’une certaine indifférence. Celle-ci est d’autant plus préjudiciable que le phénomène des subventions consenties aux et par les entreprises privées ne peut qu’imparfaitement être appréhendé à travers le prisme de l’analyse classique de ces matières, à savoir que la subvention est une aide financière accordée sans contrepartie par une personne publique. L’étude des subventions aux entreprises privées permet donc d’apprécier la pertinence de cette analyse classique et propose un renouvellement de la notion de subvention à un triple titre.Tout d’abord, à rebours de l’analyse de droit public, la subvention doit être qualifiée non pas d’acte unilatéral, mais de contrat unilatéral. Il ne faut pas, en effet, confondre l’expression du consentement de la personne morale, résultant d’un acte unilatéral, avec l’acte de subvention, ayant une nature contractuelle. Ensuite, la subvention n’est qu’une variété d’aide financière. Elle se caractérise par un transfert direct de valeurs du patrimoine de l’auteur de la subvention à celui de son bénéficiaire, les valeurs étant toujours affectées à la réalisation d’un but déterminé. Ces deux éléments sont essentiels, car ils permettent de distinguer la subvention d’autres aides aux entreprises (telles qu’un abandon de créance, un prêt ou une opération pour un prix minoré ou majoré) et de mettre en évidence que l’affectation de la subvention n’engage pas son bénéficiaire à l’exécution d’une obligation, mais plus justement au respect de cette finalité en raison de la force obligatoire du contrat. En cas de méconnaissance, l’entreprise subventionnée s’expose alors à la résolution du contrat pour inexécution, toute exécution forcée étant impossible au regard de l’atteinte qu’elle porterait à sa liberté de gestion. Enfin, la subvention n’est pas exactement une aide sans contrepartie, mais plutôt une aide sans contrepartie directe. Si son auteur recherche alors souvent une contrepartie indirecte de l’attribution de la subvention, il n’en retire parfois aucune. Cette alternative fait apparaître toute la spécificité de la subvention, puisqu’elle peut être consentie soit à titre gratuit soit à titre onéreux. En d’autres termes, la subvention est un acte neutre, d’où les nombreuses difficultés pratiques qu’elle suscite. Plus précisément, en tant que contrat neutre, la subvention ne trahit pas sa cause et il faut alors déterminer dans chaque cas si le but de son débiteur est intéressé ou désintéressé. Cette recherche est indispensable, car la subvention consentie à titre gratuit, notamment par une entreprise privée, entraîne une réaction du droit des sociétés – violation du principe de spécialité – du droit fiscal – acte anormal de gestion – et du droit pénal. La mise en évidence de telles limites à la liberté de subventionner les entreprises privées contribue alors à révéler l’identité civile et fiscale de l’acte neutre
While the notion of subsidy is widely discussed within public law and financial science, private law remains relatively indifferent to this subject. This is particularly detrimental given that the concept of subsidies for and by private companies can only be imperfectly assessed via the classical analysis of these subjects where a subsidy is viewed as an unconditioned financial support. Studying subsidies to private companies thus enables us to assess the appropriateness of this classical analysis and to suggest a renewed understanding of subsidies on three aspects.Firstly, unlike in public law, a subsidy must be viewed as a unilateral contract, not a unilateral act. It is important indeed not to confuse the expression of consent by a legal entity, which results from a unilateral act, with the act of granting a subsidy, which is contractual in nature. A subsidy is also just a type of financial support. It is characterized by a direct wealth transfer from the grantor of the subsidy to its beneficiary, valued on the achievement of a specific goal. These two elements are essential as they differentiate a subsidy from other types of private companies’ support mechanisms (such as debt relief, loans, underpriced or overpriced transactions) and show that being goal-oriented does not commit the beneficiary to realizing the stated objective, rather it is the binding nature of a contract that enforces this obligation. In case of non-compliance, the subsidized entity will be subject to the contract’s termination clauses for being in default of its contractual obligations, a forced contractual compliance being not possible as it remains a management decision. Finally, a subsidy is not exactly an unconditioned financial support, rather it is a support without direct obligations. If its grantor often aims to obtain a direct benefit against the issuance of a subsidy, it often obtains nothing. This alternative reflects the specificity of a subsidy as it can be given for free or not. In other words, a subsidy is a neutral act which explains its numerous practical difficulties. More precisely, as a neutral contract, a subsidy does not express a specific reason, in each case it must thus be assessed if the issuer has a vested interest in the granting of the said subsidy. This research is of great interest, as a subsidy granted for free, in particular by a private enterprise, has consequences in terms of company law – breach of the “specialty” principle – tax law – customary managerial decisions – and criminal law. Showing the limits of the freedom to subsidize private companies contributes to reveal the civil and tax identity of a neutral act

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Ekandzi, Nilce. "La protection des savoirs traditionnels médicinaux par le droit de la propriété intellectuelle dans l’espace OAPI." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020014.

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Les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux c’est-à-dire l’aspect de la médecine traditionnelle portant sur des connaissances relatives au médicament traditionnel à base de plantes, qui part de la collecte des végétaux jusqu’au produit final, constituent un élément important dans la réalisation de la couverture des besoins de santé publique. En Afrique, les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux contribuent selon l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) à hauteur de 80% des besoins de santé des populations. Les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux représentent une source d’informations notamment dans la perspective d’une éradication des maladies endémiques du continent africain. L’OMS, et l’Union africaine (UA) voient dans les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux une piste de recherche en vue du développement de nouveaux médicaments à des prix abordables. Leur importance est aussi constatée au niveau de l’industrie du médicament où ils représentent 30% de la recherche dans l’industrie pharmaceutique et l’essentiel des informations dans le secteur des phytomédicaments. Cette appétence pour les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux ainsi que la médiatisation des actes de biopiraterie, ont contribué à renforcer leur valeur (sur les plans scientifique, économique, social et politique) et à justifier la nécessité de les protéger. Cependant, contrairement à la tendance actuelle des pays africains, l’Organisation africaine de la propriété intellectuelle (OAPI), à travers son Accord de Bangui révisé, ne dispose pas de mécanismes de propriété intellectuelle permettant une protection satisfaisante des droits des détenteurs de savoirs traditionnels médicinaux (tradipraticiens, familles, communautés autochtones et locales). Face à ce qui s’apparente à un vide juridique, il convient de s’interroger sur le régime juridique à mettre en place. Autrement dit, quel système sui generis de protection des savoirs traditionnels médicinaux faut-il envisager pour les pays membres de l’OAPI? C’est à cette interrogation que la présente étude se propose d’apporter des éléments de réponses. L’objectif visé sera de démontrer, dans le cadre d’une démarche prospective prenant appui notamment sur les droits de l’homme, le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle, le droit civil, le droit de la biodiversité, et les lois nationales, en particulier, celles de la République du Congo (Brazzaville), qu’il est possible d’établir au sein de l’OAPI un régime juridique cohérent et adapté à même de répondre aux besoins et attentes des différents acteurs intervenant dans l’exploitation de ces créations intellectuelles
Traditional medical knowledge, which is the aspect of traditional medicine relating to the knowledge of plant-based therapy and which goes from collecting plants to issuing a finished product, is a key component for providing health care coverage for all. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medical knowledge contributes about 80% of primary health care in Africa. Traditional medical knowledge is perceived as a valuable source of information useful to eradicate African endemic diseases. The WHO and the African Union (AU) consider that traditional medical knowledge is a serious way for researchers to develop new and affordable drugs. Traditional medicinal knowledge is also important for the drug industry where it represents 30% of the researches made in the pharmaceutical sector and constitutes the main source of information in the herbal medicine sector. The drug industry’s increasing interest for traditional medical and the huge media coverage for biopiracy cases strengthened the (scientific, economic, social and politic) value of traditional medicinal knowledge and contribute to justify their protection. However contrary to the current trend in many African countries, it appears that the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) and the Bangui Agreement, does not provide any suitable legal protective mechanism for the intellectual property rights of the holders of traditional medical knowledge (traditional healers, families, indigenous and local communities).In view of the limits and weaknesses of the intellectual property mechanisms to provide an effective protection to traditional medicinal knowledge’s holders, it is quite legitimate to question the legal mechanism or system to implement. In other words, what type of sui generis protection OAPI members can enact to protect traditional medicinal knowledge? This is the question that the present study intends to answer. The aim is to demonstrate from a prospective approach with regards to human rights, international intellectual property law, civil law, biodiversity law, and national laws, in particular the ones of the Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), that it is possible to build a coherent and adapted legal regime

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Gadea, Elise. "Le pluralisme juridique à l'épreuve des pratiques communautaires en Bolivie. Politiques d’administration de la "justice indigène originaire paysanne"." Thesis, Paris 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA030005.

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Depuis plusieurs décennies en Amérique latine, les luttes des peuples indigènes pour faire accepter et reconnaître leurs cultures propres, se sont orientées vers des demandes politiques et juridiques. Le rôle des alliés politiques de ces peuples dans l’émergence de cette requête a été déterminant. Le cas de la Bolivie constitue un cas exemplaire des luttes indigènes, avec une proportion importante de sa population s’auto-identifiant à des groupes ethniques, ainsi qu’avec l’arrivée au pouvoir du « premier paysan indigène » du pays, Evo MORALES, en 2005. La Constitution Politique de l’État Plurinational de Bolivie approuvée en 2009, valorise les droits collectifs et culturels, promeut la reconnaissance des traditions et des savoir-faire indigènes, en particulier au niveau de l’application de la justice. Néanmoins, les préceptes constitutionnels promulgués en 2009 relatifs à la justice indigène originaire paysanne sont contredits par la Loi de « Deslinde » juridictionnelle, promulguée à peine un an plus tard. Ceux-ci annoncent une mise en pratique ambivalente et nébuleuse du système pluriel de justice.En absence de débat et de négociation sur les nouveaux standards de la justice plurielle, nous verrons en quoi les lynchages ont joué un rôle central dans la construction d’une nouvelle institution uniforme, opérée par les autorités dites « naturelles » des communautés indigènes, selon leurs us et coutumes ancestraux. L’observation ethnographique au sein de plusieurs communautés rurales andines nous a permis de nuancer cette conception ainsi que d’analyser les nombreux recours des indigènes auprès du Tribunal Constitutionnel Plurinational et des juges étatiques. L’inflation des conflits et l’enlisement des querelles entre les peuples indigènes originaires paysans prennent en étau les autorités communautaires (syndicales et originaires) entre les habitants qui déstabilisent leur rôle de médiateur et de l’autre le système de justice étatique qui exerce sur eux une pression croissante
Over the last few decades in Latin America the struggles of indigenous peoples for the acceptance and recognition of their own cultures have turned to political and legal demands. The role of political allies of these peoples in the emergence of these claims has been decisive.The example of Bolivia is an exemplary case of the struggles of native peoples because of the proportion of the national population belonging to ethnic groups and the rise to power of Evo MORALES. The Political Constitution of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, approved in 2009, values collective and cultural rights and promotes the recognition of indigenous traditions and knowledge, particularly in the application of justice. Nevertheless, the constitutional precepts promulgated in 2009 relating to native indigenous peasant justice are contradicted by the Jurisdictional "Deslinde" Law, promulgated barely a year later. As we will see this has led to an ambivalent and nebulous implementation of the plural justice system.In the absence of debate and negotiation on the new standards of plural justice, we will see how lynchings played a central role in the homogenizing construction of a new institution, operated by the native authorities of indigenous communities, according to their ancestral norms and customs.Ethnological observation in several rural Andean communities has enabled us to qualify this conception as well as to analyze the numerous petitions of indigenous people to the Plurinational Constitutional Court and state judges. The increase in conflicts, but also the impasse that ensues when these legal claims develop, creates a difficult situation for {indigenous and union] community authorities between, on the one hand, community members who destabilize their role as arbitrator and on the other, the state justice that exercises increasing pressure over them

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Forejtová, Tereza. "Systém benefitů pro zaměstnance společnosti Linde Gas a.s." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197258.

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Nowadays, employee benefit system is almost a must for all big companies. It is closely related with such areas as employee motivation and stimulation which are explained in details in the first chapter of the thesis. The following chapter is focused on employee benefits themselves taking into consideration legal and tax framework. After the theoretical introduction into the employee benefit problematic and related areas there is a case study of company Linde Gas a.s. The case study includes general overview about the company followed by the analysis of current employee benefit system. Final chapter suggests possible improvements for the employee benefit system of Linde Gas a.s.

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Söderlund, Erik. "Transnational Corporations and Human Rights : Assessing the position of TNCs within international human rights law, and the appropriateness of an international treaty on business and human rights." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-363144.

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Transnational corporations are playing an important role in the global economy of today. Many of these corporations have great economic resources and have the possibility of contributing to the development of societies in developing states. At the same time, in their search for profit, the activities of TNCs have proven fatal to some of the individuals employed by them, or otherwise in contact with their activities. Within the international legal framework, corporations are not traditionally treated as subjects and if a TNC allocates its production to a state with lax human rights protection, no binding international standards exist to regulate the conduct of the corporation. In my thesis I will assess the position of TNCs under the present core human rights instruments and soft law initiatives. I will also analyze a draft treaty text produced by the Intergovernmental Working Group on Business and Human Rights, released in July 2018, to reach a conclusion on whether such an instrument would affect the international legal status of TNCs and provide a more robust protection of international human rights.

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Changuir, Jana. "Podnikatelský záměr založení restauračního zařízení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222669.

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This diploma thesis deals with creation, improvement and application of the business plan. Theoretical observations will be found there as well as practical application of this theme. The thesis will describe establishment of Arabic restaurant in the centre of Brno and this business plan will be analyzed from all economical aspects

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Castor, Robin, and André Rosenqvist. "Anti Money Laundering – Förhindra eller undvika? : En studie om svenska AML-chefers inställning till penningtvättsregelverken." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104604.

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Författare: Robin Castor och André Rosenqvist Handledare: Elias Bengtsson Examinator: Andreas Jansson Titel: Anti Money Laundering – Förhindra eller undvika? – En studie om svenska AML-chefers inställning till penningtvättsregelverken. Sökord: AML, Anti-Money Laundering, Penningtvätt, Bankreglering, Compliance, KYC, Kundkännedom, Riskbedömning, Riskbaserat förhållningssätt, Rapportering, Resursallokering Bakgrund: Penningtvätt är ett växande problem som skadar samhället. För att hantera detta problem utfärdar EU kontinuerligt nya direktiv för medlemsländerna att implementera. Den aktör som hamnat mest i fokus är banker, där skandaler visat på brister i arbetet mot penningtvätt bland svenska banker. Regelverken ställer hårda krav samtidigt som ett riskbaserat förhållningssätt låter banker tolka och implementera arbetet olika. Genom att studera AML-chefers inställning till regelverken bidrar denna studie med en synvinkel som inte tidigare beaktats i Sverige. Syfte: Denna studie syftar att öka förståelsen kring attityder mot AML och dess regelverk inom svenska banker, om det skiljer sig mellan olika banker samt vad det kan innebära för alla berörda parter. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med abduktiv forskningsansats har genomförts. Studien har hämtat empiri genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem olika AML-chefer på den svenska bankmarknaden. Resultat/Slutsatser: Studiens resultat visar hur AML-chefer i Sverige har en kritisk syn på penningtvätts-regelverken. Regelverken upplevs ställa höga, men rimliga, krav på bankerna. Flera fördelar med det riskbaserade förhållningssättet lyfts upp, där riskbedömning och kundkännedom ger en god överblick av verksamheten i ett bolagsstyrnings-perspektiv. Regelverken låter bankerna stänga ute de kunder som inte vill samarbeta. Tyvärr kan dessa kunder gå vidare till nästa bank och fortsätta sitt misstänksamma beteende. Detta problem grundar sig i banksekretessen som gör det omöjligt för banker att dela information och samarbeta i arbetet mot penningtvätt. Studien visar därmed hur incitamenten bakom efterföljandet av regelverket till stor del bygger på rädslan av att skada bankens eget rykte eller ådra sig stora bötesbelopp. Fokus har skiftat från att faktiskt försöka stoppa penningtvätt, till att endast undvika att själv bli utsatt för penningtvätt.
Authors: Robin Castor and André Rosenqvist Supervisor: Elias Bengtsson Examiner: Andreas Jansson Title: Anti Money Laundering - Prevent or Avoid? A study of attitudes towards money laundering regulations among Swedish AML-managers. Keywords: AML, Anti-money laundering, Money laundering, Banking regulation, Compliance, KYC, Know your customer, Risk assessment, Risk-based approach, Legal reporting, Resource allocation Background: Money laundering is a growing problem that harms society. To address this issue, the EU is continuously issuing new directives for member states to implement. The banking sector has come to be the most affected industry, where scandals have shown deficiency in the work against money laundering among Swedish banks. These regulations set strict requirements at the same time as the risk- based approach allows banks to interpret and implement the regulations in various degrees. By studying how Swedish AML-managers experience these regulations, this study contributes with a point of view that has not been considered in Sweden previously. Purpose: This study aims to increase the understanding of attitudes and experience towards AML and its regulations within Swedish banks, if it differs between banks and what it could signify for involved parties. Method: A qualitative study with an abductive research approach has been conducted. The study has gained empirical data through semi-structured interviews with five different AML managers in the Swedish banking market. Results/Conclusions: The results of the study show how AML managers in Sweden have a critical view of the money laundering regulations. The regulations are perceived to put high, but appropriate, requirements in the banks. Various advantages of the risk-based approach are highlighted, where risk assessment and customer awareness (KYC) provide a good overview of the business from a corporate governance perspective. The regulations allow banks to end their business relationship with customers who do not want to cooperate. Unfortunately, these customers are able continue their suspicious behavior throughout different banks. This problem is based on the bank secrecy, which makes it impossible for banks to share information and cooperate in the work against money laundering. The study shows how the incentives behind compliance with the regulations are largely based on the fear of damaging reputation or receiving heavy fines. The focus has shifted from actually trying to stop money laundering, to only avoiding being subjected to money laundering themselves.

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Jedličková, Lucie. "Uplatnění marketingu v sektoru služeb." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264837.

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This diploma work deals with marketing utilization in service sektor, concrete in legal profession. The objective was to make analysis of marketing assertion in legal office. On the basis of suitable methods was followed and evaluated actual posture of marketing literacy in legal office. Result of practical analyses was definition of barriers, handicaps, reserves and opportunities at marketing utilization in legal office. Theoretical part features information about marketing in service sektor, shows in legal profession domain and gets acquainted with used methods. Practical part analyses contemporary state in legal office. By means of suitable methods is drafted the measure, how to eliminate barriers, handicaps and reserves and to take advantage of opportunities.

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37

Pesklevits, Richard Dale. "Customary law, the Crown and the common law : ancient legal islands in the post-colonial stream." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12160.

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This thesis is a cross-disciplinary study of legal history and customary law. Respect for, and accommodation of local customary law has been a constant and integral feature of law in Britain since Anglo-Saxon times. It guided the emergence of the common law, and continues as a rule of law to the present day. Such respect and accommodation was an essential principle that permitted the peaceful consolidation of the British realms from its constituent parts. Continuity of law is a legal presumption whether territories have been added by conquest, cession or annexation. The principle respect for local legal custom was one of two schools of thought carried to Britain's overseas colonies; the other was a theory that local customary law could be extinguished by non-recognition on the part of the British sovereign or his/her delegates. Nevertheless, customary laws and institutions were explicitly and implicitly recognized in the colonial period. The doctrine has modern application with respect to the customary law ways of indigenous peoples wherever the common law has been extended overseas. Rights under customary law are distinguished from Aboriginal rights, though there is some overlap between the two. Customary law can only be extinguished by an express statute, or by clearly unavoidable implication. Legal customs are not invalid merely for being contrary to the common law. Common law defers to valid customary law as a matter of constitutional common law. But the common law provides tests by which courts can identify valid legal custom. Where a valid, unextinguished legal custom is found, courts are bound by the common law to apply it. Where customary law can be identified, it binds the servants and agents of the Crown, except when it is inconsistent with Crown sovereignty itself.

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"The legal transformations in twelfth-century England: from customary law to common law." 1999. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889923.

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Lee Wai Kim.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-162).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.I-V
Introduction --- p.1-9
Chapter Chapter I: --- The Structure of Land Tenure in English Customary Law: The Origins of the Common Law Property --- p.10-52
Chapter Chapter II: --- The Institutional Foundations of English Law: The Administration of Justice under Henry I --- p.53-95
Chapter Chapter III: --- The Royal Jurisdiction and the Transformation of Legal Procedure from Leges Henrici Primi to Glanvill --- p.96-142
Conclusion --- p.143-153
Bibliography --- p.154-162

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39

Claridge, Emma. "Marrying Lon Fuller to Customary International Law: Is Customary International Law a form of Law? : An exploration focusing on the status and desirability of Customary International Law with a focus on Lon Fuller's legal principles." Thesis, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201126.

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40

Ross, Derrick Bernard. "The constitution, hermeneutics and adjudication : point of departure for substantive legal argument." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17636.

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The Constitution stipulates that its value-commitments are to inform the interpretation of statutes and the development of the common law and customary law. Legislative construction and law-application generally are therefore to be perceived as involving an axiological dimension. Three hermeneutical traditions are dealt with to the end of clarifying the approaches to be adopted in everyday legal• argumentation. The study culminates in the adduction of leads for substantive !juridical argument in the process of statutory interpretation and in handling common-law and customary-law sources. These leads are shown to be functional byi way of a critical discussion of recent case law and a conspectus of contemporary t~ought bearing on the nature of customary law. The social dimension of the legal process is throughout underscored as a factor of significance. Concomitantly, it is rcigistered that the jurisprudence of formalism, so marked an attitude of a previous time, should be abjured to the extent that it is disdainful of value-commitment. Conformably, literalist and literalist-cumintentionalist perceptions as well as kindred stances are berated. The penultimate chapter of this thesis suggests an encompassing approach to the interpretation of statutes, comprised of a systematic tabulation of insights previously garnered. The fmal chapter postulates that common law and customary law are not to be dealt with upon an interchangeable basis, inasmuch as the sources go out from radically divergent premises. It then proceeds to elaborate a conceptual framework for dealing respectively with each of these sources.
Law
LL.D.

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41

Schwier, Ryan T. "“ACCORDING TO THE CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY”: INDIAN MARRIAGE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, AND LEGAL TESTIMONY IN THE JURISDICTIONAL FORMATION OF INDIANA SETTLER SOCIETY, 1717-1897." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2723.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
This study examines the history of Indian-settler legal relations in Indiana, from the state’s pre-territorial period to the late-nineteenth century. Through a variety of interdisciplinary sources and methods, the author constructs a broad narrative on the evolution and co-existence of Native and non-Native customary legal systems in the region, focusing on matters related to marriage, property rights, and testimony. The primary thesis—which emphasizes reciprocally formative relations, rather than persistent conflict—suggests that Indiana’s pre-modern legal past involved an ad hoc yet highly effective process of cultural brokerage, reciprocity and inter-personal accommodation. That the American Indians lost much of their self-governing status following the period of contact is clear; however, a closer look at the ways in which nations historically defined, exercised, asserted, and shared jurisdiction, reveals a more intricate story of influence, authority, and concession. During the French and British colonial and American territorial periods, settler society adjusted to and often accommodated Native concepts of law and justice. Through a complex order of social obligations and community-based enforcement mechanisms, a shared set of rules and jurisdictional practices merged, forming a hybrid system of Indian-settler norms that bound these individuals across the cultural divide. When Indiana entered the Union in 1816, legal pluralism defined jurisdictional practice. However, with the nineteenth-century rise of legal positivism—the idea of law as the sole command of the nation-state, a sovereign entity vested with exclusive authority—territorial jurisdiction and legal uniformity became guiding principles. Many jurists viewed the informal, pre-existing custom-based regulatory structures with contempt. With the shift to a state-centered legal order, lawmakers established strict standards for recognizing the law of the “other,” ultimately rejecting the status of the tribes as equal sovereigns and forcing them to concede jurisdiction to the settler polity.

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De, Wet Johanna Gertruida Susanna. "Die erkenning van gewoontereg ten opsigte van Swartes." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14176.

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Ramatsekisa, Tsietsi Given. "Harmonizing customary law and human rights law in South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/332.

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44

Quansah, E. K. "Determining matrimonial property rights on divorce : an appraisal of the legal regimes in Botswana." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15840.

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The bulk of the matrimonial property regimes operating in Botswana were inherited from the country's colonial past. Since independence there ha'> not been any realistic attempt to reform them. The thesis set out to appraisal the legal regimes governing the determination of matrimonial property on divorce to ascertain their efficacy in realising the legitimate aspiration of married couples. Comparisons were made with similar countries to determine how these have tackled problems relating to determination of matrimonial property on divorce. The study found that where there is a dispute about matrimonial property in marriages out of community, the courts have no discretion to readjust the rights of the parties. This situation adversely affect nonworking wives who spent most of their time looking after their husbands and children without being able to acquire capital assets. Recognition is not given to such domestic contribution to the welfare of the family. It was also found that the exercise of the marital power by husbands of marriages in community of property deprives wives of those marriages the right to administer the joint estate. The patriarchal nature of customary law, which governs the majority of disputes about matrimonial property, discriminates against women. Consequently, the following, inter alia, are suggested as reform measures. (a) The courts should be g1ven a wide discretionary power, circumscribed by statutory guidelines, to reallocate matrimonial property on divorce irrespective of the matrimonial property regime that governs the marriage. TI1e underlying principle should be equality of sharing but this may be departed from where the circumstances of the particular case warrant it (b) A spouse's domestic contribution towards the welfare of the family should be recognised. (c) The marital power of husbands should be abolished. (d) The provisions of the Matrimonial Causes Act should be made applicable to customary marriages.
Private Law
LL.D.

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45

Walkem, Ardith Alison. "Bringing water to the land : re-cognize-ing indigenous oral traditions and the laws embodied within them." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16800.

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This is a study of whether, in the introduction of Indigenous oral traditions as evidence in court, they are being in the complex cultural interplay that occurs in courts, and whether, given the central role of oral traditions in Indigenous cultures, the nature of Indigenous Peoples are being transformed in the process when their rights are adjudicated before the courts. Chapter 2 discusses the ways that the Supreme Court of Canada has defined s. 3 5 Aboriginal Title, Rights and Treaty Rights (as unlimited or lawless and therefore a danger to general public interests; assimilated into Canadian sovereignty; removing the source of these rights from the land in their legal definition; and, removing Indigenous laws from their definition). Chapter 3 examines the role that history has played in the legal interpretation of oral traditions, and argues that a primarily historical consideration obscures the alive, legal, and dynamic elements of oral traditions. Chapter 4 discusses the ways in which a methodology of suspicion has operated to reduce and diminish Indigenous oral traditions when they are introduced as evidence in court (rating them as faulty, light weight historic evidence while obscuring their legal content) through a survey of cases that have considered oral traditions at the trial level. Chapter 5 explores the devaluation of the Indigenous laws contained in oral traditions through an acceptance of the common sense assumption that Canadian conservation and safety laws are both rational and necessary. Chapter 6 argues that recognition (or denial) of Indigenous laws is politically contingent, and that despite limited legal recognition (in cases such as Delgamuukw v. B.C. and R. v. Van der Peef), these laws have yet to flow back onto the land, and are yet to be invigorated in Canadian law. There remains a lack of recognition of the legal content of oral traditions, and Indigenous jurisprudences risk being subsumed and transformed when they are introduced as evidence in Canadian courts.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

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46

Yang, Jeng-Long, and 楊政農. "During the retrocession of Taiwan , The impact of the customary on family property inheritance against the legal acceptance of the land registration system." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02292118560885285463.

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47

Museke, Vicent. "The role of customary courts in the delivery of justice in South Sudan." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19905.

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This study examines the role of customary courts in the delivery of justice in South Sudan. In doing so, it analyses the legal background, the hierarchy and composition of the customary courts. The considerations behind the constitutional recognition of the customary law courts in the current constitutional dispensation and the jurisdiction of customary courts are limited to customary matters and only criminal cases with a customary interface. It is noted that the customary Judges do not only exercise judicial functions but also play executive and legislative functions which contravene the constitutional principle of separation of powers. Reconciliation and compensation are noted as the major principles applied in the customary law courts. The major concern is that most practices in the customary law courts violate fundamental human rights.
Public, Constitutional and International Law
LLM

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48

Rammutla, Chuene William Thabisha. "The "official" version of customary law vis-a-vis the "living" Hananwa family law." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10614.

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The study sought to determine, first, what the rules of the Hananwa family law were and, second, whether those rules were compatible with the Constitution. First, it documented the rules of the official family law. The problem that the study countenanced is that customary law is "corrupted, inauthentic and lacking authority".1 Second, it established and documented the rules of the Hananwa family law. The problem that the study countenanced in respect of Hananwa law was that it was difficult to ascertain the content of the rules of the "living" Hananwa law in order to determine their compatibility with the provisions of the Bill of Rights. Moreover, the traditional Hananwa community is inegalitarian and patriarchal. Section 9 of the Constitution provides that everyone is equal before the law and enjoys equal and full protection and benefit of the law. The study found that the Hananwas still observe their system of customary law. However, there are visible changes. For instance, nowadays the spousal consent is a validity requirement for all customary marriages. A parent or legal guardian must consent to a customary marriage of a minor. The individual spouses, not their families, are parties to their own customary marriages. African women enjoy equal status. This development is consistent with section 9 of the Constitution read with section 6 of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998. According to the Constitutional Court, in MM v MN and Another 2013 4 SA 415 (CC), the first wife must consent to her husband's customary marriage to another woman in addition to her customary marriage to him. However, some rules of the Hananwa law do not comply with the provisions of the Bill of Rights. For instance, according to the Hananwa law, extramarital children do not enjoy equal inheritance rights and maintenance rights yet. This discrimination is inconsistent with the constitutional right to equality and the provisions of the Reform of Customary Laws of Succession and Regulations of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009.The Constitution puts common law and customary law on a par. However, the courts have often replaced customary law dispute resolution rules with the common law rules. For instance, the Constitutional Court in Bhe and Others v Magistrate, Khayelitsha and Others; Shibi v Sithole and South African Human Rights Commission and Another v President of the Republic of South Africa and Another 2005 1 SA 580 (CC) and the High Court in Maluleke v Minister of Home Affairs 2008 JDR 0426 (W) substituted the rules of common law for those of customary law in order to resolve customary law disputes. The legislature could not be outdone. A meticulous study of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 and the Reform of Customary Laws of Succession and Regulations of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009 reveals that their provisions almost appropriately reflect the common law marriage and intestate succession rules respectively. The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act has, furthermore, adopted the provisions of the Divorce Act of 1979. Section 28 of the Constitution read with the Children's Act 38 of 2005 has generally substituted the fundamental human rights for the unequal rights provided by the customary law of parent and child. The Maintenance Act 99 of 1998 has substituted the communal form of maintenance under customary law.
Public, Constitutional, & International Law
LLD (International and Constitutional Law)

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49

Dercksen, Elsje Jacoba Johanna. "De Facto huwelike :." Diss., 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17997.

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Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English
Die regsposisie van die deelgenote tot 'n de facto huwelik word krities ondersoek met inagneming van die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse regsposisie, oorsigtelike regsvergelyking, die morele argument, en die invloed van die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika. Die verskillende vorme van de facto huwelike in sy bree interpretasie word in oenskou geneem en die volgende verbindings word bespreek: saamwoonverhoudings; inheemsregtelike huwelike; huwelike voortspruitend uit godsdienstige tradisies; en homoseksuele huwelike. Dit word gevind dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regsposisie tans baie onbevredigend is. Sekere voorstelle vir wysigings word aan die hand gedoen, en daar word gewys op die unieke kenmerke van die Suid-Afrikaanse situasie wat in ag geneem moet word in die vorming van 'n nuwe benadering. Dit word bepleit dat die regslui die uitdaging moet aangryp en met innoverende denke 'n nuwe bestel vir die Suid-Afrikaanse reg moet skep wat buigbaar en soepel is, maar terselfdertyd regsekerheid bevorder.
The legal status of the parties to a de facto marriage is investigated, taking into consideration the present South African position, legal comparison, the moral argument, and the influence of the Constitution of South Africa. The different forms of the de facto marriage in its wide interpretation are reviewed and the following relationships are discussed: cohabitation relationships; customary marriages; marriages resulting from religious traditions; and homosexual relationships. It is found that the present South African legal position is very unsatisfactory. Several suggestions for amendments are made, and the unique characteristics of the South African situation to be taken into consideration in forming a new approach, are highlighted. It is pleaded that the legal profession accept the challenge to create, with innovation, a new system for South African law which will be flexible, but, will at the same time ensure certainty in law.
Private Law
LL. M.

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50

Dercksen, Elsje Jacoba Johanna, and J. Heaton. "De Facto huwelike :." Diss., 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17997.

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Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English
Die regsposisie van die deelgenote tot 'n de facto huwelik word krities ondersoek met inagneming van die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse regsposisie, oorsigtelike regsvergelyking, die morele argument, en die invloed van die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika. Die verskillende vorme van de facto huwelike in sy bree interpretasie word in oenskou geneem en die volgende verbindings word bespreek: saamwoonverhoudings; inheemsregtelike huwelike; huwelike voortspruitend uit godsdienstige tradisies; en homoseksuele huwelike. Dit word gevind dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regsposisie tans baie onbevredigend is. Sekere voorstelle vir wysigings word aan die hand gedoen, en daar word gewys op die unieke kenmerke van die Suid-Afrikaanse situasie wat in ag geneem moet word in die vorming van 'n nuwe benadering. Dit word bepleit dat die regslui die uitdaging moet aangryp en met innoverende denke 'n nuwe bestel vir die Suid-Afrikaanse reg moet skep wat buigbaar en soepel is, maar terselfdertyd regsekerheid bevorder.
The legal status of the parties to a de facto marriage is investigated, taking into consideration the present South African position, legal comparison, the moral argument, and the influence of the Constitution of South Africa. The different forms of the de facto marriage in its wide interpretation are reviewed and the following relationships are discussed: cohabitation relationships; customary marriages; marriages resulting from religious traditions; and homosexual relationships. It is found that the present South African legal position is very unsatisfactory. Several suggestions for amendments are made, and the unique characteristics of the South African situation to be taken into consideration in forming a new approach, are highlighted. It is pleaded that the legal profession accept the challenge to create, with innovation, a new system for South African law which will be flexible, but, will at the same time ensure certainty in law.
Private Law
LL. M.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Legal and customary'

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