Relevant bibliographies by topics / LED design

Academic literature on the topic 'LED design'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "LED design"

Peel, Sean. "Evidence-led design." Journal of Design, Business & Society 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/dbs_00030_2.

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Gabay, Ron. "Design-led innovation." Interactions 27, no. 5 (September 2020): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3418604.

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Noguchi, Hiroki, Tadashi Nishimura, and Wataru Iwai. "Lighting Design for LED Luminaies(Proper Design Methods of LED Lighting)." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 95, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij.95.145.

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Patel, Arth B. "SMD based LED Design." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.11135.

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Iversen, Ole Sejer, Kim Halskov, and Tuck W. Leong. "Values-led participatory design." CoDesign 8, no. 2-3 (June 2012): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2012.672575.

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Harmer, Q. J., PM Weaver, and KM Wallace. "Design-led component selection." Computer-Aided Design 30, no. 5 (April 1998): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4485(97)00103-6.

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Watanabe, Takaki, Yoji Watanabe, and Atsushi Heike. "Simulation design for LED lamp array." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 77, Appendix (1993): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.77.appendix_169.

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Lee, Hoong-Joo. "LED sign board design using solar cells." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2009): 2221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2009.10.9.2221.

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Hur, Jin-Yong, and Myung-Han Yoon. "Rights of Design Development of External Design of LED LAMP." Journal of the Korea Contents Association 12, no. 7 (July 28, 2012): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2012.12.07.114.

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王, 少雷. "The Secondary Optical Design of LED." Optoelectronics 03, no. 04 (2013): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/oe.2013.34009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "LED design"

Slívová, Marta. "Design řady LED svítidel." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229797.

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This master thesis is a design study of LED interior light units. Aim of the study is to design set of three luminaire types – office table light, standard lamp and a pendant luminaire. All three lights are following the same design. Curve is the main shape for this light set. LED, called light source of the future, is supposed to be the only light source at all three units. LEDs were chosen as the contemporary most efficient and modern light source. Use of LEDs has many positive economical and social aspects. Use of innovative design, most recent technologies and modern shapes brings new inspiration and variety into current interior light world. Development of light systems study is mapping light units history from the beginning into presence. It brings interesting look into interior light history.

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Runling, André. "Evar : En produktutveckling och formgivning av cykelbelysning med LED som ljuskälla." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-26576.

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Evar är ett examensarbete, om 22,5 HP individuellt utfört av André Runling under våren 2012 vid Karlstads universitet, till högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i innovationsteknik och design. Uppdragsgivare för projektet har varit Johan Larsvall, industridesigner och ägare av Idesign i Stockholm. Handledare på Karlstads universitet har varit Lennart Wihk, industridesigner och universitetsadjunkt. Examinator har varit Fredrik Thuvander, professor och universitetslektor. Idesign är en designbyrå med kontor på Långholmen i centrala Stockholm och har uppdrag för olika företag inom olika branscher, bland annat Silva Sweden AB och myndigheten Trafikverket. Idesign har Trafikverkets uppdrag att komma med förslag på koncept till cykelbelysning för ökad användning och tillförlitlighet mot dagens användning. Projektet har initierats av Trafikverket och Idesign skall stå för utvecklingen av en belysning åt Silva. Silva har specialiserat sig på pannlampor i många år och ser en möjlighet att nå en ny marknad av cykelbelysning med samarbetet, vilket föranledde detta examensarbete och en utvecklingsprocess mot Idesign i första hand. Projektets första del gick ut på att undersöka vad som brister med dagens cykelbelysning och varför den inte används i så stor utsträckning. Undersökningen gjordes i form av enkäter och diskussioner på svenska forum på internet. En stor del av projektet innebar att jämföra varför användningen ser annorlunda ut och används oftare i Danmark och även Tyskland. Tyskland har ett detaljerat typgodkännande av cykelbelysning i trafikförordningen som behövde tydas. Med hjälp av den insamlade informationen påbörjades en utveckling av ett koncept till en belysning med idégenerering och kravspecifikation som sedan skulle utvärderas med matriser. Med ett mål och tanke om att den den skall andas enkelhet och tilltala en person som pendlar på cykel. Av de tre koncept som presenterades för Idesign valdes ett koncept ut för vidare bearbetning som utvecklades till ett slutligt förslag och beskrivning på en cykelbelysning. Det förslag som utvecklades innebär att lampan fram blir batteridriven som meddelar med en batteriindikator när den bör laddas, direkt i ett eluttag. Med ett enkelt handgrepp ansluts den i ett fäste på cykeln som i sin tur är ett spänne som monteras fast steglöst på cykeln med en rem. Det innebär att den kan monteras på vilken cykel som helst. Medan lampan bak är tänkt att alltid sitta på, ha samma typ av montering och ha automatisk på- och avslagning via en ljus- och rörelsedetektor. Den har fortfarande en batteriindikator för att se när batterier bör bytas. Både fram och baklampan är utrustade med LED-belysning.
Evar is a project degree of 22,5 ECTS credits individually carried out by André Runling during the spring of 2012 at Karlstad University, for a bachelor degree in Innovation technique and Design engineering. The assigner for this project is Johan Larsvall, industrial designer and owner of Idesign in Stockholm. Academic supervisor at Karlstad University has been Lennart Wihk, industrial designer and university lecturer. Examiner has been Fredrik Thuvander, professor and university lecturer. Idesign is a design agency with office on Longholmen in central of Stockholm and is assigned by different companies in different sectors such as, Silva Sweden AB and Trafikverket. Idesign got the task from Trafikverket to make suggestions to concepts of bike lights that increase the use and reliability compared to todays use. The project was initiated by Trafikverket while Idesign were responsible of developing a bike light to Silva. Silva has specialised themselves in head lamps for many years and have seen an opportunity to reach a new market with the collaboration, which resulted in this degree project and development primary to Idesign. The projects first part was to study what is inadequate in today's lighting and why it is not used as much as it should. The study was conducted with a poll and discussions on Swedish forums on the internet. A large part of the project was to compare why the usage looks different and is used more often in Denmark, and also Germany. Germany has a detailed approval of bicycle lights in their traffic regulations which was needed to be interpreted. Using the information gathered, a development of concepts started to a bicycle light that exudes simplicity and appeal to a commuting cyclist, with the idea generation method and product specification which was evaluated in a matrix. Of three concepts that were presented to Idesign, one concept was selected for further processing which developed into a final proposal and description of a bicycle light. The final solution means that the head lamp is powered by a battery, and notifies with a battery indicator when it needs charging, directly into a electrical outlet. With a simple single-hand grip it’s connected in the bracket and, in its turn a buckle, which is mounted steplessly on the bicycle by a strap. It means it can be mounted on any bicycle. While the rear light is supposed to always sit on, have the same type of installation and have an automatic on and off switch via a light and motion detector. It still has a battery indicator to se when batteries should be replaced. Both the front and the rear light is equipped with LED for lighting.

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Jenvey, Michelle Catherine. "Structure led drug design for the pentraxins." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439382.

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Pei, Yuansheng. "Design of an LED-Based solar simulator." Thesis, Pei, Yuansheng (2017) Design of an LED-Based solar simulator. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40458/.

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This report focuses on the design of an LED-based solar simulator, which is widely used in testing Photovoltaic (PV) panels and other products. In recent years, solar power was used in almost every industry, such as Photovoltaic systems installed on the rooftops for residential, small level commercial, public lighting systems and large-scale Photovoltaic power generation. Government launches incentives policies, awareness of environmental issues, plus the lower consumer prices promoted the solar energy uses. However, due to limitations of present technology, efficiency of Photovoltaic systems is unsaturated. Even if there is a small increase in the efficiency, there will be a significant growth for the total energy. Therefore, testing the efficiency and checking the quality of Photovoltaic panel is an extremely important step. The aim of the project is to understand how to make a LED-based solar simulator, with high intensity, can be continuously operated and is expected to meet the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard: IEC 60904-9. Moreover, the personal motivation for making the LED-based solar simulator is the conviction that solar power is a cleaner, safer and environmental friendly energy. Under laboratory conditions, the solar simulator provides a controllable indoor test facility for testing the PV panels and modules by continuously supporting illumination which is similar to natural sunlight (AM1.5g as defined in ASTM G173-03 standard was used for comparison). The comparison is mainly focused on the range of 360nm to 700nm wavelength. The high intensity LEDs used in this project have wavelengths: 380-390 nm, 400-410 nm, 460-475 nm, 520-535 nm, 584-596 nm, 619-624 nm, 700 nm and IR LEDs. The reason of another IR LEDs used in this project is for expanding the application, it could test other products, not only for PV panels. In addition, the characteristics of the solar simulator is compared with the standard IEC 60904-9.

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Doonan, Daniel J., Mei-Su Wu, and Michael Lee. "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS FLUOROMETRY NETWORKS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605767.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California
This paper presents the design and development of a fluorometry sensor network with LED excitation. The design of the electronics in junction with the capability of LED excitation will significantly reduce the size and costs of the flrorometer units. The coverage and effectiveness of the sensing and monitoring capability will also be greatly enhanced by the addition of the wireless networks.

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Deniz, Ayca. "Opportunities And Barriers Of Architect Led Design Build Projects." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615086/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS OF ARCHITECT LED DESIGN-BUILD PROJECTS Deniz,Ayç
a M.Sc. in Building Science, Department of Architecture Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soofia Tahira Elias Ozkan September 2012, 77 pages From past to today, technological developments have resulted in new systems in parallel with digital age. Innovations have been started to be replaced with the traditional solutions. Standardizations have also started to be renewed in accordance with the high technology and complexity of the projects. Under these circumstances, design and construction activities have been separated in the construction industry. As a result, alternative project delivery systems have been developed and selecting the right delivery system has gained importance depending upon the complexity of the projects The main objective of this study was to propose a model that supports architect&rsquo
s leadership in design-build systems throughout an international airport project as a case study. Thus, construction industry will gain awareness for the organization structures in which architectural groups lead the other disciplines to achieve success in design-build systems considering time cost quality triangle. In this study, organization charts including project construction process and factors affecting design and construction activities were investigated. The matrix relationship in production level of the organization charts among the project disciplines has been analyzed. According to the evaluation of models reflecting the existing status, alternative models supporting architect&rsquo
s leadership are proposed.

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Chang, Chih-Hao, and 張志豪. "LED Prober Design." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86u9tx.

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碩士
中原大學
機械工程研究所
99
In this study, a LED spot measurement unit is designed to replace the conventional unit using lever-type spring inspection mechanism. Weight precision Accuracy of the current measurement unit is not qualified. Pattern error reaches up to 80% while adjusting by labor work so that cannot satisfy the requirement of high precision. Therefore, it is proposed to utilize automatic measurement and feedback control method to enhance the accuracy. This article takes probing equipment function of LED industry as an example to discuss designed probing device. It consists of strain gauge selection, mechanism design environment, simulation analysis via ANSYS, experimental test and using linear regression to analyze experimental data to find linear relationship between input force and output voltage. To apply the inspected result practically, the error can be decreased significantly for reaching below 10% precision of initial stage default target.

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Lin, Kuo-Feng, and 林國豐. "LED for headlamp design." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51574801289726389554.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
電子與資訊工程研究所
95
LED headlamp consist of source, reflector, shutter and lens. Design of reflector, it used to cut into slices, adjust and combine for perfect illumination design; Design of lens, it adjust lens curvatures for best; Shutter design to curved surface, its left one side of something is a level the right one side of something is an oblique angle; Then design of source, it use multi-chip; finally, use TracePro to simulate, produce best illumination design, and have clear cut-off line in it.

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Chen, Fu Ming, and 陳富明. "LED Lighting Design Optimization." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4v4s59.

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碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
機械與機電工程研究所在職專班
100
Most LED available currently are either round or square in the market, there are hardly made in oval shape. This study attempted to apply experimental methods to arrange the oval LED chip arrays, and to adjust the spacing between chips by optical simulation software ”LightTools”, as well as to simulate the illumination and uniformity. After the collection of data, “Design-Expert” was used to proceed the statistical analysis and to identify the significant variable factors. Then, “Design-Expert” was again adopted to perform the analysis of variances and to deduce the best combination of reaction equations and variable factors with the software. Finally, the combination of variable factors suggested by software was used to establish a new model that would be proceeded the ray tracing by “LightTools” again. The differences between validate data and the optimized values were observed and compared, so that they could be used as the design reference of the spacing between oval LED chips.

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Menniti, Matteo, and Piotr Krasowski. "Design, konstruktion och test av LED-spektrometer." Thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227634.

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A LED spectrometer has been constructed for qualitative spectrometry using certain wavelenghts. The LEDs and the photodiode are being controlled with a microcontroller that is connected to a computer to power the components and save data. The spectroanalysis made with the LED spectrometer were significantly different to a standard spectrometer, concluding that more analysis should be made until a final product is ready. Some areas of improvements are suggested.

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Books on the topic "LED design"

Fleischmann, Albert. Contextual Process Digitalization: Changing Perspectives – Design Thinking – Value-Led Design. Cham: Springer Nature, 2020.

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Rossi, Maurizio. Circadian Lighting Design in the LED Era. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11087-1.

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1963-, Hunter Ian, ed. Service led design: Planning the new HR function. Burlington, VT: Gower, 2009.

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Liu, S. LED packaging for lighting applications: Design, manufacturing, and testing. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2011.

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Daune, West, ed. Client-led design: A systemic approach to information system definition. London: McGraw-Hill, 1994.

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Sonic rupture: A practice-led approach to urban soundscape design. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016.

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Charles, Hagood, ed. Lean-led hospital design: Creating the efficient hospital of the future. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis/CRC, 2012.

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Roggema, Rob, ed. TransFEWmation: Towards Design-led Food-Energy-Water Systems for Future Urbanization. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61977-0.

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Brilliant LED projects: 20 electronic designs for artists, hobbyists, and experimenters. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.

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Persley, G. J., and V. M. Anthony, eds. The business of plant breeding: market-led approaches to new variety design in Africa. Wallingford: CABI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393814.0000.

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Book chapters on the topic "LED design"

Holland, Ray, and Busayawan Lam. "Design-Led Branding." In Managing Strategic Design, 65–101. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-32595-2_3.

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Nicklin, Hannah. "Form-Led Design." In Writing for Games, 111–22. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003182832-7.

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Penty, Jane. "Environmentally led strategies." In Product Design and Sustainability, 34–81. New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203732076-4.

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Penty, Jane. "Socially led strategies." In Product Design and Sustainability, 82–125. New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203732076-5.

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Penty, Jane. "Economically led strategies." In Product Design and Sustainability, 126–70. New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203732076-6.

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Renshaw, Ian, Keith Davids, Daniel Newcombe, and Will Roberts. "The environment design principles." In The Constraints-Led Approach, 73–85. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in constraints-based methodologies in sport: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315102351-5.

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Branco, Rita Maldonado, Joana Quental, and Óscar Ribeiro. "Materializing Personhood: Design-Led Perspectives." In Human–Computer Interaction Series, 111–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32835-1_8.

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Zhang, Xinpeng, Yijing Wei, Xue Yan, and Yuncui Zhang. "LED Floodlight Optical System Design." In Green Energy and Networking, 249–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21730-3_25.

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Weinel, Jonathan, and Stuart Cunningham. "Practice-led and Interdisciplinary Research." In Doing Research in Sound Design, 151–68. London: Focal Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429356360-10.

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Snider, Ross. "Lab 4 LED Patterns." In Advanced Digital System Design using SoC FPGAs, 365–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15416-4_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "LED design"

Moreno, Ivan. "LED intensity distribution." In International Optical Design Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iodc.2006.tud6.

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Lin, Po-Chun, Cheng-Huan Chen, Han-Ping Yang, and Hung-Yi Lin. "LED Polarization Conversion and Angular Shaping Module for LCD Backlighting." In International Optical Design Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iodc.2010.ituc7.

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Lin, Po-Chun, Cheng-Huan Chen, Han-Ping Yang, and Hung-Yi Lin. "LED polarization conversion and angular shaping module for LCD backlighting." In International Optical Design Conference 2010, edited by Julie Bentley, Anurag Gupta, and Richard N. Youngworth. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.868892.

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Gao, Tiecheng, Yanjin Ai, and Haixia An. "LED Fluorescent Lamp Design." In 2011 International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering (CASE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccase.2011.5997621.

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Iversen, Ole Sejer, and Tuck W. Leong. "Values-led participatory design." In the 7th Nordic Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2399016.2399087.

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Koshel, R. John. "SSL design with LED binning tolerances." In Optical Systems Design, edited by Tina E. Kidger and Stuart R. David. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.801180.

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Cobb, Joshua. "An LED multiplexer with improved efficiency." In Optical Systems Design, edited by Tina E. Kidger and Stuart R. David. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.801757.

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Farkas, Gabor, and Lajos Gaal. "LED Characterization for Combined Electrical-Optical-Thermal LED Modeling." In 2018 25th International Conference "Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and System" (MIXDES). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/mixdes.2018.8436779.

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Wei-Chung Cheng and Chain-Fu Chao. "Minimization for LED-backlit TFT-LCDs." In 2006 Design Automation Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dac.2006.229298.

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Domhardt, André, Simon Wendel, and Cornelius Neumann. "Backward Modelling of LED Primary Optics." In International Optical Design Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iodc.2010.itue4.

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Reports on the topic "LED design"

Thomas Yuan. Small Area Array-Based LED Luminaire Design. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1014020.

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Woods, Mel, Michael Marra, and Saskia Coulson. Design in Action Knowledge Exchange Process Model: Design-led Knowledge Exchange for Business Innovation. University of Dundee, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/10000100.

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Kramer, Robert. LED Street Lighting Implementation Research, Support, and Testing. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317274.

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This report describes the results of technical analysis, field tests, and laboratory tests that were performed for LED highway lighting options by the Energy Efficiency and Reliability Center (EERC) at Purdue University Northwest for the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). This effort was conducted over the past 3 years to evaluate and test the technology and viability of using modern highway lighting technology to enhance energy efficiency, safety, security, and economic development of communities and roadways. During the testing period there was a continuous discussion between INDOT and EERC regarding the laboratory and field testing of INDOT approved luminaires submitted by vendors. There were multiple discussions with INDOT and vendors regarding the individual details and issues for the 29 luminaires that were tested. A comparison study was conducted by EERC of the various alternatives and comparison to currently installed luminaires. Data was collected for field tests of the luminaires by EERC and INDOT personnel for the luminaires. Field data was evaluated and compared to lighting models using vendor supplied ies data files. Multiple presentations were made at 3 separate Purdue Road Schools regarding the results and procedures of the testing program by EERC in conjunction with INDOT. A total of 22 final reports, considered confidential by INDOT, for individual vendor luminaires have been prepared as part of this effort. These reports were submitted sequentially to INDOT as testing was completed during the course of this effort. A total of 29 luminaires were tested. Some luminaire testing was terminated during testing due to design issues or vendor requests. All testing was summarized in the INDOT specification sheet attached to each report. Observations regarding the consistency of the supplied test luminaire with the requirements of Section 7.2 of the INDOT test procedure “Procedure for evaluation and approval list requirements for solid state ballasted luminaires ITM 957-17P” is provided in the Appendix to the report for each luminaire. Details regarding how these tests were performed and the respective associated evaluation of performance and reliability are provided in the report. This effort included: consideration of published and vendor information; appraisal of products consistent with national industry standards; review of physical design, thermal performance; laboratory testing of photopic performance, reliability, life cycle data and characteristics, and power characteristics; technical and probabilistic risk studies; and field testing and analysis of LED light sources including comparison to currently installed conventional light sources. Assistance in preparing INDOT standards for highway lighting was provided on multiple occasions.

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Bhattacharjea, Suman, Sehar Saeed, Rajib Timalsina, and Syeed Ahamed. Citizen-led Assessments: A Model for Evidence-based Advocacy and Action to Improve Learning. Australian Council for Educational Research, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-636-9.

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Designed as household-based assessments, citizen-led assessments (CLAs) are implemented by local organizations who assess children in their homes, thus reaching the most marginalized children, families, and communities, often in remote areas. CLAs add an essential piece of information for truly monitoring progress and help realistically represent the learning levels of all children – at national, regional, and global levels. By using simple tools and easy-to-understand reports, CLAs engage parents and community members in discussions about learning and help foster understanding of the importance of ensuring quality education through civil action. In this publication, members from organizations conducting CLAs in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh provide an overview of the CLA model and illustrate a range of ways in which the model has been implemented in the four South Asian countries to monitor and improve learning. In all four countries, the initiative is known as the Annual Status of Education Report, or ASER – a word that means ‘impact’ in three of these four countries. By design, ASER assesses foundational reading and numeracy skills.

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Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.

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The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.

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Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald Nachman. Rationally designed insect neuropeptide agonists and antagonists: application for the characterization of the pyrokinin/Pban mechanisms of action in insects. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587235.bard.

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The general objective of this BARD project focused on rationally designed insect neuropeptide (NP) agonists and antagonists, their application for the characterization of the mechanisms of action of the pyrokinin/PBAN (PK-PBAN) family and the development of biostable, bioavailable versions that can provide the basis for development of novel, environmentally-friendly pest insect control agents. The specific objectives of the study, as originally proposed, were to: (i) Test stimulatory potencies of rationally designed backbone cyclic (BBC) peptides on pheromonotropic, melanotropic, myotropic and pupariation activities; (ii) Test the inhibitory potencies of the BBC compounds on the above activities evoked either by synthetic peptides (PBAN, LPK, myotropin and pheromonotropin) or by the natural endogenous mechanism; (iii) Determine the bioavailability of the most potent BBC compounds that will be found in (ii); (iv) Design, synthesize and examine novel PK/PBAN analogs with enhanced bioavailability and receptor binding; (v) Design and synthesize ‘magic bullet’ analogs and examine their ability to selectively kill cells expressing the PK/PBAN receptor. To achieve these goals the agonistic and antagonistic activities/properties of rationally designed linear and BBC neuropeptide (NP) were thoroughly studied and the information obtained was further used for the design and synthesis of improved compounds toward the design of an insecticide prototype. The study revealed important information on the structure activity relationship (SAR) of agonistic/antagonistic peptides, including definitive identification of the orientation of the Pro residue as trans for agonist activity in 4 PK/PBANbioassays (pheromonotropic, pupariation, melanotropic, & hindgut contractile) and a PK-related CAP₂b bioassay (diuretic); indications that led to the identification of a novel scaffold to develop biostbiostable, bioavailable peptidomimetic PK/PBANagonists/antagonists. The work led to the development of an arsenal of PK/PBAN antagonists with a variety of selectivity profiles; whether between different PKbioassays, or within the same bioassay between different natural elicitors. Examples include selective and non-selective BBC and novel amphiphilic PK pheromonotropic and melanotropic antagonists some of which are capable of penetrating the moth cuticle in efficacious quantities. One of the latter analog group demonstrated unprecedented versatility in its ability to antagonize a broad spectrum of pheromonotropic elicitors. A novel, transPro mimetic motif was proposed & used to develop a strong, selective PK agonist of the melanotropic bioassay in moths. The first antagonist (pure) of PK-related CAP₂b diuresis in flies was developed using a cisPro mimetic motif; an indication that while a transPro orientation is associated with receptor agonism, a cisPro orientation is linked with an antagonist interaction. A novel, biostablePK analog, incorporating β-amino acids at key peptidase-susceptible sites, exhibited in vivo pheromonotropic activity that by far exceeded that of PBAN when applied topically. Direct analysis of neural tissue by state-of-the-art MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry was used to identify specific PK/PK-related peptides native to eight arthropod pest species [house (M. domestica), stable (S. calcitrans), horn (H. irritans) & flesh (N. bullata) flies; Southern cattle fever tick (B. microplus), European tick (I. ricinus), yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti), & Southern Green Stink Bug (N. viridula)]; including the unprecedented identification of mass-identical Leu/Ile residues and the first identification of NPs from a tick or the CNS of Hemiptera. Evidence was obtained for the selection of Neb-PK-2 as the primary pupariation factor of the flesh fly (N. bullata) among native PK/PK-related candidates. The peptidomic techniques were also used to map the location of PK/PK-related NP in the nervous system of the model fly D. melanogaster. Knowledge of specific PK sequences can aid in the future design of species specific (or non-specific) NP agonists/antagonists. In addition, the study led to the first cloning of a PK/PBAN receptor from insect larvae (S. littoralis), providing the basis for SAR analysis for the future design of 2ⁿᵈgeneration selective and/or nonselective agonists/antagonists. Development of a microplate ligand binding assay using the PK/PBAN pheromone gland receptor was also carried out. The assay will enable screening, including high throughput, of various libraries (chemical, molecular & natural product) for the discovery of receptor specific agonists/antagonists. In summary, the body of work achieves several key milestones and brings us significantly closer to the development of novel, environmentally friendly pest insect management agents based on insect PK/PBANNPs capable of disrupting critical NP-regulated functions.

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Wiecha, Jean L., and Mary K. Muth. Agreements Between Public Health Organizations and Food and Beverage Companies: Approaches to Improving Evaluation. RTI Press, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.op.0067.2101.

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Efforts in the United States and abroad to address the chronic disease epidemic have led to the emergence of voluntary industry agreements as a substitute for regulatory approaches to improve the healthfulness of foods and beverages. Because of the lack of access to data and limited budgets, evaluations of these agreements have often been limited to process evaluation with less focus on outcomes and impact. Increasing scientific scope and rigor in evaluating voluntary food and beverage industry agreements would improve potential public health benefits and understanding of the effects of these agreements. We describe how evaluators can provide formative, process, and outcome assessment and discuss challenges and opportunities for impact assessment. We explain how logic models, industry profiles, quasi-experimental designs, mixed-methods approaches, and third-party data can improve the effectiveness of agreement design and evaluation. These methods could result in more comprehensive and rigorous evaluation of voluntary industry agreements, thus providing data to bolster the public health impacts of future agreements. However, improved access to data and larger evaluation budgets will be needed to support improvements in evaluation.

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McNamara, Joy, and Andrew Mcnight. INSTRUMENTED LID DETAILED DESIGN. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1542573.

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Dow, Nick, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 2. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/nuzj8120.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a residential flashover prevention system with reduced water flow requirements relative to a residential sprinkler system designed to meet NFPA 13D requirements. The flashover prevention system would be designed for retrofit applications where water supplies are limited. In addition to examining the water spray’s impact on fire growth, this study utilized thermal tenability criteria as defined in UL 199, Standard for Automatic Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Service. The strategy investigated was to use full cone spray nozzles that would discharge water low in the fire room and directly onto burning surfaces of the contents in the room. Where as current sprinkler design discharges water in a manner that cools the hot gas layer, wets the walls and wets the surface of the contents in the fire room. A series of eight full-scale, compartment fire experiments with residential furnishings were conducted with low flow nozzles. While the 23 lpm (6 gpm) of water was the same between experiments, the discharge density or water flux around the area of ignition varied between 0.3 mm/min (0.008 gpm/ft2) and 1.8 mm/min (0.044 gpm/ft2). Three of the experiments prevented flashover. Five of the experiments resulted in the regrowth of the fire while the water was flowing. Regrowth of the fire led to untenable conditions, per UL 199 criteria, in the fire room. At approximately the same time as the untenability criteria were reached, the second sprinkler in the hallway activated. In a completed system, the activation of the second sprinkler would reduce the water flow to the fire room, which would potentially lead to flashover. The variations in the burning behavior of the sofa resulted in shielded fires which led to the loss of effectiveness of the reduced flow solid cone water sprays. As a result of these variations, a correlation between discharge density at the area of ignition and fire suppression performance could not be determined given the limited number of experiments. An additional experiment using an NFPA 13D sprinkler system, flowing 30 lpm (8 gpm), demonstrated more effective suppression than any of the experiments with a nozzle. The success of the sprinkler compared with the unreliable suppression performance of the lower flow nozzles supports the minimum discharge density requirements of 2 mm/min (0.05 gpm/ft2) from NFPA 13D. The low flow nozzle system tested in this study reliably delayed fire growth, but would not reliably prevent flashover.

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Asgedom, Amare, Shelby Carvalho, and Pauline Rose. Negotiating Equity: Examining Priorities, Ownership, and Politics Shaping Ethiopia’s Large-Scale Education Reforms for Equitable Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/067.

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In 2018, the Government of Ethiopia committed to large-scale, donor-supported reforms aimed at improving equitable learning in the basic education system—the General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity (GEQIP-E). In this paper, we examine the reform design process in the context of Ethiopia’s political environment as a strong developmental state, assessing the influence of different stakeholder priorities which have led to the focus on equity within the quality reforms. Drawing on qualitative data from 81 key informant interviews with federal and regional government officials and donors, we explore the negotiation and power dynamics which have shaped the design of the reforms. We find that a legacy of moderately successful reforms, and a shared commitment to global goals, paved the way for negotiations of more complex and ambitious reforms between government actors and donors. Within government, we identify that regional governments were only tokenistically included in the reform process. Given that regions are responsible for the implementation of these reforms, their limited involvement in the design could have implications for success.

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