Relevant bibliographies by topics / Least developed countries

Academic literature on the topic 'Least developed countries'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Least developed countries"

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Jeníček, V., and Š. Grófová. "Least developed countries – characteristics." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 2 (March 4, 2014): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/67/2013-agricecon.

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Despite some progresses in the political situation, the effects of the economic crisis and widespread food insecurity are expected to persist. Humanitarian assistance is now needed to support the needs of the most vulnerable. In the longer term, countries have the significant goal of consolidating peace and security and strengthening the overall governance, while at the same time, reconstructing and rehabilitating their economy.  
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Jeníček, V., and Š. Grófová. "Least developed countries – comparison." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 3 (March 27, 2014): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/70/2013-agricecon.

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The inter-related causes of food insecurity in these countries are mainly the long lasting civil wars, a limited access to land, environmental degradation, climatic shocks and the rapid population growth resulting from the high birth rates and the return of refugees.    
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Jeníček, V., and Š. Grofová. "Least developed countries – the case of Burundi." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 61, No. 5 (June 6, 2016): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/48/2014-agricecon.

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Simonis, Udo E. "Least developed countries—Newly defined." Intereconomics 26, no. 5 (September 1991): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02928995.

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Jeníček, V., and Š. Grófová. "The least developed countries – the case of the Congo D.R." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 61, No. 3 (June 6, 2016): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/49/2014-agricecon.

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Brönner, Matthias, Skander Salah, and Markus Lienkamp. "Production Challenges in Least Developed Countries." Challenges 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe11010001.

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Local production sites in least developed countries offer sustainability for both multinational corporations and local society. However, corporations often hesitate because of uncertain environmental influences on production sites in these countries. To minimize planning uncertainties, we aim to identify and categorize the challenges of local production in least developed countries. Therefore, we conduct a research on local production challenges described in current literature. Our results indicate that the influences can be clustered and occur independent of the country. To show practical relevance and actuality of the identified production challenges, we conducted two case studies. Additionally, these studies give examples for organizational, product-specific and technological solutions to overcome the prevailing challenges. In summary, we support the removal of barriers that keep corporates from setting up local production sites in least developed countries.
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Richey, Debora J. "The Least Developed Countries 1998 Report." Journal of Government Information 27, no. 1 (January 2000): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(99)00150-1.

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Cater, Erlet A. "Tourism in the least developed countries." Annals of Tourism Research 14, no. 2 (January 1987): 202–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(87)90085-5.

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Percy, Selwyn. "The Least Developed Countries at Santiago." Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 5, no. 1 (May 22, 2009): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1973.mp5001004.x.

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Fal'tsman, V. "International Aid to the Least Developed Countries." World Economy and International Relations 64, no. 8 (2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-8-56-62.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Least developed countries"

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Jennings, Anthony. "Economic problems of least developed countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35499.

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The United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries (UNCLDC) held in Paris in 1981, consolidated the category of least developed countries as a major issue at the international level. The creation of the category, and the theory and practice of least development are examined, and the results of the UNCLDC are assessed. Malawi is taken as a case study, to examine its response to the Substantial New Programme of Action, agreed to at the UNCLDC, and to analyse the extent to which the international community has fulfilled its commitment to substantially improve the volume and quality of assistance. The effects and causes of the recurrent cost problem in least developed countries arc analysed, at the micro and macro levels, and proposals made to ease this constraint. Attention is given to the scope of food aid to support recurrent costs, and a set of guidelines are proposed. At the UNCLDC it was suggested that very large projects (transformational investments) should be undertaken in least developed countries. The methodology for estimating the benefits of such projects is discussed, and a case study presented of the use of project appraisal and the multiplier in Malawi. A significant increase in aid was agreed as a key international support measure at the UNCLDC. As yet there is no systematic aid evaluation process. The results of an experiment arc presented, using a qualitatively based system of evaluation, which is then assessed across sets of data with quantitative summations, to measure aid effectiveness.
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Barfield, Roosevelt. "Investing in Least Developed Countries: The Aynak Copper Mine Project." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2436.

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The rise of market globalization creates challenges for business executives seeking to pursue foreign direct investment (FDI) in least developed countries (LDC), such as Afghanistan. Multinational corporate (MNC) executives need strategies that will improve the timely delivery of minerals for mining projects in LDCs. Guided by the force field analysis theory, the purpose of this holistic, single-case study was to explore the strategies that 5 MNC executives in Beijing, China, used to improve the timely delivery of minerals associated with the Aynak copper mine project in Afghanistan. Semistructured interviews were used to elicit detailed narratives from MNC executives about their experiences to develop strategies for mining projects in LDCs. A review of company documents, as well as member-checking of initial interview transcripts, helped to bolster the trustworthiness of final interpretations. Study results included 2 themes. Theme 1 was determinants of mine investment strategies in LDCs that included an exploration of driving forces, restraining forces, neutral forces, and the effect of those forces. Theme 2 was FDI strategies for copper mine projects in LDCs that included the comparison of cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and combination of cost leadership and differentiation strategies. By implementing a cost leadership strategy and best practices, MNC executives were able to achieve greater success to improve timely delivery of minerals associated with FDI copper mine projects in LDCs. Social implications include ongoing efforts of Afghan government leaders to implement effective economic policies that decrease unemployment while reducing poverty.
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Regmi, Kapil Dev. "Lifelong learning in least developed countries : the case of Nepal." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61542.

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The seventieth session of the General Assembly of the UN declared that the promotion of ‘lifelong learning opportunities for all’ as one of the Sustainable Development Goals. The idea of lifelong learning was first proposed by United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization during the 1970s to mitigate the global educational crisis observed during the 1960s. However, until 2015 it was never taken as an educational policy strategy for the economically poor countries of the global South, known as Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Major supranational organisations such as the World Bank have encouraged LDCs to reorient their national educational policies and practices towards the framework of lifelong learning. This is an important breakthrough; however, almost no attention has been paid to what understandings of lifelong learning are being promoted by the supranational organisations that are increasingly involved in educational policy making and governance of LDCs. Drawing on major theoretical constructs informed by Habermas (lifeworld and communicative rationality) and using critical policy sociology as a methodological tool, this study analysed educational policy documents and interviews undertaken with key educational policy makers of Nepal. This study found that the World Bank has promoted a neoliberal understanding of lifelong learning that takes investment in learning as the responsibility of individuals, promotes privatisation in education and advocates for the decentralisation of educational management to promote global governance in education. This limited notion of lifelong learning is partially adopted in LDCs like Nepal. The study concluded that the neoliberal understanding of lifelong learning has almost no potential in addressing the multifarious problems faced by LDCs such as poverty, illiteracy, and inequality. This study recommended that the international organisations should not limit lifelong learning to an economic strategy aimed at increasing competitiveness and the production of flexible labour force; rather lifelong learning should be taken as the principal means for an inclusive and harmonious form of human development led by community-based initiatives. Providing lifelong learning opportunity for adults, especially those living in rural communities, should be the responsibility of the governments of LDCs for which international organisations may play a complementary role, when needed.
Education, Faculty of
Educational Studies (EDST), Department of
Graduate
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Woolgar, Chris. "European Union Dairy Policy and the Least Developed Countries : Case Study - Africa." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för planering och mediedesign, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1113.

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Agricultural policy within the European Union (EU) is but one of the founding pillars upon which unification was developed. Negotiated out of a post-war Europe, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) emphasized the protection of the domestic market, through government subsidies and payment programmes, artificially raising the price of domestic products while restricting access for the foreign agricultural producers. The objective of this paper is to explore the link between the agricultural decisions made by the EU and the effects on citizens in the Least Developed Countries (LDC). To develop a comprehensive understanding of the issue at hand a review of the existing literature will be necessary, as well as an analysis of the available quantitative data. The findings revealed that the CAP is but one factor that impacts development of agriculture in LDC’s, many other factors, such as international and bi-lateral trade agreements, government institutions, and political lobbying also influence the outcome.
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Spetetchi, Stefania. "Aid - Trade Linkages : Analysis of the Trading Costs in the Least Developed Countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18049.

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Foreign aid is the subject in development economics that created controversies about its influences on the economy of the recipient countries. This study is an attempt to explain the effects that aid may have on trade, with a focus on the trade costs associated with the creation of business ties. Tied aid creates incentives for the developing countries to keep positive trading relationships with their donors, mainly because of the diminishing trad-ing costs associated with long term contacts. Subsequently, programs related to infra-structure and trade enforcement have been launched, that work towards the integration of the Least Developing Countries into the world economy.This study includes the analysis of the trade flows and foreign aid disbursement be-tween the “Group of Seven” countries (G7) and the Least Developing Countries, for a time span of 22 years (1988-2009). The results show that aid does have a significant ef-fect on the trade flows between the developed and developing countries. The explana-tion to this is related to the trading costs and the infrastructure development that tends to diminish the costs linked to distance- and border-related issues, and the sunk costs of market research and entry. In accordance, the distance coefficient is smaller after 1997, as result of decreased trade costs and increased export flows from recipients to donors.
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Soysouvanh, Daosadeth. "Freight transport in least developed landlocked countries : a case study of Laos PDR." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22209/.

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Least developed landlocked countries' freight transport has been a step slower than other countries in the world trading market. While many research studies and international organisations report on landlocked countries' situation and issues but few explain the causes of the problem and the relationships between the factors. Moreover, there have been few comprehensive studies in which several solutions and policy implementations have been investigated to determine the best result. This research was aimed at identifying general problems by structuring a traditional causal loop diagram to present the key problems and relationships based on the previous studies' resources. The research used qualitative data collection to increase understanding of stakeholders' experiences and transport policy solutions. Thus, Laos was chosen as a typical case study, where its trade was obstructed by it being landlocked. The primary factors found through qualitative data collection were represented on a model that identifies the key dynamic factors within specific groups. The most concerning policy was chosen to formalise a dynamic hypothesis and set up a new hypothesis for an alternative solution. The research's results show the causal loop diagram has presented a better view of the structure and overall connection among themes. The fieldwork information represents complex real-world factors and causes that have effectively suggested small details that might be more important than seeing factors. Where the stock and flow model gave a better understanding of how dynamic freight transport system behaviours changed through the policy, it confirmed that cooperation among internal sectors and cooperation between landlocked countries and their transit neighbours is a primary approach to developing least developed landlocked countries' freight operations.
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Ussi, Miraji Ukuti. "The viability of community tourism in least developed countries : the case of Zanzibar." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2012. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/6781/.

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Tourism is perceived as one of the world’s fastest growing service sectors and a major source of economic development and environmental and cultural conservation for many, if not all, developing countries. Within the context of sustainable development, community tourism is increasingly seen as an effective tool for engaging destination communities in the tourism development in the advanced countries, but it has failed to deliver in many Least Developed Countries (LDCs), such as Zanzibar. The concept has been developed and refined in the search for sustainable approaches to tourism development. However, its applicability to Zanzibar in particular seems not to have been considered in detail; the issue of whether community tourism can be effectively applied in Zanzibar remains uncertain. Consequently, there is a call for more research to determine the capitals that destination communities should acquire to implement community tourism. Hence, the objectives of this thesis are: (1) to conceptualize the theory of capitals as related to community tourism; (ii) to develop a conceptual capital assets model for community tourism; and (iii) to examine the general views of local communities toward the [proposed] capital asset model and to found out the appropriateness of the model for actualizing community tourism in Zanzibar. Methods used for data collection of this research were document study, focus groups, interviews, participant observation and household survey (triangulation approach). While the first three methods (qualitative methods) were used for construction of the model, the household survey technique (quantitative method) was used to explore the appropriateness of a model in the context of Zanzibar. The research population includes government officials, private tourism organisations and local people who were involved in the research in different settings. The critical destination capitals according to the findings are informal social networks (informal social capital), political capital and human capital; the three destination capitals lead to the generation of innovation capital which serves as the lifeblood for sustainable community tourism development. Moreover, limited access to physical, financial, and human capital are key concerns that need to be addressed, especially in rural areas of Zanzibar, as this was found to be a significant constraint to the implementation of community tourism. The research findings directly contest the extant body of literature reviewed in this thesis and have major implications for tourism development policies, signalling the need for adjustments at social, political and institutional levels. Following the household survey analysis, the central conclusion is that the developed conceptual model is a useful blueprint for sustainable community tourism development in Zanzibar; though further research opportunities are identified, especially is relation to the generalization of the conceptual model. The contribution of this research is to knowledge about the crucial destination community’s capital assets and their significance to community tourism development in Zanzibar. This understanding may bridge the gap between theories of community tourism and practice and may be adapted and applied in many developing countries, including broader perspectives of encouraging destination communities to take an active role in the tourism industry as developers rather than as wage earners.
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Gheasi, Masood <1980&gt. "Transport infrastructure and economic development in least developed countries: the case of Afghanistan." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2068/.

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This PhD thesis tries to show the impact of transport infrastructure in economic development in least developed countries and in particular in the case of Afghanistan. Some least developed countries during 1990 to 1999 experienced lack of investment in transportation. Lack of investment further increased the economic development gap between developed and least developed countries. Moreover, lack of literature and research in poor countries such as Afghanistan encouraged me to do my research in this country in order to unveil the problems, facing poor people who are living in inaccessible places and suffer from lack of economic opportunities and long term unemployment. This thesis shows the effect of inaccessibility and immobility in economic opportunities and basic social services in Afghanistan. This thesis is important because it covers the role of transport infrastructures at the moment that international community promised to rebuild the infrastructures of post conflict Afghanistan.
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Ray, Elizabeth Thompson. "The Effects of Trade Liberalization Policies on Human Development in Selected Least Developed Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5440/.

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This dissertation examines the effects of trade liberalization policies (represented by membership in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization on selected Least Developed Countries' (LDCs) human development (represented by the Human Development Index). In this dissertation, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) policies are theorized to have two distinct types of effects: their direct effect and their indirect effect. Two questions are focused on: first, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected LDCs? Second, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected developing/developed countries (i.e. non-LDCs) holding economic development constant? Using the dependency theory of development as a theoretical basis, this dissertation examines the assumptions of modernization-theory-based policies as expressed in trade liberalization policies (i.e. the implementation of comparative advantage and now market fundamentalism) with world-system analysis techniques. To examine these questions, four panel regression models are constructed to measure the total, direct and indirect effects of WTO policies during the near-term (1998-2003) and during a longer historical term (1975-2000). The data for the analyses are taken from seven different sources of international data. The analyses seemingly demonstrate that there are quantifiable negative effects of GATT/WTO membership (trade liberalization policies) on human development in selected LDCs. The current implementation of trade liberalization policies does not benefit the well-being of all concerned as promoted by the WTO.
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Matsinhe, Fernanda Ernestina. "Institutionalization of E-commerce in Women-led SMEs - A Least-developed Country Context." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29824.

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This dissertation reported an investigation of e-commerce institutionalization process in women-led SMEs in Mozambique. The goal was to understand how e-commerce is conceptualized by these SMEs while exploring the contextual factors that contribute or inhibit the process of institutionalization from the unique perspective of a least developed country (LDC) such as Mozambique. The study combined the perspectives offered by the contextualist theory (Pettigrew, 1985) and the Perceived E-readiness Model (PERM) (Molla & Licker, 2005a) to employ an integrated framework for investigating the process of e-commerce institutionalization. An interpretative and qualitative multiple case study approach was employed as a methodological basis, using six SMEs which have been able to institutionalize e-commerce. The data collection was conducted through multiple data sources including semi-structured interviews, analysis of company website, and social media platforms. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach across the cases. The findings indicate that there are different patterns of e-commerce institutionalization. SMEs do not always follow the traditional steady stages of e-commerce growth described in the literature. Furthermore, the results showed a socially constructed feature of e-commerce characterized by the extensive use of social media networks. A great levels of institutionalization and satisfaction was attained when enabling factors within and outside the organization interacted positively. Within the internal context of the organizations, the SMEs manager’s capability to use social media networks, e-mail and mobile phones to build innovative business models, create direct relationships with customers, and marketing direct to their niche markets. Factors from the external context emerged as the main challengers to the process of institutionalization, specifically the challenges faced by the government, market forces, supporting industries, and those of sociocultural nature. A number of important recommendations were made, for example, the government should not only provide the regulatory framework but also work actively in its promotion and implementation. This should encompass the establishment of networks and training opportunities to improve SMEs knowledge regarding e-commerce, and continuous partnership between the various stakeholders involved in the e-commerce ecosystem in addressing the various environmental challenges. By conducting an investigation on the selected women-led SMEs in Mozambique, this study has extended knowledge of e-commerce research in the country. Additionally, it is an important contribution for the debate about e-commerce in developing countries, specifically a better understanding of SMEs that go beyond the initial adoption phase.
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Books on the topic "Least developed countries"

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Development, United Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and. The least developed countries ... report. New York: United Nations, 1992.

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Development, United Nations Conference on Trade and. The least developed countries: 1985 report. New York: United Nations, 1986.

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Development, United Nations Conference on Trade and. The least developed countries: 1984 report. New York: United Nations, 1985.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat. Atlas of the least developed countries. New York: United Nations, 1990.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The least developed countries: 1985 report. New York: United Nations, 1986.

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Hawthorne, Helen. Least Developed Countries and the WTO. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137269775.

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United Nations. Dept. of Technical Cooperation for Development. Government financial management in least developed countries. New York: UN, 1991.

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Secretariat, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The least developed countries: 2000 report : overview. New York: United Nations, 2000.

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Koning, Niek, and Per Pinstrup-Andersen, eds. Agricultural Trade Liberalization and the Least Developed Countries. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6080-9.

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Montilla Fernández, Luis Tomás. Large-Scale Land Investments in Least Developed Countries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65280-1.

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Book chapters on the topic "Least developed countries"

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Bernardo, Cecília Silva, Gebru Jember Endalew, Thinley Namgyel, and Binyam Yakob Gebreyes. "Least Developed Countries (LDCs)." In Springer Climate, 61–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41021-6_6.

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"Least developed countries." In Statistical Papers - United Nations (Ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report, 150. UN, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/48a79a91-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics, 97–102. WTO, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/2a0c3f9a-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In World Trade Statistical Review 2016, 59–62. WTO, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/630532ee-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2015, 59–62. WTO, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/c79099f2-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2009, 27–30. WTO, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/c17ccb97-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2005, 102–7. WTO, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/c366918b-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2012, 41–45. WTO, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/97141511-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2010, 29–32. WTO, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/995b25ca-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2013, 39–42. WTO, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/9d9c3716-en.

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Conference papers on the topic "Least developed countries"

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Kim, Young-Sik, Manish Pokharel, and Byung-Seub Lee. "e-government implementation strategy in least developed countries." In the 1st international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1328057.1328130.

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Bal, Harun, and Berk Palandökenlier. "Is the Resource Curse Thesis Affect Only Least Developed Countries? Examples from Resource-Rich Developed Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02514.

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Whether the Dutch Disease thesis, which is one of the best-known economic explanations on this subject, which puts forward the thesis that countries rich in natural resources can have negative effects on long-term economic growth, directly or indirectly, depending on the way they are used, is valid or not. tried to be demonstrated. The Dutch disease thesis is one of the main explanations for resource misfortune, emphasizing the negative effects of resource abundance on the national economy in countries with rich resource endowments and pointing to a paradox that economic conditions will be better in countries that do not have relatively little (or scarce) natural resources. is happening. Therefore, in our study, it is aimed to investigate whether resource richness causes an economic recession or not, especially for developed countries by considering indirect transmission channels. In this context, 11 developed countries such as Netherlands, Norway, Ireland, Germany, New Zealand, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Poland, the United Kingdom, and Denmark, between 1990 and 2019, are based on the experiences of developed countries, which are especially rich in different sources of Dutch Disease syndrome. The country has been researched with static and dynamic panel analysis methods. As a result of the estimation, findings were found that the Dutch Disease was partially valid in terms of developed country samples throughout the sample period considered.
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Mtingwi, John Edward. "Mobile government in African Least Developed Countries (LDCs): Proposed Implementing framework." In 2015 IST-Africa Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2015.7190566.

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Mtingwi, John Edward, Tendani Mawela, and Awie Leornad. "M-Government Adoption Framework for Least Developed Countries: The Case of Malawi." In 2018 International Conference on Intelligent and Innovative Computing Applications (ICONIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconic.2018.8601213.

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Dabbo, S., N. Adhikari, S. Bhagwanjee, and RA Fowler. "Critical Care and Illness in the World's “Least Developed Countries”: A Systematic Review." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a1584.

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Edward Mtingwi, John. "Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Ready for M-Government Implementation? : The Case of Malawi." In International Conference on Research in Humanities and Social Sciences. Acavent, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icrhs.2018.12.06.

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Liu, Zhaosiya, and Xiyuan Zuo. "The Impact of Accession to WTO on Economic Development in Least Developed Countries." In 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211220.047.

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N. Haque, Anika. "Adaptation to Flooding in the Low-Income Urban Settlements of the Least Developed Countries." In The 2nd World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icesdp17.183.

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BONO, J. "Non-Commercial Risk And Financing Energy Investments In The Least Developed Countries - The Case Of Africa -." In Oil and Gas Economics, Finance and Management Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/24248-ms.

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Mahmud, Khaled, and Khonika Gope. "Challenges of Implementing E-learning for Higher Education in Least Developed Countries: A Case Study on Bangladesh." In 2009 International Conference on Information and Multimedia Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimt.2009.27.

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Reports on the topic "Least developed countries"

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Crosby, Daniel. Advancing Services Export Interests of Least-Developed Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_ip_20090709a.

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ICTSD, ICTSD. Aid for Trade and the Least Developed Countries. ICTSD International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_in_20121025.

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Varma, Sabrina. Facilitating Temporary Labour Mobility in African Least-Developed Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_ip_20090709.

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Mayer, Jörg. Structural Change, Global Imbalances, and Employment in the Least Developed Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_pb_20110113.

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Nyaoro, Jackie. What efforts exist to reform the CDM so that more projects reach poor people and communities in least developed countries, including donor initiatives. Evidence on Demand, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_hd034.jan2013.nyaoro.

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Wittmann, Florian, Florian Roth, Miriam Hufnagl, Ralf Lindner, and Merve Yorulmaz. Towards a framework for impact assessment for mission-oriented innovation policies. A formative toolbox approach. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.540.

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Mission-oriented policies (MOIP) have become important means to foster transformative change in many countries. Yet, approaches for assessing these policies' impacts are still in their infancy, not least due to the complexity of MOIP. To address this gap, we propose a toolbox approach that supports policy-makers during policy design and implementation, and allows for an identification of potential impacts by a theory-based approach. To disentangle the complexity of missions, we first conceptualize MOIPs as multiple translation processes from mission formulation and design to implementation. Each translation step shapes the policies' impacts. Based on this framework, we develop a set of specific analytical tools that are intended to support the process of bringing missions into realization, but also help to assess whether missions contribute to the postulated goals. These tools include a mapping of the socio-technical systems, a typology to explore the transformative ambition of missions, a process to develop impact pathways, an inventory of policy instruments to support the mission design, and indicators to measure mission progress along the developed pathways. Finally, we propose several analytical questions to explore the context for the development of potential impacts.
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Perera, Duminda, Ousmane Seidou, Jetal Agnihotri, Mohamed Rasmy, Vladimir Smakhtin, Paulin Coulibaly, and Hamid Mehmood. Flood Early Warning Systems: A Review Of Benefits, Challenges And Prospects. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mjfq3791.

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Floods are major water-related disasters that affect millions of people resulting in thousands of mortalities and billiondollar losses globally every year. Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS) - one of the floods risk management measures - are currently operational in many countries. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction recognises their importance and strongly advocates for an increase in their availability under the targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, despite widespread recognition of the importance of FEWS for disaster risk reduction (DRR), there’s a lack of information on their availability and status around the world, their benefits and costs, challenges and trends associated with their development. This report contributes to bridging these gaps by analyzing the responses to a comprehensive online survey with over 80 questions on various components of FEWS (risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and communication, and response capabilities), investments into FEWS, their operational effectiveness, benefits, and challenges. FEWS were classified as technologically “basic”, “intermediate” and “advanced” depending on the existence and sophistication of FEWS` components such as hydrological data = collection systems, data transfer systems, flood forecasting methods, and early warning communication methods. The survey questionnaire was distributed to flood forecasting and warning centers around the globe; the primary focus was developing and least-developed countries (LDCs). The questionnaire is available here: https://inweh.unu.edu/questionnaireevaluation-of-flood-early-warning-systems/ and can be useful in its own right for similar studies at national or regional scales, in its current form or with case-specific modifications. Survey responses were received from 47 developing (including LDCs) and six developed countries. Additional information for some countries was extracted from available literature. Analysis of these data suggests the existence of an equal number of “intermediate” and “advanced” FEWS in surveyed river basins. While developing countries overall appear to progress well in FEWS implementation, LDCs are still lagging behind since most of them have “basic” FEWS. The difference between types of operational systems in developing and developed countries appear to be insignificant; presence of basic, intermediate or advanced FEWS depends on available investments for system developments and continuous financing for their operations, and there is evidence of more financial support — on the order of USD 100 million — to FEWS in developing countries thanks to international aid. However, training the staff and maintaining the FEWS for long-term operations are challenging. About 75% of responses indicate that river basins have inadequate hydrological network coverage and back-up equipment. Almost half of the responders indicated that their models are not advanced and accurate enough to produce reliable forecasts. Lack of technical expertise and limited skilled manpower to perform forecasts was cited by 50% of respondents. The primary reason for establishing FEWS, based on the survey, is to avoid property damage; minimizing causalities and agricultural losses appear to be secondary reasons. The range of the community benefited by FEWS varies, but 55% of FEWS operate in the range between 100,000 to 1 million of population. The number of flood disasters and their causalities has declined since the year 2000, while 50% of currently operating FEWS were established over the same period. This decline may be attributed to the combined DRR efforts, of which FEWS are an integral part. In lower-middle-income and low-income countries, economic losses due to flood disasters may be smaller in absolute terms, but they represent a higher percentage of such countries’ GDP. In high-income countries, higher flood-related losses accounted for a small percentage of their GDP. To improve global knowledge on FEWS status and implementation in the context of Sendai Framework and SDGs, the report’s recommendations include: i) coordinate global investments in FEWS development and standardise investment reporting; ii) establish an international hub to monitor the status of FEWS in collaboration with the national responsible agencies. This will support the sharing of FEWS-related information for accelerated global progress in DRR; iii) develop a comprehensive, index-based ranking system for FEWS according to their effectiveness in flood disaster mitigation. This will provide clear standards and a roadmap for improving FEWS’ effectiveness, and iv) improve coordination between institutions responsible for flood forecasting and those responsible for communicating warnings and community preparedness and awareness.
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Price, Roz. Access to Climate Finance by Women and Marginalised Groups in the Global South. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.083.

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This paper examines the issue of management of climate finance in the Global South. It acknowledges the efforts made by the various stakeholders so far but seeks to advance a clarion call for a more inclusive and targeted approach in dealing with climate change. The authors highlight the limited role played by least developed countries and small island developing states in contributing to the conversation on climate change. The authors emphasize the need for enhancing the role of the most vulnerable countries, marginalized groups, and indigenous peoples in the management of climate change. This rapid review focusses on the access to the Green Climate Fund by local civil society organisations (CSOs), indigenous peoples, and women organizations within the Global South. The authors observe that there still exist barriers to climate finance by local actors in the Global South. The authors note the need for more significant engagement of all local actors and the need to devolve climate finance to the lowest level possible to the most vulnerable groups. Particularly, climate finance should take into consideration gender equality in any mitigation measures. The paper also highlights the benefits of engaging CSOs in the engagement of climate finance. The paper argues that local actors have the potential to deliver more targeted, context-relevant, and appropriate climate adaptation outcomes. This can be attributed to the growing movement for locally-led adaptation, a new paradigm where decisions over how, when, and where to adapt are led by communities and local actors. There is also a need to build capacities and strengthen institutions and organisations. Further, it is important to ensure transparency and equitable use and allocation of climate finance by all players.
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Allik, Mirjam, Dandara Ramos, Marilyn Agranonik, Elzo Pereira Pinto Junior, Maria Yury Ichihara, Mauricio Barreto, Alastair Leyland, and Ruth Dundas. Developing a Small-Area Deprivation Measure for Brazil. University of Glasgow, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.215898.

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This report describes the development of the BrazDep small-area deprivation measure for the whole of Brazil. The measure uses the 2010 Brazilian Population Census data and is calculated for the smallest possible geographical area level, the census sectors. It combines three variables – (1) percent of households with per capita income ≤ 1/2 minimum wage; (2) percent of people not literate, aged 7+; and (3) average of percent of people with inadequate access to sewage, water, garbage collection and no toilet and bath/shower – into a single measure. Similar measures have previously been developed at the census sector level for some states or municipalities, but the deprivation measure described in this report is the first one to be provided for census sectors for the whole of Brazil. BrazDep is a measure of relative deprivation, placing the census sectors on a scale of material well-being from the least to the most deprived. It is useful in comparing areas within Brazil in 2010, but cannot be used to make comparisons across countries or time. Categorical versions of the measure are also provided, placing census sectors into groups of similar levels of deprivation. Deprivation measures, such as the one developed here, have been developed for many countries and are popular tools in public health research for describing the social patterning of health outcomes and supporting the targeting and delivery of services to areas of higher need. The deprivation measure is exponentially distributed, with a large proportion of areas having a low deprivation score and a smaller number of areas experiencing very high deprivation. There is significant regional variation in deprivation; areas in the North and Northeast of Brazil have on average much higher deprivation compared to the South and Southeast. Deprivation levels in the Central-West region fall between those for the North and South. Differences are also great between urban and rural areas, with the former having lower levels of deprivation compared to the latter. The measure was validated by comparing it to other similar indices measuring health and social vulnerability at the census sector level in states and municipalities where it was possible, and at the municipal level for across the whole of Brazil. At the municipal level the deprivation measure was also compared to health outcomes. The different validation exercises showed that the developed measure produced expected results and could be considered validated. As the measure is an estimate of the “true” deprivation in Brazil, uncertainty exists about the exact level of deprivation for all of the areas. For the majority of census sectors the uncertainty is small enough that we can reliably place the area into a deprivation category. However, for some areas uncertainty is very high and the provided estimate is unreliable. These considerations should always be kept in mind when using the BrazDep measure in research or policy. The measure should be used as part of a toolkit, rather than a single basis for decision-making. The data together with documentation is available from the University of Glasgow http: //dx.doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.980. The data and this report are distributed under Creative Commons Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA 4.0) and can be freely used by researchers, policy makers or members of public.
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.

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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities
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