Relevant bibliographies by topics / Leg Fractures

Academic literature on the topic 'Leg Fractures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Leg Fractures"

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Flinck, Marianne, Johan von Heideken, Ylva Aurell, and Jacques Riad. "Leg length discrepancy after skeletal maturity in patients treated with elastic intramedullary nails after femoral shaft fractures in childhood." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 16, no. 4 (August 2022): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/18632521221106388.

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Purpose: The purpose was to study radiographic and perceived leg length discrepancy after skeletal maturity in patients treated for femoral shaft fractures with elastic stable intramedullary nails in childhood. Methods: Thirty-five adults underwent standing radiographs and answered a questionnaire regarding perception of leg length discrepancy. Demographic data, fracture characteristics, angulation, stability of fixation, and callus formation, at time of fracture, were assessed. Results: Mean age at fracture was 10.2 (4.9–16.7) years, and mean follow-up time was 11.1 (3.8–16.8) years. In 8 of 35 participants, the fractured limb was 11–15 mm longer than the non-fractured, and in 16, 1–10 mm longer. In eight participants, the fractured limb was 1–10 mm shorter than the non-fractured, and in three participants, 12–23 mm shorter. The younger the child, the greater the lengthening (Rs = −0.49, p = 0.003). The greater the femoral angulation at time of fracture, the greater the shortening (Rs = 0.42, p = 0.013). There was no significant correlation between stability of fixation or callus formation 1 month postoperatively and radiographic leg length discrepancy after skeletal maturity. Fourteen (40%) had perception of leg length discrepancy at follow-up, of whom eight had a radiographic leg length discrepancy of 10–24 mm. Conclusion: Treatment with elastic stable intramedullary nail of femoral shaft fracture in childhood may result in radiographic leg length discrepancy. Younger children were more prone to lengthening and should possibly be assessed before skeletal maturity. The degree of fracture stability or callus formation at the time of fracture did not significantly affect leg length discrepancy. Perception of leg length discrepancy was not necessarily associated with a radiographic leg length discrepancy (≥10 mm). Level of evidence: level IV, case series.
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Bottai, Vanna, Gabriele Gariffo, Edoardo Ipponi, Roberta Cifali, Nicola Mondanelli, and Stefano Giannotti. "Use of teriparatide in preventing delayed bone healing in complex biosseous leg fracture: a case report." International Journal of Bone Fragility 1, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.57582/ijbf.210101.014.

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Fracture nonunion is one of the greatest challenges for orthopedic surgeons. We present the case of a young man with a complex open biosseous fracture of the leg who underwent surgery and early systemic pharmacological treatment with teriparatide. Teriparatide is widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis as its anabolic effects promote the deposition of new bone tissue. Associated tibia and fibula fractures have relatively high rates of nonunion and poor long-term outcomes. In this particular case, the fracture had further negative prognostic factors, such as exposure. Two months after the trauma, the radiological healing signs were insufficient, therefore it was decided to use teriparatide, prior to the possible onset of pseudarthrosis, in order to enhance bone healing and promote adequate callus formation. Complete healing of the fracture was achieved after 99 days of treatment. The authors believe that the use of pharmacological aids may be desirable, especially in the presence of risk factors such as complex and open fractures that could seriously slow down the natural regenerative processes of the fractured bone. In this scenario, teriparatide could have an important role in preventing delayed consolidation and improving the healing of nonunion fractures.
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Stojiljkovic, Predrag, Milan Jovanovic, Ivan Golubovic, Zoran Radovanovic, Goran Stevanovic, Ivana Golubovic, Dusan Djordjevic, Aleksandar Mitic, Svetlana Milijic, and Zoran Golubovic. "Surgical treatment of the lower leg open fracture with lesions of the main blood vessels. A case report." Vojnosanitetski pregled 75, no. 4 (2018): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp160613343s.

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Introduction. Open fractures of the lower leg degree IIIC by Gustilo belong to the most serious open fractures of the lower leg segment.These fractures are, along with the main blood vessels damage, often followed by a severe soft-tissue damage of the lower leg. Case report. Patient 20 years old, sustained a severe open fracture of the left lower leg in a car accident, with the disruption of the continuity of the main left lower leg arteries. After clinical examination and radiography (X-ray) diagnosis, the primary treatment of the open fracture fragment wound, reposition of the left lower leg and stabilization of the open fractures by the external skeletal fixator were performed. In the postoperative period, there was a manifestation of acute ischemia of the left foot. Arteriography verified discontinuity of all three crural arteries at the level of the fracture line. The patient was immediately surgically treated. Revascularization of the extremities was performed by reconstruction of the anterior tibial artery by 15 centimeters long saphenous graft interposition with creation of distal anastomosis at the level of the dorsal artery of the foot. Large soft tissue defect and reconstructed vessels were covered with transpositional fasciocutaneous flap. The postoperative course was accompanied by proper graft flow. Control X-ray examination verified fracture of the distal pin of external skeletal fixator with the healing of fractures of the tibia with angular deformity. The external fixator was removed, except for the residual part of the pin in the distal part of the lower leg. During the control examination after completion of the treatment, the patient walked without mobility aid. Conclusion. External skeletal fracture fixation, damaged blood vessels reconstruction and early covering of the soft-tissue shin defect are basic elements in saving the injured limb. The long term goal of treatment of open lower leg fractures with an injury of the main blood vessels is to allow patients return to usual daily activities and professional work.
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Marks, Ray. "LEG STRENGTH AND HIP FRACTURE MORBIDITY — RESULTS OF 4 SEPARATE CASE STUDIES." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 09, no. 04 (December 2005): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957705001618.

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The purpose is to examine the importance of ipsilateral leg strength in mediating hip fracture disability. Leg strength measures were recorded and analyzed for 4 separate data sets: (1) 35 patients hospitalized for acute hip fractures; (2) 72 hip replacement surgical candidates with prior hip fracture histories; (3) 30 hip fracture patients followed prospectively for six months after hospital discharge; (4) 23 hip fracture cases interviewed two years after hospital discharge. (1) 78% of patients with acute hip fracture exhibited leg weakness on the injured side, and 41% exhibited knee extensor muscle weakness on the injured side; (2) 79% of patients readmitted for hip surgery, had deficient muscle power of the previously fractured leg and 33% had specific evidence of knee extensor weakness; (3) Interlimb knee extensor strength differentials greater than 10%, more commonly due to strength deficits on the injured side than the uninjured side, were present in 80% of cases examined six months post surgery, and affected walking speed. (4) knee extensor strength of the affected leg predicted the subject's walking speed, as did leg strength two years post surgery. The conclusion is that knee extensor strength deficits of the affected leg are common features of hip fracture patients, and may contribute to, or perpetuate, functional disability.
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Heaslet, Michael W., and Sneh L. Kanda-Mehtani. "Return-to-Activity Levels in 96 Athletes with Stress Fractures of the Foot, Ankle, and Leg." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 97, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0970081.

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Stress fractures of the foot and ankle are common in the athletic population. Because this population is especially eager to return to activity, such fractures can be challenging to treat. If the biomechanical faults are not addressed or gradual return to activity is not monitored appropriately, fractures occasionally recur. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 96 athletes who presented to a podiatric sports medicine practice over the course of 10 years with stress fractures confirmed by radiograph or bone scan. The most common type of fracture sustained by this population was tibial stress fracture, followed by second metatarsal fracture. Marathon training was the most common pre-injury activity overall, although fitness walking was the most common activity among those with metatarsal fractures. This study relates the most common types of stress fractures of the foot, ankle, and leg to certain athletic activities and correlates duration of symptoms before presentation with return-to-activity time. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 97(1): 81–84, 2007)
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Golubovic, Ivan, Branko Ristic, Predrag Stojiljkovic, Milan Ciric, Ivana Golubovic, Zoran Radovanovic, Sladjana Petrovic, Nina Djordjevic, Zoran Golubovic, and Stevo Najman. "Results of open tibial fracture treatment using external fixation." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 144, no. 5-6 (2016): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1606293g.

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Introduction. Open lower leg fractures are the most common open fractures of the locomotor system and their treatment is associated with a number of complications. Objective. The aim of the paper was to present the results of the treatment of 68 patients with open lower leg fractures, as well as the complications that accompany the treatment of these fractures. Methods. In the analyzed group, there were 45 (66.18%) men and 23 (33.82%) women. The majority of patients - 33 (48.53%) of them - were injured in motor vehicle accidents, whereas 24 (35.29%) patients sustained injuries due to falls from heights. In two (2.94%) patients the cause of open tibial fractures was gunshot injuries. In the analyzed group, there were 18 (26.47%) type I open fractures, 21 (30.88%) type II open fractures, 19 (27.94%) type IIIA open fractures, seven (10.29%) type IIIB open fractures, and three (4.41%) type IIIC open fractures. Results. The tibial shaft fracture healed without serious complications in 50 (73.53%) patients, whereas in 18 (26.47%) patients we observed some complications. Nonunion was found in 10 (14.71%) patients, osteitis in four (5.88), malunion in two (2.94%) patients. Milder complications such as soft tissue pin tract infection developed in 13 (19.12%) patients, infection of the open fracture wound soft tissue was observed in four (5.88%) patients. Conclusion. Basic principles in the treatment of open lower leg fractures in this study are thorough primary open fracture wound treatment followed by the delayed wound closure, stable fracture fixation using unilateral external skeletal device, proper antibiotic treatment and tetanus prophylaxis. The results correlate with similar studies.
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Davydkin, V. I., I. Yu Ippolitov, A. I. Kistkin, and S. A. Charyshkin. "CLINICAL RESULTS OF TREATING PATIENTS WITH COMPOUND LOWER LEG FRACTURES." Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/2227-1848-2021-1-92-97.

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Management of patients with open diaphyseal fractures of the lower leg remains an urgent problem in traumatology and orthopedics. The aim of the study is to improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with open lower leg injuries by means of disease management. Materials and methods. The study under consideration was both retrospective and prospective. It included 67 patients with open lower leg injuries. The patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the fracture type and treatment modality. Results. The two-stage modality of surgical treatment of open lower leg fractures (types 1 and 2) made it possible to significantly shorten the time frame compared to the period of treatment in patients with open lower leg fractures with installation of the external fixator. Active surgical modelling of the open diaphyseal fractures of the lower leg reduced the purulent complications from 60 % to 11 %. Conclusion. In the case of an open lower leg fracture (type 1) blocking internal fixation is desirable, whereas in the case of open lower leg fractures (types 2, 3A and 3B) external fixation is preferable. In patients with open injuries (types 2 and 3A) two-stage fixation of bone fragments using external fixation with subsequent transition to internal one can be suggested. Keywords: intramedullary rod, non-union, Ilizarov apparatus. Ведение больных с открытыми диафизарными переломами костей голени остается актуальной проблемой травматологии и ортопедии. Цель работы – улучшение результатов хирургического лечения пациентов с открытыми повреждениями голени путем оптимизации лечебной тактики. Материалы и методы. Исследование ретроспективное и проспективное. В работу включены 67 больных с открытыми повреждениями костей голени. Пациенты были разделены на 3 группы в зависимости от типа перелома и способа лечения. Результаты. Двухэтапная тактика оперативного лечения открытых переломов костей голени I и II типов позволила значительно сократить сроки лечения по сравнению со сроками лечения больных, у которых сращение открытого перелома костей голени протекало в стержневом аппарате наружной фиксации. Активная хирургическая тактика в отношении открытых переломов диафиза костей голени позволила сократить процент гнойных осложнений с 60 до 11. Выводы. При открытом повреждении голени I типа оптимальным является применение блокирующего интрамедуллярного остеосинтеза, а при открытых переломах II, III А и III B типов – стержневого аппарата наружной фиксации. У пациентов с открытыми повреждениями II и III А типов показана двухэтапная фиксация костных отломков с применением стержневых аппаратов наружной фиксации с последующим переходом на интрамедуллярный штифт. Ключевые слова: интрамедуллярный штифт, несращение, аппарат Илизарова.
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Netz, P., E. Olsson, H. Ringertz, and A. Starke. "Functional restitution after lower leg fractures." Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 110, no. 5 (1991): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00572879.

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Golubović, Zoran, Predrag Stoiljković, Ivan Golubović, Milan Pejčić, Milan Lazarević, Mihailo Ille, Ivana Golubović, Ivan Milošević, Nebojša Mitić, and Dejan Tabakavić. "Complications in the treatment of Segmental tibial fractures." Timocki medicinski glasnik 46, no. 3 (2021): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tmg2103132g.

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Segmental tibial fractures belong to the group of the most severe fractures of the locomotor system. They are most common in polytraumatized patients. Treatment of segmental tibial fractures can be conservative or operative. Treatment of segmental tibial fractures is accompanied by a number of complications, such as delayed healing, dislocation of fragments in one or the other fracture point, healing of fractures in poor position, non-healing of fractures, aseptic and septic pseudoarthrosis, infection around fixator wedges, wound infection of open segmental tibial fracture, iatrogenic infection, osteomyelitis, and limb amputation. The paper presents a female patient with a severe segmental tibial fracture on two levels, who was treated with external skeletal fixation. Without opening the fracture point, repositioning was performed in the proximal and distal part and the fractures were stabilized with an external skeletal fixator. After the operation, the patient was activated with underarm crutches with relief support on the injured leg. For the purpose of stimulating fracture healing, low molecular weight heparin, Fraxiparine (to prevent thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism) and Forticolinn were prescribed. After the fracture healed, the external skeletal fixator was removed and the patient returned to her working and living activities. At the follow-up examination five years after the segmental tibial fracture, the patient had a stable and firm support on the injured leg.
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Gorodnichenko, A. I., and O. N. Uskov. "Treatment of comminuted fractures of the bones of the lower leg with rod and pincer apparatus." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 7, no. 4 (March 17, 2022): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto104409.

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From 1997 to 1999 thirty eight patients with splintered and polyfocal crus fractures (9 patients had open fractures) were treated by transosseous osteosynthesis using rod or pin-rod devices. Splintered diaphyseal fractures were of В and C groups according to AO/ASIF classification but peri- and intraarticular fractures were of A2,3 and C groups. In fractures with large intermediate fragments an universal reposition device with floating fixators of rods was applied. In cases of peri- and intraarticular fractures as well as in fractures with small intermediate fragments Gorodnichenkos pin-rod device was used. The device provided stable fixation and patients with diaphyseal crus fractures were allowed full weight bearing from 3-5 postoperative day. The operative intervention is a low traumatic one that promotes early postoperative mobilization of patients, decreases the term of hospital treatment (mean 8.9 days). Fracture healing was achieved in all patients, no complications such as the imfiammation of soft tissues surrounding pins or rods were observed. The fixation was 12-18 weeks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Leg Fractures"

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Crowell, Harrison Philip. "Gait retraining for the reduction of lower extremity loading." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 142 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1694575271&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Mukka, Sebastian. "Aspects on treatment of femoral neck fractures : studies on treatment methods, surgical approach and external validity." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Ortopedi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-108269.

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Femoral neck fracture (FNF) is a great challenge for today´s health care and is associated with high mortality and morbidity in the elderly.  In the short term several studies in the literature have demonstrated improved hip function, quality of life and fewer re-operations in elderly patients treated with total hip arthroplasty (THA) instead of internal fixation (IF). There are few reports on the long-term outcome comparing IF and THA. The vast majority of orthopaedic departments in Sweden use the direct lateral (DL) or posteriolateral (PL) approaches for hip arthroplasty. The PL approach has been linked to an increased risk of dislocation of the prosthesis and a higher rate of revision surgery in comparison to the DL approach. There are few reports focusing on radiological risk factors for prosthetic dislocation and patient reported hip function comparing the two surgical approaches for hip arthroplasty in FNF. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard for evaluating medical or surgical interventions. An RCT of high quality has to be internally and externally valid. Internal validity refers to a correct study design to avoid bias skewing the results. External validity (EV) refers to whether the results will be clinically relevant to a definable group of patients and can be extrapolated to the general health care situation. There are only a few reports in the orthopaedic literature focusing on the EV of published studies and none in the field of hip fractures. Study I: This is a RCT of 100 patients with a displaced FNF comparing THA and IF. Follow-up evaluations were performed at three months and 1, 2, 4, 11 and 17 years. It was found that the Harris hip score (HHS) was higher and the rate of reoperations lower for patients treated with THA. Study II: This is a prospective cohort study of 185 hips, comparing the DL and the PL approaches in patients treated with a hemiarthroplasty (HA) for a displaced FNF. Follow-up was after 1 year. There was no difference in patient reported outcome between the groups measured with the HHS and WOMAC index. The PL approach resulted in a higher re-operation rate while the DL approach in a higher incidence of limping. Study III: This is a retrospective cohort study of 373 patients with a cemented bipolar HA using a PL approach for a FNF with a follow-up ranging from 6 months to 7 years. Radiographs and all surgical records were reviewed regarding femoral offset (FO), leg length discrepancy (LLD) and Wiberg angle. Patients with recurrent dislocations had a decreased postoperative FO, LLD and shallower acetabulum on the operated side compared with their controls. Study IV: This is a prospective cohort study of 840 hips comparing patients included in a RCT with those that did not give their informed consent (NC) or did not fulfill the criteria for participating in the trial (MS). Patients in the NC and MS groups had an increased mortality rate in comparison to those included in the study. We did not find any differences in hip function between these groups. The main conclusions of this thesis are: Healthy and lucid elderly patients with good hip function preoperatively, should be treated with THA for a displaced FNF. The DL approach is favourable in treating displaced FNF with HA due to its decreased risk of reoperation but with an identical hip function outcome as the PL approach. Care should be taken to restore the LLD and FO otherwise this may increase the risk of recurrent dislocation of a HA. Our findings suggest that trial participants had a lower mortality rate than non-participants but the functional outcome of non-participants appeared to be satisfactory. This is important to take into consideration when extrapolating study results to a health care system.
Lårbenshalsfrakturer (FNF) är en utmaning för dagens sjukvård och förknippad med hög mortalitet i den äldre befolkningen. FNF orsakas främst av lågenergitrauma efter fall i samma plan hos patienter med benskörhet. Total höftledsprotes (THA) har visat sig ge en bättre höftfunktion, livskvalitet med färre omoperationer hos äldre patienter än sluten reposition samt fixering med skruvar (IF) under de första två-fyra åren efter operation. Få studier har publicerats med långtidsuppföljning av THA jämfört med IF. Vid behandling av felställd FNF med halv höftledsplastik (HA) eller THA finns olika kirurgiska metoder (snittföring) för implantation av protesen. Majoriteten av ortopedkliniker i Sverige använder direkt lateral (DL) eller posteriolateral (PL) snittföring. PL har kopplats till en ökad risk för luxation av protesen (urledsvridning), vilket i sin tur genererat en högre risk för omoperation jämfört med DL. Få studier har utvärderat höftfunktion med avseende på snittföring. Detsamma gäller vilka radiologiska faktorer som påverkar risken förprotesluxation. Det finns olika typer av studiedesigner för utvärdering av medicinska och kirurgiska behandlingsmetoder. Studiedesignen med högst bevisvärde anses vara den randomiserade kontrollerade studien (RCT). För att en RCT skall hålla hög kvalitet krävs intern och extern validitet. Intern validitet syftar på ett korrekt studieupplägg som mäter det som avses och undviker påverkan av icke önskvärda faktorer. Extern validitet (EV) innebär att erhållna resultat från studien är generaliserbara och kan extrapoleras till andra grupper än den studerade. Det inga rapporter i ortopediska litteraturen med fokus på EV med patienter som drabbats av FNF. Studie I: Prospektiv randomiserad studie av 100 patienter med en felställd FNF jämförs THA med IF med avseende på höftfunktion och reoperationer. Uppföljning gjordes efter tre månader samt 1, 2, 4, 11 och 17 år. HHS som mått på höftfunktion var högre och andelen reoperationer lägre för patienter som behandlades med THA. Studie II: Prospektiv kohortstudie med 183 patienter med felställd FNF behandlade med HA och antingen DL eller PL. Vi fann ingen skillnad i patientrapporterad höftfunktion utvärderat med HHS och WOMAC efter 1 år men en ökad förekomst av hälta vid DL. Studie III: Retrospektiv kohortstudie av 373 patienter opererade med en cementerad bipolär HA och PL. Postoperativa röntgenbilder granskades avseende femoral offset (FO), postoperativ benlägdsskillnad (LLD) samt acetabulär Wibergvinkel och relaterades till återkommande protesluxationer. Detta relaterades till återkommande luxationer. Uppföljningstiden varierade mellan 6 månader och 7 år. Patienter med återkommande luxationer hade en minskad postoperativ global FO, förkortad LLD och grundare acetabulum på den opererade sidan jämfört med kontroller. Studie IV: Prospektiv kohortstudie av 840 patienter med felställd FNF där patienter som ingick i en RCT jämförs med de som inte gav sitt samtycke för deltagande eller ej inkluderats i screeningprocessen. De patienterna som inte gav sitt samtycke hade ökad dödlighet, men ingen skillnad i höftfunktion jämfört med deltagare. Slutsatser • Friska och kognitivt vitala äldre patienter med god höftfunktion innan en felställd lårbenshalsfraktur bör behandlas med total höftledsprotes. • DLsnittföring ger ett lika bra patientrapporterad höftfunktion men en ökad förekomst av hälta jämfört med PL snitt vid behandling med halvprotes på grund av en felställd lårbenshalsfraktur. • Ansträngning bör göras för att återställa benlängdsskillnad samtfemoral offset och därigenom minska risken för återkommande luxation. • Våra resultat tyder på att patienter som deltar i en randomiserad studie har lägre dödlighet än patienter som avböjt att delta samt de som missats i screeningprocessen. Det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till när extrapolerar studieresultat till ett hälso-och sjukvårdssystem. Detta bör vägas in i värderingen av studieresultatens externa validitet.
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Famy, Carine. "Les termes d'échange entre blocs et fractures dans les simulateurs de réservoirs fracturés." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7573/1/famy.pdf.

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La modélisation des écoulements en réservoir fracturé s’appuie généralement sur une représentation dite double-milieu. La fiabilité du calcul des transferts matrice-fissure est alors essentielle pour les prévisions de production. A l’échelle de la maille d’un simulateur double-milieu, ces transferts sont formulés en supposant un écoulement pseudo-permanent entre un bloc matriciel représentatif, non discrétisé, d’une part, et le réseau de fissures limitrophes homogénéisé d’autre part. Si elle peut suffire à estimer les échanges monophasiques, une telle formulation se révèle par contre inadaptée à la prévision des mécanismes de production polyphasiques. Cette thèse revisite une méthode de sous-maillage des blocs matriciels et l’optimise en vue de la rendre opérationnelle et intégrable aux simulateurs double-milieu tels qu’utilisés à ce jour par l’industrie pétrolière. Sur le plan théorique, un modèle mixte a été construit en couplant le modèle d’écoulement de fracture à grande échelle à un modèle d’écoulement à l’échelle locale du bloc matriciel désormais discrétisé et non plus comme un simple terme-source. Sur le plan pratique, la mise en œuvre de ce modèle mixte a comporté trois étapes principales, (a) la définition d’une méthode générale de discrétisation du bloc matrice réalisant le meilleur compromis entre caractère prédictif et coût de calcul, (b) la transcription numérique du couplage entre d’une part, le modèle double-milieu tel qu’utilisé actuellement et d’autre part, un modèle d’écoulement diphasique au sein du bloc matriciel maillé, (c) la validation des formules de couplage et des méthodes de résolution pour divers cas d’application qui mettent également en évidence l’impact de certaines hypothèses de travail. Le modèle mixte proposé offre de réelles et décisives perspectives d’amélioration des simulateurs double milieu de l’industrie.
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Famy, Carine Quintard Michel. "Les termes d'échange entre blocs et fractures dans les simulateurs de réservoirs fracturés." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000466.

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Bonnard, Olivier. "Les fractures du calcaneum de l'adulte : à propos d'une série de 135 cas : travail du service d'orthopédie traumatologie du professeur Bousquet, CHRU Saint-Etienne." Saint-Etienne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STET6415.

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Jrad, Rami. "Etude rétrospective d'un an de fractures des membres chez les enfants de moins de seize ans au C. H. G. De Perpignan." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON11024.

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Roubinet, Delphine. "Impact des structures géologiques sur les échanges entre fractures et matrice dans les milieux poreux fracturés." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567067.

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Les milieux poreux fracturés sont des milieux composés d'une roche présentant des zones de fracturation. Géologiquement, ces milieux sont caractérisés par la présence de fractures sur plusieurs échelles avec des propriétés hétérogènes créant des zones fortement perméables à comparer de la roche environnante. Hydrauliquement, ces milieux sont caractérisés par des temps de réponses courts correspondant aux sollicitations des structures fortement perméables et des temps de réponses longs correspondant aux sollicitations des structures faiblement perméables. Ce type de milieux est impliqué dans de nombreux enjeux sociétaux tels que l'étude de sites contaminés, le stockage d'éléments et l'exploitation de ressources. Le principal défi de la modélisation des milieux poreux fracturés réside en la représentation des hétérogénéités géométriques et physiques caractérisant ces milieux. Une représentation exacte du milieu naturel étant impossible, il s'agit de déterminer quelles sont les propriétés caractéristiques de ces milieux, c'est-à-dire les propriétés principales "responsables" de leur comportement. Mes travaux de thèse ont consisté à étudier l'impact des propriétés géométriques et physiques des fractures et de la matrice de l'échelle locale de la fracture et du bloc matriciel à l'échelle globale du réseau de fractures. Une première partie du travail correspond à la mise au point de méthodes d'évaluation des effets des structures et de leurs propriétés sur les échanges et une seconde partie en l'exploitation de ces méthodes. Au final, je propose un modèle double-porosité discret prenant en compte les propriétés du milieu identifiées comme caractéristiques de son comportement.
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Ben-Yamin, Robert. "Les fractures de l'odontoïde : pronostic et traitement, une étude clinique portant sur 71 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25188.

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Megy, Bernard. "Les fractures de l'extrémité inférieure du fémur : à propos de 139 observations : résultat fonctionnel et séquelles." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11093.

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Garin, Christophe. "Attitude thérapeutique actuelle dans les fractures de la portion non dentée de la mandibule : à propos de 1157 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2M125.

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Books on the topic "Leg Fractures"

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Neptune princess. New York: Bradbury Press, 1992.

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Heim, Urs. The pilon tibial fracture: Classification, surgical techniques, results. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1995.

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Chrestian, Pierre. Guide illustré des fractures des membres de l'enfant. Paris: Maloine, 2002.

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Carreño, Maite. María Ite y el empujón. León, Spain: Everest, 2009.

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Saul, R. A. Analysis of Hybrid III lower leg instrumentation and an associated injury citerion. Washington, D.C.]: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1992.

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(Fabrizio), Annocaro F., and Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nancy, eds. Flexible intramedullary nailing in children: The Nancy University manual. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.

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Kowalski, William. The Adventures of Flash Jackson. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.

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The adventures of Flash Jackson. London: Black Swan, 2004.

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The adventures of Flash Jackson: A novel. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.

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Cousins, Lucy. Maisy va al hospital. Barcelona: RBA, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Leg Fractures"

1

Fixsen, John A., Robert A. Hill, and Franz Grill. "Leg Deformity and Length Discrepancy." In Children's Orthopaedics and Fractures, 389–421. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-611-3_24.

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Ploeger, Milena M., Christof Burger, and Matthias D. Wimmer. "Acute Fractures (Lower Leg, Ankle, Hindfoot, Midfoot, Forefoot)." In Foot and Ankle Sports Orthopaedics, 147–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15735-1_15.

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Knopp, W., G. Muhr, K. Wanner, and H. U. Steinau. "Primacy of Soft Tissue Reconstruction Procedures in Compound Fractures of the Lower Leg." In Die Chirurgie und ihre Spezialgebiete Eine Symbiose, 576–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95662-1_240.

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Pereira, Hélder, Duarte Sousa, Pieter d’Hooghe, Sérgio Gomes, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, Rui L. Reis, João Espregueira-Mendes, Pedro L. Ripoll, and Kenneth Hunt. "Return to Play in Stress Fractures of the Hip, Thigh, Knee, and Leg." In Return to Play in Football, 409–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55713-6_31.

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Schwimmer, Alan. "Lag Screw Technique and Advanced Applications." In Craniomaxillofacial Fractures, 69–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9287-3_6.

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Adam, Thierry. "Les fractures de fatigue." In Gynécologie du sport, 491–96. Paris: Springer Paris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0172-8_49.

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Mastrogiacomo, F., and G. L. Maistrelli. "Periprosthetic fractures." In Osteoporosi: le nuove prospettive in ortopedia e traumatologia, 291–308. Milano: Springer Milan, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0546-4_23.

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Wainwright, Andrew M., and Anthony Catterall. "Legg–Calvé–Perthes Disease." In Children's Orthopaedics and Fractures, 465–80. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-611-3_27.

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Müller, Maurice E., Serge Nazarian, and Peter Koch. "Généralités sur les os Longs." In Classification AO des fractures, 8–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06263-0_3.

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Dosch, Austin R., Areg Grigorian, Christian de Virgilio, and Dennis Y. Kim. "Severe Right Leg Pain After Tibia Fracture." In Surgery, 529–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05387-1_48.

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Conference papers on the topic "Leg Fractures"

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Heffernan, Michael J., Scott A. Barnett, Bailli Fontenot, Sagar Shah, Claudia Leonardi, Joseph Gonzales, and Dominic Gargiulo. "Comparison of Long vs. Short Leg Casts for Distal Third Tibial Shaft Fractures in Children." In AAP National Conference & Exhibition Meeting Abstracts. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.147.3_meetingabstract.835.

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McDonald, Erik, Meir Marmor, Jenni M. Buckley, and Amir Matityahu. "Propensity for Hip Dislocation in Gait Loading Versus Sit-to-Stand Maneuvers: Implications for Surgical Management of Acetabular Fractures." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19202.

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Acetabular fractures present a clinical challenge due to the complicated anatomy and difficulty of exposure, reduction, and fixation. There are several indications for surgery including any fracture which is displaced more than 2mm, failure to maintain reduction by closed means, or, for transverse fractures, a roof-arc angle less than 45 degrees (1,2). The last indication was determined by a cadaver model that only evaluated hip stability in the single leg stance phase of the gait cycle (3). Kinesiological models have well established that the magnitude and direction of the joint contact force can deviate substantially from the mechanics of gait loading, particularly for such activities of daily living as sit-to-stand maneuvers and climbing stairs (4,5). Thus, the criteria for fracture stability established using gait-only loading conditions may be inadequate for other activities of daily living. Basic engineering principles would dictate that the most conservative estimate of dislocation potential be used in managing these cases clinically; and it is therefore important to re-evaluate fracture management criteria in alternative loading conditions that have a high potential for dislocation.
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Wilson, Darren, and Si Janna. "Structural Health Monitoring of Long Bone Fractures Using Instrumented Intramedullary Nails." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-314.

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Clinical assessment of fracture healing is usually subjective, relying upon the detection of movement (‘feel’) by the surgeon, the patient’s response in terms of pain and confidence, and radiographic evidence of callus and primary bone union. A more quantitative, objective method of measuring the strength of a healing callus would be useful in assessing many aspects, such as the effectiveness of different forms of treatment, the pattern and rate of healing, and the stage at which the patient can return to full weight-bearing activity. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the complexity of monitoring fracture healing in leg stance phase using an instrumented intramedullary (IM) nail equipped with a single sensor. The bone healers exhibited both sigmoidal and linear load responses during fracture healing. Ambulating non-healers demonstrated high nail forces which did not change significantly over time whereas lame non-healers demonstrated a decreasing nail load due to reduced GRF or loosening of fixation.
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Basile, Susan, and Xiaopeng Zhao. "Modeling and Analysis of Proximal Tibial Growth Plate Fractures in Adolescents." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-203651.

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Today, children and adolescents are participating heavily in organized athletics year-round. Each year, approximately one third of these children will experience a serious injury requiring a doctor’s or hospital visit. Physeal, or growth plate fractures, are one such type of overuse injury commonly seen in adolescents. At the knee joint, injuries in adolescents occur most often in the proximal region of the tibia as opposed to the middle or distal thirds of the tibia, or in the soft tissues of the joint, as seen in adults. While the exact reasons for this difference have not been directly and definitively quantified, several hypotheses have been suggested. They include differences in movement strategies, changes in limb inertial and material properties, and the timing of these changes in relation to one another. This work aims to compare the changes in and interaction of inertial properties of the lower leg and forces transmitted through the patellar tendon, along with tibiofemoral contact before, during, and after puberty. Forces were first determined using Kane’s method of dynamics in conjunction with an isometric knee extension study yielding separate adult and youth data. These results were then extended to a finite element analysis to load tibial models and investigate changes in stress and strain at the proximal tibia.
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Keeley, Jason W., Jong E. Kim, James Davidson, Willard A. Moore, and Alan W. Eberhardt. "A Madymo Study of Pelvic and Lower Extremity Injury in Frontal Crashes." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55585.

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Recent studies suggest that there is increased risk to the pelvis and lower extremities for unbelted, front seat occupants when airbags deploy in frontal collisions. Among belted drivers, women and small adults are more likely to experience fractures of the knee-thigh-hip complex and lower leg. The occupant kinematics and impact mechanics for varying sized drivers under belted and unbelted conditions, with a deploying airbag, have not been well-investigated. The present study used occupant kinematic computer software (MADYMO) to investigate injury likelihood for the pelvis, femur and lower leg in simulations of FMVSS 208 test conditions (30 mph, rigid barrier, frontal crash) for a mid-size sedan with airbag deployment. The pelvic force criterion (PFC), femur force criterion (FFC), and Tibia index (TI) were calculated as injury predictors for 50th percentile male and 5th percentile female drivers, belted and unbelted, with variations in instrument panel angle and stiffness as well as hip abduction. The results indicated, most notably, that the unbelted 5th percentile female submarined beneath the airbag and experienced TI values that exceeded the current tolerance in nearly every unbelted simulation. Injury scores for the left leg were generally higher for both dummies, due to leg entrapment and the intruding floor pan. Hip abduction of 20 degrees led to excessive hip forces in the 50th percentile male. Seatbelts were effective at reducing injury measures in both dummies, most notably the TI score of the 5th percentile female.
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Yankov, Peter, Deyan Todorov, and Svetoslav Simeonov. "CHARACTERISTICS OF INCIDENTS AND INJURIES IN SKI AREA BOROVETS DURING THE 2019/2020 SEASON." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/93.

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ABSTRACT Although in Bulgaria there is a sub-law from the Law of Tourism regulating the security and safety of the users of the ski slopes in Bulgaria, not enough attention is paid to the point of view of reasons for the accidents, feedback, and prevention of injuries in the snow sports. Another argument underlying the relevance of the topic is the more frequent intervention of experts in snow sports from NSA “Vassil Levski”, which has been invited as an experts in the preparation of sports-technical expertise for occurred accidents on the slopes. This study aims to research the type of accidents and traumas in ski zone Borovets for 2019/ 2020 year on various indications – an hour of occurrence of the trauma, slope complexity, type of the trauma, and type of ski or snowboard equipment. The tasks reviewed as determine the type of trauma with ski and snowboarding. Methods used: frequency analysis, analysis of documents, comparative analysis. Summary of results: the total number of accidents on the slopes of ski zone Borovets for season 2019/2020 is 455. The skiing accidents are nearly 8 times as many as the snowboarding ones. We distributed the traumas into four sub-groups: head, body, legs, and arms. It appeared that the biggest number of traumas is the ones of the legs, followed by those of the arms. In slope accidents, the most common trauma is on the knee joints, followed by shoulder and lower leg injuries. From those traumas, we reviewed the most severe traumas – the fractures. The most registered fractures are the ones of the lower leg and the collarbones. Conclusions: Borovets is in second place in incidents in Bulgaria for the period. The highest percent of the traumas are the ones of the lower limbs, registered in the alpine ski. The incidents occur mainly on blue slopes.
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Fitzwater, Daric, Andrew Rophie, Benjamin Schroeder, Andrew Dole, Juan Solano, Joshua Keith, Sohel Anwar, Hiroki Yokota, and Stanley Chien. "FEA Analysis of a Portable Knee Rehabilitation Device Using Mechanical Loading." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89192.

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In this paper, a solid model has been created with CAD software and analyzed with FEA software to obtain the deformed geometry, stress distribution, modal frequencies, temperature distribution, and life expectancy of a knee loading device that will be used in a combined biomedical and mechanical engineering research initiative. The purpose of this device is to mechanically load the end of the long bone of the human leg, causing movement of the fluids within the bone that can stimulate increased growth of bone tissues. This could potentially be used to speed the healing process of bone fractures. The CAD model of the device was constructed in Pro/ENGINEER and then exported to ANSYS Workbench where it was then meshed and solved using the finite element method.
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Irawan, Debby, Icuk Dwi Wibowo, Bertha Martinauly, Linda Fransiska, Leonora Ludwina Lilasari, Dian Permanasari, and Jhonny Jhonny. "Comprehensive Fracture Characterization in Tight Carbonate Reservoir Using LWD High-Resolution Image and Multi-Pole Sonic Measurement; A Case Study from Offshore North West Java, Indonesia." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206244-ms.

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Abstract Tapping into an unconventional reservoir such as naturally fractured tight carbonate or basement has become more common in the industry. Open natural fractures, when present are the major contributor to production flow in such formation. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of fracture properties including aperture, intensity, and permeability is required to identify the productive fractures and optimize production. In this paper, we discuss the first application of the latest Logging-While Drilling (LWD) high-resolution laterolog resistivity image in combination with LWD multi-pole sonic to provide comprehensive fracture characterization in Pre-Talang Akar Formation tight carbonate reservoir, in the offshore North West Java Basin, Indonesia. The methodology involved identification of borehole breakouts, natural or drilling-induced fractures, faults and vugs from the high-resolution LWD image data, which were then interpreted further to provide the fracture attributes and the secondary porosity distributions from each of the identified features. The Stoneley measurement from LWD multi-pole sonic log enabled the analysis of the fracture system producibility using the sonic fracture technique. The characterization of fractures and faults (open/closed) from the integration of these two independent methods were complemented by the triple combo measurements, caliper, and drilling loss data, as well as sonic compressional and shear data. This methodology has successfully managed to differentiate open fracture zones and closed fracture zones along with their computed fracture properties. The open fracture zones were characterized by a cluster of conductive fractures with large fracture aperture and fracture porosity value. These fractures were also associated with positive fracture indication from the sonic data, decrease in density logs, shallow - deep resistivity log separation and drilling loss occurrence. Whereas, closed fracture zones were characterized with minor fracture dip development. It also showed negative open fracture indication from sonic data, flat density log response and overlaying resistivity log response with no drilling loss occurrence. The case study in this paper shows excellent LWD data quality and fracture characterization result, on par with wireline conveyed data that were commonly used to quantify fracture attributes. The results provide invaluable information for volumetric calculation, well completion and production planning in this area.
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Akula, Chaitanya K., and Gregory W. King. "Age Differences in Landing Phase Ankle Dynamics During a Balance-Restoring Step Response." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204001.

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Falls are a significant health concern among older adults. The rate of falls increases with age [1], and often leads to fall-related injuries such as fractures and head injuries. These lead to loss of independence, morbidity and fear of falling [2]. There are many strategies used to prevent falls, including those used to regain balance following a slip or trip. One such balance recovery maneuver is the step response, which involves respositioning the body’s base of support to recapture its moving center of mass [3]. Age-related performance declines in the step response may contribute to fall risk, especially during the step response landing phase where biomechanical strength requirements are largest [4]. Such age-related declines likely manifest themselves as alterations in lower extremity joint dynamics. While these effects are likely present in all lower extremity joints (hips, knees, and ankles), the purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate age effects in stepping leg ankle dynamics during a balance-restoring step response.
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Akbar, Muhammad Nur Ali. "Naturally Fractured Basement Reservoir Characterization in a Mature Field." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206027-ms.

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Abstract Characterizing the naturally fractured reservoir in a mature field is always a challenging task due to minimal subsurface data availability and the technology was not as advanced as nowadays. Therefore, this paper is proposed to provide an alternative solution to identify the presence of the fractures, classify them into the fractured quality related flowability, and distribute them vertically within the well interval and propose a lateral distribution method for reservoir modeling. This research was conducted based on a case study of basement fractured carbonate reservoir in Hungary. I used more than twenty development wells which mainly drilled during 1980-2000's. The fractures presence is simply identified by using gamma-ray and density logs. The relative movement of density log to the defined fractured baselines was directed to classify the fracture quality within three groups of macro-fracture, micro-fracture, and host-rock. These groups were validated by core data and the acoustic image log from the newest drilled wells. Furthermore, I implemented the self-organizing map (SOM) for distributing the fracture group to other wells which having limited subsurface data. Since the fracture classes were distributed along the well depth interval, then the well test (DST) results and production flow test data validated the flowability of them. As a result, the main flow contribution intervals of the fracture can be well-recognized. The macro-fracture consistently indicates the fracture class showing the main contribution of the liquid flowrate more than 10 m3/d along the perforated intervals. The rock properties of this class have porosity range around 1-2% with permeability dominantly more than 100 mD. In contrast, the host-rock class is defined as a protolith/non-fractured rock. The porosity and permeability are extremely low (tight rock). This class does not give any flow contribution due to the high content of the marl or clay, the absence of the fracture, or the fractures had been re-cemented by calcite or quartz minerals. Meanwhile, the micro-fracture denotes the group of rock with porosity range around 2-10% and permeability average between 1-10 mD. In general, the flowrate coming from this fracture class was lower than 10 m3/d of liquid during the flow-test. As a novelty, this proposed approach with the machine learning of SOM-clustering effectively assists us to recognize the fracture presence and its quality along the well-depth interval from the absence of the advanced technologies of image logs and production logging (PLT) measurement. Also, the defined fracture class here can take a role as a fracture facies or rock typing in terms of 3D reservoir modeling and distributed laterally based on fault-likelihood attribute and fault zone defined by distance-to-fault.
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Reports on the topic "Leg Fractures"

1

Petti, Jason P., and Robert J. Kalan. LNG cascading damage study. Volume I, fracture testing report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1034893.

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Murat, V., D. Paradis, M. M. Savard, M. Nastev, E. Bourque, A. Hamel, R. Lefebvre, and R. Martel. Vulnérabilité à la nappe des aquifères fracturés du sud-ouest du Québec : évaluation par les méthodes DRASTIC et GOD. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214216.

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Haeckel, Matthias, and Peter Linke. RV SONNE Fahrtbericht/Cruise Report SO268 - Assessing the Impacts of Nodule Mining on the Deep-sea Environment: NoduleMonitoring, Manzanillo (Mexico) – Vancouver (Canada), 17.02. – 27.05.2019. GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_59_20.

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Cruise SO268 is fully integrated into the second phase of the European collaborative JPI-Oceans project MiningImpact and is designed to assess the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ). In particular, the cruise aimed at conducting an independent scientific monitoring of the first industrial test of a pre-protoype nodule collector by the Belgian company DEME-GSR. The work includes collecting the required baseline data in the designated trial and reference sites in the Belgian and German contract areas, a quantification of the spatial and temporal spread of the produced sediment plume during the trials as well as a first assessment of the generated environmental impacts. However, during SO268 Leg 1 DEME-GSR informed us that the collector trials would not take place as scheduled due to unresolvable technical problems. Thus, we adjusted our work plan accordingly by implementing our backup plan. This involved conducting a small-scale sediment plume experiment with a small chain dredge to quantify the spatial and temporal dispersal of the suspended sediment particles, their concentration in the plume as well as the spatial footprint and thickness of the deposited sediment blanket on the seabed.
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Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.

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Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
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Ultrasound therapy doesn’t speed healing of leg fracture after surgery. National Institute for Health Research, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000377.

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Geophysical well log analysis of fractured granitic rocks at Atikokan, Ontario, Canada. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri874154.

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7

Hydraulic properties of a fractured-rock aquifer, Lee Valley, San Diego County, California. US Geological Survey, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wsp2394.

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8

Geophysical well-log analysis of fractured crystalline rocks at East Bull Lake, Ontario, Canada. US Geological Survey, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri864052.

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